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Kido Y, Nanchi I, Matsuzaki T, Watari R, Kiyohara H, Seki N, Okuda T. Prediction of drug-drug interaction risk of P-glycoprotein substrate in drug discovery. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 56:101008. [PMID: 38663183 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2024.101008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
We aimed at predicting the drug-drug interaction (DDI) risk of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates by using P-gp expressing LLC-PK1 cells and its knockout mice (KO). The area under the curve (AUC) of 16 marketed drugs and plasma concentration (Cplasma) of 207 screening compounds, with corrected efflux ratio (CER) ≥ 2, were compared between P-gp KO mice and wild type mice (WT). At permeability (Papp) ≥ 10 × 10-6 cm/s in parent LLC-PK1 cells, AUC ratios (KO/WT) and Cplasma ratios (KO/WT) of these compounds were within 3-fold. AUC ratios (KO/WT) of clinical P-gp substrates, with human AUC ratios with and without P-gp inhibitor administration ≥2, were higher than 8.7. These observations led us to establish a work-flow of P-gp substrate assessment with the threshold AUC ratio (KO/WT) ≥ 9 leading to a DDI risk of AUC ratio (human) ≥ 2. A screening compound showing high CER (=57.6) was found, but its AUC ratio (KO/WT) was 3.7, had been presumed to be a weak risk and its AUC ratio (human) was 1.2 in a later clinical DDI study. Our proposed workflow should be useful for predicting the DDI risk of P-gp substrates in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuto Kido
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Isamu Nanchi
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Takanobu Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Watari
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hayato Kiyohara
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Naomi Seki
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Tomohiko Okuda
- Laboratory for Bio-Drug Discovery, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
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2
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Perazzolo S, Stephen ZR, Eguchi M, Xu X, Delle Fratte R, Collier AC, Melvin AJ, Ho RJY. A novel formulation enabled transformation of 3-HIV drugs tenofovir-lamivudine-dolutegravir from short-acting to long-acting all-in-one injectable. AIDS 2023; 37:2131-2136. [PMID: 37650755 PMCID: PMC10959254 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an injectable dosage form of the daily oral HIV drugs, tenofovir (T), lamivudine (L), and dolutegravir (D), creating a single, complete, all-in-one TLD 3-drug-combination that demonstrates long-acting pharmacokinetics. DESIGN Using drug-combination-nanoparticle (DcNP) technology to stabilize multiple HIV drugs, the 3-HIV drugs TLD, with disparate physical-chemical properties, are stabilized and assembled with lipid-excipients to form TLD-in-DcNP . TLD-in-DcNP is verified to be stable and suitable for subcutaneous administration. To characterize the plasma time-courses and PBMC concentrations for all 3 drugs, single subcutaneous injections of TLD-in-DcNP were given to nonhuman primates (NHP, M. nemestrina ). RESULTS Following single-dose TLD-in-DcNP , all drugs exhibited long-acting profiles in NHP plasma with levels that persisted for 4 weeks above predicted viral-effective concentrations for TLD in combination. Times-to-peak were within 24 hr in all NHP for all drugs. Compared to a free-soluble TLD, TLD-in-DcNP provided exposure enhancement and extended duration 7.0-, 2.1-, and 20-fold as AUC boost and 10-, 8.3-, and 5.9-fold as half-life extension. Additionally, DcNP may provide more drug exposure in cells than plasma with PBMC-to-plasma drug ratios exceeding one, suggesting cell-targeted drug-combination delivery. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that TLD with disparate properties can be made stable by DcNP to enable TLD concentrations of 4 weeks in NHP. Study results highlighted the potential of TLD-in-DcNP as a convenient all-in-one, complete HIV long-acting product for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rodney J Y Ho
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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3
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Goelen J, Farrell G, McGeehan J, Titman CM, J W Rattray N, Johnson TN, Horniblow RD, Batchelor HK. Quantification of drug metabolising enzymes and transporter proteins in the paediatric duodenum via LC-MS/MS proteomics using a QconCAT technique. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 191:68-77. [PMID: 37625656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Characterising the small intestine absorptive membrane is essential to enable prediction of the systemic exposure of oral formulations. In particular, the ontogeny of key intestinal Drug Metabolising Enzymes and Transporter (DMET) proteins involved in drug disposition needs to be elucidated to allow for accurate prediction of the PK profile of drugs in the paediatric cohort. Using pinch biopsies from the paediatric duodenum (n = 36; aged 11 months to 15 years), the abundance of 21 DMET proteins and two enterocyte markers were quantified via LC-MS/MS. An established LCMS nanoflow method was translated to enable analysis on a microflow LC system, and a new stable-isotope-labelled QconCAT standard developed to enable quantification of these proteins. Villin-1 was used to standardise abundancy values. The observed abundancies and ontogeny profiles, agreed with adult LC-MS/MS-based data, and historic paediatric data obtained via western blotting. A linear trend with age was observed for duodenal CYP3A4 and CES2 only. As this work quantified peptides on a pinch biopsy coupled with a microflow method, future studies using a wider population range are very feasible. Furthermore, this DMET ontogeny data can be used to inform paediatric PBPK modelling and to enhance the understanding of oral drug absorption and gut bioavailability in paediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Goelen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Gillian Farrell
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | | | | | - Nicholas J W Rattray
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | | | - Richard D Horniblow
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hannah K Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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Martha L, Nakata A, Furuya S, Liu W, Zhang X, Mizoi K, Ogihara T. Transporter and metabolic enzyme-mediated intra-enteric circulation of SN-38, an active metabolite of irinotecan: A new concept. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 665:19-25. [PMID: 37148742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.04.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
SN-38, an active metabolite of irinotecan (CPT-11), is thought to circulate enterohepatically via organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs), UDP-glucuronyl transferases (UGTs), multidrug resistance-related protein 2 (MRP2), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). These transporters and enzymes are expressed in not only hepatocytes but also enterocytes. Therefore, we hypothesized that SN-38 circulates between the intestinal lumen and the enterocytes via these transporters and metabolic enzymes. To test this hypothesis, metabolic and transport studies of SN-38 and its glucuronide (SN-38G) were conducted in Caco-2 cells. The mRNA levels of UGTs, MRP2, BCRP, and OATP2B1 were confirmed in Caco-2 cells. SN-38 was converted to SN-38G in Caco-2 cells. The efflux of intracellularly generated SN-38G across the apical (digestive tract) membranes was significantly higher than the efflux across the basolateral (blood, portal vein) membranes of Caco-2 cells cultured on polycarbonate membranes. SN-38G efflux to the apical side was significantly reduced in the presence of MRP2 and BCRP inhibitors, suggesting that SN-38G is transported across the apical membrane by MRP2 and BCRP. Treatment of Caco-2 cells with OATP2B1 siRNA increased the SN-38 residue on the apical side, confirming that OATP2B1 is involved in the uptake of SN-38 into enterocytes. No SN-38 was detected on the basolateral side with or without siRNA treatment, suggesting that the enterohepatic circulation of SN-38 is limited, contrary to previous reports. These results suggest that SN-38 is absorbed into the enterocytes via OATP2B1, glucuronidated by UGTs to SN-38G, and excreted into the digestive tract lumen by MRP2 and BCRP. SN-38G can be deconjugated by β-glucuronidase from intestinal bacteria in the digestive tract lumen to regenerate SN-38. We named this new concept of local drug circulation "intra-enteric circulation." This mechanism may allow SN-38 to circulate in the intestine and cause the development of delayed diarrhea, a serious side effect of CPT-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larasati Martha
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan; Kendai Translational Research Center (KTRC), 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan.
| | - Akane Nakata
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Furuya
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Wangyang Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Xieyi Zhang
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan; Kendai Translational Research Center (KTRC), 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Kenta Mizoi
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan; Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Takuo Ogihara
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan; Kendai Translational Research Center (KTRC), 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan; Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
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5
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Farhadi R, Keyhanian E, Naderisorki M, Nadi Ghara A. Effects of Two Different Doses of Ursodeoxycholic Acid on Indirect Hyperbilirubinemia in Neonates with Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Treated with Phototherapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Glob Pediatr Health 2023; 10:2333794X231156055. [PMID: 36814535 PMCID: PMC9940175 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x231156055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is one of the causes of severe hyperbilirubinemia, prolonged jaundice, and bilirubin-induced encephalopathy in neonates. In a randomized controlled trial, we evaluated the effect of oral ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on indirect hyperbilirubinemia in G6PD-deficient neonates requiring phototherapy. Intervention group I (N = 45; received phototherapy and 10 mg/kg/day UDCA), Intervention group II (N = 40; received phototherapy and 20 mg/kg/day UDCA), and a control group (N = 49; received phototherapy and placebo). Levels of total serum bilirubin (TSB) in all 3 groups decreased significantly over time (P = .001) but the level of TSB at different hours after admission and the duration of phototherapy did not differ significantly between the 3 groups. After discharge, the 2 intervention groups had a significantly lower rate of readmission than the control group (P = .001). No significant difference was observed between the 10 and 20 mg/kg/day groups. Further evaluation is recommended, especially in terms of the pharmacokinetics of UDCA in neonates. Trial registration number: IRCT20091201002801N4, prospectively registered on 2019-06-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Farhadi
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran,Roya Farhadi, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Boo Ali Sina Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Pasdaran Boulevard, Sari 4816777145, Iran.
| | - Elham Keyhanian
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naderisorki
- Thalassemia Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Nadi Ghara
- Health Science Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Secretan PH, Vieillard V, Thirion O, Annereau M, Yayé HS, Astier A, Paul M, Damy T, Do B. 3D-Printed, Liquid-Filled Capsules of Concentrated and Stabilized Polyphenol Epigallocatechin Gallate, Developed in a Clinical Trial. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020424. [PMID: 36829983 PMCID: PMC9952645 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies have shown that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the most potent antioxidant of the green tea polyphenol catechins, is able to effectively prevent the formation of amyloid plaques and induce their clearance. However, its high chemical reactivity promotes high chemical instability, which represents a major obstacle for the development of pharmaceutical forms containing solubilized EGCG, an essential condition for a better systemic passage via the oral route. After discovering that EGCG forms a deep eutectic with choline chloride, we exploited this property to formulate and patent liquid-filled capsules containing 200-800 mg of soluble EGCG in easy-to-administer sizes. The gelatin envelopes used are of the conventional type and their filling has been achieved using 3D printing technology. Not only did the EGCG-choline complex allow the formulation of hydrophilic solutions with a high concentration of active substance but it also contributed significantly to its chemical stability, since after at least 18 months of storage at 25 °C/60% RH and one year at 40 °C/75% RH, the capsules show unchanged hardness, chromatographic profiles and antioxidant activity compared to T0. Preclinical studies in monkeys showed that bioavailability was increased by a factor of 10 compared to marketed capsules comprising EGCG powder. This pharmaceutical development was conducted in the context of upcoming clinical trials to evaluate EGCG alone or in combination when treating transthyretin and light-chain cardiac amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoire Vieillard
- Department of Pharmacy, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Thirion
- Department of Pharmacy, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Maxime Annereau
- Matériaux et Santé, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Hassane Sadou Yayé
- Department of Pharmacy, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alain Astier
- Department of Pharmacy, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Muriel Paul
- Department of Pharmacy, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, 94000 Créteil, France
- EpidermE, University Paris Est Creteil, 94010 Creteil, France
| | - Thibaud Damy
- Department of Cardiology, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Bernard Do
- Matériaux et Santé, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
- Department of Pharmacy, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, 94000 Créteil, France
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7
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Kambayashi A, Shirasaka Y. Food effects on gastrointestinal physiology and drug absorption. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 48:100488. [PMID: 36737277 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2022.100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Food ingestion affects the oral absorption of many drugs in humans. In this review article, we summarize the physiological factors in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that affect the in vivo performance of orally administered solid dosage forms in fasted and fed states in humans. In particular, we discuss the effects of food ingestion on fluid characteristics (pH, bile concentration, and volume) in the stomach and small intestine, GI transit of water and dosage forms, and microbiota. Additionally, case examples of food effects on GI physiology and subsequent changes in oral drug absorption are provided. Furthermore, the effects of food, especially fruit juices (e.g., grapefruit, orange, apple) and green tea, on transporter-mediated permeation and enzyme-catalyzed metabolism of drugs in intestinal epithelial cells are also summarized comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kambayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 180 Ozumi, Yaizu, Shizuoka, 425-0072, Japan; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Shirasaka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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8
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Misaka S, Ono Y, Taudte RV, Hoier E, Ogata H, Ono T, König J, Watanabe H, Fromm MF, Shimomura K. Exposure of fexofenadine, but not pseudoephedrine, is markedly decreased by green tea extract in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:627-634. [PMID: 35678032 PMCID: PMC9540489 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Green tea (GT) alters the disposition of a number of drugs such as nadolol and lisinopril. However, it is unknown whether GT affects disposition of hydrophilic anti-allergic drugs. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine and pseudoephedrine are affected by catechins, major GT components. A randomized, open, 2-phase crossover study was conducted in 10 healthy Japanese volunteers. After overnight fasting, subjects were simultaneously administered fexofenadine (60 mg) and pseudoephedrine (120 mg) with an aqueous solution of green tea extract (GTE) containing (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) of approximately 300 mg or water (control). In vitro transport assays were performed using human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells stably expressing organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1A2 to evaluate the inhibitory effect of EGCG on OATP1A2-mediated fexofenadine transport. In the GTE phase, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve and the amount excreted unchanged into urine for 24h of fexofenadine were significantly decreased by 70% (P < 0.001) and 67% (P < 0.001), respectively, compared with control. There were no differences in Tmax and the elimination half-life of fexofenadine between phases. Fexofenadine was confirmed to be a substrate of OATP1A2, and EGCG (100 and 1000 μM) and GTE (0.1 and 1 mg/mL) inhibited OATP1A2-mediated uptake of fexofenadine. On the contrary, the concomitant administration of GTE did not influence the pharmacokinetics of pseudoephedrine. These results suggest that intake of GT may result in a markedly reduced exposure of fexofenadine, but not of pseudoephedrine, putatively by inhibiting OATP1A2-mediated intestinal absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingen Misaka
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yuko Ono
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.,Department of Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - R Verena Taudte
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Hoier
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Ogata
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ono
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Jörg König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Martin F Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kenju Shimomura
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
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9
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Morita T, Akiyoshi T, Tsuchitani T, Kataoka H, Araki N, Yajima K, Katayama K, Imaoka A, Ohtani H. Inhibitory Effects of Cranberry Juice and Its Components on Intestinal OATP1A2 and OATP2B1: Identification of Avicularin as a Novel Inhibitor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3310-3320. [PMID: 35230114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1A2 and OATP2B1 mediate the intestinal absorption of drugs. This study aimed to identify fruit juices or fruit juice components that inhibit OATPs and assess the risk of associated food-drug interactions. Inhibitory potency was assessed by examining the uptake of [3H]estrone 3-sulfate and [3H]fexofenadine into HEK293 cells expressing OATP1A2 or OATP2B1. In vivo experiments were conducted using mice to evaluate the effects of cranberry juice on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered fexofenadine. Of eight examined fruit juices, cranberry juice inhibited the functions of both OATPs most potently. Avicularin, a component of cranberry juice, was identified as a novel OATP inhibitor. It exhibited IC50 values of 9.0 and 37 μM for the inhibition of estrone 3-sulfate uptake mediated by OATP1A2 and OATP2B1, respectively. A pharmacokinetic experiment revealed that fexofenadine exposure was significantly reduced (by 50%) by cranberry juice. Cranberry juice may cause drug interactions with OATP substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokio Morita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Takeshi Akiyoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tsuchitani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kataoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Naoya Araki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kodai Yajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Katayama
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Ayuko Imaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Ohtani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
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10
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Wegler C, Wiśniewski JR, Robertsen I, Christensen H, Hertel JK, Hjelmesaeth J, Jansson-Löfmark R, Åsberg A, Andersson TB, Artursson P. Drug disposition protein quantification in matched human jejunum and liver from donors with obesity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 111:1142-1154. [PMID: 35158408 PMCID: PMC9310776 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical models, such as physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic models, are used to predict, for example, drug disposition and toxicity. However, populations differ in the abundance of proteins involved in these processes. To improve the building and refinement of such models, they must take into account these interindividual variabilities. In this study, we used global proteomics to characterize the protein composition of jejunum and liver from 37 donors with obesity enrolled in the COCKTAIL study. Liver protein levels from the 37 donors were further compared with those from donors without obesity. We quantified thousands of proteins and could present the expression of several drug‐metabolizing enzymes, for the first time, in jejunum, many of which belong to the cytochrome P450 (CYP) (e.g., CYP2U1) and the amine oxidase (flavin‐containing) (e.g., monoamine oxidase A (MAOA)) families. Although we show that many metabolizing enzymes had greater expression in liver, others had higher expression in jejunum (such as, MAOA and CES2), indicating the role of the small intestine in extrahepatic drug metabolism. We further show that proteins involved in drug disposition are not correlated in the two donor‐matched tissues. These proteins also do not correlate with physiological factors such as body mass index, age, and inflammation status in either tissue. Furthermore, the majority of these proteins are not differently expressed in donors with or without obesity. Nonetheless, interindividual differences were considerable, with implications for personalized prediction models and systems pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Wegler
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden.,DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jacek R Wiśniewski
- Biochemical Proteomics Group, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ida Robertsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hege Christensen
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Kristoffer Hertel
- Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Medicine, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Boks, 2168, 3103, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Jøran Hjelmesaeth
- Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Medicine, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Boks, 2168, 3103, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rasmus Jansson-Löfmark
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tommy B Andersson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Shen H, Yang Z, Rodrigues AD. Cynomolgus Monkey as an Emerging Animal Model to Study Drug Transporters: In Vitro, In Vivo, In Vitro-To-In Vivo Translation. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:299-319. [PMID: 34893475 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane transporters have been recognized as one of the key determinants of pharmacokinetics and are also known to affect the efficacy and toxicity of drugs. Both qualitatively and quantitatively, however, transporter studies conducted using human in vitro systems have not always been predictive. Consequently, researchers have utilized cynomolgus monkeys as a model to study drug transporters and anticipate their effects in humans. Burgeoning reports of data in the last few years necessitates a comprehensive review on the topic of drug transporters in cynomolgus monkeys that includes cell-based tools, sequence homology, tissue expression, in vitro studies, in vivo studies, and in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE). This review highlights the state-of-the-art applications of monkey transporter models to support the evaluation of transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions, clearance predictions, and endogenous transporter biomarker identification and validation. The data demonstrate that cynomolgus monkey transporter models, when used appropriately, can be an invaluable tool to support drug discovery and development processes. Most importantly, they provide an early IVIVE assessment which provides additional context to human in vitro data. Additionally, comprehending species similarities and differences in transporter tissue expression and activity is crucial when translating monkey data to humans. The challenges and limitations when applying such models to inform decision-making must also be considered. Significance Statement This paper presents a comprehensive review of currently available published reports describing cynomolgus monkey transporter models. The data indicate that cynomolgus monkeys provide mechanistic insight regarding the role of intestinal, hepatic, and renal transporters in drug and biomarker disposition and drug interactions. It is concluded that the data generated with cynomolgus monkey models provide mechanistic insight regarding transporter-mediated absorption and disposition, as well as human clearance prediction, drug-drug interaction assessment, and endogenous biomarker development related to drug transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, United States
| | - Zheng Yang
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., United States
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12
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Mullapudi TVR, Ravi PR, Thipparapu G. UGT1A1 and UGT1A3 activity and inhibition in human liver and intestinal microsomes and a recombinant UGT system under similar assay conditions using selective substrates and inhibitors. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1236-1246. [PMID: 34698602 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1998732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In vitro enzyme kinetics and inhibition data was compared for UGT1A1 and UGT1A3 isoforms under similar assay conditions using human liver microsomes (HLM), human intestinal microsomes (HIM) and recombinant UGT (rUGT) enzyme systems.UGT1A1 catalysed β-estradiol 3-β-D-glucuronide formation showed allosteric sigmoidal kinetics in all enzyme systems; while UGT1A3 catalysed CDCA 24-acyl-β-D-glucuronide formation exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics in HLM, substrate inhibition kinetics in HIM and rUGT systems. Corresponding Km or S50 concentrations of β-estradiol and CDCA were employed in the respective UGT inhibition studies.Atazanavir inhibited the production of β-estradiol 3-β-D-glucuronide with IC50 values of 0.54 µM and 0.16 µM in HLM and rUGT1A1, respectively. But its inhibition potential was not observed in HIM, indicating potential cross-talk with other high-affinity intestinal UGT isozymes. On the other hand, zafirlukast, a pan UGT inhibitor, exhibited moderate inhibition in HIM with an IC50 value of 16.70 µM. Lithocholic acid, inhibited the production of CDCA 24-acyl-β-D-glucuronide with IC50 values of 1.68, 1.84, and 12.42 µM in HLM, rUGT1A3, and HIM, respectively.These results indicated that HLM, HIM, and rUGTs may be used as complementary in vitro systems to evaluate hepatic and intestinal UGT mediated DDIs at the screening stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Radhakrishna Mullapudi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India.,Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, PharmaJen Laboratories Private Limited, A209 Technology Business Incubator, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Punna Rao Ravi
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ganapathi Thipparapu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, PharmaJen Laboratories Private Limited, A209 Technology Business Incubator, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India
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13
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Kiss M, Mbasu R, Nicolaï J, Barnouin K, Kotian A, Mooij MG, Kist N, Wijnen RMH, Ungell AL, Cutler P, Russel FGM, de Wildt SN. Ontogeny of Small Intestinal Drug Transporters and Metabolizing Enzymes Based on Targeted Quantitative Proteomics. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:1038-1046. [PMID: 34548392 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Most drugs are administered to children orally. An information gap remains on the protein abundance of small intestinal drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and drug transporters (DTs) across the pediatric age range, which hinders precision dosing in children. To explore age-related differences in DMEs and DTs, surgical leftover intestinal tissues from pediatric and adult jejunum and ileum were collected and analyzed by targeted quantitative proteomics for apical sodium-bile acid transporter, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) 2, MRP3, organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2B1, organic cation transporter 1, peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1), CYP2C19, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, UDP glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1, UGT1A10, and UGT2B7. Samples from 58 children (48 ileums, 10 jejunums, age range: 8 weeks to 17 years) and 16 adults (8 ileums, 8 jejunums) were analyzed. When comparing age groups, BCRP, MDR1, PEPT1, and UGT1A1 abundance was significantly higher in adult ileum as compared with the pediatric ileum. Jejunal BCRP, MRP2, UGT1A1, and CYP3A4 abundance was higher in the adults compared with children 0-2 years of age. Examining the data on a continuous age scale showed that PEPT1 and UGT1A1 abundance was significantly higher, whereas MCT1 and UGT2B7 abundance was lower in adult ileum as compared with the pediatric ileum. Our data contribute to the deeper understanding of the ontogeny of small intestinal drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters and shows DME-, DT-, and intestinal location-specific, age-related changes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This is the first study that describes the ontogeny of small intestinal DTs and DMEs in human using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry-based targeted quantitative proteomics. The current analysis provides a detailed picture about the maturation of DT and DME abundances in the human jejunum and ileum. The presented results supply age-related DT and DME abundance data for building more accurate PBPK models that serve to support safer and more efficient drug dosing regimens for the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márton Kiss
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.K., F.G.M.R., S.N.d.W.); Development Science (R.M., K.B., A.K., P.C.), and Statistical Sciences and Innovation (N.K.), UCB BioPharma, Slough, United Kingdom; Development Science, UCB BioPharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium (J.N., A.-L.U.); Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.G.M.); and Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.M.H.W.)
| | - Richard Mbasu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.K., F.G.M.R., S.N.d.W.); Development Science (R.M., K.B., A.K., P.C.), and Statistical Sciences and Innovation (N.K.), UCB BioPharma, Slough, United Kingdom; Development Science, UCB BioPharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium (J.N., A.-L.U.); Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.G.M.); and Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.M.H.W.)
| | - Johan Nicolaï
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.K., F.G.M.R., S.N.d.W.); Development Science (R.M., K.B., A.K., P.C.), and Statistical Sciences and Innovation (N.K.), UCB BioPharma, Slough, United Kingdom; Development Science, UCB BioPharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium (J.N., A.-L.U.); Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.G.M.); and Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.M.H.W.)
| | - Karin Barnouin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.K., F.G.M.R., S.N.d.W.); Development Science (R.M., K.B., A.K., P.C.), and Statistical Sciences and Innovation (N.K.), UCB BioPharma, Slough, United Kingdom; Development Science, UCB BioPharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium (J.N., A.-L.U.); Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.G.M.); and Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.M.H.W.)
| | - Apoorva Kotian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.K., F.G.M.R., S.N.d.W.); Development Science (R.M., K.B., A.K., P.C.), and Statistical Sciences and Innovation (N.K.), UCB BioPharma, Slough, United Kingdom; Development Science, UCB BioPharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium (J.N., A.-L.U.); Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.G.M.); and Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.M.H.W.)
| | - Miriam G Mooij
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.K., F.G.M.R., S.N.d.W.); Development Science (R.M., K.B., A.K., P.C.), and Statistical Sciences and Innovation (N.K.), UCB BioPharma, Slough, United Kingdom; Development Science, UCB BioPharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium (J.N., A.-L.U.); Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.G.M.); and Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.M.H.W.)
| | - Nico Kist
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.K., F.G.M.R., S.N.d.W.); Development Science (R.M., K.B., A.K., P.C.), and Statistical Sciences and Innovation (N.K.), UCB BioPharma, Slough, United Kingdom; Development Science, UCB BioPharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium (J.N., A.-L.U.); Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.G.M.); and Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.M.H.W.)
| | - Rene M H Wijnen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.K., F.G.M.R., S.N.d.W.); Development Science (R.M., K.B., A.K., P.C.), and Statistical Sciences and Innovation (N.K.), UCB BioPharma, Slough, United Kingdom; Development Science, UCB BioPharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium (J.N., A.-L.U.); Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.G.M.); and Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.M.H.W.)
| | - Anna-Lena Ungell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.K., F.G.M.R., S.N.d.W.); Development Science (R.M., K.B., A.K., P.C.), and Statistical Sciences and Innovation (N.K.), UCB BioPharma, Slough, United Kingdom; Development Science, UCB BioPharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium (J.N., A.-L.U.); Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.G.M.); and Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.M.H.W.)
| | - Paul Cutler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.K., F.G.M.R., S.N.d.W.); Development Science (R.M., K.B., A.K., P.C.), and Statistical Sciences and Innovation (N.K.), UCB BioPharma, Slough, United Kingdom; Development Science, UCB BioPharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium (J.N., A.-L.U.); Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.G.M.); and Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.M.H.W.)
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.K., F.G.M.R., S.N.d.W.); Development Science (R.M., K.B., A.K., P.C.), and Statistical Sciences and Innovation (N.K.), UCB BioPharma, Slough, United Kingdom; Development Science, UCB BioPharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium (J.N., A.-L.U.); Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.G.M.); and Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.M.H.W.)
| | - Saskia N de Wildt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (M.K., F.G.M.R., S.N.d.W.); Development Science (R.M., K.B., A.K., P.C.), and Statistical Sciences and Innovation (N.K.), UCB BioPharma, Slough, United Kingdom; Development Science, UCB BioPharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium (J.N., A.-L.U.); Department of Pediatrics, Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands (M.G.M.); and Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (R.M.H.W.)
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14
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Reddy MB, Bolger MB, Fraczkiewicz G, Del Frari L, Luo L, Lukacova V, Mitra A, Macwan JS, Mullin JM, Parrott N, Heikkinen AT. PBPK Modeling as a Tool for Predicting and Understanding Intestinal Metabolism of Uridine 5'-Diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase Substrates. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091325. [PMID: 34575401 PMCID: PMC8468656 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are expressed in the small intestines, but prediction of first-pass extraction from the related metabolism is not well studied. This work assesses physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling as a tool for predicting intestinal metabolism due to UGTs in the human gastrointestinal tract. Available data for intestinal UGT expression levels and in vitro approaches that can be used to predict intestinal metabolism of UGT substrates are reviewed. Human PBPK models for UGT substrates with varying extents of UGT-mediated intestinal metabolism (lorazepam, oxazepam, naloxone, zidovudine, cabotegravir, raltegravir, and dolutegravir) have demonstrated utility for predicting the extent of intestinal metabolism. Drug–drug interactions (DDIs) of UGT1A1 substrates dolutegravir and raltegravir with UGT1A1 inhibitor atazanavir have been simulated, and the role of intestinal metabolism in these clinical DDIs examined. Utility of an in silico tool for predicting substrate specificity for UGTs is discussed. Improved in vitro tools to study metabolism for UGT compounds, such as coculture models for low clearance compounds and better understanding of optimal conditions for in vitro studies, may provide an opportunity for improved in vitro–in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and prospective predictions. PBPK modeling shows promise as a useful tool for predicting intestinal metabolism for UGT substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela B. Reddy
- Early Clinical Development, Department of Clinical Pharmacology Oncology, Pfizer, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-303-842-4123
| | - Michael B. Bolger
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Grace Fraczkiewicz
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | | | - Laibin Luo
- Material & Analytical Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA;
| | - Viera Lukacova
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Amitava Mitra
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Janssen Research & Development, Springhouse, PA 19477, USA;
| | - Joyce S. Macwan
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Jim M. Mullin
- Simulations Plus Inc., Lancaster, CA 93534, USA; (M.B.B.); (G.F.); (V.L.); (J.S.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Neil Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
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15
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Wenzel C, Drozdzik M, Oswald S. Mass spectrometry-based targeted proteomics method for the quantification of clinically relevant drug metabolizing enzymes in human specimens. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1180:122891. [PMID: 34390906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation by phase I and II metabolizing enzymes represents the major determinant for the oral bioavailability of many drugs. To estimate the pharmacokinetics, data on protein abundance of hepatic and extrahepatic tissues, such as the small intestine, are required. Targeted proteomics assays are nowadays state-of-the-art for absolute protein quantification and several methods for quantification of drug metabolizing enzymes have been published. However, some enzymes remain still uncovered by the analytical spectra of those methods. Therefore, we developed and validated a quantification assay for two carboxylesterases (CES-1, CES-2), 17 cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP2J2, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, CYP4F2, CYP4F12, CYP4A11) and five UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) (UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT2B7, UGT2B15, UGT2B17). Protein quantification was performed by analyzing proteospecific surrogate peptides after tryptic digestion with stable isotope-labelled standards. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Kinetex® 2.6 µm C18 100 Å core-shell column (100 × 2.1 mm) with a gradient elution using 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid with a flow rate of 200 µl/min. Three mass transitions were simultaneously monitored with a scheduled multiple reaction monitoring (sMRM) method for each analyte and standard. The method was partly validated according to current bioanalytical guidelines and met the criteria regarding linearity (0.1-25 nmol/L), within-day and between-day accuracy and precision as well as multiple stability criteria. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to determine the abundance of the aforementioned enzymes in human intestinal und liver microsomes. Our work offers a new fit for purpose method for the absolute quantification of CES, CYPs and UGTs in various human tissues and can be used for the acquisition of data for physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Wenzel
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marek Drozdzik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Stefan Oswald
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.
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16
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Miyake T, Tsutsui H, Haraya K, Tachibana T, Morimoto K, Takehara S, Ayabe M, Kobayashi K, Kazuki Y. Quantitative prediction of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug-drug interactions and intestinal absorption using humanized mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4335-4351. [PMID: 34232502 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE P-glycoprotein (P-gp) exhibits a broad substrate specificity and affects pharmacokinetics, especially intestinal absorption. However, prediction, in vivo, of P-gp-mediated drug-drug interaction (DDI) and non-linear absorption at the preclinical stage, is challenging. Here we evaluate the use of human MDR1 mouse artificial chromosome (hMDR1-MAC) mice carrying human P-gp and lacking their own murine P-gp to quantitatively predict human P-gp-mediated DDI and non-linear absorption. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The P-gp substrates (aliskiren, betrixaban, celiprolol, digoxin, fexofenadine and talinolol) were administered orally to wild-type, Mdr1a/b-knockout (KO) and hMDR1-MAC mice, and their plasma concentrations were measured. We calculated the ratio of area under the curve (AUCR) in mice (AUCMdr1a/b-KO /AUCwild-type or AUCMdr1a/b-KO /AUChMDR1-MAC ) estimated as attributable to complete P-gp inhibition and the human AUCR with and without P-gp inhibitor administration. The correlations of AUCRhuman with AUCRwild-type and AUCRhMDR1-MAC were investigated. For aliskiren, betrixaban and celiprolol, the Km and Vmax values for P-gp in hMDR1-MAC mice and humans were optimized from different dosing studies using GastroPlus. The correlations of Km and Vmax for P-gp between human and hMDR1-MAC mice were investigated. KEY RESULTS A better correlation between AUCRhuman and AUCRhMDR1-MAC (R2 = 0.88) was observed. Moreover, good relationships of Km (R2 = 1.00) and Vmax (R2 = 0.98) for P-gp between humans and hMDR1-MAC mice were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that P-gp-mediated DDI and non-linear absorption can be predicted using hMDR1-MAC mice. These mice are a useful in vivo tool for quantitatively predicting P-gp-mediated disposition in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Miyake
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Haruka Tsutsui
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Kenta Haraya
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tachibana
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Kayoko Morimoto
- Research and Development Department, Trans Chromosomics, Inc., Yonago, Japan
| | - Shoko Takehara
- Research and Development Department, Trans Chromosomics, Inc., Yonago, Japan
| | - Miho Ayabe
- Discovery Technology Research Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan.,Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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17
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van der Schoor LWE, Verkade HJ, Bertolini A, de Wit S, Mennillo E, Rettenmeier E, Weber AA, Havinga R, Valášková P, Jašprová J, Struik D, Bloks VW, Chen S, Schreuder AB, Vítek L, Tukey RH, Jonker JW. Potential of therapeutic bile acids in the treatment of neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11107. [PMID: 34045606 PMCID: PMC8160219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia or jaundice is associated with kernicterus, resulting in permanent neurological damage or even death. Conventional phototherapy does not prevent hyperbilirubinemia or eliminate the need for exchange transfusion. Here we investigated the potential of therapeutic bile acids ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and obeticholic acid (OCA, 6-α-ethyl-CDCA), a farnesoid-X-receptor (FXR) agonist, as preventive treatment options for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia using the hUGT1*1 humanized mice and Ugt1a-deficient Gunn rats. Treatment of hUGT1*1 mice with UDCA or OCA at postnatal days 10-14 effectively decreased bilirubin in plasma (by 82% and 62%) and brain (by 72% and 69%), respectively. Mechanistically, our findings indicate that these effects are mediated through induction of protein levels of hUGT1A1 in the intestine, but not in liver. We further demonstrate that in Ugt1a-deficient Gunn rats, UDCA but not OCA significantly decreases plasma bilirubin, indicating that at least some of the hypobilirubinemic effects of UDCA are independent of UGT1A1. Finally, using the synthetic, non-bile acid, FXR-agonist GW4064, we show that some of these effects are mediated through direct or indirect activation of FXR. Together, our study shows that therapeutic bile acids UDCA and OCA effectively reduce both plasma and brain bilirubin, highlighting their potential in the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori W E van der Schoor
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Bertolini
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne de Wit
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elvira Mennillo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Eva Rettenmeier
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - André A Weber
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rick Havinga
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Petra Valášková
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Jašprová
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dicky Struik
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Andrea B Schreuder
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Libor Vítek
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Johan W Jonker
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Laboratory of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Al-Majdoub ZM, Couto N, Achour B, Harwood MD, Carlson G, Warhurst G, Barber J, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Quantification of Proteins Involved in Intestinal Epithelial Handling of Xenobiotics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 109:1136-1146. [PMID: 33113152 PMCID: PMC8048492 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium represents a natural barrier against harmful xenobiotics, while facilitating the uptake of nutrients and other substances. Understanding the interaction of chemicals with constituents of the intestinal epithelium and their fate in the body requires quantitative measurement of relevant proteins in in vitro systems and intestinal epithelium. Recent studies have highlighted the mismatch between messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein abundance for several drug‐metabolizing enzymes and transporters in the highly dynamic environment of the intestinal epithelium; mRNA abundances cannot therefore be used as a proxy for protein abundances in the gut, necessitating direct measurements. The objective was to determine the expression of a wide range proteins pertinent to metabolism and disposition of chemicals and nutrients in the intestinal epithelium. Ileum and jejunum biopsy specimens were obtained from 16 patients undergoing gastrointestinal elective surgery. Mucosal fractions were prepared and analyzed using targeted and global proteomic approaches. A total of 29 enzymes, 32 transporters, 6 tight junction proteins, 2 adhesion proteins, 1 alkaline phosphatase, 1 thioredoxin, 5 markers, and 1 regulatory protein were quantified—60 for the first time. The global proteomic method identified a further 5,222 proteins, which are retained as an open database for interested parties to explore. This study significantly expands our knowledge of a wide array of proteins important for xenobiotic handling in the intestinal epithelium. Quantitative systems biology models will benefit from the novel systems data generated in the present study and the translation path offered for in vitro to in vivo translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubida M Al-Majdoub
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Narciso Couto
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Brahim Achour
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Gordon Carlson
- Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Geoffrey Warhurst
- Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Jill Barber
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Certara UK (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, UK
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19
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Morita T, Akiyoshi T, Sato R, Uekusa Y, Katayama K, Yajima K, Imaoka A, Sugimoto Y, Kiuchi F, Ohtani H. Citrus Fruit-Derived Flavanone Glycoside Narirutin is a Novel Potent Inhibitor of Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14182-14191. [PMID: 33210911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) 1A2 and OATP2B1 are expressed in the small intestine and are involved in drug absorption. We identified narirutin, which is present in grapefruit juice, as a novel OATP inhibitor. The citrus fruit jabara also contains high levels of narirutin; therefore, we investigated the inhibitory potency of jabara juice against OATPs. The inhibitory effects of various related compounds on the transport activity of OATPs were evaluated using OATP-expressing HEK293 cells. The IC50 values of narirutin for OATP1A2- and OATP2B1-mediated transport were 22.6 and 18.2 μM, respectively. Other flavanone derivatives from grapefruit juice also inhibited OATP1A2/OATP2B1-mediated transport (order of inhibitory potency: naringenin > narirutin > naringin). Five percent jabara juice significantly inhibited OATP1A2- and OATP2B1-mediated transport by 67 ± 11 and 81 ± 5.5%, respectively (p < 0.05). Based on their inhibitory potency and levels in grapefruit juice, the inhibition of OATPs by grapefruit juice is attributable to both naringin and narirutin. Citrus × jabara, which contains narirutin, potently inhibits OATP-mediated transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokio Morita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Takeshi Akiyoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Ryo Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Uekusa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Katayama
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | - Kodai Yajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Ayuko Imaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Kiuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Ohtani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
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20
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Li AP, Ho MD, Alam N, Mitchell W, Wong S, Yan Z, Kenny JR, E. C. A. Hop C. Inter-individual and inter-regional variations in enteric drug metabolizing enzyme activities: Results with cryopreserved human intestinal mucosal epithelia (CHIM) from the small intestines of 14 donors. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00645. [PMID: 32851819 PMCID: PMC7449955 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported successful isolation and cryopreservation of human intestinal mucosa (CHIM) with retention of viability and drug metabolizing enzyme activities. Here we report the results of the quantification of drug metabolizing enzyme activities in CHIM from different regions of the small intestines from 14 individual donors. CHIM were isolated from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of 10 individuals, and from 10 consecutive 12-inch segments starting from the pyloric sphincter of human small intestines from four additional individuals. P450 and non-P450 drug metabolizing enzyme activities (CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP3A, UGT, SULT, FMO, MAO, AO, NAT1, and NAT2) were quantified via incubation with pathway-selective substrates. Quantifiable activities were observed for all pathways except for CYP2A6. Comparison of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in 10 donors shows jejunum had higher activities for CYP2C9, CYP3A, UGT, SULT, MAO, and NAT1. Further definition of regional variations with CHIM from ten 12-inch segments of the proximal small intestine shows that the segments immediately after the first 12-inch segment (duodenum) had the highest activity for most of the drug metabolizing enzymes but with substantial differences among the four donors. Our overall results demonstrate that there are substantial individual differences in drug metabolizing enzymes and that jejunum, especially the regions immediately after the duodenum, had the highest drug metabolizing enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Novera Alam
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories, Inc.ColumbiaMDUSA
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21
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Uno Y, Mikami T, Tsukazaki Y, Nakanishi Y, Murayama N, Ikushiro S, Tsusaki H, Yamazaki H. Genetic variants of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 1A1, 1A6, and 1A9 in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:115-121. [PMID: 32811258 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1810367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. In the cynomolgus macaque, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) 1As have similar molecular and enzymatic characteristics to those of their human orthologs. However, genetic polymorphisms in major cynomolgus UGT1A1/6/9 have not been investigated. 2. We re-sequenced UGT1A1, UGT1A6, and UGT1A9 in 186 cynomolgus macaques (bred in Cambodia, China, or Indonesia) and 54 rhesus macaques and found 15, 13, and 26 non-synonymous variants, respectively. 3. Of these UGT1A1, UGT1A6, and UGT1A9 variants, respectively, 10, 9, and 12 were unique to cynomolgus macaques; 4, 1, and 2 were unique to rhesus macaques; and 1, 2, and 5 were found in both cynomolgus and rhesus macaques. The frequency of the UGT1A1 mutation G69R was 23%, 28%, and 63% in cynomolgus macaques bred in Cambodia, China, and Indonesia, respectively, and 97% in rhesus macaques. 4. The O-glucuronidation activities of liver microsomes from cynomolgus and rhesus macaques with respect to estradiol, serotonin, and propofol were measured. Among these activities, liver microsomes from cynomolgus macaques heterozygous for UGT1A1 G69R (n = 11) showed significantly reduced estradiol 3-O-glucuronidation activities compared with those from wild-type animals (n = 38). 5. These results suggest genetic variants such as UGT1A1 G69R could influence the UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation of drugs in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-City, Japan.,Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Nakanishi Y, Uno Y, Yamazaki H. Regional distributions of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities toward estradiol and serotonin in the liver and small intestine of cynomolgus macaques. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:401-404. [PMID: 32651149 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cynomolgus macaque is a nonhuman primate species that is often used in drug metabolism studies during drug development. However, the localization of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), essential drug-metabolizing enzymes, has not been fully investigated in the liver and small intestine of cynomolgus macaques. In this study, UGT activities were analyzed in liver (five lobes) and small intestine (the duodenum and six sections from the proximal jejunum to the distal ileum) using typical probe substrates of human UGTs: 7-hydroxycoumarin, estradiol, serotonin, propofol, and zidovudine. In liver, UGT activities with respect to all substrates were detected, and the activity levels were similar in all liver lobes of the cynomolgus macaques tested. In contrast, in the small intestine, UGT activities toward all substrates were detected, but their levels generally decreased from jejunum to ileum in cynomolgus macaques. The localization of estradiol 3-O-glucuronosyltransferases and serotonin O-glucuronosyltransferases (which are mainly UGT1A enzymes) appear to be different in liver and small intestine. These results collectively suggest that, in cynomolgus macaques, UGT1As are differentially localized in the small intestine but are relatively homogeneously distributed in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Nakanishi
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, 642-0017, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama, 642-0017, Japan; Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima, 890-8580, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan.
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23
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Zhang H, Wolford C, Basit A, Li AP, Fan PW, Murray BP, Takahashi RH, Khojasteh SC, Smith BJ, Thummel KE, Prasad B. Regional Proteomic Quantification of Clinically Relevant Non-Cytochrome P450 Enzymes along the Human Small Intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:528-536. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.090738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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24
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pH-dependent transport kinetics of the human organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1A2. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:220-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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25
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Couto N, Al-Majdoub ZM, Gibson S, Davies PJ, Achour B, Harwood MD, Carlson G, Barber J, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Warhurst G. Quantitative Proteomics of Clinically Relevant Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Drug Transporters and Their Intercorrelations in the Human Small Intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:245-254. [PMID: 31959703 PMCID: PMC7076527 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporter proteins in the human intestine are pertinent to determine oral drug bioavailability. Despite the paucity of reports on such measurements, it is well recognized that these values are essential for translating in vitro data on drug metabolism and transport to predict drug disposition in gut wall. In the current study, clinically relevant DMEs [cytochrome P450 (P450) and uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)] and drug transporters were quantified in total mucosal protein preparations from the human jejunum (n = 4) and ileum (n = 12) using quantification concatemer–based targeted proteomics. In contrast to previous reports, UGT2B15 and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1 (OATP1A2) were quantifiable in all our samples. Overall, no significant disparities in protein expression were observed between jejunum and ileum. Relative mRNA expression for drug transporters did not correlate with the abundance of their cognate protein, except for P-glycoprotein 1 (P-gp) and organic solute transporter subunit alpha (OST-α), highlighting the limitations of RNA as a surrogate for protein expression in dynamic tissues with high turnover. Intercorrelations were found within P450 [2C9-2C19 (P = 0.002, R2 = 0.63), 2C9–2J2 (P = 0.004, R2 = 0.40), 2D6-2J2 (P = 0.002, R2 = 0.50)] and UGT [1A1-2B7 (P = 0.02, R2 = 0.87)] family of enzymes. There were also correlations between P-gp and several other proteins [OST-α (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.77), UGT1A6 (P = 0.009, R2 = 0.38), and CYP3A4 (P = 0.007, R2 = 0.30)]. Incorporating such correlations into building virtual populations is crucial for obtaining plausible characteristics of simulated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narciso Couto
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Zubida M Al-Majdoub
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Stephanie Gibson
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Pamela J Davies
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Brahim Achour
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Matthew D Harwood
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Gordon Carlson
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Jill Barber
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Geoffrey Warhurst
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
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26
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Al-Ali AAA, Nielsen RB, Steffansen B, Holm R, Nielsen CU. Nonionic surfactants modulate the transport activity of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and solute carriers (SLC): Relevance to oral drug absorption. Int J Pharm 2019; 566:410-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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27
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Akazawa T, Yoshida S, Ohnishi S, Kanazu T, Kawai M, Takahashi K. Application of Intestinal Epithelial Cells Differentiated from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Studies of Prodrug Hydrolysis and Drug Absorption in the Small Intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1497-1506. [PMID: 30135242 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell models to investigate intestinal absorption functions, such as those of transporters and metabolic enzymes, are essential for oral drug discovery and development. The purpose of this study was to generate intestinal epithelial cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-IECs) and then clarify whether the functions of hydrolase and transporters in them reflect oral drug absorption in the small intestine. The hiPSC-IECs showed the transport activities of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1), revealed by using their probe substrates ([3H]digoxin, sulfasalazine, and [14C]glycylsarcosine), and the metabolic activities of CYP3A4, CES2, and CES1, which were clarified using their probe substrates (midazolam, irinotecan, and temocapril). The intrinsic clearance by hydrolysis of six ester prodrugs into the active form in hiPSC-IECs was correlated with the plasma exposure (Cmax , AUC, and bioavailability) of the active form after oral administration of these prodrugs to rats. Also, the permeability coefficients of 14 drugs, containing two substrates of P-gp (doxorubicin and [3H]digoxin), one substrate of BCRP (sulfasalazine), and 11 nonsubstrates of transporters (ganciclovir, [14C]mannitol, famotidine, sulpiride, atenolol, furosemide, ranitidine, hydrochlorothiazide, acetaminophen, propranolol, and antipyrine) in hiPSC-IECs were correlated with their values of the fraction of intestinal absorption (Fa) in human clinical studies. These findings suggest that hiPSC-IECs would be a useful cell model to investigate the hydrolysis of ester prodrugs and to predict drug absorption in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Akazawa
- Research Laboratory for Development (T.A., S.Y., S.O., T.K.), Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory (M.K.), and Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory (K.T.), Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinpei Yoshida
- Research Laboratory for Development (T.A., S.Y., S.O., T.K.), Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory (M.K.), and Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory (K.T.), Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohnishi
- Research Laboratory for Development (T.A., S.Y., S.O., T.K.), Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory (M.K.), and Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory (K.T.), Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takushi Kanazu
- Research Laboratory for Development (T.A., S.Y., S.O., T.K.), Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory (M.K.), and Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory (K.T.), Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawai
- Research Laboratory for Development (T.A., S.Y., S.O., T.K.), Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory (M.K.), and Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory (K.T.), Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Takahashi
- Research Laboratory for Development (T.A., S.Y., S.O., T.K.), Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory (M.K.), and Drug Discovery and Disease Research Laboratory (K.T.), Shionogi & Co., Ltd, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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Sawant-Basak A, Rodrigues AD, Lech M, Doyonnas R, Kasaian M, Prasad B, Tsamandouras N. Physiologically Relevant, Humanized Intestinal Systems to Study Metabolism and Transport of Small Molecule Therapeutics. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1581-1587. [PMID: 30126862 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal disposition of small molecules involves interplay of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), transporters, and host-microbiome interactions, which has spurred the development of in vitro intestinal models derived from primary tissue sources. Such models have been bioengineered from intestinal crypts, mucosal extracts, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived organoids, and human intestinal tissue. This minireview discusses the utility and limitations of these human-derived models in support of small molecule drug metabolism and disposition. Enteroids from human intestinal crypts, organoids derived from iPSCs using growth factors or small molecule compounds, and enterocytes extracted from mucosal scrapings show key absorptive cell morphology while are limited in quantitative applications due to the lack of accessibility to the apical compartment, the lack of monolayers, or low expression of key DMEs, transporters, and nuclear hormone receptors. Despite morphogenesis to epithelial cells, similar challenges have been reported by more advanced technologies that have explored the impact of flow and mechanical stretch on proliferation and differentiation of Caco-2 cells. Most recently, bioengineered human intestinal epithelial or ileal cells have overcome many of the challenges, as the DME and transporter expression pattern resembles that of native intestinal tissue. Engineering advances may improve such models to support longer-term applications and meet end-user needs. Biochemical characterization and transcriptomic, proteomic, and functional endpoints of emerging novel intestinal models, when referenced to native human tissue, can provide greater confidence and increased utility in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Sawant-Basak
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.).
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.)
| | - Matthew Lech
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.)
| | - Regis Doyonnas
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.)
| | - Marion Kasaian
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.)
| | - Nikolaos Tsamandouras
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (A.S.-B.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, PDM, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (A.D.R.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Inflammation and Immunology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (M.L., M.K.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Discovery Sciences, Eastern Point Road, Groton, 06340 (R.D.); Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, UWRAPT H268, Health Science Building, Seattle (B.P.); Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Early Clinical Development, Clinical Pharmacology, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139 (N.T.)
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