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Li JB, Li D, Liu YY, Cao A, Wang H. Cytotoxicity of vanadium dioxide nanoparticles to human embryonic kidney cell line: Compared with vanadium(IV/V) ions. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 106:104378. [PMID: 38295964 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is a class of thermochromic material with potential applications in various fields. Massive production and wide application of VO2 raise the concern of its potential toxicity to human, which has not been fully understood. Herein, a commercial VO2 nanomaterial (S-VO2) was studied for its potential toxicity to human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293, and two most common vanadium ions, V(IV) and V(V), were used for comparison to reveal the related mechanism. Our results indicate that S-VO2 induces dose-dependent cellular viability loss mainly through the dissolved V ions of S-VO2 outside the cell rather than S-VO2 particles inside the cell. The dissolved V ions of S-VO2 overproduce reactive oxygen species to trigger apoptosis and proliferation inhibition via several signaling pathways of cell physiology, such as MAPK and PI3K-Akt, among others. All bioassays indicate that the differences in toxicity between S-VO2, V(IV), and V(V) in HEK293 cells are very small, supporting that the toxicity is mainly due to the dissolved V ions, in the form of V(V) and/or V(IV), but the V(V)'s behavior is more similar to S-VO2 according to the gene expression analysis. This study reveals the toxicity mechanism of nanosized VO2 at the molecular level and the role of dissolution of VO2, providing valuable information for safe applications of vanadium oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Bei Li
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dan Li
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Aoneng Cao
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Haifang Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Kazek G, Głuch-Lutwin M, Mordyl B, Menaszek E, Kubacka M, Jurowska A, Cież D, Trzewik B, Szklarzewicz J, Papież MA. Vanadium Complexes with Thioanilide Derivatives of Amino Acids: Inhibition of Human Phosphatases and Specificity in Various Cell Models of Metabolic Disturbances. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:229. [PMID: 38399444 PMCID: PMC10892041 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In the text, the synthesis and characteristics of the novel ONS-type vanadium (V) complexes with thioanilide derivatives of amino acids are described. They showed the inhibition of human protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP1B, LAR, SHP1, and SHP2) in the submicromolar range, as well as the inhibition of non-tyrosine phosphatases (CDC25A and PPA2) similar to bis(maltolato)oxidovanadium(IV) (BMOV). The ONS complexes increased [14C]-deoxy-D-glucose transport into C2C12 myocytes, and one of them, VC070, also enhanced this transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These complexes inhibited gluconeogenesis in hepatocytes HepG2, but none of them decreased lipid accumulation in the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease model using the same cells. Compared to the tested ONO-type vanadium complexes with 5-bromosalicylaldehyde and substituted benzhydrazides as Schiff base ligand components, the ONS complexes revealed stronger inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases, but the ONO complexes showed greater activity in the cell models in general. Moreover, the majority of the active complexes from both groups showed better effects than VOSO4 and BMOV. Complexes from both groups activated AKT and ERK signaling pathways in hepatocytes to a comparable extent. One of the ONO complexes, VC068, showed activity in all of the above models, including also glucose utilizatiand ONO Complexes are Inhibitors ofon in the myocytes and glucose transport in insulin-resistant hepatocytes. The discussion section explicates the results within the wider scope of the knowledge about vanadium complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kazek
- Department of Pharmacological Screening, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Głuch-Lutwin
- Department of Radioligands, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Mordyl
- Department of Radioligands, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Menaszek
- Department of Cytobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Kubacka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Jurowska
- Coordination Chemistry Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Cież
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bartosz Trzewik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Janusz Szklarzewicz
- Coordination Chemistry Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika A Papież
- Department of Cytobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
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Treviño S, Díaz A, Sánchez-Lara E, Sanchez-Gaytan BL, Perez-Aguilar JM, González-Vergara E. Vanadium in Biological Action: Chemical, Pharmacological Aspects, and Metabolic Implications in Diabetes Mellitus. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 188:68-98. [PMID: 30350272 PMCID: PMC6373340 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium compounds have been primarily investigated as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of various major health issues, including cancer, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. The translation of vanadium-based compounds into clinical trials and ultimately into disease treatments remains hampered by the absence of a basic pharmacological and metabolic comprehension of such compounds. In this review, we examine the development of vanadium-containing compounds in biological systems regarding the role of the physiological environment, dosage, intracellular interactions, metabolic transformations, modulation of signaling pathways, toxicology, and transport and tissue distribution as well as therapeutic implications. From our point of view, the toxicological and pharmacological aspects in animal models and humans are not understood completely, and thus, we introduced them in a physiological environment and dosage context. Different transport proteins in blood plasma and mechanistic transport determinants are discussed. Furthermore, an overview of different vanadium species and the role of physiological factors (i.e., pH, redox conditions, concentration, and so on) are considered. Mechanistic specifications about different signaling pathways are discussed, particularly the phosphatases and kinases that are modulated dynamically by vanadium compounds because until now, the focus only has been on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B as a vanadium target. Particular emphasis is laid on the therapeutic ability of vanadium-based compounds and their role for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, specifically on that of vanadate- and polioxovanadate-containing compounds. We aim at shedding light on the prevailing gaps between primary scientific data and information from animal models and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Treviño
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, C.P. 72570 Puebla, PUE Mexico
| | - Alfonso Díaz
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, C.P. 72570 Puebla, PUE Mexico
| | - Eduardo Sánchez-Lara
- Centro de Química, ICUAP, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, C.P. 72570 Puebla, PUE Mexico
| | - Brenda L. Sanchez-Gaytan
- Centro de Química, ICUAP, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, C.P. 72570 Puebla, PUE Mexico
| | - Jose Manuel Perez-Aguilar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, C.P. 72570 Puebla, PUE Mexico
| | - Enrique González-Vergara
- Centro de Química, ICUAP, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 14 Sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, C.P. 72570 Puebla, PUE Mexico
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Xu Z, Chang CC, Li M, Zhang QY, Vasilescu ERM, D’Agati V, Floratos A, Vlad G, Suciu-Foca N. ILT3.Fc–CD166 Interaction Induces Inactivation of p70 S6 Kinase and Inhibits Tumor Cell Growth. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:1207-1219. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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León IE, Díez P, Etcheverry SB, Fuentes M. Deciphering the effect of an oxovanadium(iv) complex with the flavonoid chrysin (VOChrys) on intracellular cell signalling pathways in an osteosarcoma cell line. Metallomics 2017; 8:739-49. [PMID: 27175625 DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00045b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium complexes were studied during recent years and considered as a representative of a new class of non-platinum metal antitumor agents in combination with their low toxicity. However, a few challenges still remain in the discovery of new molecular targets for these novel metal-based drugs. The study of cell signaling pathways related to vanadium drugs, which is highly critical for identifying specific targets that play an important role in the antitumor activity of vanadium compounds, is scarce. This research deals with the alterations in intracellular signaling pathways promoted by an oxovanadium(iv) complex with the flavonoid chrysin [VO(chrysin)2EtOH]2 (VOChrys) in a human osteosarcoma cell line (MG-63). Herein we report for the first time the effect of [VO(chrysin)2EtOH]2 on the relative abundance of 224 proteins, which are involved in the most common intracellular pathways. Besides, full-length human recombinant (FAK and AKT1) kinases are produced using an in situ IVTT system and then we have evaluated the variation of relative tyrosine-phosphorylation levels caused by the [VO(chrysin)2EtOH]2 compound. The results of the differential protein expression levels reveal that several proteins such as PKB/AKT, PAK, DAPK, Cdk 4, 6 and 7, FADD, AP2, NAK, and JNK, among others, were altered. Moreover, cell signaling pathways related to the PTK2B, FAK, PKC families suggests an important role associated with the antitumor activity of [VO(chrysin)2EtOH]2 was demonstrated. Finally, the effect of this compound on in situ expressed FAK and AKT1 is validated by determining the phosphorylation level, which decreased in the former and increased in the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio E León
- Chair of Patologic Biochemistry, Exact School Sciences, National University of La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. and Inorganic Chemistry Center (CEQUINOR, CONICET), Exact School Sciences, National University of La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Paula Díez
- Cancer Research Center, University of Salamanca-CSIC, IBSAL, Department of Medicine, Servicio General de Citometría-Nucleus, Campus Miguel de Unamuno S/N, 37007 Salamanca, Spain and Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Center, IBSAL, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno S/N, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Susana B Etcheverry
- Chair of Patologic Biochemistry, Exact School Sciences, National University of La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina. and Inorganic Chemistry Center (CEQUINOR, CONICET), Exact School Sciences, National University of La Plata, 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- Cancer Research Center, University of Salamanca-CSIC, IBSAL, Department of Medicine, Servicio General de Citometría-Nucleus, Campus Miguel de Unamuno S/N, 37007 Salamanca, Spain and Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Center, IBSAL, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno S/N, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Ippolito JA, Krell ES, Cottrell J, Meyer R, Clark D, Nguyen D, Sudah S, Muñoz M, Lim E, Lin A, Lee TJH, O'Connor JP, Benevenia J, Lin SS. Effects of local vanadium delivery on diabetic fracture healing. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:2174-2180. [PMID: 28084655 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of local vanadyl acetylacetonate (VAC), an insulin mimetic agent, upon the early and late parameters of fracture healing in rats using a standard femur fracture model. Mechanical testing, and radiographic scoring were performed, as well as histomorphometry, including percent bone, percent cartilage, and osteoclast numbers. Fractures treated with local 1.5 mg/kg VAC possessed significantly increased mechanical properties compared to controls at 6 weeks post-fracture, including increased torque to failure (15%; p = 0.046), shear modulus (89%; p = 0.043), and shear stress (81%; p = 0.009). The radiographic scoring analysis showed increased cortical bridging at 4 weeks and 6 weeks (119%; p = 0.036 and 209%; p = 0.002) in 1.5 mg/kg VAC treated groups. Histomorphometry of the fracture callus at days 10 and 14 showed increased percent cartilage (121%; p = 0.009 and 45%; p = 0.035) and percent mineralized tissue (66%; p = 0.035 and 58%; p = 0.006) with local VAC treated groups compared to control. Additionally, fewer osteoclasts were observed in the local VAC treated animals as compared to controls at day 14 (0.45% ± 0.29% vs. 0.83% ± 0.36% of callus area; p = 0.032). The results suggest local administration of VAC acts to modulate osteoclast activity and increase percentage of early callus cartilage, ultimately enhancing mechanical properties comparably to non-diabetic animals treated with local VAC. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2174-2180, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Ippolito
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Ethan S Krell
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Jessica Cottrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey
| | - Ryan Meyer
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Devin Clark
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Daniel Nguyen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Suleiman Sudah
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Maximillian Muñoz
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Elisha Lim
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Anthony Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Thomas Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - James Patrick O'Connor
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Joseph Benevenia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07101
| | - Sheldon S Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 90 Bergen Street, Suite 7300, Newark, New Jersey 07101
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Rodriguez-Lara V, Muñiz-Rivera Cambas A, González Villalva A, Fortoul TI. Sex-based differences in lymphocyte proliferation in the spleen after vanadium inhalation. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:498-508. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1134731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vianey Rodriguez-Lara
- Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, C.U., México City, México
| | - Angelica Muñiz-Rivera Cambas
- Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, C.U., México City, México
| | - Adriana González Villalva
- Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, C.U., México City, México
| | - Teresa I. Fortoul
- Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, C.U., México City, México
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Mustafi D, Ward J, Dougherty U, Bissonnette M, Hart J, Vogt S, Karczmar GS. X-ray fluorescence microscopy demonstrates preferential accumulation of a vanadium-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent in murine colonic tumors. Mol Imaging 2016; 14. [PMID: 25813904 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2015.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Contrast agents that specifically enhance cancers on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will allow earlier detection. Vanadium-based chelates (VCs) selectively enhance rodent cancers on MRI, suggesting selective uptake of VCs by cancers. Here we report x-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) of VC uptake by murine colon cancer. Colonic tumors in mice treated with azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium were identified by MRI. Then a gadolinium-based contrast agent and a VC were injected intravenously; mice were sacrificed and colons sectioned. VC distribution was sampled at 120 minutes after injection to evaluate the long-term accumulation. Gadolinium distribution was sampled at 10 minutes after injection due to its rapid washout. XFM was performed on 72 regions of normal and cancerous colon from five normal mice and four cancer-bearing mice. XFM showed that all gadolinium was extracellular, with similar concentrations in colon cancers and normal colon. In contrast, the average VC concentration was twofold higher in cancers versus normal tissue (p < .002). Cancers also contained numerous "hot spots" with intracellular VC concentrations sixfold higher than the concentration in normal colon (p < .0001). No hot spots were detected in normal colon. This is the first direct demonstration that VCs selectively accumulate in cancer cells and thus may improve cancer detection.
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Pessoa JC, Etcheverry S, Gambino D. Vanadium compounds in medicine. Coord Chem Rev 2015; 301:24-48. [PMID: 32226091 PMCID: PMC7094629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium is a transition metal that, being ubiquitously distributed in soil, crude oil, water and air, also found roles in biological systems and is an essential element in most living beings. There are also several groups of organisms which accumulate vanadium, employing it in their biological processes. Vanadium being a biological relevant element, it is not surprising that many vanadium based therapeutic drugs have been proposed for the treatment of several types of diseases. Namely, vanadium compounds, in particular organic derivatives, have been proposed for the treatment of diabetes, of cancer and of diseases caused by parasites. In this work we review the medicinal applications proposed for vanadium compounds with particular emphasis on the more recent publications. In cells, partly due to the similarity of vanadate and phosphate, vanadium compounds activate numerous signaling pathways and transcription factors; this by itself potentiates application of vanadium-based therapeutics. Nevertheless, this non-specific bio-activity may also introduce several deleterious side effects as in addition, due to Fenton's type reactions or of the reaction with atmospheric O2, VCs may also generate reactive oxygen species, thereby introducing oxidative stress with consequences presently not well evaluated, particularly for long-term administration of vanadium to humans. Notwithstanding, the potential of vanadium compounds to treat type 2 diabetes is still an open question and therapies using vanadium compounds for e.g. antitumor and anti-parasitic related diseases remain promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Costa Pessoa
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana Etcheverry
- Cátedra de Bioquímica Patológica and CEQUINOR, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Dinorah Gambino
- Cátedra de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores 2124, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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Abstract
Aberrant activation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK1/2 pathway occurs in more than 30% of human cancers. As part of this pathway, MEK1 and MEK2 have crucial roles in tumorigenesis, cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis and, therefore, MEK1/2 inhibition is an attractive therapeutic strategy in a number of cancers. Highly selective and potent non-ATP-competitive allosteric MEK1/2 inhibitors have been developed and assessed in numerous clinical studies over the past decade. These agents are not efficacious in a broad range of unselected cancers, although single-agent antitumour activity has been detected mainly in tumours that harbour mutations in genes encoding the members of the RAS and RAF protein families, such as certain melanomas. Combinations of MEK1/2 inhibitors and cytotoxic chemotherapy, and/or other targeted agents are being studied to expand the efficacy of this class of agents. Identifying predictive biomarkers, and delineating de novo and acquired resistance mechanisms are essential for the future clinical development of MEK inhibitors. We discuss the clinical experience with MEK inhibitors to date, and consider the novel approaches to MEK-inhibitor therapy that might improve outcomes and lead to the wider use of such treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Alex A Adjei
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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ET-1-induced growth promoting responses involving ERK1/2 and PKB signaling and Egr-1 expression are mediated by Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase-II in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Calcium 2013; 54:428-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gryboś R, Paciorek P, Szklarzewicz JT, Matoga D, Zabierowski P, Kazek G. Novel vanadyl complexes of acetoacetanilide: Synthesis, characterization and inhibition of proteintyrosine phosphatase. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Beltran L, Casado P, Rodríguez-Prados JC, Cutillas PR. Global profiling of protein kinase activities in cancer cells by mass spectrometry. J Proteomics 2012; 77:492-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Thakker-Varia S. Antidepressants activate survival-promoting pathways in hippocampal neurons despite nutrient deprivation stress (commentary on Yang et al.). Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2571-2. [PMID: 22943498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Smita Thakker-Varia
- UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Bouallegue A, Vardatsikos G, Srivastava AK. Role of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and c-Src in endothelin-1- and angiotensin II-induced PKB phosphorylation, and hypertrophic and proliferative responses in vascular smooth muscle cellsThis article is one of a selection of papers published in a special issue on Advances in Cardiovascular Research. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:1009-18. [DOI: 10.1139/y09-056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and angiotensin II (Ang II) are vasoactive peptides believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular abnormalities such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, hypertrophy, and restenosis. The concept of transactivation of growth factor receptors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), in triggering vasoactive peptide-induced signaling events has gained much recognition during the past several years. We have demonstrated that insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) plays a role in transducing the effect of H2O2, leading to protein kinase B (PKB) phosphorylation. Since vasoactive peptides elicit their responses through generation of reactive oxygen species, including H2O2, we investigated whether IGF-1R transactivation plays a similar role in ET-1- and Ang II-induced PKB phosphorylation and hypertrophic responses in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). AG1024, a specific inhibitor of IGF-1R protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), attenuated both ET-1- and Ang II-induced PKB phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. ET-1 and Ang II treatment also induced the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the autophosphorylation sites of IGF-1R, which were blocked by AG1024. In addition, both ET-1 and Ang II evoked tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Src, a nonreceptor PTK, whereas pharmacological inhibition of c-Src PTK activity by PP2, a specific inhibitor of Src-family tyrosine kinase, significantly reduced PKB phosphorylation as well as tyrosine phosphorylation of IGF-1R induced by the 2 vasoactive peptides. Furthermore, protein and DNA synthesis enhanced by ET-1 and Ang II were attenuated by AG1024 and PP2. In conclusion, these data suggest that IGF-1R PTK and c-Src PTK play a critical role in mediating PKB phosphorylation as well as hypertrophic and proliferative responses induced by ET-1 and Ang II in A10 VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bouallegue
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Centre de Recherche, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Technopole Angus Campus, and Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - George Vardatsikos
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Centre de Recherche, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Technopole Angus Campus, and Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ashok K. Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Centre de Recherche, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Technopole Angus Campus, and Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Arrambide G, Rivadeneira J, Etcheverry SB, Parajón-Costa BS, Gambino D, Baran EJ. Spectroscopic behavior and biological activity of K3[VO(O2)2CO3]∙H2O. Biol Trace Elem Res 2009; 132:176-83. [PMID: 19396406 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-009-8375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The potassium salt of the carbonato oxodiperoxovanadate(V) complex, obtained by a known synthetic procedure, was thoroughly characterized by infrared, Raman, and electronic spectroscopy. The bioactivity of the complex on the cell proliferation was tested on osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3E1 osteoblastic mouse calvaria-derived cells and UMR106 rat osteosarcoma-derived cells) in culture. At low doses, the complex is more toxic for the nontransformed osteoblasts than for the tumoral ones, whereas at higher doses the deleterious effects are similar for both cell lines. This peroxo complex seems to be the most toxic compound that has so far been tested on osteoblast-like cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arrambide
- Química Inorgánica, Departamento Estrella Campos, Facultad de Química, Universidad de República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Abstract
Currently, efforts have been directed towards using decavanadate as a tool for the understanding of several biochemical processes such as muscle contraction, calcium homeostasis, in vivo changes of oxidative stress markers, mitochondrial oxygen consumption, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, actin polymerization and glucose uptake, among others. In addition, studies have been conducted in order to make vanadium available and safe for clinical use, for instance with decavanadate compounds that present interesting pharmacological properties, eventually useful for the treatment of diabetes. Here, recent contributions of decavanadate to the effects of vanadium in biological systems, not only in vitro, but also in vivo, are analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Aureliano
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Portugal.
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20
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Bouallegue A, Pandey NR, Srivastava AK. CaMKII knockdown attenuates H2O2-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, PKB/Akt, and IGF-1R in vascular smooth muscle cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:858-66. [PMID: 19545622 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have shown earlier a requirement for Ca(2+) and calmodulin (CaM) in the H(2)O(2)-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and protein kinase B (PKB), key mediators of growth-promoting, proliferative, and hypertrophic responses in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Because the effect of CaM is mediated through CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), we have investigated here the potential role of CaMKII in H(2)O(2)-induced ERK1/2 and PKB phosphorylation by using pharmacological inhibitors of CaM and CaMKII, a CaMKII inhibitor peptide, and siRNA knockdown strategies for CaMKII alpha. Calmidazolium and W-7, antagonists of CaM, as well as KN-93, a specific inhibitor of CaMKII, attenuated H(2)O(2)-induced responses of ERK1/2 and PKB phosphorylation in a dose-dependent fashion. Similar to H(2)O(2), calmidazolium and KN-93 also exhibited an inhibitory effect on glucose/glucose oxidase-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and PKB in these cells. Transfection of VSMC with CaMKII autoinhibitory peptide corresponding to the autoinhibitory domain (aa 281-309) of CaMKII and with siRNA of CaMKII alpha attenuated the H(2)O(2)-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and PKB. In addition, calmidazolium and KN-93 blocked H(2)O(2)-induced Pyk2 and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) phosphorylation. Moreover, treatment of VSMC with CaMKII alpha siRNA abolished the H(2)O(2)-induced IGF-1R phosphorylation. H(2)O(2) treatment also induced Thr(286) phosphorylation of CaMKII, which was inhibited by both calmidazolium and KN-93. These results demonstrate that CaMKII plays a critical upstream role in mediating the effects of H(2)O(2) on ERK1/2, PKB, and IGF-1R phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bouallegue
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Technopole Angus Campus, Montreal, Canada
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Mustafi D, Peng B, Foxley S, Makinen MW, Karczmar GS, Zamora M, Ejnik J, Martin H. New vanadium-based magnetic resonance imaging probes: clinical potential for early detection of cancer. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 14:1187-97. [PMID: 19572156 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method for improved detection of cancer with a new class of cancer-specific contrast agents, containing vanadyl (VO(2+))-chelated organic ligands, specifically bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) [VO(acac)(2)]. Vanadyl compounds have been found to accumulate within cells, where they interact with intracellular glycolytic enzymes. Aggressive cancers are metabolically active and highly glycolytic; an MRI contrast agent that enters cells with high glycolytic activity could provide high-resolution functional images of tumor boundaries and internal structure, which cannot be achieved by conventional contrast agents. The present work demonstrates properties of VO(acac)(2) that may give it excellent specificity for cancer detection. A high dose of VO(acac)(2) did not cause any acute or short-term adverse reactions in murine subjects. Calorimetry and spectrofluorometric methods demonstrate that VO(acac)(2) is a blood pool agent that binds to serum albumin with a dissociation constant K (d) ~ 2.5 +/- 0.7 x 10(-7) M and a binding stoichiometry n = 1.03 +/- 0.04. Owing to its prolonged blood half-life and selective leakage from hyperpermeable tumor vasculature, a low dose of VO(acac)(2) (0.15 mmol/kg) selectively enhanced in vivo magnetic resonance images of tumors, providing high-resolution images of their interior structure. The kinetics of uptake and washout are consistent with the hypothesis that VO(acac)(2) preferentially accumulates in cancer cells. Although VO(acac)(2) has a lower relaxivity than gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents, its specificity for highly glycolytic cells may lead to an innovative approach to cancer detection since it has the potential to produce MRI contrast agents that are nontoxic and highly sensitive to cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devkumar Mustafi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Integrative Science, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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22
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Rivadeneira J, Barrio DA, Arrambide G, Gambino D, Bruzzone L, Etcheverry SB. Biological effects of a complex of vanadium(V) with salicylaldehyde semicarbazone in osteoblasts in culture: Mechanism of action. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:633-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Assem FL, Levy LS. A review of current toxicological concerns on vanadium pentoxide and other vanadium compounds: gaps in knowledge and directions for future research. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2009; 12:289-306. [PMID: 20183524 DOI: 10.1080/10937400903094166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium pentoxide (V(2)O(5)) and other inorganic vanadium compounds have recently been evaluated by several occupational exposure limit (OEL) setting (occupational exposure limit, OEL) committees and expert groups in response to the publication of several new studies, including the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP, 2002) carcinogenicity study of inhaled V(2)O(5) in rats and mice, which concluded that clear evidence of lung tumors was seen in mice of both genders and that there was some evidence of carcinogenicity in male rats. This study reviews the expert evaluations of several OEL committees and expert groups and attempts to understand the strengths and weaknesses in their scientific arguments. This study also evaluates some key studies relating to potential genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and respiratory effects of vanadium compounds and discusses how they might elucidate the mechanism(s) by which V(2)O(5) induces lung cancer in mice. All expert groups appear to agree that the lung tumors induced in mice in the NTP (2002) study are a site-specific response and, in general, verify that existing in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that tumors were induced by a secondary mechanism (presumably non-genotoxic), which is supported, though not conclusively, by a mechanistic data set. As some vanadium compounds produce a range of DNA and chromosome damage, there is no consensus on which of these changes is critical for the carcinogenic process for V(2)O(5) or whether the findings for the lung tumors seen in mice exposed to V(2)O(5) can be extrapolated to other inorganic vanadium compounds. As such, the various expert committees used the evidence differently, some to read across, i.e., to predict an endpoint for a substance based on the endpoint information of another with similar characteristics (e.g., physicochemical properties [solubility, bioaccessibility, bioavailability], structure, fate [toxicokinetics], and toxicology) for carcinogenicity from V(2)O(5) to other inorganic vanadium compounds. It is noteworthy that the toxicity of metals does not necessarily relate to carcinogenicity in a direct manner; thus, no assumptions should be made a priori when trying to extrapolate from V(2)O(5) to other inorganic vanadium compounds. Recent studies evaluated in this review provided some further insights into possible mechanisms but do not cover all relevant endpoints, address only a limited number of vanadium compounds, and have not established no-effect thresholds for carcinogenicity or respiratory tract irritation. Thresholds need to be established in order for arguments to be made for setting a health-based OEL for non-genotoxic or secondary genotoxic carcinogens. In conclusion, important knowledge gaps preclude confident classification and risk assessment for all vanadium compounds. Evidence suggests that further research that may address some of these critical gaps is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Louise Assem
- Institute of Environment and Health, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
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24
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Dwivedi Y, Rizavi HS, Teppen T, Zhang H, Mondal A, Roberts RC, Conley RR, Pandey GN. Lower phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) activity and differential expression levels of selective catalytic and regulatory PI 3-kinase subunit isoforms in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of suicide subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:2324-40. [PMID: 18075493 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3 (PI 3)-kinase is one of the key signaling enzymes that participates in a myriad of physiological functions in brain and is utilized by neurotrophins to mediate neuronal plasticity, cell survival, and inhibition of apoptosis for several neuronal subtypes. Our recent demonstration that expression of neurotrophic factors and activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase B are significantly altered in postmortem brain of suicide subjects led us to examine whether suicide brain is associated with alterations in PI 3-kinase signaling. In prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, and cerebellum of suicide (n=28) and nonpsychiatric control (n=21) subjects we examined catalytic activation of PI 3-kinase, and mRNA and protein levels of regulatory (p85alpha, p85beta) and catalytic (p110alpha, p110beta) subunits of PI 3-kinase. It was observed that the catalytic activity of PI 3-kinase was significantly reduced in PFC and hippocampus of suicide subjects compared with nonpsychiatric control subjects. Competitive PCR analysis revealed significantly reduced mRNA expression of p85beta and p110alpha and increased expression of p85alpha subunit isoforms in PFC and hippocampus of suicide subjects. Alterations in these catalytic and regulatory subunits were accompanied by changes in their respective protein levels. These changes were not present in cerebellum of suicide subjects. Also, these changes were present in all suicide subjects irrespective of psychiatric diagnosis. Our findings of reduced activation and altered expression of specific PI 3-kinase regulatory and catalytic subunit isoforms demonstrate abnormalities in this signaling pathway in postmortem brain of suicide subjects and suggest possible involvement of aberrant PI 3-kinase signaling in the pathogenic mechanisms of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Dwivedi
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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25
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Carcinogenic metal compounds: recent insight into molecular and cellular mechanisms. Arch Toxicol 2008; 82:493-512. [PMID: 18496671 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0313-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 661] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of carcinogenicity are discussed for metals and their compounds, classified as carcinogenic to humans or considered to be carcinogenic to humans: arsenic, antimony, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, nickel and vanadium. Physicochemical properties govern uptake, intracellular distribution and binding of metal compounds. Interactions with proteins (e.g., with zinc finger structures) appear to be more relevant for metal carcinogenicity than binding to DNA. In general, metal genotoxicity is caused by indirect mechanisms. In spite of diverse physicochemical properties of metal compounds, three predominant mechanisms emerge: (1) interference with cellular redox regulation and induction of oxidative stress, which may cause oxidative DNA damage or trigger signaling cascades leading to stimulation of cell growth; (2) inhibition of major DNA repair systems resulting in genomic instability and accumulation of critical mutations; (3) deregulation of cell proliferation by induction of signaling pathways or inactivation of growth controls such as tumor suppressor genes. In addition, specific metal compounds exhibit unique mechanisms such as interruption of cell-cell adhesion by cadmium, direct DNA binding of trivalent chromium, and interaction of vanadate with phosphate binding sites of protein phosphatases.
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26
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Wei D, Li M, Ding W. Effect of vanadate on gene expression of the insulin signaling pathway in skeletal muscle of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Biol Inorg Chem 2007; 12:1265-73. [PMID: 17874149 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-007-0294-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An insulin signaling pathway microarray was used to evaluate the gene expression profiling of the insulin signaling pathway in the skeletal muscle of streptozotocin-induced diabetic, NaVO(3)-treated diabetic and insulin-treated diabetic rats for the investigation of the effect of vanadium and insulin on the insulin signaling pathway. Of 96 genes surveyed, transcriptional patterns of 19 genes (20%) showed alterations in diabetic rats compared with controls. Although most of these changed gene expressions were improved after treatment with NaVO(3) (14, 74%) and insulin (16, 84%), NaVO(3) and insulin treatment resulted in the alteration of 20 and 12 additional gene transcripts compared no treatment. We found that both NaVO(3) and insulin treatment achieved a desirable glucose level and most of the alterative gene transcripts in diabetic rats were normalized with NaVO(3) and insulin treatment. Comparison of the gene expression profiling indicates that there is a significant difference between the NaVO(3)-treated group and the insulin-treated group. The present study demonstrated for the first time that several candidate genes of the insulin signaling pathway are involved in the effect of vanadium treatment on hyperglycemia. This study opens the way for more focused investigations that may identify the genes responsible for diabetes and vanadium treatment in the global insulin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wei
- Department of Biology, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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27
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Papageorgiou E, Pitulis N, Msaouel P, Lembessis P, Koutsilieris M. The non-genomic crosstalk between PPAR-gamma ligands and ERK1/2 in cancer cell lines. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:1071-85. [PMID: 17665979 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.8.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily acting as transcription factors. PPAR-gamma, one of the three PPAR subtypes, is expressed in many malignant and non-malignant cells and tissues. PPAR-gamma ligands influence cancer biology via both genomic as well as non-genomic events. The non-genomic action of PPAR-gamma ligands, including the activation of MAPK signaling pathways, is under intense investigation. In the presence of PPAR-gamma ligands, a rapid phosphorylation of ERK1/2 is observed in many cancer cell lines. Activated ERK1/2 elicits rapid, non-genomic cellular effects and can directly repress PPAR-gamma transcriptional activity by phosphorylation. This paper reviews the interrelation of PPAR-gamma ligands and activated ERK1/2, in relation to their antineoplastic actions in cancer cell lines, which may offer the potential for improved anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathia Papageorgiou
- National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, Goudi-Athens, Greece
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28
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Bouallegue A, Daou GB, Srivastava AK. Nitric oxide attenuates endothelin-1-induced activation of ERK1/2, PKB, and Pyk2 in vascular smooth muscle cells by a cGMP-dependent pathway. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H2072-9. [PMID: 17644565 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01097.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), in addition to its vasodilator action, has also been shown to antagonize the mitogenic and hypertrophic responses of growth factors and vasoactive peptides such as endothelin-1 (ET-1) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, the mechanism by which NO exerts its antimitogenic and antihypertrophic effect remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether NO generation would modify ET-1-induced signaling pathways involved in cellular growth, proliferation, and hypertrophy in A-10 VSMCs. Treatment of A-10 VSMCs with S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP), two NO donors, attenuated the ET-1-enhanced phosphorylation of several key components of growth-promoting and hypertrophic signaling pathways such as ERK1/2, PKB, and Pyk2. On the other hand, inhibition of the endogenous NO generation with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, increased the ET-1-induced phosphorylation of these signaling components. Since NO mediates its effect principally through a cGMP-soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) pathway, we investigated the role of these molecules in NO action. 8-Bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, a nonmetabolizable and cell-permeant analog of cGMP, exhibited a effect similar to that of SNAP and SNP. Furthermore, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), an inhibitor of sGC, reversed the inhibitory effect of NO on ET-1-induced responses. SNAP treatment also decreased the protein synthesis induced by ET-1. Together, these data demonstrate that NO, in a cGMP-dependent manner, attenuated ET-1-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, PKB, and Pyk2 and also antagonized the hypertrophic effects of ET-1. It may be suggested that NO-induced generation of cGMP contributes to the inhibition of ET-1-induced mitogenic and hypertrophic responses in VSMCs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/embryology
- Aorta, Thoracic/enzymology
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic GMP/analogs & derivatives
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 2/metabolism
- Guanylate Cyclase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Guanylate Cyclase/metabolism
- Hypertrophy/enzymology
- Hypertrophy/metabolism
- Leucine/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/embryology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitroprusside/pharmacology
- Oxadiazoles/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Quinoxalines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bouallegue
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Centre, Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Technopole Angus Campus, and Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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29
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O'Toole T, Peppelenbosch MP. Phosphatidyl inositol-3-phosphate kinase mediates CD14 dependent signaling. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:2362-9. [PMID: 17126402 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, is an important mediator of innate immunity and septic shock, but the exact mechanisms mediating cellular LPS recognition and the subsequent translation to inflammatory gene expression remain incompletely understood. CD14 has been established as a receptor that confers high sensitivity to LPS in cells of the myeloid lineage, probably by presenting LPS to Toll receptors. We use an anti CD14 blocking antibody to define a LPS stimulus that activates only this high affinity component of the LPS receptor and then examine CD14 dependent signaling events that are activated in response to LPS stimulation. We describe a novel LPS activated signaling pathway in human PBMC that leads to cytokine production and is mediated by PI3 kinase through Ras and the MEK/ERK cassette. Moreover, we show the PI3 kinase effectors PKB and PKC(zeta) are also activated by PI3 kinase in a CD14 dependent manner in LPS stimulated human PBMC. Thus, PI3 kinase appears to be an essential component in LPS signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom O'Toole
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, G2-130, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Barrio DA, Cattáneo ER, Apezteguía MC, Etcheverry SB. Vanadyl(IV) complexes with saccharides. Bioactivity in osteoblast-like cells in cultureThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special issue, enititled Second Messengers and Phosphoproteins—12th International Conference. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 84:765-75. [PMID: 16998540 DOI: 10.1139/y06-021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Complexes of vanadyl(IV) with 4 monosaccharides and 5 disaccharides were tested in 2 osteoblast-like cell lines (MC3T3E1 and UMR106). Many complexes caused stimulation of UMR106 proliferation (120% basal) in the range of 2.5 to 25 µmol/L. In the nontransformed osteoblasts, some vanadyl–saccharide complexes stimulated the mitogenesis (115% basal) in the same range of concentration. The glucose and sucrose complexes were the most efficient inhibitory agents (65% and 88% of inhibition vs. basal, respectively) for tumoral cells at 100 µmol/L. The galactose and turanose complexes exerted a similar effect in the nontransformed osteoblasts. On the other hand, all the complexes promoted the phosphorylation of the extracellular regulated kinases (ERKs). All together, these results indicate that the stimulation of ERKs is not the only factor that plays a role in the proliferative effects of vanadium derivatives since some compounds were inhibitory proliferating agents. Cell differentiation was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase specific activity and collagen synthesis in UMR106 cells. All the complexes inhibited alkaline phosphatase activity, with galactose complex as the most effective compound (IC50= 43 µmol/L). The complex with the trehalose TreVO was the most effective agent to stimulate collagen synthesis (142% basal) and glucose consumption (132% basal). A cytosolic tyrosine protein kinase and the kinase-3 of glycogen synthase seem to be involved in the stimulation of glucose consumption by vanadium derivatives. In this series, only TreVO gathered the characteristics of a good insulin mimetic and osteogenic drug. In addition, this complex was a good promoting agent of nontransformed osteoblast proliferation, whereas it inhibited tumoral osteoblasts. GluVO, the complex with glucose, was also more toxic for tumoral than for nontransformed cells. These 2 vanadium derivatives are good potential antitumoral drugs. All the results suggest that the biological effects of vanadium compounds are a complex phenomenon influenced by the complexation, the dose, and the nature of the ligands and the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Barrio
- Cátedra de Bioquímica Patológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 (1900) La Plata, Argentina
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31
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32
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Carrasco DR, Fenton T, Sukhdeo K, Protopopova M, Enos M, You MJ, Di Vizio D, Divicio D, Nogueira C, Stommel J, Pinkus GS, Fletcher C, Hornick JL, Cavenee WK, Furnari FB, Depinho RA. The PTEN and INK4A/ARF tumor suppressors maintain myelolymphoid homeostasis and cooperate to constrain histiocytic sarcoma development in humans. Cancer Cell 2006; 9:379-90. [PMID: 16697958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is a rare malignant proliferation of histiocytes of uncertain molecular pathogenesis. Here, genetic analysis of coincident loss of Pten and Ink4a/Arf tumor suppressors in the mouse revealed a neoplastic phenotype dominated by a premalignant expansion of biphenotypic myelolymphoid cells followed by the development of HS. Pten protein loss occurred only in the histiocytic portion of tumors, suggesting a stepwise genetic inactivation in the generation of HS. Similarly, human HS showed genetic or epigenetic inactivation of PTEN, p16(INK4A), and p14(ARF), supporting the relevance of this genetically engineered mouse model of HS. These genetic and translational observations establish a cooperative role of Pten and Ink4a/Arf in the development of HS and provide mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of human HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Carrasco
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Li M, Lee TW, Yim APC, Mok TSK, Chen GG. Apoptosis induced by troglitazone is both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ- and ERK-dependent in human non-small lung cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2006; 209:428-38. [PMID: 16883598 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) in cell differentiation, cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis has attracted increasing attention. We have recently demonstrated that PPARgamma ligands-troglitazone (TGZ) induced apoptosis in lung cancer cells. In this report, we further studied the role of ERK1/2 in lung cancer cells treated by TGZ. The result demonstrated that TGZ induced PPARgamma and ERK1/2 accumulation in the nucleus, in which the co-localization of both proteins was found. The activation of ERK1/2 resulted in apoptosis via a mitochondrial pathway. Both PPARgamma siRNA and U0126, a specific inhibitor of ERK1/2, were able to block these effects of TGZ, suggesting that apoptosis induced by TGZ was PPARgamma and ERK1/2 dependent. Inhibition of ERK1/2 by U0126 also led to a significant decrease in the level of PPARgamma, indicating a positive cross-talk between PPARgamma and ERK1/2 or an auto-regulatory feedback mechanism to amplify the effect of ERK1/2 on cell growth arrest and apoptosis. In addition to ERK1/2, TGZ also activated Akt. Interestingly, inhibition of ERK1/2 prevented the activation of Akt whereas the suppression of Akt had no effect on ERK1/2, suggesting that Akt was not necessary for TGZ-PPARgamma-ERK pathway. However, the inhibition of Akt promoted the release of cytochrome c, suggesting the activation of Akt may have a negative effect on apoptosis induced by TGZ. In conclusion, our study has demonstrated that TGZ, a synthetic PPARgamma ligand, induced apoptosis in NCI-H23 lung cancer cells via a mitochondrial pathway and this pathway was PPARgamma and ERK1/2 dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Li
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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Mehdi MZ, Srivastava AK. Organo-vanadium compounds are potent activators of the protein kinase B signaling pathway and protein tyrosine phosphorylation: mechanism of insulinomimesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 440:158-64. [PMID: 16055077 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organo-vanadium compounds (OVC) have been shown to be more effective than inorganic vanadium compounds in ameliorating glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in rodent models of diabetes mellitus. However, the precise molecular mechanism of OVC efficiency remains poorly defined. Since inorganic vanadium compounds have been found to activate several key components of the insulin signaling cascade, such as protein kinase B (PKB), the objective of the present study was to investigate if stimulation of PKB and its downstream target glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), are responsible for the more potent insulinomimetic effects of OVC. Among several vanadium compounds tested, vanadium (IV) oxo bis (acetylacetonate) and vanadium (IV) oxo bis(maltolato) markedly induced the phosphorylation of PKB as well as GSK-3beta compared to vanadyl sulfate (VS), an inorganic vanadium salts in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing the insulin receptor (IR). Furthermore, the OVC were stronger inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) activity than VS. The higher PTPase inhibitory potential of the OVC was associated with more robust tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular proteins, including the IRbeta subunit and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1). In addition, greater IRS-1/p85alpha interaction was elicited by the OVC than by VS. These data indicate that the higher PTPase inhibitory potential of OVC translates into greater phosphorylation of PKB and GSK-3beta, which, in turn, may contribute to a more potent effect of OVC on glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Z Mehdi
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Hôtel-Dieu, Canada
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Ou H, Yan L, Mustafi D, Makinen MW, Brady MJ. The vanadyl (VO2+) chelate bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) potentiates tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor. J Biol Inorg Chem 2005; 10:874-86. [PMID: 16235045 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-005-0037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have compared the insulin-like activity of bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) [VO(acac)2], bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) [VO(malto)2], and bis(1-N-oxide-pyridine-2-thiolato)oxovanadium(IV) [VO(OPT)2] in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The insulin-like influence of VO(malto)2 and VO(OPT)2 was decreased compared with that of VO(acac)2. Also, serum albumin enhanced the insulin-like activity of all three chelates more than serum transferrin. Each of the three VO2+ chelates increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins in response to insulin, including the beta-subunit of the insulin receptor (IRbeta) and the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1). However, VO(acac)2 exhibited the greatest synergism with insulin and was therefore further investigated. Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with 0.25 mM VO(acac)2 in the presence of 0.25 mM serum albumin synergistically increased glycogen accumulation stimulated by 0.1 and 1 nM insulin, and increased the phosphorylation of IRbeta, IRS1, protein kinase B, and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta. Wortmannin suppressed all of these classical insulin-signaling activities exerted by VO(acac)2 or insulin, except for tyrosine phosphorylation of IRbeta and IRS1. Additionally, VO(acac)2 enhanced insulin signaling and metabolic action in insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cumulatively, these results provide evidence that VO(acac)2 exerts its insulin-enhancing properties by directly potentiating the tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor, resulting in the initiation of insulin metabolic signaling cascades in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesheng Ou
- Department of Medicine and Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, The University of Chicago, MC1027, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Johnson DR, O'Connor JC, Dantzer R, Freund GG. Inhibition of vagally mediated immune-to-brain signaling by vanadyl sulfate speeds recovery from sickness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:15184-9. [PMID: 16217019 PMCID: PMC1257721 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507191102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To the ill patient with diabetes, the behavioral symptoms of sickness such as fatigue and apathy are debilitating and can prevent recuperation. Here we report that peripherally administered insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) attenuates LPS-dependent depression of social exploration (sickness) in nondiabetic (db/+) but not in diabetic (db/db) mice. We show that the insulin/IGF-1 mimetic vanadyl sulfate (VS) is effective at augmenting recovery from sickness in both db/+ and db/db mice. Specifically, peak illness was reached at 2 h for both VS and control animals injected with LPS, and VS mice recovered 50% faster than non-VS-treated animals. Examination of the mechanism of VS action in db/+ mice showed that VS paradoxically augmented peritoneal macrophage responsivity to LPS, increasing both peritoneal and ex vivo macrophage production of IL-1beta and IL-6 but not TNF-alpha. The effects of VS in promoting recovery from sickness were not restricted to LPS, because they were also observed after direct administration of IL-1beta. To explore the possibility that VS impairs immune-to-brain communication via vagal afferents, the vagally mediated satiety-inducing effects of cholecystokinin 8 were tested in db/+ mice. Cholecystokinin decreased food intake in saline-injected mice but not in VS-treated mice. VS also inhibited LPS-dependent up-regulation of IL-1beta and IL-6 mRNA in the brain, while increasing by 50% the cerebral expression of transcripts of the specific antagonist of IL-1 receptors IL-1RA and IL-1R2. Taken together, these data indicate that VS improves recovery from LPS-induced sickness by blocking vagally mediated immune-to-brain signaling and by up-regulating brain expression of IL-1beta antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Aguirre MV, Juaristi JA, Alvarez MA, Brandan NC. Characteristics of in vivo murine erythropoietic response to sodium orthovanadate. Chem Biol Interact 2005; 156:55-68. [PMID: 16137666 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge about the effects of vanadium compounds on erythropoiesis is still reduced and even contradictory. The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vivo effects of a single dose of sodium orthovanadate (OV, 33 mg/kg i.p.) on CF-1 mice in a time course study (0-8 days). Murine erythropoiesis was assessed through a combinatory of experimental approaches. Classical peripheral and bone marrow (BM) hematological parameters were determined. Erythroid maturation in blood stream and hemopoietic tissues (59Fe uptake assays), BM erythroid progenitor frequency (clonogenic assays) and erythroid crucial protein expressions for commitment and survival: GATA-1, erythropoietin receptor (Epo-R) and Bcl-xL (immunoblottings) were evaluated. Neither BM cellularities nor BM viabilities changed noticeably during the study. Peripheral reticulocytes showed a biphasic increment on days 2 and 8 post-OV. hematocrits enhanced transiently between days 2 and 4. 59Fe uptake percentages enhanced in peripheral blood nearly two-fold over control values between 4 and 8 days (p<0.01) without changes in BM and spleen. Additionally, mature erythroid BM compartments: polychromatophilic erythroblasts and orthochromatic normoblasts increased by the eighth day. BFU-E colonies remained near basal values during the whole experience, whilst CFU-E colonies raised 60% over control at 8 days post-OV (p<0.05). GATA-1 and Epo-R were significantly over-expressed from the third until the end of the experimental protocol (p<0.01). Surprisingly, Bcl-xL showed a constitutive expression pattern without changes during the experience. Experimental data let us suggest that OV does not to cause bone marrow cytotoxicity and that it accelerates maturation of BM committed erythroid precursors. Moreover, there are significant correlations among erythroid-related protein expressions: GATA-1 and Epo-R and the frequency of CFU-E. In addition, Bcl-xL expression invariance during the time course study would indicate that the stimulatory effect of OV treatment on erythropoiesis was mainly exerted on the maturation of red cell precursors rather than on the antiapoptosis of erythroid terminal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Aguirre
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Northeast National University, Moreno 1240, 3400 Corrientes, Argentina
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Chen ZY, Tseng CC. 15-deoxy-Delta12,14 prostaglandin J2 up-regulates Kruppel-like factor 4 expression independently of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma by activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signal transduction pathway in HT-29 colon cancer cells. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68:1203-13. [PMID: 16077033 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.014944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
15-Deoxy-Delta(12,14) prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is a natural ligand for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) that exhibits antiproliferative activity in colon cancer cells, but its mechanism of action is still poorly understood. In this study, we showed that Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is one of the downstream effectors of 15d-PGJ2. Treatment of HT-29 cells with 15d-PGJ2 resulted in up-regulation of both KLF4 mRNA and protein expression, and these increases were also observed in other colon cancer cell lines. Down-regulation of KLF4 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting KLF4 reduced 15d-PGJ2-mediated G1 phase arrest, suggesting that KLF4-mediated function of 15d-PGJ2. The effect of 15d-PGJ2 on KLF4 expression seems not to involve its nuclear receptor PPARgamma, in that our data show that:1) KLF4 gene promoter does not contain putative PPRE sequence, 2) 15d-PGJ2 rapidly activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and induces KLF4 mRNA expression, 3) KLF4 is induced by 15d-PGJ2 but not by rosiglitazone, a synthetic PPARgamma ligand, and 4) 15d-PGJ2 is unable to stimulate PPAR-dependent promoter activity in the absence of cotransfected PPARgamma. Moreover, 15d-PGJ2-mediated KLF4 mRNA expression was blocked by 2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone (PD98059) or 1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis(methylthio)butadiene (U0126), two ERK kinase MAP inhibitors, whereas the phosphoinositol-3 kinase inhibitors wortmannin and 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (LY294002) had no such effect. Furthermore, KLF4 induction by 15d-PGJ2 occurred only in signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1)-expressing, not in STAT1-knockout cells. Together, these results suggest that 15d-PGJ2-induced growth inhibition of colon cancer cells is mediated, at least in part, through up-regulation of KLF4 expression. This induction is unlikely to be mediated through the PPARgamma receptor but may involve the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/ERK pathway and is STAT1-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yi Chen
- Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University School of medicine EBRC X-513, 650 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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39
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Mehdi MZ, Pandey NR, Pandey SK, Srivastava AK. H2O2-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and PKB requires tyrosine kinase activity of insulin receptor and c-Src. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7:1014-20. [PMID: 15998256 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2005.7.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) mimics many physiological responses of insulin, and increased H2O2 generation via the Nox-4 subunit of NAD(P)H oxidase was recently demonstrated to serve as a critical early step in the insulin signaling pathway. Exogenously added H2O2 has also been shown to activate several key components of the insulin signaling cascade. H2O2-induced signaling responses have been found to be associated with the activation of receptor and nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTK), including the insulin receptor (IR)-beta subunit. Therefore, in the present studies on Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing wild-type IR-PTK (CHO-IR) or a PTK-inactive form of IR (CHO-1018), we investigated whether IR-PTK plays a role in H2O2-induced signaling events. Treatment of CHO-IR cells with H2O2 increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), protein kinase B (PKB), and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta while enhancing tyrosine phosphorylation of the IR-beta subunit and the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Compared with CHO-IR cells, the stimulatory effect of H2O2 on ERK1/2 and PKB was partially reduced in CHO-1018 cells. However, pharmacological inhibition of Src family PTK by 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(tert-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (PP-2) almost completely blocked H2O2-stimulated phosphorylation of the p85 subunit of PI3K, ERK1/2, and PKB. Moreover, H2O2, but not insulin, induced Tyr-418 phosphorylation of Src, which was also suppressed by PP-2. Taken together, these data suggest that both IR-PTK and Src family PTKs contribute to H2O2-induced signaling in CHO-IR cells albeit IR-PTK has a less dominant role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Z Mehdi
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal-Hôtel-Dieu and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Compounds of the trace element vanadium exert various insulin-like effects in in vitro and in vivo systems. These include their ability to improve glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in animal models of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition to animal studies, several reports have documented improvements in liver and muscle insulin sensitivity in a limited number of patients with Type 2 diabetes. These effects are, however, not as dramatic as those observed in animal experiments, probably because lower doses of vanadium were used and the duration of therapy was short in human studies as compared with animal work. The ability of these compounds to stimulate glucose uptake, glycogen and lipid synthesis in muscle, adipose and hepatic tissues and to inhibit gluconeogenesis, and the activities of the gluconeogenic enzymes: phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase in the liver and kidney as well as lipolysis in fat cells contributes as potential mechanisms to their anti-diabetic insulin-like effects. At the cellular level, vanadium activates several key elements of the insulin signal transduction pathway, such as the tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B activation. These pathways are believed to mediate the metabolic actions of insulin. Because protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) are considered to be negative regulators of the insulin-signalling pathway, it is suggested that vanadium can enhance insulin signalling and action by virtue of its capacity to inhibit PTPase activity and increase tyrosine phosphorylation of substrate proteins. There are some concerns about the potential toxicity of available inorganic vanadium salts at higher doses and during long-term therapy. Therefore, new organo-vanadium compounds with higher potency and less toxicity need to be evaluated for their efficacy as potential treatment of human diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling, Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôtel-Dieu and Department of Medicine, Quebec, Canada.
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Abstract
Inorganic and organic compounds of vanadium have been shown to exhibit a large range of insulinomimetic effects in the cardiovascular system, including stimulation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) translocation and glucose transport in adult cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, administration of vanadium compounds improves cardiac performance and smooth muscle contractility, and modulates blood pressure in various models of hypertension and insulin resistance. Vanadium compounds are potent inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases. As a result, they promote an increase in protein tyrosine phosphorylation of several key components of the insulin signaling pathway, leading to the upregulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B, two enzymes involved in mediating GLUT-4 trans location and glucose transport. In addition, vanadium has also been shown to activate p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and increase Ca2+levels in several cell types. The ability of vanadium compounds to activate these signaling events may be responsible for their ability to modulate cardiovascular functions.Key words: vanadium compounds, glucose transport, smooth muscle contractility, insulin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Coderre
- Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Hôtel-Dieu, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
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Li J, Dokka S, Wang L, Shi X, Castranova V, Yan Y, Costa M, Huang C. Activation of aPKC is required for vanadate-induced phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt), but not p70S6k in mouse epidermal JB6 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2004; 255:217-25. [PMID: 14971662 DOI: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000007277.90298.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium is a metal widely distributed in the environment. Although vanadate-containing compounds exert potent toxic effects on a wide variety of biological systems, the mechanisms by which vanadate mediates adverse effects are not well understood. The present study investigated the vanadate-induced phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K, two kinases known to be vital for cell survival, growth, transformation, and transition of the cell cycle in mammals. Exposure of mouse epidermal JB6 cells to vanadium led to phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Vanadium exposure also caused translocation of atypical isoforms of PKC (lambda, zeta) from the cytosol to the membrane, but had no effect on PKCalpha translocation, suggesting that the atypical PKCs (aPKC) were specifically involved in vanadium-induced cellular response. Importantly, overexpression of a dominant negative mutant PKClambda blocked Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 and Thr308, whereas it did not inhibit p70S6k phosphorylation at Thr389 and Thr421/Ser424, suggesting that aPKC activation is specifically involved in vanadium-induced activation of Akt, but not in activation of p70S6k. Furthermore, vanadium-induced p70S6k phosphorylation at Thr389 and Thr421/Ser424 and Akt phosphorylation at Thr308 occurred through a PI-3K-dependent pathway because a PI-3K dominant negative mutant inhibited induction as compared with vector control cells. These results indicate that there was a differential role of aPKC in vanadate-induced phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6k, suggesting that signal transduction pathways leading to the activation of Akt and p70S6k were different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxia Li
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
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Daou GB, Srivastava AK. Reactive oxygen species mediate Endothelin-1-induced activation of ERK1/2, PKB, and Pyk2 signaling, as well as protein synthesis, in vascular smooth muscle cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:208-15. [PMID: 15203192 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2004] [Revised: 03/31/2004] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to mediate the effects of several growth factors and vasoactive peptides, such as epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and angiotensin II (AII). Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a vasoactive peptide which also exhibits mitogenic activity in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular abnormalities such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and restenosis after angioplasty. However, a possible role for ROS generation in mediating the ET-1 response on extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), protein kinase B (PKB), and protein tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), key components of the growth-promoting and proliferative signaling pathways, has not been examined in detail. Our aim was to investigate the involvement of ROS in ET-1-mediated activation of ERK1/2, PKB, and Pyk2 in A-10 VSMCs. ET-1 stimulated ERK1/2, PKB, and Pyk2 phosphorylation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Pretreatment of A-10 VSMCs with diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, attenuated ET-1-enhanced ERK1/2, PKB, and Pyk2 phosphorylation. In addition, in parallel with an inhibitory effect on the above signaling components, DPI also blocked ET-1-induced protein synthesis. ET-1 was also found to increase ROS production, which was suppressed by DPI treatment. N-Acetylcysteine, a ROS scavenger, exhibited a response similar to that of DPI and inhibited ET-1-stimulated ERK1/2, PKB, and Pyk2 phosphorylation. These results demonstrate that ROS are critical mediators of ET-1-induced signaling events linked to growth-promoting proliferative and hypertrophic pathways in VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Bou Daou
- Research Center, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal - Hôtel-Dieu, Department of Medicine and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Wang JQ, Tang Q, Parelkar NK, Liu Z, Samdani S, Choe ES, Yang L, Mao L. Glutamate signaling to Ras-MAPK in striatal neurons: mechanisms for inducible gene expression and plasticity. Mol Neurobiol 2004; 29:1-14. [PMID: 15034219 DOI: 10.1385/mn:29:1:01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2003] [Accepted: 06/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signals can regulate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades through a receptor-mediated mechanism in postmitotic neurons of adult mammalian brain. Both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are found to possess such an ability in striatal neurons. NMDA and AMPA receptor signals seem to share a largely common route to MAPK phosphorylation which involves first activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) via Ca2+ influx, followed by subsequent induction of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase). Through its lipid and protein kinase activity, active PI3-kinase may transduce signals to Ras-MAPK cascades via at least two distinct pathways. A novel, Ca(2+)-independent pathway is believed to mediate mGluR signals to Ras-MAPK activation. As an information superhighway between the surface membrane and the nucleus, Ras-MAPK cascades, through activating their specific nuclear transcription factor targets, are actively involved in the regulation of gene expression. Emerging evidence shows that MAPK-mediated genomic responses in striatal neurons to drug exposure contribute to the development of neuroplasticity related to addictive properties of drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Q Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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45
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Mukherjee B, Patra B, Mahapatra S, Banerjee P, Tiwari A, Chatterjee M. Vanadium--an element of atypical biological significance. Toxicol Lett 2004; 150:135-43. [PMID: 15093669 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2003] [Revised: 12/18/2003] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The biological image of the transition element vanadium ferments a great deal of contradiction-from toxicity to essentiality. Importance of this element as micro-nutrient is yet to be unequivocally accepted by biologists and biomedical scientists. In spite of toxicity, it seems interesting to analyze the different biological roles of the element. Vanadium compounds have been proven to be associated with various implications in the pathogenesis of some human diseases and also in maintaining normal body functions. Salts of vanadium interfere with an essential array of enzymatic systems such as different ATPases, protein kinases, ribonucleases and phosphatases. While vanadium deficiency accounts for several physiological malfunctionings including thyroid, glucose and lipid metabolism, etc., several genes are regulated by this element or by its compounds, which include genes for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), activator protein-1 (AP-1), ras, c-raf-1, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), p53, nuclear factors-kappaB, etc. All these seem to be not far from its recognition as an element of pharmacological and nutritional significance, which is revealed through its increasing therapeutic uses in diabetes. Vanadium is also emerging as a potent anti-carcinogenic agent. This review summarizes the developments related to vanadium biology as a whole by analyzing the general biochemical functions of vanadium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India.
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46
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Blanc A, Pandey NR, Srivastava AK. Distinct roles of Ca2+, calmodulin, and protein kinase C in H2O2-induced activation of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and protein kinase B signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2004; 6:353-66. [PMID: 15025937 DOI: 10.1089/152308604322899422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We have shown earlier that extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and protein kinase B (PKB), two key mediators of growth-promoting and proliferative responses, are activated by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in A10 vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). In the present studies, using a series of pharmacological inhibitors, we explored the upstream mechanisms responsible for their activation in response to H(2)O(2). H(2)O(2) treatment of VSMC stimulated ERK1/2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and PKB phosphorylation in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. BAPTA-AM and EGTA, chelators of intracellular and extracellular Ca(2+), respectively, inhibited H(2)O(2)-stimulated ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and PKB phosphorylation. Fluphenazine, an antagonist of the Ca(2+)-binding protein calmodulin, also suppressed the enhanced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and PKB. In contrast, the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors Gö 6983 and Rö 31-8220 attenuated H(2)O(2)-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but had no effect on p38 MAPK and PKB phosphorylation. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the activation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent pathways represents a key component mediating the stimulatory action of H(2)O(2) on ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and PKB phosphorylation. On the other hand, PKC appears to be an upstream modulator of the increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but not of p38 MAPK and PKB in response to H(2)O(2) in VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Blanc
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM)-Hôtel-Dieu and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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47
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Théberge JF, Mehdi MZ, Pandey SK, Srivastava AK. Prolongation of insulin-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK 1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase by vanadyl sulfate, a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 420:9-17. [PMID: 14622970 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2003.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium salts such as vanadyl sulfate (VS), potent inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases, have been shown to mimic, augment, and prolong insulin's action. However, the molecular mechanism of responses to these salts is not clear. In the present studies, we examined if VS-induced effects on insulin action are associated with enhancement or augmentation in the activation state of key components of the insulin signaling pathway. Treatment of insulin receptor-overexpressing cells with insulin or VS resulted in a time-dependent transient increase in phosphorylation and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK 1/2) that peaked at about 5 min, then declined rapidly to about baseline within 30 min. However, when the cells were treated with VS before stimulation with insulin, sustained ERK 1/2 phosphorylation and activation were observed well beyond 60 min. VS treatment also prolonged the insulin-stimulated activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), which was associated with sustained interaction between insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and the p(85 alpha) subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) in response to insulin. These data indicate that prolongation of insulin-stimulated ERK 1/2 and PI3-K activation by VS is due to a more stable complex formation of IRS-1 with the p(85 alpha) subunit which may, in turn, be responsible for its ability to enhance and extend the biological effects of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Théberge
- Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal-Hôtel-Dieu, and Department of Medicine, Universitéde Montréal, 3850 rue Saint-Urbain, Montreal, Que., H2W1T8, Canada
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48
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Abstract
Background—
There is increasing evidence for rapid nongenomic effects of aldosterone. Therefore, we studied the immediate effects of aldosterone on vascular reactivity in rat aortic ring segments and on endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cellular responses.
Methods and Results—
In endothelium-intact ring segments, aldosterone attenuated phenylephrine-mediated constriction (maximal reduction, 25±4% below control phenylephrine-mediated constriction). In contrast, in endothelium-denuded vessels, aldosterone mediated a monophasic dose-dependent enhancement of vasoconstrictor response. In endothelial cells, aldosterone caused a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)–dependent increase in nitric oxide synthase activity as well as PI3K-dependent activation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 and p70 S6 kinase.
Conclusions—
Overall, these data support a novel effect of aldosterone on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell function. These rapid effects of aldosterone might be important in both the short- and long-term regulation of peripheral vascular resistance. Furthermore, in the setting of endothelial dysfunction, alterations in aldosterone’s short-term vascular responses might contribute to its pathophysiological effects in cardiovascular disease.
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MESH Headings
- Aldosterone/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta
- Cattle
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- In Vitro Techniques
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Male
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Rats, Wistar
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa/metabolism
- Vascular Resistance/drug effects
- Vascular Resistance/physiology
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina L Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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49
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Hulley P, Davison A. Regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation cascades by phosphatases: What the actions of vanadium teach us. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jtra.10040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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50
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Abstract
The RAF-1 serine-threonine kinase plays a central role in signal transduction pathways involved in cell survival and proliferation. The concept of RAF-1-targeted disruption of cell signaling for therapeutic purposes was first advanced in 1989 with the demonstration of tumor growth inhibition in athymic mice and radiosensitization of human squamous carcinoma cells transfected with a vector expressing antisense cDNA. However, the clinical application of antisense strategies has awaited the development of improved antisense oligonucleotide technologies and drug delivery methods. Nuclease-resistant phosphorothioated antisense oligonucleotides have been the focus of pharmaceutical industry attention. In vivo delivery of nuclease-sensitive, natural backbone/phosphodiester oligonucleotides has remained a formidable challenge. Liposomal encapsulation of antisense oligonucleotides protects them from degradation and enhances drug delivery. Here, we review the importance of targeting RAF-1 signaling in cancer therapy and the preclinical and clinical experiences with a liposomal formulation of a nuclease-sensitive, ends-modified antisense RAF oligonucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Kasid
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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