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Debnath U, Mitra A, Dewaker V, Prabhakar YS, Tadala R, Krishnan K, Wagh P, Velusamy U, Baliyan A, Kurpad AV, Bhattacharyya P, Mandal AK. Conformational perturbation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using N-acetyl cysteine: an exploration of probable mechanism of action to combat COVID-19. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:5042-5052. [PMID: 37477247 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2234031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The infection caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) resulted in a pandemic with huge death toll and economic consequences. The virus attaches itself to the human epithelial cells through noncovalent bonding of its spike protein with the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor on the host cell. Based on in silico studies we hypothesized that perturbing the functionally active conformation of spike protein through the reduction of its solvent accessible disulfide bonds, thereby disintegrating its structural architecture, may be a feasible strategy to prevent infection by reducing the binding affinity towards ACE2 enzyme. Proteomics data showed that N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant and mucolytic agent been widely in use in clinical medicine, forms covalent conjugates with solvent accessible cysteine residues of spike protein that were disulfide bonded in the native state. Further, in silico analysis indicated that the presence of the selective covalent conjugation of NAC with Cys525 perturbed the stereo specific orientations of the interacting key residues of spike protein that resulted in threefold weakening in the binding affinity of spike protein with ACE2 receptor. Interestingly, almost all SARS-CoV-2 variants conserved cystine residues in the spike protein. Our finding results possibly provides a molecular basis for identifying NAC and/or its analogues for targeting Cys-525 of the viral spike protein as fusion inhibitor and exploring in vivo pharmaco-preventive and its therapeutic potential activity for COVID-19 disease. However, in-vitro assay and animal model-based experiment are required to validate the probable mechanism of action.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsab Debnath
- School of Health Science and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Amrita Mitra
- Clinical Proteomics Unit, Division of Molecular Medicine, St. John's Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Varun Dewaker
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Yenamandra S Prabhakar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Raghu Tadala
- Waters India Private Limited No. 36A, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Padmakar Wagh
- Waters India Private Limited No. 36A, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Aastha Baliyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, India
| | - Anura V Kurpad
- Department of Physiology, St. John's Medical College, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, India
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2
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Shao HH, Yin RX. Pathogenic mechanisms of cardiovascular damage in COVID-19. Mol Med 2024; 30:92. [PMID: 38898389 PMCID: PMC11186295 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is a new infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2). Since the outbreak in December 2019, it has caused an unprecedented world pandemic, leading to a global human health crisis. Although SARS CoV-2 mainly affects the lungs, causing interstitial pneumonia and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, a number of patients often have extensive clinical manifestations, such as gastrointestinal symptoms, cardiovascular damage and renal dysfunction. PURPOSE This review article discusses the pathogenic mechanisms of cardiovascular damage in COVID-19 patients and provides some useful suggestions for future clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention. METHODS An English-language literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science databases up to 12th April, 2024 for the terms "COVID-19", "SARS CoV-2", "cardiovascular damage", "myocardial injury", "myocarditis", "hypertension", "arrhythmia", "heart failure" and "coronary heart disease", especially update articles in 2023 and 2024. Salient medical literatures regarding the cardiovascular damage of COVID-19 were selected, extracted and synthesized. RESULTS The most common cardiovascular damage was myocarditis and pericarditis, hypertension, arrhythmia, myocardial injury and heart failure, coronary heart disease, stress cardiomyopathy, ischemic stroke, blood coagulation abnormalities, and dyslipidemia. Two important pathogenic mechanisms of the cardiovascular damage may be direct viral cytotoxicity as well as indirect hyperimmune responses of the body to SARS CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSIONS Cardiovascular damage in COVID-19 patients is common and portends a worse prognosis. Although the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiovascular damage related to COVID-19 are not completely clear, two important pathogenic mechanisms of cardiovascular damage may be the direct damage of the SARSCoV-2 infection and the indirect hyperimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hua Shao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, HIV/AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning), The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, No. 1 Erli, Changgang Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Xing Yin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, HIV/AIDS Clinical Treatment Center of Guangxi (Nanning), The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, No. 1 Erli, Changgang Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China.
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Sousa JRL, Franco MS, Mendes LD, Araújo LA, Neto JSS, Frizon TEA, Dos Santos VB, Carasek E, Saba S, Rafique J, Braga AL. KIO 3-catalyzed selective oxidation of thiols to disulfides in water under ambient conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2175-2181. [PMID: 38259235 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01913f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a KIO3-catalyzed oxidative coupling of thiols to their corresponding disulfides in water, in a short time and at ambient temperature. The reaction has a broad scope and exhibits good functional group tolerance, resulting in the desired products in excellent yields. This approach allows the reuse of the reaction system in multiple cycles and scale-up. Furthermore, the current protocol demonstrates compatibility for in situ generation of disulfides and post application in C(sp2)-H bond sulfenylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R L Sousa
- LabSelen, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo S Franco
- LabSelen, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
| | - Leila D Mendes
- LabSelen, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
| | - Lucas A Araújo
- LabSO, Instituto de Química - IQ, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil.
| | - José S S Neto
- LabSelen, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
| | - Tiago E A Frizon
- Departamento de Energia e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Campus Araranguá, Araranguá 88905-120, SC, Brazil
| | - Vanessa B Dos Santos
- Instituto de Química - INQUI, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, 79074-460, MS, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Carasek
- LabSelen, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
| | - Sumbal Saba
- Departamento de Energia e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Campus Araranguá, Araranguá 88905-120, SC, Brazil
| | - Jamal Rafique
- Departamento de Energia e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Campus Araranguá, Araranguá 88905-120, SC, Brazil
- Instituto de Química - INQUI, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, 79074-460, MS, Brazil.
| | - Antonio L Braga
- LabSelen, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
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Feinstein P. Rapid Degradation of the Human ACE2 Receptor Upon Binding and Internalization of SARS-Cov-2-Spike-RBD Protein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.07.583884. [PMID: 38496410 PMCID: PMC10942428 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.07.583884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the SARS-CoV-2 betacoronavirus infects humans through binding the human Angiotensin Receptor 2 (ACE2) that lines the nasal cavity and lungs, followed by import into a cell utilizing the Transmembrane Protease, Serine 2 (TMPRSS2) cofactor. ACE2 binding is mediated by an approximately 200-residue portion of the SARS-CoV-2 extracellular spike protein, the receptor binding domain (RBD). Robust interactions are shown using a novel cell-based assay between an RBD membrane tethered-GFP fusion protein and the membrane bound ACE2-Cherry fusion protein. Several observations were not predicted including, quick and sustained interactions leading to internalization of RBD fusion protein into the ACE2 cells and rapid downregulation of the ACE2-Cherry fluorescence. Targeted mutation in the RBD disulfide Loop 4 led to a loss of internalization for several variants tested. However, a secreted RBD did not cause ACE2 downregulation of ACE2-Cherry fluorescence. Thus, the membrane associated form of RBD found on the viral coat may have long-term system wide consequences on ACE2 expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Feinstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065
- The Graduate Center Programs in Biochemistry, Biology and CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016
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Govednik T, Lainšček D, Kuhar U, Lachish M, Janežič S, Štrbenc M, Krapež U, Jerala R, Atlas D, Manček-Keber M. TXM peptides inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection, syncytia formation, and lower inflammatory consequences. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105806. [PMID: 38211737 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
After three years of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the search and availability of relatively low-cost benchtop therapeutics for people not at high risk for a severe disease are still ongoing. Although vaccines and new SARS-CoV-2 variants reduce the death toll, the long COVID-19 along with neurologic symptoms can develop and persist even after a mild initial infection. Reinfections, which further increase the risk of sequelae in multiple organ systems as well as the risk of death, continue to require caution. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is an important target for both vaccines and therapeutics. The presence of disulfide bonds in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein is essential for its binding to the human ACE2 receptor and cell entry. Here, we demonstrate that thiol-reducing peptides based on the active site of oxidoreductase thioredoxin 1, called thioredoxin mimetic (TXM) peptides, can prevent syncytia formation, SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells, and infection in a mouse model. We also show that TXM peptides inhibit the redox-sensitive HIV pseudotyped viral cell entry. These results support disulfide targeting as a common therapeutic strategy for treating infections caused by viruses using redox-sensitive fusion. Furthermore, TXM peptides exert anti-inflammatory properties by lowering the activation of NF-κB and IRF signaling pathways, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokines in mice. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the TXM peptides, which also cross the blood-brain barrier, in combination with prevention of viral infections, may provide a beneficial clinical strategy to lower viral infections and mitigate severe consequences of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Govednik
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Graduate School of Biomedicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Duško Lainšček
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence EN-FIST, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Kuhar
- Institute for Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marva Lachish
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Sandra Janežič
- National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Malan Štrbenc
- Institute for Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Krapež
- Institute of Poultry, Birds, Small Mammals and Reptiles, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence EN-FIST, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daphne Atlas
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
| | - Mateja Manček-Keber
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence EN-FIST, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Maia LB, Maiti BK, Moura I, Moura JJG. Selenium-More than Just a Fortuitous Sulfur Substitute in Redox Biology. Molecules 2023; 29:120. [PMID: 38202704 PMCID: PMC10779653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Living organisms use selenium mainly in the form of selenocysteine in the active site of oxidoreductases. Here, selenium's unique chemistry is believed to modulate the reaction mechanism and enhance the catalytic efficiency of specific enzymes in ways not achievable with a sulfur-containing cysteine. However, despite the fact that selenium/sulfur have different physicochemical properties, several selenoproteins have fully functional cysteine-containing homologues and some organisms do not use selenocysteine at all. In this review, selected selenocysteine-containing proteins will be discussed to showcase both situations: (i) selenium as an obligatory element for the protein's physiological function, and (ii) selenium presenting no clear advantage over sulfur (functional proteins with either selenium or sulfur). Selenium's physiological roles in antioxidant defence (to maintain cellular redox status/hinder oxidative stress), hormone metabolism, DNA synthesis, and repair (maintain genetic stability) will be also highlighted, as well as selenium's role in human health. Formate dehydrogenases, hydrogenases, glutathione peroxidases, thioredoxin reductases, and iodothyronine deiodinases will be herein featured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa B. Maia
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology | NOVA FCT, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (I.M.); (J.J.G.M.)
| | - Biplab K. Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Cluster University of Jammu, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Isabel Moura
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology | NOVA FCT, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (I.M.); (J.J.G.M.)
| | - José J. G. Moura
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology | NOVA FCT, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (I.M.); (J.J.G.M.)
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7
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Grand RJ. SARS-CoV-2 and the DNA damage response. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001918. [PMID: 37948194 PMCID: PMC10768691 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is characterized by respiratory distress, multiorgan dysfunction and, in some cases, death. The virus is also responsible for post-COVID-19 condition (commonly referred to as 'long COVID'). SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus with a genome of approximately 30 kb, which encodes 26 proteins. It has been reported to affect multiple pathways in infected cells, resulting, in many cases, in the induction of a 'cytokine storm' and cellular senescence. Perhaps because it is an RNA virus, replicating largely in the cytoplasm, the effect of SARS-Cov-2 on genome stability and DNA damage responses (DDRs) has received relatively little attention. However, it is now becoming clear that the virus causes damage to cellular DNA, as shown by the presence of micronuclei, DNA repair foci and increased comet tails in infected cells. This review considers recent evidence indicating how SARS-CoV-2 causes genome instability, deregulates the cell cycle and targets specific components of DDR pathways. The significance of the virus's ability to cause cellular senescence is also considered, as are the implications of genome instability for patients suffering from long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger J. Grand
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Science, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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8
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Bejoy J, Williams CI, Cole HJ, Manzoor S, Davoodi P, Battaile JI, Kaushik A, Nikolaienko SI, Brelidze TI, Gychka SG, Suzuki YJ. Effects of spike proteins on angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 748:109769. [PMID: 37769892 PMCID: PMC10615800 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which enters host cells through interactions of its spike protein to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 is a peptidase that cleaves Angiotensin II, a critical pathological mediator. This study investigated if the spike protein binding to ACE2 compromises its peptidase activity. Spike/ACE2 Binding Assays suggested that spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but not HKU1, bind to ACE2. S1 and receptor-binding domain (RBD), but not S2, extracellular domain (ECD) or CendR domain, bind to ACE2. While glycosylated spike proteins prepared in HEK293 cells bind to ACE2, non-glycosylated proteins produced in E. coli do not. Cysteine residues of the spike protein expressed in HEK293 cells are fully oxidized, while those of the protein expressed in E. coli are reduced. The deglycosylation of HEK cell-produced protein attenuates the ACE2 binding, while the oxidation of the E. coli protein does not promote the binding. The S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 enhances the ACE2 peptidase activity, while SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV or HKU1 does not. The ACE2 activity is enhanced by RBD, but not ECD or CendR. In contrast to distinct ACE2 binding capacities of proteins expressed in HEK293 cells and in E. coli, spike proteins expressed in both systems enhance the ACE2 activity. Thus, the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, but not other coronaviruses, enhances the ACE2 peptidase activity through its RBD in a glycosylation-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennyfer Bejoy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20007, USA
| | - Charlye I Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20007, USA
| | - Hattie J Cole
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20007, USA
| | - Shavaiz Manzoor
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20007, USA
| | - Parsa Davoodi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20007, USA
| | - Jacqueline I Battaile
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20007, USA
| | - Arjun Kaushik
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20007, USA
| | - Sofia I Nikolaienko
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Tinatin I Brelidze
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20007, USA
| | - Sergiy G Gychka
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Yuichiro J Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20007, USA.
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Schwartz L, Aparicio-Alonso M, Henry M, Radman M, Attal R, Bakkar A. Toxicity of the spike protein of COVID-19 is a redox shift phenomenon: A novel therapeutic approach. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 206:106-110. [PMID: 37392949 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that most diseases display a form of anabolism due to mitochondrial impairment: in cancer, a daughter cell is formed; in Alzheimer's disease, amyloid plaques; in inflammation cytokines and lymphokines. The infection by Covid-19 follows a similar pattern. Long-term effects include redox shift and cellular anabolism as a result of the Warburg effect and mitochondrial dysfunction. This unrelenting anabolism leads to the cytokine storm, chronic fatigue, chronic inflammation or neurodegenerative diseases. Drugs such as Lipoic acid and Methylene Blue have been shown to enhance the mitochondrial activity, relieve the Warburg effect and increase catabolism. Similarly, coMeBining Methylene Blue, Chlorine dioxide and Lipoic acid may help reduce long-term Covid-19 effects by stimulating the catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc Henry
- Institut Lebel, Faculté de chimie, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Miroslav Radman
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences (MedILS), 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Romain Attal
- Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie, 30 avenue Corentin-Cariou, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Ashraf Bakkar
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, Egypt
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10
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Tolmacheva AS, Onvumere MK, Sedykh SE, Timofeeva AM, Nevinsky GA. Catalase Activity of IgGs of Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10081. [PMID: 37373231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, leads to various manifestations of the post-COVID syndrome, including diabetes, heart and kidney disease, thrombosis, neurological and autoimmune diseases and, therefore, remains, so far, a significant public health problem. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to the hyperproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing adverse effects on oxygen transfer efficiency, iron homeostasis, and erythrocytes deformation, contributing to thrombus formation. In this work, the relative catalase activity of the serum IgGs of patients recovered from COVID-19, healthy volunteers vaccinated with Sputnik V, vaccinated with Sputnik V after recovering from COVID-19, and conditionally healthy donors were analyzed for the first time. Previous reports show that along with canonical antioxidant enzymes, the antibodies of mammals with superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities are involved in controlling reactive oxygen species levels. We here show that the IgGs from patients who recovered from COVID-19 had the highest catalase activity, and this was statistically significantly higher each compared to the healthy donors (1.9-fold), healthy volunteers vaccinated with Sputnik V (1.4-fold), and patients vaccinated after recovering from COVID-19 (2.1-fold). These data indicate that COVID-19 infection may stimulate the production of antibodies that degrade hydrogen peroxide, which is harmful at elevated concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Tolmacheva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB of the RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Margarita K Onvumere
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB of the RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey E Sedykh
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB of the RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anna M Timofeeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB of the RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy A Nevinsky
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB of the RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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11
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Zhao Y, Han X, Li C, Liu Y, Cheng J, Adhikari BK, Wang Y. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system: a study of pathophysiology and interpopulation variability. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1213111. [PMID: 37350790 PMCID: PMC10282193 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1213111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in humans can lead to various degrees of tissue and organ damage, of which cardiovascular system diseases are one of the main manifestations, such as myocarditis, myocardial infarction, and arrhythmia, which threaten the infected population worldwide. These diseases threaten the cardiovascular health of infected populations worldwide. Although the prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has slightly improved with virus mutation and population vaccination, chronic infection, post-infection sequelae, and post-infection severe disease patients still exist, and it is still relevant to study the mechanisms linking COVID-19 to cardiovascular disease (CVD). This article introduces the pathophysiological mechanism of COVID-19-mediated cardiovascular disease and analyzes the mechanism and recent progress of the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the cardiovascular system from the roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), cellular and molecular mechanisms, endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, iron homeostasis imbalance, and psychosocial factors, respectively. We also discussed the differences and mechanisms involved in cardiovascular system diseases combined with neocoronavirus infection in different populations and provided a theoretical basis for better disease prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaorong Han
- Department of Special Care Center, Fuwai Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, McGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jiayu Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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12
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How the Competition for Cysteine May Promote Infection of SARS-CoV-2 by Triggering Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020483. [PMID: 36830041 PMCID: PMC9952211 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 induces a broad range of clinical manifestations. Besides the main receptor, ACE2, other putative receptors and co-receptors have been described and could become genuinely relevant to explain the different tropism manifested by new variants. In this study, we propose a biochemical model envisaging the competition for cysteine as a key mechanism promoting the infection and the selection of host receptors. The SARS-CoV-2 infection produces ROS and triggers a massive biosynthesis of proteins rich in cysteine; if this amino acid becomes limiting, glutathione levels are depleted and cannot control oxidative stress. Hence, infection succeeds. A receptor should be recognized as a marker of suitable intracellular conditions, namely the full availability of amino acids except for low cysteine. First, we carried out a comparative investigation of SARS-CoV-2 proteins and human ACE2. Then, using hierarchical cluster protein analysis, we searched for similarities between all human proteins and spike produced by the latest variant, Omicron BA.1. We found 32 human proteins very close to spike in terms of amino acid content. Most of these potential SARS-CoV-2 receptors have less cysteine than spike. We suggest that these proteins could signal an intracellular shortage of cysteine, predicting a burst of oxidative stress when used as viral entry mediators.
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13
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Abou-Hamdan M, Saleh R, Mani S, Dournaud P, Metifiot M, Blondot ML, Andreola ML, Abdel-Sater F, De Reggi M, Gressens P, Laforge M. Potential antiviral effects of pantethine against SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2237. [PMID: 36754974 PMCID: PMC9906591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 interacts with cellular cholesterol during many stages of its replication cycle. Pantethine was reported to reduce total cholesterol levels and fatty acid synthesis and potentially alter different processes that might be involved in the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle. Here, we explored the potential antiviral effects of pantethine in two in vitro experimental models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, in Vero E6 cells and in Calu-3a cells. Pantethine reduced the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2 in both preinfection and postinfection treatment regimens. Accordingly, cellular expression of the viral spike and nucleocapsid proteins was substantially reduced, and we observed a significant reduction in viral copy numbers in the supernatant of cells treated with pantethine. In addition, pantethine inhibited the infection-induced increase in TMPRSS2 and HECT E3 ligase expression in infected cells as well as the increase in antiviral interferon-beta response and inflammatory gene expression in Calu-3a cells. Our results demonstrate that pantethine, which is well tolerated in humans, was very effective in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection and might represent a new therapeutic drug that can be repurposed for the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 and long COVID syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abou-Hamdan
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019, Paris, France.,Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences (I), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - R Saleh
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019, Paris, France
| | - S Mani
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019, Paris, France
| | - P Dournaud
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019, Paris, France
| | - M Metifiot
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - M L Blondot
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - M L Andreola
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, 33076, Bordeaux, France
| | - F Abdel-Sater
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences (I), Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - M De Reggi
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019, Paris, France
| | - P Gressens
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019, Paris, France
| | - M Laforge
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019, Paris, France.
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14
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Fraternale A, De Angelis M, De Santis R, Amatore D, Masini S, Monittola F, Menotta M, Biancucci F, Bartoccini F, Retini M, Fiori V, Fioravanti R, Magurano F, Chiarantini L, Lista F, Piersanti G, Palamara AT, Nencioni L, Magnani M, Crinelli R. Targeting SARS-CoV-2 by synthetic dual-acting thiol compounds that inhibit Spike/ACE2 interaction and viral protein production. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22741. [PMID: 36583713 PMCID: PMC9880737 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201157rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 life cycle is strictly dependent on the environmental redox state that influences both virus entry and replication. A reducing environment impairs the binding of the spike protein (S) to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2), while a highly oxidizing environment is thought to favor S interaction with ACE2. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 interferes with redox homeostasis in infected cells to promote the oxidative folding of its own proteins. Here we demonstrate that synthetic low molecular weight (LMW) monothiol and dithiol compounds induce a redox switch in the S protein receptor binding domain (RBD) toward a more reduced state. Reactive cysteine residue profiling revealed that all the disulfides present in RBD are targets of the thiol compounds. The reduction of disulfides in RBD decreases the binding to ACE2 in a cell-free system as demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays. Moreover, LMW thiols interfere with protein oxidative folding and the production of newly synthesized polypeptides in HEK293 cells expressing the S1 and RBD domain, respectively. Based on these results, we hypothesize that these thiol compounds impair both the binding of S protein to its cellular receptor during the early stage of viral infection, as well as viral protein folding/maturation and thus the formation of new viral mature particles. Indeed, all the tested molecules, although at different concentrations, efficiently inhibit both SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication in Vero E6 cells. LMW thiols may represent innovative anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics acting directly on viral targets and indirectly by inhibiting cellular functions mandatory for viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta De Angelis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Sofia Masini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesca Monittola
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Michele Menotta
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Federica Biancucci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Michele Retini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Raoul Fioravanti
- Department of Infectious Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Magurano
- Department of Infectious Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Chiarantini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Anna T Palamara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Infectious Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Rita Crinelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
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15
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Development of spray-dried N-acetylcysteine dry powder for inhalation. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122550. [PMID: 36577481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has both antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities and has been used as adjuvant therapy in several viral infections. Recently, NAC attracted attention for its possible role in reducing the affinity of the spike protein receptor binding domain to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) receptors. Since only NAC solutions are available for inhalation, the purpose of the work was to develop a NAC dry powder for inhalation using mannitol or leucine as excipient. The powder was successfully produced using co-spray-drying with leucine. ATR-FTIR analyses evidenced spectral variations ascribed to the formation of specific interactions between NAC and leucine. This effect on the NAC environment was not evident for NAC-mannitol powders, but mannitol was in a different polymorphic form compared to the supplied material. Both the feedstock concentration and the leucine content have an impact on the powder aerodynamic features. In particular, to maximize the respirable fraction, it is preferable to produce the powder starting from a 0.5 % w/v feedstock solution using 33 to 50 % w/w leucine content. The NAC-leucine powder was stable for ten months maintaining NAC content of 50 % (w/w) and about 200 μg of NAC was able to deposit on a transwell insert, useful for future in vitro studies.
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16
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Acar T, Ertekin B, Yortanli M. Value of thiol and ischemia modified albumin (IMA) in predicting mortality in serious COVID-19 pneumonia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12514. [PMID: 36573112 PMCID: PMC9771579 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Viral infections of the respiratory tract are generally related to many factors such as excessive production of cytokines, inflammation, cellular death, redox imbalance or oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine the serum levels of thiol and IMA in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia to evaluate oxidative stress. Study design This was a prospective, sectional cohort study conducted at a pandemics hospital between 01.01.2022 and 01.02.2022. Methods A total of 153 patients who had been confirmed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia in the emergency unit were prospectively analyzed. The control group was formed by 50 healthy volunteers with similar age and no chronic disease history. Thiol and IMA levels were statistically compared both in the patient and the control groups, and within the patient groups (survived and non-survival). Results While 96 out of 153 patients had survived, 57 patients had non-survival. There was a statistically significant distinction between the survived and non-survival patients with regard to Thiol and IMA levels (p < 0.001). The thiol levels in the patient group were significantly lower compared to the control group, and the IMA levels were significantly higher (p < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity and NPV were 70.2%, 86.5% and 83% when thiol cut-off value was ≤345.2 μmol/L (AUC: 0.886, p < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity and NPV were 70.2%, 85.4% and 82.8% when the IMA cut-off was >302.9 ABSU (AUC: 0.875, p < 0.001). Conclusions Our results demonstrate that thiol and IMA levels may be used as bioindicators for risk classification and mortality in patients with serious COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Acar
- Department of Emergency, University of Health Sciences, Beyhekim Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey,Corresponding author.
| | - Birsen Ertekin
- Department of Emergency, University of Health Sciences, Beyhekim Training and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yortanli
- Department of Emergency, Numune State Hospital, Konya, Turkey
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17
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Kojasoy V, Tantillo DJ. Impacts of noncovalent interactions involving sulfur atoms on protein stability, structure, folding, and bioactivity. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 21:11-23. [PMID: 36345987 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01602h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the various types of noncovalent interactions in which sulfur atoms participate and their effects on protein stability, structure, folding and bioactivity. Current approaches and recommendations for modelling these noncovalent interactions (in terms of both geometries and interaction energies) are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volga Kojasoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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18
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Kusano T, Nishino T, Okamoto K, Hille R, Nishino T. The mechanism and significance of the conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase in mammalian secretory gland cells. Redox Biol 2022; 59:102573. [PMID: 36525890 PMCID: PMC9760657 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) to xanthine oxidase (XO) occurs only in mammalian species. In fresh bovine milk, the enzyme exists predominantly as the oxidase form, in contrast to various normal organs where it is found primarily as the dehydrogenase: the mechanism of conversion to the oxidase in milk remains obscure. A systematic search for the essential factors for conversion from XDH to XO has been performed within fresh bovine milk using the highly purified dehydrogenase form after removal endogenous oxidase form by fractionation analysis. We find that conversion to the oxidase form requires four components under air: lactoperoxidase (LPO), XDH, SCN-, and substrate hypoxanthine or xanthine; the contribution of sulfhydryl oxidase appears to be minor. Disulfide bond formation between Cys-535 and Cys-995 is principally involved in the conversion, consistent with the result obtained from previous work with transgenic mice. In vitro reconstitution of LPO and SCN- results in synergistic conversion of the dehydrogenase to the oxidase the presence of xanthine, indicating the conversion is autocatalytic. Milk from an LPO knockout mouse contains a significantly greater proportion of the dehydrogenase form of the enzyme, although some oxidase form is also present, indicating that LPO contributes principally to the conversion, but that sulfhydryl oxidase (SO) may also be involved to a minor extent. All the components XDH/LPO/SCN- are necessary to inhibit bacterial growth in the presence of xanthine through disulfide bond formation in bacterial protein(s) required for replication, as part of an innate immunity system in mammals. Human GTEx Data suggest that mRNA of XDH and LPO are highly co-expressed in the salivary gland, mammary gland, mucosa of the airway and lung alveoli, and we have confirmed these human GTEx Data experimentally in mice. We discuss the possible roles of these components in the propagation of SARS-CoV-2 in these human cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Kusano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nishino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Russ Hille
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Takeshi Nishino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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19
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Lei S, Chen X, Wu J, Duan X, Men K. Small molecules in the treatment of COVID-19. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:387. [PMID: 36464706 PMCID: PMC9719906 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has become a global crisis, and brought severe disruptions to societies and economies. Until now, effective therapeutics against COVID-19 are in high demand. Along with our improved understanding of the structure, function, and pathogenic process of SARS-CoV-2, many small molecules with potential anti-COVID-19 effects have been developed. So far, several antiviral strategies were explored. Besides directly inhibition of viral proteins such as RdRp and Mpro, interference of host enzymes including ACE2 and proteases, and blocking relevant immunoregulatory pathways represented by JAK/STAT, BTK, NF-κB, and NLRP3 pathways, are regarded feasible in drug development. The development of small molecules to treat COVID-19 has been achieved by several strategies, including computer-aided lead compound design and screening, natural product discovery, drug repurposing, and combination therapy. Several small molecules representative by remdesivir and paxlovid have been proved or authorized emergency use in many countries. And many candidates have entered clinical-trial stage. Nevertheless, due to the epidemiological features and variability issues of SARS-CoV-2, it is necessary to continue exploring novel strategies against COVID-19. This review discusses the current findings in the development of small molecules for COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, their detailed mechanism of action, chemical structures, and preclinical and clinical efficacies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibei Lei
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072 China
| | - Jieping Wu
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingmei Duan
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072 China
| | - Ke Men
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 People’s Republic of China
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20
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Kluknavsky M, Micurova A, Cebova M, Şaman E, Cacanyiova S, Bernatova I. MLN-4760 Induces Oxidative Stress without Blood Pressure and Behavioural Alterations in SHRs: Roles of Nfe2l2 Gene, Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122385. [PMID: 36552591 PMCID: PMC9774314 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced angiotensin 1-7 bioavailability due to inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) may contribute to increased mortality in hypertensive individuals during COVID-19. However, effects of ACE2 inhibitor MLN-4760 in brain functions remain unknown. We investigated the selected behavioural and hemodynamic parameters in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) after a 2-week s.c. infusion of MLN-4760 (dose 1 mg/kg/day). The biochemical and molecular effects of MLN-4760 were investigated in the brainstem and blood plasma. MLN-4760 had no effects on hemodynamic and behavioural parameters. However, MLN-4760 increased plasma hydrogen sulfide (H2S) level and total nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity and conjugated dienes in the brainstem. Increased NO synthase activity correlated positively with gene expression of Nos3 while plasma H2S levels correlated positively with gene expressions of H2S-producing enzymes Mpst, Cth and Cbs. MLN-4760 administration increased gene expression of Ace2, Sod1, Sod2, Gpx4 and Hmox1, which positively correlated with expression of Nfe2l2 gene encoding the redox-sensitive transcription factor NRF2. Collectively, MLN-4760 did not exacerbate pre-existing hypertension and behavioural hyperactivity/anxiety in SHRs. However, MLN-4760-induced oxidative damage in brainstem was associated with activation of NO- and H2S-mediated compensatory mechanisms and with increased gene expression of antioxidant, NO- and H2S-producing enzymes that all correlated positively with elevated Nfe2l2 expression.
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21
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Chattree V, Singh K, Singh K, Goel A, Maity A, Lone A. A comprehensive review on modulation of SIRT1 signaling pathways in the immune system of COVID-19 patients by phytotherapeutic melatonin and epigallocatechin-3-gallate. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14259. [PMID: 35662052 PMCID: PMC9347991 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection has now become the world's most significant health hazard, with the World Health Organization declaring a pandemic on March 11, 2020. COVID-19 enters the lungs through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, alters various signaling pathways, and causes immune cells to overproduce cytokines, resulting in mucosal inflammation, lung damage, and multiple organ failure in COVID-19 patients. Although several antiviral medications have been effective in managing the virus, they have not been effective in lowering the inflammation and symptoms of the illness. Several studies have found that epigallocatechin-3-gallate and melatonin upregulate sirtuins proteins, which leads to downregulation of pro-inflammatory gene transcription and NF-κB, protecting organisms from oxidative stress in autoimmune, respiratory, and cardiovascular illnesses. As a result, the purpose of this research is to understand more about the molecular pathways through which these phytochemicals affect COVID-19 patients' impaired immune systems, perhaps reducing hyperinflammation and symptom severity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Polyphenols are natural secondary metabolites that are found to be present in plants. EGCG a polyphenol belonging to the flavonoid family in tea has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties that helps to counter the inflammation and oxidative stress associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. Melatonin, another strong antioxidant in plants, has been shown to possess antiviral function and alleviate oxidative stress in many inflammatory diseases. In this review, we propose an alternative therapy for COVID-19 patients by supplementing their diet with these nutraceuticals that perhaps by modulating sirtuin signaling pathways counteract cytokine storm and oxidative stress, the root causes of severe inflammation and symptoms in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineeta Chattree
- Department of Biochemistry, Deshbandhu CollegeDelhi UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Kamana Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Deshbandhu CollegeDelhi UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Kanishk Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Deshbandhu CollegeDelhi UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Aayush Goel
- Department of Biochemistry, Deshbandhu CollegeDelhi UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Amritaparna Maity
- Department of Biochemistry, Deshbandhu CollegeDelhi UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Asif Lone
- Department of Biochemistry, Deshbandhu CollegeDelhi UniversityNew DelhiIndia
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22
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Milton-Laskibar I, Trepiana J, Macarulla MT, Gómez-Zorita S, Arellano-García L, Fernández-Quintela A, Portillo MP. Potential usefulness of Mediterranean diet polyphenols against COVID-19-induced inflammation: a review of the current knowledge. J Physiol Biochem 2022:10.1007/s13105-022-00926-0. [PMID: 36346507 PMCID: PMC9641689 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00926-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet is a dietary pattern typical of the populations living in the Mediterranean basin during the 50s-60s of the last century. This diet has demonstrated beneficial effects in the prevention of several pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, or several cancer types, at least in part, due to its antioxidant compounds. Since the COVID-19 pandemic started, different authors have been studying the effects of certain dietary habits on the presence of COVID-19 and its severity, and the Mediterranean diet is one of them. This review gathers data from studies supporting the potential usefulness of the main phenolic compounds present in the Mediterranean diet, based on their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, as preventive/therapeutic agents against COVID-19. The current evidence supports the potential benefits that hydroxytyrosol, resveratrol, flavonols such as quercetin, flavanols like catechins, and flavanones on the order of naringenin could have on COVID-19. This is due to the increase in the synthesis and translocations of Nrf-2, which increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes and thus reduces ROS production, the scavenging of free radicals, and the suppression of the activity of MMP-9, which is involved in the cytokine storm, and the inhibition of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Milton-Laskibar
- Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health Program, IMDEA- Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Spanish National Research Council, Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain ,CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jenifer Trepiana
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain ,Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Lucio Lascaray Research Center, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain ,BIOARABA Health Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - María Teresa Macarulla
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain ,Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Lucio Lascaray Research Center, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain ,BIOARABA Health Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Saioa Gómez-Zorita
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain ,Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Lucio Lascaray Research Center, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain ,BIOARABA Health Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Laura Arellano-García
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Lucio Lascaray Research Center, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Alfredo Fernández-Quintela
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain ,Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Lucio Lascaray Research Center, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain ,BIOARABA Health Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - María P. Portillo
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain ,Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Lucio Lascaray Research Center, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain ,BIOARABA Health Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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23
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Dehghani J, Movafeghi A, Mathieu-Rivet E, Mati-Baouche N, Calbo S, Lerouge P, Bardor M. Microalgae as an Efficient Vehicle for the Production and Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic Glycoproteins against SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20110657. [PMID: 36354980 PMCID: PMC9698596 DOI: 10.3390/md20110657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome–Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can infect various human organs, including the respiratory, circulatory, nervous, and gastrointestinal ones. The virus is internalized into human cells by binding to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor through its spike protein (S-glycoprotein). As S-glycoprotein is required for the attachment and entry into the human target cells, it is the primary mediator of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Currently, this glycoprotein has received considerable attention as a key component for the development of antiviral vaccines or biologics against SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, since the ACE2 receptor constitutes the main entry route for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, its soluble form could be considered as a promising approach for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 infection (COVID-19). Both S-glycoprotein and ACE2 are highly glycosylated molecules containing 22 and 7 consensus N-glycosylation sites, respectively. The N-glycan structures attached to these specific sites are required for the folding, conformation, recycling, and biological activity of both glycoproteins. Thus far, recombinant S-glycoprotein and ACE2 have been produced primarily in mammalian cells, which is an expensive process. Therefore, benefiting from a cheaper cell-based biofactory would be a good value added to the development of cost-effective recombinant vaccines and biopharmaceuticals directed against COVID-19. To this end, efficient protein synthesis machinery and the ability to properly impose post-translational modifications make microalgae an eco-friendly platform for the production of pharmaceutical glycoproteins. Notably, several microalgae (e.g., Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Dunaliella bardawil, and Chlorella species) are already approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as safe human food. Because microalgal cells contain a rigid cell wall that could act as a natural encapsulation to protect the recombinant proteins from the aggressive environment of the stomach, this feature could be used for the rapid production and edible targeted delivery of S-glycoprotein and soluble ACE2 for the treatment/inhibition of SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we have reviewed the pathogenesis mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 and then highlighted the potential of microalgae for the treatment/inhibition of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Dehghani
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire GlycoMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Ali Movafeghi
- Department of Plant, Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran
| | - Elodie Mathieu-Rivet
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire GlycoMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Narimane Mati-Baouche
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire GlycoMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Sébastien Calbo
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Inserm U1234, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire GlycoMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire GlycoMEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, F-76000 Rouen, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-35-14-67-51
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24
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Inhibition of the Cell Uptake of Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Pseudoviruses by N-Acetylcysteine Irrespective of the Oxidoreductive Environment. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203313. [PMID: 36291178 PMCID: PMC9599975 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of SARS-CoV-2 spikes to the cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a crucial target both in the prevention and in the therapy of COVID-19. We explored the involvement of oxidoreductive mechanisms by investigating the effects of oxidants and antioxidants on virus uptake by ACE2-expressing cells of human origin (ACE2-HEK293). The cell uptake of pseudoviruses carrying the envelope of either Delta or Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated by means of a cytofluorimetric approach. The thiol N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) inhibited the uptake of both variants in a reproducible and dose-dependent fashion. Ascorbic acid showed modest effects. In contrast, neither hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) nor a system-generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the intracellular alterations produced by SARS-CoV-2, were able to affect the ability of either Delta or Omicron SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses to be internalized into ACE2-expressing cells. In addition, neither H2O2 nor the ROS generating system interfered with the ability of NAC to inhibit that mechanism. Moreover, based on previous studies, a preventive pharmacological approach with NAC would have the advantage of decreasing the risk of developing COVID-19, irrespective of its variants, and at the same time other respiratory viral infections and associated comorbidities.
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25
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Pisoschi AM, Iordache F, Stanca L, Gajaila I, Ghimpeteanu OM, Geicu OI, Bilteanu L, Serban AI. Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Roles of Nonvitamin Antioxidants in Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Therapy. J Med Chem 2022; 65:12562-12593. [PMID: 36136726 PMCID: PMC9514372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Viral pathologies encompass activation of pro-oxidative pathways and inflammatory burst. Alleviating overproduction of reactive oxygen species and cytokine storm in COVID-19 is essential to counteract the immunogenic damage in endothelium and alveolar membranes. Antioxidants alleviate oxidative stress, cytokine storm, hyperinflammation, and diminish the risk of organ failure. Direct antiviral roles imply: impact on viral spike protein, interference with the ACE2 receptor, inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase 4, transmembrane protease serine 2 or furin, and impact on of helicase, papain-like protease, 3-chyomotrypsin like protease, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Prooxidative environment favors conformational changes in the receptor binding domain, promoting the affinity of the spike protein for the host receptor. Viral pathologies imply a vicious cycle, oxidative stress promoting inflammatory responses, and vice versa. The same was noticed with respect to the relationship antioxidant impairment-viral replication. Timing, dosage, pro-oxidative activities, mutual influences, and interference with other antioxidants should be carefully regarded. Deficiency is linked to illness severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Magdalena Pisoschi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Florin Iordache
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Loredana Stanca
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Iuliana Gajaila
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Oana Margarita Ghimpeteanu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Ovidiu Ionut Geicu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
- Faculty of Biology, Department Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul
Independentei, 050095Bucharest, Romania
| | - Liviu Bilteanu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
- Molecular Nanotechnology Laboratory,
National Institute for Research and Development in
Microtechnologies, 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190Bucharest,
Romania
| | - Andreea Iren Serban
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Preclinical
Sciences, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of
Bucharest, 105 Splaiul Independentei, 050097Bucharest,
Romania
- Faculty of Biology, Department Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul
Independentei, 050095Bucharest, Romania
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26
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Quantum tunnelling in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16929. [PMID: 36209224 PMCID: PMC9547378 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has added new urgency to the study of viral mechanisms of infection. But while vaccines offer a measure of protection against this specific outbreak, a new era of pandemics has been predicted. In addition to this, COVID-19 has drawn attention to post-viral syndromes and the healthcare burden they entail. It seems integral that knowledge of viral mechanisms is increased through as wide a research field as possible. To this end we propose that quantum biology might offer essential new insights into the problem, especially with regards to the important first step of virus-host invasion. Research in quantum biology often centres around energy or charge transfer. While this is predominantly in the context of photosynthesis there has also been some suggestion that cellular receptors such as olfactory or neural receptors might employ vibration assisted electron tunnelling to augment the lock-and-key mechanism. Quantum tunnelling has also been observed in enzyme function. Enzymes are implicated in the invasion of host cells by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Receptors such as olfactory receptors also appear to be disrupted by COVID-19. Building on these observations we investigate the evidence that quantum tunnelling might be important in the context of infection with SARS-CoV-2. We illustrate this with a simple model relating the vibronic mode of, for example, a viral spike protein to the likelihood of charge transfer in an idealised receptor. Our results show a distinct parameter regime in which the vibronic mode of the spike protein enhances electron transfer. With this in mind, novel therapeutics to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission could potentially be identified by their vibrational spectra.
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Labarrere CA, Kassab GS. Glutathione deficiency in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its effects upon the host immune response in severe COVID-19 disease. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:979719. [PMID: 36274722 PMCID: PMC9582773 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.979719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has numerous risk factors leading to severe disease with high mortality rate. Oxidative stress with excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lower glutathione (GSH) levels seems to be a common pathway associated with the high COVID-19 mortality. GSH is a unique small but powerful molecule paramount for life. It sustains adequate redox cell signaling since a physiologic level of oxidative stress is fundamental for controlling life processes via redox signaling, but excessive oxidation causes cell and tissue damage. The water-soluble GSH tripeptide (γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is present in the cytoplasm of all cells. GSH is at 1–10 mM concentrations in all mammalian tissues (highest concentration in liver) as the most abundant non-protein thiol that protects against excessive oxidative stress. Oxidative stress also activates the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) redox regulator pathway, releasing Nrf2 to regulate the expression of genes that control antioxidant, inflammatory and immune system responses, facilitating GSH activity. GSH exists in the thiol-reduced and disulfide-oxidized (GSSG) forms. Reduced GSH is the prevailing form accounting for >98% of total GSH. The concentrations of GSH and GSSG and their molar ratio are indicators of the functionality of the cell and its alteration is related to various human pathological processes including COVID-19. Oxidative stress plays a prominent role in SARS-CoV-2 infection following recognition of the viral S-protein by angiotensin converting enzyme-2 receptor and pattern recognition receptors like toll-like receptors 2 and 4, and activation of transcription factors like nuclear factor kappa B, that subsequently activate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) expression succeeded by ROS production. GSH depletion may have a fundamental role in COVID-19 pathophysiology, host immune response and disease severity and mortality. Therapies enhancing GSH could become a cornerstone to reduce severity and fatal outcomes of COVID-19 disease and increasing GSH levels may prevent and subdue the disease. The life value of GSH makes for a paramount research field in biology and medicine and may be key against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease.
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Vazquez-Agra N, Marques-Afonso AT, Cruces-Sande A, Novo-Veleiro I, Pose-Reino A, Mendez-Alvarez E, Soto-Otero R, Hermida-Ameijeiras A. Assessment of oxidative stress markers in elderly patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and potential prognostic implications in the medium and long term. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268871. [PMID: 36201465 PMCID: PMC9536629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the correlation of plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced thiols with morbidity, mortality and immune response during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection. This was an observational study that included inpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection older than 65 years. The individuals were followed up to the twelfth month post-discharge. Plasma levels of TBARS and reduced thiols were quantified as a measure of lipid and protein oxidation, respectively. Fatal and non-fatal events were evaluated during admission and at the third, sixth and twelfth month post-discharge. Differences in oxidative stress markers between the groups of interest, time to a negative RT-qPCR and time to significant anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM titers were assessed. We included 61 patients (57% women) with a mean age of 83 years old. After multivariate analysis, we found differences in TBARS and reduced thiol levels between the comparison groups in fatal and non-fatal events during hospital admission. TBARS levels were also correlated with fatal events at the 6th and 12th months post-discharge. One year after hospital discharge, other predictors rather than oxidative stress markers were relevant in the models. The median time to reach significant anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM titers was lower in patients with low levels of reduced thiols. Assessment of some parameters related to oxidative stress may help identify groups of patients with a higher risk of morbidity, mortality and delayed immune response during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor Vazquez-Agra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
- * E-mail: (NVA); (ACS)
| | | | - Anton Cruces-Sande
- Laboratory of neurochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
- * E-mail: (NVA); (ACS)
| | - Ignacio Novo-Veleiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Antonio Pose-Reino
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Estefania Mendez-Alvarez
- Laboratory of neurochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ramon Soto-Otero
- Laboratory of neurochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
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29
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Bhargavan B, Kanmogne GD. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins and Cell-Cell Communication Inhibits TFPI and Induces Thrombogenic Factors in Human Lung Microvascular Endothelial Cells and Neutrophils: Implications for COVID-19 Coagulopathy Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10436. [PMID: 36142345 PMCID: PMC9499475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In SARS-CoV-2-infected humans, disease progression is often associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome involving severe lung injury, coagulopathy, and thrombosis of the alveolar capillaries. The pathogenesis of these pulmonary complications in COVID-19 patients has not been elucidated. Autopsy study of these patients showed SARS-CoV-2 virions in pulmonary vessels and sequestrated leukocytes infiltrates associated with endotheliopathy and microvascular thrombosis. Since SARS-CoV-2 enters and infects target cells by binding its spike (S) protein to cellular angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and there is evidence that vascular endothelial cells and neutrophils express ACE2, we investigated the effect of S-proteins and cell-cell communication on primary human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMEC) and neutrophils expression of thrombogenic factors and the potential mechanisms. Using S-proteins of two different SARS-CoV-2 variants (Wuhan and Delta), we demonstrate that exposure of HLMEC or neutrophils to S-proteins, co-culture of HLMEC exposed to S-proteins with non-exposed neutrophils, or co-culture of neutrophils exposed to S-proteins with non-exposed HLMEC induced transcriptional upregulation of tissue factor (TF), significantly increased the expression and secretion of factor (F)-V, thrombin, and fibrinogen and inhibited tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), the primary regulator of the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation, in both cell types. Recombinant (r)TFPI and a thiol blocker (5,5'-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)) prevented S-protein-induced expression and secretion of Factor-V, thrombin, and fibrinogen. Thrombomodulin blocked S-protein-induced expression and secretion of fibrinogen but had no effect on S-protein-induced expression of Factor-V or thrombin. These results suggests that following SARS-CoV-2 contact with the pulmonary endothelium or neutrophils and endothelial-neutrophil interactions, viral S-proteins induce coagulopathy via the TF pathway and mechanisms involving functional thiol groups. These findings suggest that using rTFPI and/or thiol-based drugs could be a viable therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2-induced coagulopathy and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgette D. Kanmogne
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5800, USA
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30
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Thoene J, Gavin RF, Towne A, Wattay L, Ferrari MG, Navarrete J, Pal R. In vitro activity of cysteamine against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 137:192-200. [PMID: 36115282 PMCID: PMC9444157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Global COVID-19 pandemic is caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Continuous emergence of new variants and their rapid spread are jeopardizing vaccine countermeasures to a significant extent. While currently available vaccines are effective at preventing illness associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, these have been shown to be less effective at preventing breakthrough infection and transmission from a vaccinated individual to others. Here we demonstrate broad antiviral activity of cysteamine HCl in vitro against major emergent infectious variants of SARS-CoV-2 in a highly permissible Vero cell line. Cysteamine HCl inhibited infection of wild type, alpha, beta, gamma, delta, lambda, and omicron variants effectively. Cysteamine is a very well-tolerated US FDA-approved drug used chronically as a topical ophthalmic solution to treat ocular cystinosis in patients who receive it hourly or QID lifelong at concentrations 6 times higher than that required to inhibit SARS CoV-2 in tissue culture. Application of cysteamine as a topical nasal treatment can potentially1) mitigate existing infection 2) prevent infection in exposed individuals, and 3) limit the contagion in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess Thoene
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, University of Michigan, United States of America.
| | | | - Aaron Towne
- Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, United States of America
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31
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Yang M. Redox stress in COVID-19: Implications for hematologic disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2022; 35:101373. [PMID: 36494143 PMCID: PMC9374492 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2022.101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is the respiratory illness caused by the beta coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 is complicated by an increased risk for adverse thrombotic events that promote organ failure and death. While the mechanism of action for SARS-CoV-2 is still being understood, how SARS-CoV-2 infection impacts the redox environment in hematologic conditions is unclear. In this review, the redox mechanisms contributing to SARS-CoV-2 infection, coagulopathy and inflammation are briefly discussed. Specifically, sources of oxidant generation by hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells are identified with special emphasis on leukocytes, platelets, red cells, and endothelial cells. Furthermore, reactive cysteines in SARS-CoV-2 are also discussed with respect to oxidative cysteine modification and current therapeutic implications. Lastly, sickle cell disease will be discussed as a hematologic disorder with a pre-existing prothrombotic redox condition that complicates treatment strategies for COVID-19. An understanding of the redox mechanism may identify potential targets for COVID-19-mediated thrombosis in hematologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moua Yang
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Science Building, 3 Blackfan Circle, Rm 924, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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32
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The Effects of H2S and Recombinant Human Hsp70 on Inflammation Induced by SARS and Other Agents In Vitro and In Vivo. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092155. [PMID: 36140256 PMCID: PMC9496158 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing epidemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection led to the search for fundamentally new ways and means to combat inflammation and other pathologies caused by this virus. Using a cellular model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis (human promonocytes), we showed that both a hydrogen sulfide donor (sodium thiosulfate, STS) and a recombinant Heat shock protein 70 (rHsp70) effectively block all major inflammatory mediators when administrated before and after LPS challenge. The protective anti-inflammatory effect of rHsp70 and H2S was also confirmed in vivo using various animal models of pneumonia. Specifically, it was found that rHsp70 injections prevented the development of the acute respiratory distress syndrome in highly pathogenic pneumonia in mice, increased animal survival, and reduced the number of Programmed death-1 (PD-1)-positive T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Based on our model experiments we developed a combined two-phase therapeutic approach for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. This procedure includes the inhalation of hot helium–oxygen mixtures for induction of endogenous Hsp70 in the first phase and STS inhalation in the second phase. The use of this approach has yielded positive results in COVID-19 patients, reducing the area of lung lesions, restoring parameters of innate immunity and T-cell immune response against coronavirus infection, and preventing the development of pulmonary fibrosis and immune exhaustion syndrome.
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Vitamin C Deficiency in Blood Samples of COVID-19 Patients. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081580. [PMID: 36009299 PMCID: PMC9405075 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the most notable pandemic of the modern era. A relationship between ascorbate (vitamin C) and COVID-19 severity is well known, whereas the role of other vitamins is less understood. The present study compared the blood levels of four vitamins in a cohort of COVID-19 patients with different severities and uninfected individuals. Serum concentrations of ascorbate, calcidiol, retinol, and α-tocopherol were measured in a cohort of 74 COVID-19 patients and 8 uninfected volunteers. The blood levels were statistically compared and additional co-morbidity factors were considered. COVID-19 patients had significantly lower plasma ascorbate levels than the controls (p-value < 0.001), and further stratification revealed that the controls had higher levels than fatal, critical, and severe COVID-19 cases (p-values < 0.001). However, no such trend was observed for calcidiol, retinol, or α-tocopherol (p-value ≥ 0.093). Survival analysis showed that plasma ascorbate below 11.4 µM was associated with a lengthy hospitalization and a high risk of death. The results indicated that COVID-19 cases had depleted blood ascorbate associated with poor medical conditions, confirming the role of this vitamin in the outcome of COVID-19 infection.
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Wozney AJ, Smith MA, Abdrabbo M, Birch CM, Cicigoi KA, Dolan CC, Gerzema AEL, Hansen A, Henseler EJ, LaBerge B, Leavens CM, Le CN, Lindquist AC, Ludwig RK, O'Reilly MG, Reynolds JH, Sherman BA, Sillman HW, Smith MA, Snortheim MJ, Svaren LM, Vanderpas EC, Voon A, Wackett MJ, Weiss MM, Hati S, Bhattacharyya S. Evolution of Stronger SARS-CoV-2 Variants as Revealed Through the Lens of Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Protein J 2022; 41:444-456. [PMID: 35913554 PMCID: PMC9340756 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-022-10065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Using molecular dynamics simulations, the protein–protein interactions of the receptor-binding domain of the wild-type and seven variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein and the peptidase domain of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 were investigated. These variants are alpha, beta, gamma, delta, eta, kappa, and omicron. Using 100 ns simulation data, the residue interaction networks at the protein–protein interface were identified. Also, the impact of mutations on essential protein dynamics, backbone flexibility, and interaction energy of the simulated protein–protein complexes were studied. The protein–protein interface for the wild-type, delta, and omicron variants contained several stronger interactions, while the alpha, beta, gamma, eta, and kappa variants exhibited an opposite scenario as evident from the analysis of the inter-residue interaction distances and pair-wise interaction energies. The study reveals that two distinct residue networks at the central and right contact regions forge stronger binding affinity between the protein partners. The study provides a molecular-level insight into how enhanced transmissibility and infectivity by delta and omicron variants are most likely tied to a handful of interacting residues at the binding interface, which could potentially be utilized for future antibody constructs and structure-based antiviral drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec J Wozney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Macey A Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Mobeen Abdrabbo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Cole M Birch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Kelsey A Cicigoi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Connor C Dolan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Audrey E L Gerzema
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Abby Hansen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Ethan J Henseler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Ben LaBerge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Caterra M Leavens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Christine N Le
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Allison C Lindquist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Rikaela K Ludwig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Maggie G O'Reilly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Jacob H Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Brandon A Sherman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Hunter W Sillman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Michael A Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Marissa J Snortheim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Levi M Svaren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Emily C Vanderpas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Aidan Voon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Miles J Wackett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Moriah M Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA
| | - Sanchita Hati
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA.
| | - Sudeep Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, 101 Roosevelt Avenue, Eau Claire, WI, 54701, USA.
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How Aging and Oxidative Stress Influence the Cytopathic and Inflammatory Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: The Role of Cellular Glutathione and Cysteine Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071366. [PMID: 35883857 PMCID: PMC9311797 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause a severe respiratory distress syndrome with inflammatory and thrombotic complications, the severity of which increases with patients’ age and presence of comorbidity. The reasons for an age-dependent increase in the risk of severe COVID-19 could be many. These include defects in the homeostatic processes that control the cellular redox and its pivotal role in sustaining the immuno-inflammatory response to the host and the protection against oxidative stress and tissue degeneration. Pathogens may take advantage of such age-dependent abnormalities. Alterations of the thiol redox balance in the lung tissue and lining fluids may influence the risk of infection, and the host capability to respond to pathogens and to avoid severe complications. SARS-CoV-2, likewise other viruses, such as HIV, influenza, and HSV, benefits in its replication cycle of pro-oxidant conditions that the same viral infection seems to induce in the host cell with mechanisms that remain poorly understood. We recently demonstrated that the pro-oxidant effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with changes in the cellular metabolism and transmembrane fluxes of Cys and GSH. These appear to be the consequence of an increased use of Cys in viral protein synthesis and to ER stress pathway activation that interfere with transcription factors, as Nrf2 and NFkB, important to coordinate the metabolism of GSH with other aspects of the stress response and with the pro-inflammatory effects of this virus in the host cell. This narrative review article describes these cellular and molecular aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the role that antivirals and cytoprotective agents such as N-acetyl cysteine may have to limit the cytopathic effects of this virus and to recover tissue homeostasis after infection.
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Gao K, Wang R, Chen J, Cheng L, Frishcosy J, Huzumi Y, Qiu Y, Schluckbier T, Wei X, Wei GW. Methodology-Centered Review of Molecular Modeling, Simulation, and Prediction of SARS-CoV-2. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11287-11368. [PMID: 35594413 PMCID: PMC9159519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite tremendous efforts in the past two years, our understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), virus-host interactions, immune response, virulence, transmission, and evolution is still very limited. This limitation calls for further in-depth investigation. Computational studies have become an indispensable component in combating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to their low cost, their efficiency, and the fact that they are free from safety and ethical constraints. Additionally, the mechanism that governs the global evolution and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 cannot be revealed from individual experiments and was discovered by integrating genotyping of massive viral sequences, biophysical modeling of protein-protein interactions, deep mutational data, deep learning, and advanced mathematics. There exists a tsunami of literature on the molecular modeling, simulations, and predictions of SARS-CoV-2 and related developments of drugs, vaccines, antibodies, and diagnostics. To provide readers with a quick update about this literature, we present a comprehensive and systematic methodology-centered review. Aspects such as molecular biophysics, bioinformatics, cheminformatics, machine learning, and mathematics are discussed. This review will be beneficial to researchers who are looking for ways to contribute to SARS-CoV-2 studies and those who are interested in the status of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifu Gao
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Limei Cheng
- Clinical
Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol
Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08536, United States
| | - Jaclyn Frishcosy
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yuta Huzumi
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yuchi Qiu
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Tom Schluckbier
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Xiaoqi Wei
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Guo-Wei Wei
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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37
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Characterization and Utilization of Disulfide-Bonded SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain of Spike Protein Synthesized by Wheat Germ Cell-Free Production System. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071461. [PMID: 35891441 PMCID: PMC9321213 DOI: 10.3390/v14071461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The spike protein (SP) of SARS-CoV-2 is an important target for COVID-19 therapeutics and vaccines as it binds to the ACE2 receptor and enables viral infection. Rapid production and functional characterization of properly folded SP is of the utmost importance for studying the immunogenicity and receptor-binding activity of this protein considering the emergence of highly infectious viral variants. In this study, we attempted to express the receptor-binding region (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 SP containing disulfide bonds using the wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system. By adding protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and endoplasmic reticulum oxidase (ERO1α) to the translational reaction mixture, we succeeded in synthesizing a functionally intact RBD protein that can interact with ACE2. Using this RBD protein, we have developed a high-throughput AlphaScreen assay to evaluate the RBD–ACE2 interaction, which can be applied for drug screening and mutation analysis. Thus, our method sheds new light on the structural and functional properties of SARS-CoV-2 SP and has the potential to contribute to the development of new COVID-19 therapeutics.
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38
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Khanna K, Raymond W, Jin J, Charbit AR, Gitlin I, Tang M, Werts AD, Barrett EG, Cox JM, Birch SM, Martinelli R, Sperber HS, Franz S, Duff T, Hoffmann M, Healy AM, Oscarson S, Pöhlmann S, Pillai SK, Simmons G, Fahy JV. Exploring antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of thiol drugs in COVID-19. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L372-L389. [PMID: 35762590 PMCID: PMC9448286 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00136.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The redox status of the cysteine-rich SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (SARS-2-S) is important for the binding of SARS-2-S to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), suggesting that drugs with a functional thiol group (“thiol drugs”) may cleave cystines to disrupt SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. In addition, neutrophil-induced oxidative stress is a mechanism of COVID-19 lung injury, and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of thiol drugs, especially cysteamine, may limit this injury. To first explore the antiviral effects of thiol drugs in COVID-19, we used an ACE-2 binding assay and cell entry assays utilizing reporter pseudoviruses and authentic SARS-CoV-2 viruses. We found that multiple thiol drugs inhibit SARS-2-S binding to ACE2 and virus infection. The most potent drugs were effective in the low millimolar range, and IC50 values followed the order of their cystine cleavage rates and lower thiol pKa values. To determine if thiol drugs have antiviral effects in vivo and to explore any anti-inflammatory effects of thiol drugs in COVID-19, we tested the effects of cysteamine delivered intraperitoneally to hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2. Cysteamine did not decrease lung viral infection, but it significantly decreased lung neutrophilic inflammation and alveolar hemorrhage. We speculate that the concentration of cysteamine achieved in the lungs with intraperitoneal delivery was insufficient for antiviral effects but sufficient for anti-inflammatory effects. We conclude that thiol drugs decrease SARS-CoV-2 lung inflammation and injury, and we provide rationale for future studies to test if direct (aerosol) delivery of thiol drugs to the airways might also result in antiviral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Khanna
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Wilfred Raymond
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jing Jin
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Annabelle R Charbit
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Irina Gitlin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Monica Tang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep and the Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Adam D Werts
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Edward G Barrett
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Jason M Cox
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Sharla M Birch
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Rachel Martinelli
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Hannah S Sperber
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Sergej Franz
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Thomas Duff
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne Marie Healy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.,SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Satish K Pillai
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - John V Fahy
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep and the Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
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Minami K, Minakawa M, Uozumi Y. Preparation of Benzothiazoles and Heterocyclic Spiro Compounds Through Cu‐catalyzed S–S Bond Cleavage and C–S Bond Formation. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Minami
- Yamagata University: Yamagata Daigaku Graduate School of Science and Engineering JAPAN
| | - Maki Minakawa
- Yamagata University: Yamagata Daigaku Graduate School of Science and Engineering 4-3-16, Jonan 992-8510 Yonezawa JAPAN
| | - Yasuhiro Uozumi
- Institute of Molecular Sciences: Institut des Sciences Moleculaires Complex Catalysis 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji 444-8787 Okazaki JAPAN
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40
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Belenichev I, Kucherenko L, Pavlov S, Bukhtiyarova N, Popazova O, Derevianko N, Nimenko G. Therapy of post-COVID-19 syndrome: improving the efficiency and safety of basic metabolic drug treatment with tiazotic acid (thiotriazoline). PHARMACIA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.69.e82596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 leads to disruption of the blood coagulation system, to thrombosis, hypercoagulability, as a result, to an increased risk of strokes and heart attacks. During COVID-19, endothelial dysfunction develops associated with NO deficiency with decrease in the level of SH compounds. Tiazotic acid (Thiotriazoline) has immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-ischemic, cardio- and endothelioprotective, antiplatelet, hepatoprotective activity. Our studies conducted at the National Research Medical Center “University Clinic of ZSMU” with the participation of 57 patients (from 30 to 65 years old) with post-COVID syndrome, who received thiotriazol with basic therapy in either tablets (200 mg each) or suppositories Dalmaxin (0.2 g each) twice a day for 30 days. Inclusion criteria for the study were a positive PCR test for COVID-19; if the PCR test was negative, then the presence of IgM COVID-19 or IgG COVID-19 (with radiologically confirmed pneumonia). The following biochemical parameters were studied: C-reactive protein - by immunoturbodimetric method; D-dimer - by enzyme immunoassay; ferritin - by immunochemiluminescent method; endothelial NO-synthase (eNOS) - by ELISA method; alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), total bilirubin; international normalized ratio (INR) and determination of platelet aggregation. During treatment with thiotriazoline, significant increase in the eNOS content was recorded, which indicated the presence of endothelioprotective activity of the drug. Thiotriazoline significantly reduced the level of D-dimer in the blood of patients, and also led to the normalization of INR. The established effects testified to the presence of antiplatelet and fibrinolytic action of thiotriazoline and its ability to reduce the risks of heart attacks and strokes in post-COVID syndrome. Thiotriazoline led to an objective improvement in general clinical parameters in patients with post-COVID syndrome, complaints of palpitations disappeared, blood pressure stabilized.
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41
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Rajendran R, Chathambath A, Al-Sehemi AG, Pannipara M, Unnikrishnan MK, Aleya L, Raghavan RP, Mathew B. Critical role of nitric oxide in impeding COVID-19 transmission and prevention: a promising possibility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:38657-38672. [PMID: 35258738 PMCID: PMC8902850 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a serious respiratory infection caused by a beta-coronavirus that is closely linked to SARS. Hypoxemia is a symptom of infection, which is accompanied by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Augmenting supplementary oxygen may not always improve oxygen saturation; reversing hypoxemia in COVID-19 necessitates sophisticated means to promote oxygen transfer from alveoli to blood. Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) has been shown to inhibit the multiplication of the respiratory coronavirus, a property that distinguishes it from other vasodilators. These findings imply that NO may have a crucial role in the therapy of COVID-19, indicating research into optimal methods to restore pulmonary physiology. According to clinical and experimental data, NO is a selective vasodilator proven to restore oxygenation by helping to normalize shunts and ventilation/perfusion mismatches. This study examines the role of NO in COVID-19 in terms of its specific physiological and biochemical properties, as well as the possibility of using inhaled NO as a standard therapy. We have also discussed how NO could be used to prevent and cure COVID-19, in addition to the limitations of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajalakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Anjana Chathambath
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehboobali Pannipara
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Lotfi Aleya
- Laboratoire Chrono-Environment, Universite de Bourgogne Franche-Comte, CNRS6249, Besancon, France
| | - Roshni Pushpa Raghavan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India.
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682 041, India
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42
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Gholami MD, Guppy-Coles K, Nihal S, Langguth D, Sonar P, Ayoko GA, Punyadeera C, Izake EL. A paper-based optical sensor for the screening of viruses through the cysteine residues of their surface proteins: A proof of concept on the detection of coronavirus infection. Talanta 2022; 248:123630. [PMID: 35660992 PMCID: PMC9153203 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a serious threat to human health. Current methods such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) are complex, expensive, and time-consuming. Rapid, and simple screening methods for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 are critically required to fight the current pandemic. In this work we present a proof of concept for, a simple optical sensing method for the screening of SARS-CoV-2 through its spike protein subunit S1. The method utilizes a target-specific extractor chip to bind the protein from the biological specimens. The disulfide bonds of the protein are then reduced into a biothiol with sulfhydryl (SH) groups that react with a blue-colored benzothiazole azo dye-Hg complex (BAN-Hg) and causes the spontaneous change of its blue color to pink which is observable by the naked eye. A linear relationship between the intensity of the pink color and the logarithm of reduced S1 protein concentration was found within the working range 130 ng.mL−1-1.3 pg mL−1. The lowest limit of detection (LOD) of the assay was 130 fg mL−1. A paper based optical sensor was fabricated by loading the BAN-Hg sensor onto filter paper and used to screen the S1 protein in spiked saliva and patients’ nasopharyngeal swabs. The results obtained by the paper sensor corroborated with those obtained by qRT-PCR. The new paper-based sensing method can be extended to the screening of many viruses (e.g. the human immunodeficiency virus, the human polyomavirus, the human papilloma virus, the adeno associated viruses, the enteroviruses) through the cysteine residues of their capsid proteins. The new method has strong potential for screening viruses at pathology labs and in remote areas that lacks advanced scientific infrastructure. Further clinical studies are warranted to validate the new sensing method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz D Gholami
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Kristyan Guppy-Coles
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Serena Nihal
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Daman Langguth
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4066, Australia; Department of Immunology, Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia; Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Technology, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Godwin A Ayoko
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia; Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Chamindie Punyadeera
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia; Menzies Health Institute Queensland (MIHQ), Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Emad L Izake
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia; Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Technology, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
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43
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Kolel-Veetil MK, Kant A, Shenoy VB, Buehler MJ. SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Of Music and Mechanics of Its Spikes! A Perspective. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6949-6955. [PMID: 35512182 PMCID: PMC9092193 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been inflicted upon humanity by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the latest insidious incarnation of the coronaviruses group. While in its wake intense scientific research has produced breakthrough vaccines and cures, there still exists an immediate need to further understand the origin, mechanobiology and biochemistry, and destiny of this virus so that future pandemics arising from similar coronaviruses may be contained more effectively. In this Perspective, we discuss the various evidential findings of virus propagation and connect them to respective underpinning cellular biomechanical states leading to corresponding manifestations of the viral activity. We further propose avenues to tackle the virus, including from a "musical" vantage point, and contain its relentless strides that are currently afflicting the global populace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K. Kolel-Veetil
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research
Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Aayush Kant
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering
Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Vivek B. Shenoy
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering
Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM),
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02139, United States
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COVID-19 and One-Carbon Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084181. [PMID: 35456998 PMCID: PMC9026976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of one-carbon metabolism affects a wide range of biological processes and is associated with a number of diseases, including cardiovascular disease, dementia, neural tube defects, and cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests that one-carbon metabolism plays an important role in COVID-19. The symptoms of long COVID-19 are similar to those presented by subjects suffering from vitamin B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia). The metabolism of a cell infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is reshaped to fulfill the need for massive viral RNA synthesis, which requires de novo purine biosynthesis involving folate and one-carbon metabolism. Many aspects of host sulfur amino acid metabolism, particularly glutathione metabolism underlying antioxidant defenses, are also taken over by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings related to one-carbon metabolism and sulfur metabolites in COVID-19 and discuss how they inform strategies to combat the disease.
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Abstract
In the dynamic environment of the airways, where SARS-CoV-2 infections are initiated by binding to human host receptor ACE2, mechanical stability of the viral attachment is a crucial fitness advantage. Using single-molecule force spectroscopy techniques, we mimic the effect of coughing and sneezing, thereby testing the force stability of SARS-CoV-2 RBD:ACE2 interaction under physiological conditions. Our results reveal a higher force stability of SARS-CoV-2 binding to ACE2 compared to SARS-CoV-1, causing a possible fitness advantage. Our assay is sensitive to blocking agents preventing RBD:ACE2 bond formation. It will thus provide a powerful approach to investigate the modes of action of neutralizing antibodies and other agents designed to block RBD binding to ACE2 that are currently developed as potential COVID-19 therapeutics. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections are initiated by attachment of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) on the viral Spike protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) on human host cells. This critical first step occurs in dynamic environments, where external forces act on the binding partners and avidity effects play an important role, creating an urgent need for assays that can quantitate SARS-CoV-2 interactions with ACE2 under mechanical load. Here, we introduce a tethered ligand assay that comprises the RBD and the ACE2 ectodomain joined by a flexible peptide linker. Using magnetic tweezers and atomic force spectroscopy as highly complementary single-molecule force spectroscopy techniques, we investigate the RBD:ACE2 interaction over the whole physiologically relevant force range. We combine the experimental results with steered molecular dynamics simulations and observe and assign fully consistent unbinding and unfolding events across the three techniques, enabling us to establish ACE2 unfolding as a molecular fingerprint. Measuring at forces of 2 to 5 pN, we quantify the force dependence and kinetics of the RBD:ACE2 bond in equilibrium. We show that the SARS-CoV-2 RBD:ACE2 interaction has higher mechanical stability, larger binding free energy, and a lower dissociation rate compared to SARS-CoV-1, which helps to rationalize the different infection patterns of the two viruses. By studying how free ACE2 outcompetes tethered ACE2, we show that our assay is sensitive to prevention of bond formation by external binders. We expect our results to provide a way to investigate the roles of viral mutations and blocking agents for targeted pharmaceutical intervention.
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46
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Jerotic D, Ranin J, Bukumiric Z, Djukic T, Coric V, Savic-Radojevic A, Todorovic N, Asanin M, Ercegovac M, Milosevic I, Pljesa-Ercegovac M, Stevanovic G, Matic M, Simic T. SOD2 rs4880 and GPX1 rs1050450 polymorphisms do not confer risk of COVID-19, but influence inflammation or coagulation parameters in Serbian cohort. Redox Rep 2022; 27:85-91. [PMID: 35361071 PMCID: PMC8979533 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2022.2057707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Due to the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of COVID-19, it is biologically plausible that inter-individual differences in patients' clinical manifestations might be affected by antioxidant genetic profile. The aim of our study was to assess the distribution of antioxidant genetic polymorphisms Nrf2 rs6721961, SOD2 rs4880, GPX1 rs1050450, GPX3 rs8177412, and GSTP1 (rs1695 and rs1138272) haplotype in COVID-19 patients and controls, with special emphasis on their association with laboratory biochemical parameters.Methods: The antioxidant genetic polymorphisms were assessed by appropriate PCR methods in 229 COVID-19 patients and 229 matched healthy individuals.Results: Among examined polymorphisms, only GSTP1 haplotype was associated with COVID-19 risk (p = 0.009). Polymorphisms of SOD2 and GPX1 influenced COVID-19 patients' laboratory biochemical profile: SOD2*Val allele was associated with increased levels of fibrinogen (p = 0.040) and ferritin (p = 0.033), whereas GPX1*Leu allele was associated with D-dimmer (p = 0.009).Discussion: Our findings regarding the influence of SOD2 and GPX1 polymorphisms on inflammation and coagulation parameters might be of clinical importance. If confirmed in larger cohorts, these developments could provide a more personalized approach for better recognition of patients prone to thrombosis and those for the need of targeted antiox-idant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djurdja Jerotic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovan Ranin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Bukumiric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Djukic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Coric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Savic-Radojevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Todorovic
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milika Asanin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Cardiology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Ercegovac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Milosevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Pljesa-Ercegovac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Stevanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Matic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Simic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
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47
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Bakshi T, Pham D, Kaur R, Sun B. Hidden Relationships between N-Glycosylation and Disulfide Bonds in Individual Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073742. [PMID: 35409101 PMCID: PMC8998389 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Glycosylation (NG) and disulfide bonds (DBs) are two prevalent co/post-translational modifications (PTMs) that are often conserved and coexist in membrane and secreted proteins involved in a large number of diseases. Both in the past and in recent times, the enzymes and chaperones regulating these PTMs have been constantly discovered to directly interact with each other or colocalize in the ER. However, beyond a few model proteins, how such cooperation affects N-glycan modification and disulfide bonding at selective sites in individual proteins is largely unknown. Here, we reviewed the literature to discover the current status in understanding the relationships between NG and DBs in individual proteins. Our results showed that more than 2700 human proteins carry both PTMs, and fewer than 2% of them have been investigated in the associations between NG and DBs. We summarized both these proteins with the reported relationships in the two PTMs and the tools used to discover the relationships. We hope that, by exposing this largely understudied field, more investigations can be encouraged to unveil the hidden relationships of NG and DBs in the majority of membranes and secreted proteins for pathophysiological understanding and biotherapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Bakshi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;
| | - David Pham
- Department of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;
| | - Raminderjeet Kaur
- Faculty of Health Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;
| | - Bingyun Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada;
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Correspondence:
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48
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Melekoğlu R, Yaşar Ş, Zeyveli Çelik N, Özdemir H. Evaluation of dyslipidemia in preeclamptic pregnant women and determination of the predictive value of the hemato-lipid profile: A prospective, cross-sectional, case-control study. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2022; 19:7-20. [PMID: 35343215 PMCID: PMC8966325 DOI: 10.4274/tjod.galenos.2022.36744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: In this study, we examined the serum hematologic and lipid parameters of pregnant women with preeclampsia and an age- and gestational-age matched normotensive control group. We also compared the ratios of hemato-lipid parameters defined as systemic inflammatory markers and determined the predictive value of these values in preeclampsia. Materials and Methods: All patients diagnosed with late-onset preeclampsia or severe preeclampsia between 34 and 40 weeks of gestation at Inonu University Faculty of Medicine between March 2019 and October 2020 were included. Results: A total of 253 pregnant women were included in the study period. When the study groups were compared in terms of hematological and blood lipid profile; while serum lymphocyte, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the preeclampsia group than in the control group (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.013, respectively); high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels were found to be significantly lower (p=0.017). The cut-off value for the monocyte/HDL ratio in predicting severe preeclampsia was 16.65 with 59.0% sensitivity and 85.4% specificity [the area under the receiver operating characteristic 0.756, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.681-0.821, p<0.001]. Multivariate analysis showed that the monocyte/HDL ratio was independently associated with both preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia [odds ratio (OR): 1.094; 95% CI 1.009-1.185 and OR: 1.731; 95% CI 1.218-2.459, respectively]. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were significantly higher and serum HDL-cholesterol levels were significantly lower in pregnant women with late-onset preeclampsia compared to normotensive pregnant women. Additionally, this study revealed that the measurement of monocyte/HDL ratio in the pregnant population could be a useful clinical tool for predicting preeclampsia.
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49
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Murae M, Shimizu Y, Yamamoto Y, Kobayashi A, Houri M, Inoue T, Irie T, Gemba R, Kondo Y, Nakano Y, Miyazaki S, Yamada D, Saitoh A, Ishii I, Onodera T, Takahashi Y, Wakita T, Fukasawa M, Noguchi K. The function of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is impaired by disulfide-bond disruption with mutation at cysteine-488 and by thiol-reactive N-acetyl-cysteine and glutathione. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 597:30-36. [PMID: 35123263 PMCID: PMC8800159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viral spike proteins play important roles in the viral entry process, facilitating attachment to cellular receptors and fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein binds to the cellular receptor angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) via its receptor-binding domain (RBD). The cysteine residue at position 488, consisting of a disulfide bridge with cysteine 480 is located in an important structural loop at ACE2-binding surface of RBD, and is highly conserved among SARS-related coronaviruses. We showed that the substitution of Cys-488 with alanine impaired pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 infection, syncytium formation, and cell-cell fusion triggered by SARS-CoV-2 spike expression. Consistently, in vitro binding of RBD and ACE2, spike-mediated cell-cell fusion, and pseudotyped viral infection of VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells were inhibited by the thiol-reactive compounds N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and a reduced form of glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the activity of variant spikes from the SARS-CoV-2 alpha and delta strains were also suppressed by NAC and GSH. Taken together, these data indicate that Cys-488 in spike RBD is required for SARS-CoV-2 spike functions and infectivity, and could be a target of anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Murae
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamasaki 2641, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Shimizu
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2 Nakano, Nakano-ku, 164-8530, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamasaki 2641, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Asuka Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamasaki 2641, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masumi Houri
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamasaki 2641, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamasaki 2641, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takuya Irie
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamasaki 2641, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Gemba
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kondo
- Department of Medical and Life Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamasaki 2641, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshio Nakano
- Department of Medical and Life Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamasaki 2641, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyazaki
- Department of Medical and Life Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamasaki 2641, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamada
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamasaki 2641, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Saitoh
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamasaki 2641, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Isao Ishii
- Department of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Taishi Onodera
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fukasawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamasaki 2641, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Kohji Noguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Target Therapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamasaki 2641, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
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50
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Djukic T, Stevanovic G, Coric V, Bukumiric Z, Pljesa-Ercegovac M, Matic M, Jerotic D, Todorovic N, Asanin M, Ercegovac M, Ranin J, Milosevic I, Savic-Radojevic A, Simic T. GSTO1, GSTO2 and ACE2 Polymorphisms Modify Susceptibility to Developing COVID-19. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12030458. [PMID: 35330457 PMCID: PMC8955736 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the close relationship between dysregulation of redox homeostasis and immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection, we proposed a possible modifying role of ACE2 and glutathione transferase omega (GSTO) polymorphisms in the individual propensity towards the development of clinical manifestations in COVID-19. The distribution of polymorphisms in ACE2 (rs4646116), GSTO1 (rs4925) and GSTO2 (rs156697) were assessed in 255 COVID-19 patients and 236 matched healthy individuals, emphasizing their individual and haplotype effects on disease development and severity. Polymorphisms were determined by the appropriate qPCR method. The data obtained showed that individuals carrying variant GSTO1*AA and variant GSTO2*GG genotypes exhibit higher odds of COVID-19 development, contrary to ones carrying referent alleles (p = 0.044, p = 0.002, respectively). These findings are confirmed by haplotype analysis. Carriers of H2 haplotype, comprising GSTO1*A and GSTO2*G variant alleles were at 2-fold increased risk of COVID-19 development (p = 0.002). Although ACE2 (rs4646116) polymorphism did not exhibit a statistically significant effect on COVID-19 risk (p = 0.100), the risk of COVID-19 development gradually increased with the presence of each additional risk-associated genotype. Further studies are needed to clarify the specific roles of glutathione transferases omega in innate immune response and vitamin C homeostasis once the SARS-CoV-2 infection is initiated in the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Djukic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.D.); (G.S.); (V.C.); (Z.B.); (M.P.-E.); (M.M.); (D.J.); (M.A.); (M.E.); (J.R.); (I.M.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Stevanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.D.); (G.S.); (V.C.); (Z.B.); (M.P.-E.); (M.M.); (D.J.); (M.A.); (M.E.); (J.R.); (I.M.)
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vesna Coric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.D.); (G.S.); (V.C.); (Z.B.); (M.P.-E.); (M.M.); (D.J.); (M.A.); (M.E.); (J.R.); (I.M.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Bukumiric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.D.); (G.S.); (V.C.); (Z.B.); (M.P.-E.); (M.M.); (D.J.); (M.A.); (M.E.); (J.R.); (I.M.)
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Pljesa-Ercegovac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.D.); (G.S.); (V.C.); (Z.B.); (M.P.-E.); (M.M.); (D.J.); (M.A.); (M.E.); (J.R.); (I.M.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Matic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.D.); (G.S.); (V.C.); (Z.B.); (M.P.-E.); (M.M.); (D.J.); (M.A.); (M.E.); (J.R.); (I.M.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djurdja Jerotic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.D.); (G.S.); (V.C.); (Z.B.); (M.P.-E.); (M.M.); (D.J.); (M.A.); (M.E.); (J.R.); (I.M.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Todorovic
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milika Asanin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.D.); (G.S.); (V.C.); (Z.B.); (M.P.-E.); (M.M.); (D.J.); (M.A.); (M.E.); (J.R.); (I.M.)
- Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Ercegovac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.D.); (G.S.); (V.C.); (Z.B.); (M.P.-E.); (M.M.); (D.J.); (M.A.); (M.E.); (J.R.); (I.M.)
- Clinic of Cardiology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovan Ranin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.D.); (G.S.); (V.C.); (Z.B.); (M.P.-E.); (M.M.); (D.J.); (M.A.); (M.E.); (J.R.); (I.M.)
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ivana Milosevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.D.); (G.S.); (V.C.); (Z.B.); (M.P.-E.); (M.M.); (D.J.); (M.A.); (M.E.); (J.R.); (I.M.)
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ana Savic-Radojevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.D.); (G.S.); (V.C.); (Z.B.); (M.P.-E.); (M.M.); (D.J.); (M.A.); (M.E.); (J.R.); (I.M.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (A.S.-R.); (T.S.); Tel.: +381-113-636-271 (A.S.-R.); +381-113-636-250 (T.S.)
| | - Tatjana Simic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.D.); (G.S.); (V.C.); (Z.B.); (M.P.-E.); (M.M.); (D.J.); (M.A.); (M.E.); (J.R.); (I.M.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (A.S.-R.); (T.S.); Tel.: +381-113-636-271 (A.S.-R.); +381-113-636-250 (T.S.)
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