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Gladkova MG, Leidmaa E, Anderzhanova EA. Epidrugs in the Therapy of Central Nervous System Disorders: A Way to Drive on? Cells 2023; 12:1464. [PMID: 37296584 PMCID: PMC10253154 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The polygenic nature of neurological and psychiatric syndromes and the significant impact of environmental factors on the underlying developmental, homeostatic, and neuroplastic mechanisms suggest that an efficient therapy for these disorders should be a complex one. Pharmacological interventions with drugs selectively influencing the epigenetic landscape (epidrugs) allow one to hit multiple targets, therefore, assumably addressing a wide spectrum of genetic and environmental mechanisms of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The aim of this review is to understand what fundamental pathological mechanisms would be optimal to target with epidrugs in the treatment of neurological or psychiatric complications. To date, the use of histone deacetylases and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (HDACis and DNMTis) in the clinic is focused on the treatment of neoplasms (mainly of a glial origin) and is based on the cytostatic and cytotoxic actions of these compounds. Preclinical data show that besides this activity, inhibitors of histone deacetylases, DNA methyltransferases, bromodomains, and ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins impact the expression of neuroimmune inflammation mediators (cytokines and pro-apoptotic factors), neurotrophins (brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF)), ion channels, ionotropic receptors, as well as pathoproteins (β-amyloid, tau protein, and α-synuclein). Based on this profile of activities, epidrugs may be favorable as a treatment for neurodegenerative diseases. For the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders, drug addiction, as well as anxiety disorders, depression, schizophrenia, and epilepsy, contemporary epidrugs still require further development concerning a tuning of pharmacological effects, reduction in toxicity, and development of efficient treatment protocols. A promising strategy to further clarify the potential targets of epidrugs as therapeutic means to cure neurological and psychiatric syndromes is the profiling of the epigenetic mechanisms, which have evolved upon actions of complex physiological lifestyle factors, such as diet and physical exercise, and which are effective in the management of neurodegenerative diseases and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G. Gladkova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Este Leidmaa
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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2
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Mao F, Shi YG. Targeting the LSD1/KDM1 Family of Lysine Demethylases in Cancer and Other Human Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1433:15-49. [PMID: 37751134 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-38176-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) was the first histone demethylase discovered and the founding member of the flavin-dependent lysine demethylase family (KDM1). The human KDM1 family includes KDM1A and KDM1B, which primarily catalyze demethylation of histone H3K4me1/2. The KDM1 family is involved in epigenetic gene regulation and plays important roles in various biological and disease pathogenesis processes, including cell differentiation, embryonic development, hormone signaling, and carcinogenesis. Malfunction of many epigenetic regulators results in complex human diseases, including cancers. Regulators such as KDM1 have become potential therapeutic targets because of the reversibility of epigenetic control of genome function. Indeed, several classes of KDM1-selective small molecule inhibitors have been developed, some of which are currently in clinical trials to treat various cancers. In this chapter, we review the discovery, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms, atomic structure, genetics, biology, and pathology of the KDM1 family of lysine demethylases. Focusing on cancer, we also provide a comprehensive summary of recently developed KDM1 inhibitors and related preclinical and clinical studies to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of action and applications of these KDM1-specific inhibitors in therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Mao
- Longevity and Aging Institute (LAI), IBS and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yujiang Geno Shi
- Longevity and Aging Institute (LAI), IBS and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China.
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Role of NAD + and FAD in Ischemic Stroke Pathophysiology: An Epigenetic Nexus and Expanding Therapeutic Repertoire. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01287-4. [PMID: 36180651 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The redox coenzymes viz., oxidized β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) by way of generation of optimal reducing power and cellular energy currency (ATP), control a staggering array of metabolic reactions. The prominent cellular contenders for NAD+ utilization, inter alia, are sirtuins (SIRTs) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1), which have been significantly implicated in ischemic stroke (IS) pathogenesis. NAD+ and FAD are also two crucial epigenetic enzyme-required metabolites mediating histone deacetylation and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation through SIRTs and PARP-1 respectively, and demethylation through FAD-mediated lysine specific demethylase activity. These enzymes and post-translational modifications impinge on the components of neurovascular unit, primarily neurons, and elicit diverse functional upshots in an ischemic brain. These could be circumstantially linked with attendant cognitive deficits and behavioral outcomes in post-stroke epoch. Parsing out the contribution of NAD+/FAD-synthesizing and utilizing enzymes towards epigenetic remodeling in IS setting, together with their cognitive and behavioral associations, combined with possible therapeutic implications will form the crux of this review.
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4
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Bou-Fakhredin R, De Franceschi L, Motta I, Cappellini MD, Taher AT. Pharmacological Induction of Fetal Hemoglobin in β-Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease: An Updated Perspective. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060753. [PMID: 35745672 PMCID: PMC9227505 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant amount of attention has recently been devoted to the mechanisms involved in hemoglobin (Hb) switching, as it has previously been established that the induction of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production in significant amounts can reduce the severity of the clinical course in diseases such as β-thalassemia and sickle cell disease (SCD). While the induction of HbF using lentiviral and genome-editing strategies has been made possible, they present limitations. Meanwhile, progress in the use of pharmacologic agents for HbF induction and the identification of novel HbF-inducing strategies has been made possible as a result of a better understanding of γ-globin regulation. In this review, we will provide an update on all current pharmacological inducer agents of HbF in β-thalassemia and SCD in addition to the ongoing research into other novel, and potentially therapeutic, HbF-inducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Bou-Fakhredin
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (R.B.-F.); (I.M.)
| | - Lucia De Franceschi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Verona, 37128 Verona, Italy;
| | - Irene Motta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (R.B.-F.); (I.M.)
- UOC General Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Domenica Cappellini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (R.B.-F.); (I.M.)
- UOC General Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.D.C.); (A.T.T.)
| | - Ali T. Taher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Correspondence: (M.D.C.); (A.T.T.)
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5
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McIntyre AJ, Angel CZ, Smith JS, Templeman A, Beattie K, Beattie S, Ormrod A, Devlin E, McGreevy C, Bothwell C, Eddie SL, Buckley NE, Williams R, Mullan PB. TBX2 acts as a potent transcriptional silencer of tumour suppressor genes through interaction with the CoREST complex to sustain the proliferation of breast cancers. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:6154-6173. [PMID: 35687133 PMCID: PMC9226508 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome 17q23 amplification occurs in 20% of primary breast tumours and is associated with poor outcome. The TBX2 gene is located on 17q23 and is often over-expressed in this breast tumour subset. TBX2 is an anti-senescence gene, promoting cell growth and survival through repression of Tumour Suppressor Genes (TSGs), such as NDRG1 and CST6. Previously we found that TBX2 cooperates with the PRC2 complex to repress several TSGs, and that PRC2 inhibition restored NDRG1 expression to impede cellular proliferation. Here, we now identify CoREST proteins, LSD1 and ZNF217, as novel interactors of TBX2. Genetic or pharmacological targeting of CoREST emulated TBX2 loss, inducing NDRG1 expression and abolishing breast cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we uncover that TBX2/CoREST targeting of NDRG1 is achieved by recruitment of TBX2 to the NDRG1 promoter by Sp1, the abolishment of which resulted in NDRG1 upregulation and diminished cancer cell proliferation. Through ChIP-seq we reveal that 30% of TBX2-bound promoters are shared with ZNF217 and identify novel targets repressed by TBX2/CoREST; of these targets a lncRNA, LINC00111, behaves as a negative regulator of cell proliferation. Overall, these data indicate that inhibition of CoREST proteins represents a promising therapeutic intervention for TBX2-addicted breast tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J McIntyre
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Charlotte Z Angel
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - James S Smith
- The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Amy Templeman
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Katherine Beattie
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Shannon Beattie
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Alice Ormrod
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Eadaoin Devlin
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Charles McGreevy
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Chloe Bothwell
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Sharon L Eddie
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Niamh E Buckley
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Rich Williams
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Paul B Mullan
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
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Koda Y, Sato S, Yamamoto H, Niwa H, Watanabe H, Watanabe C, Sato T, Nakamura K, Tanaka A, Shirouzu M, Honma T, Fukami T, Koyama H, Umehara T. Design and Synthesis of Tranylcypromine-Derived LSD1 Inhibitors with Improved hERG and Microsomal Stability Profiles. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:848-854. [PMID: 35586426 PMCID: PMC9109268 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A) is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cancers. Several derivatives of tranylcypromine (trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine) have been developed as LSD1 inhibitors. One such derivative is S2157; however, this compound has a high hERG channel inhibitory activity and a low microsomal stability, making it unsuitable as a drug candidate. Here, using an in silico hERG inhibition prediction model, we designed, synthesized, and evaluated a novel series of S2157 derivatives characterized by modifications of the benzyloxy and piperazine groups. Among the synthesized derivatives, a compound possessing 2-fluoropyridine and 2,8-diaza-spiro[4.5]decane groups (compound 10) showed the most desirable activities, and its eutomer, S1427, was isolated by the optical resolution of 10. In addition to potent LSD1 inhibitory activity, S1427 exhibited desirable hERG channel inhibition and microsomal stability profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Koda
- Drug Discovery Chemistry Platform Unit, Drug Discovery Seed Compounds Exploratory Unit, Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shin Sato
- Laboratory for Epigenetics Drug Discovery, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamic Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yamamoto
- Drug Discovery Chemistry Platform Unit, Drug Discovery Seed Compounds Exploratory Unit, Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hideaki Niwa
- Laboratory for Epigenetics Drug Discovery, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamic Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hisami Watanabe
- Laboratory for Epigenetics Drug Discovery, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamic Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Chiduru Watanabe
- Drug Discovery Computational Chemistry Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sato
- Drug Discovery Computational Chemistry Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kana Nakamura
- Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamic Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Akiko Tanaka
- Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamic Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamic Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Teruki Honma
- Drug Discovery Computational Chemistry Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takehiro Fukami
- RIKEN Program for Drug Discovery and Medical Technology Platforms, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroo Koyama
- Drug Discovery Chemistry Platform Unit, Drug Discovery Seed Compounds Exploratory Unit, Chemical Genomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takashi Umehara
- Laboratory for Epigenetics Drug Discovery, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Drug Discovery Structural Biology Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamic Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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7
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Shi Y, Yang Y, Xu S. Iridium-Catalyzed Enantioselective C(sp 3 )-H Borylation of Aminocyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201463. [PMID: 35194926 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed regio- and stereo-controllable C-H functionalization remains a formidable challenge in asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we disclose the first example of iridium-catalyzed C(sp3 )-H borylation of aminocyclopropanes by using simple imides as weakly coordinating directing groups under mild reaction conditions. The reaction proceeded via a six-membered iridacycle, affording a vast range of chiral aminocyclopropyl boronates. The current method features a broad spectrum of functional groups (36 examples) and high enantioselectivities (up to 99 %). We also demonstrated the synthetic utility by a preparative scale C-H borylation, C-B bond transformations, and conversion of the directing group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjia Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuhuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Senmiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
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8
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Rummukainen P, Tarkkonen K, Dudakovic A, Al-Majidi R, Nieminen-Pihala V, Valensisi C, Hawkins RD, van Wijnen AJ, Kiviranta R. Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) epigenetically controls osteoblast differentiation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265027. [PMID: 35255108 PMCID: PMC8901060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms regulate osteogenic lineage differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells. Histone methylation is controlled by multiple lysine demethylases and is an important step in controlling local chromatin structure and gene expression. Here, we show that the lysine-specific histone demethylase Kdm1A/Lsd1 is abundantly expressed in osteoblasts and that its suppression impairs osteoblast differentiation and bone nodule formation in vitro. Although Lsd1 knockdown did not affect global H3K4 methylation levels, genome-wide ChIP-Seq analysis revealed high levels of Lsd1 at gene promoters and its binding was associated with di- and tri-methylation of histone 3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me2 and H3K4me3). Lsd1 binding sites in osteoblastic cells were enriched for the Runx2 consensus motif suggesting a functional link between the two proteins. Importantly, inhibition of Lsd1 activity decreased osteoblast activity in vivo. In support, mesenchymal-targeted knockdown of Lsd1 led to decreased osteoblast activity and disrupted primary spongiosa ossification and reorganization in vivo. Together, our studies demonstrate that Lsd1 occupies Runx2-binding cites at H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 and its activity is required for proper bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kati Tarkkonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Amel Dudakovic
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Rana Al-Majidi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Cristina Valensisi
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - R. David Hawkins
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AJW); (RK)
| | - Riku Kiviranta
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail: (AJW); (RK)
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9
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Johnson BD, Kaulagari S, Chen WC, Hayes K, Geldenhuys WJ, Hazlehurst LA. Identification of Natural Product Sulfuretin Derivatives as Inhibitors for the Endoplasmic Reticulum Redox Protein ERO1α. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2022; 2:161-170. [PMID: 35892127 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.1c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The flavin adenine dinucleotide containing Endoplasmic Reticulum Oxidoreductase-1 α (ERO1α) catalyzes the formation of de novo disulfide bond formation of secretory and transmembrane proteins and contributes towards proper protein folding. Recently, increased ERO1α expression has been shown to contribute to increased tumor growth and metastasis in multiple cancer types. In this report we sought to define novel chemical space for targeting ERO1α function. Using the previously reported ERO1α inhibitor compound, EN-460, as a benchmark pharmacological tool we were able to identify a sulfuretin derivative, T151742 which was approximately two-fold more potent using a recombinant enzyme assay system (IC50 = 8.27 ± 2.33 μM) compared to EN-460 (IC50= 16.46 ± 3.47 μM). Additionally, T151742 (IC50 = 16.04 μM) was slightly more sensitive than EN-460 (IC50= 19.35μM) using an MTT assay as an endpoint. Utilizing a cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), we determined that the sulfuretin derivative T151742 demonstrated isozyme specificity for ERO1α as compared to ERO1β and showed no detectable binding to the FAD containing enzyme LSD-1. T151742 retained activity in PC-9 cells in a clonogenicity assay while EN-460 was devoid of activity. Furthermore, the activity of T151742 inhibition of clonogenicity was dependent on ERO1α expression as CRISPR edited PC-9 cells were resistant to treatment with T151742. In summary we identified a new scaffold that shows specificity for ERO1α compared to the closely related paralog ERO1β or the FAD containing enzyme LSD-1 that can be used as a tool compound for inhibition of ERO1α to allow for pharmacological validation of the role of ERO1α in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan D Johnson
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26501
| | | | - Wei-Chih Chen
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26501
| | - Karen Hayes
- Modulation Therapeutics Inc, Morgantown WV 26506
| | - Werner J Geldenhuys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26505.,Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26501
| | - Lori A Hazlehurst
- Cancer Center, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26501.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26505
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10
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Shi Y, Yang Y, Xu S. Iridium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective C(sp
3
)−H Borylation of Aminocyclopropanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjia Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Yuhuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Senmiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 China
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11
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Gao X, Chen Q, Yao H, Tan J, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Zou Z. Epigenetics in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:911635. [PMID: 35813941 PMCID: PMC9260511 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.911635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with unknown pathogenesis and complex pathological manifestations. At present, a large number of studies on targeted drugs for the typical pathological phenomenon of AD (Aβ) have ended in failure. Although there are some drugs on the market that indirectly act on AD, their efficacy is very low and the side effects are substantial, so there is an urgent need to develop a new strategy for the treatment of AD. An increasing number of studies have confirmed epigenetic changes in AD. Although it is not clear whether these epigenetic changes are the cause or result of AD, they provide a new avenue of treatment for medical researchers worldwide. This article summarizes various epigenetic changes in AD, including DNA methylation, histone modification and miRNA, and concludes that epigenetics has great potential as a new target for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodie Gao
- Guangxi Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Department of Scientific Research, Brain Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Liuzhou, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Scientific Research, Brain Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Liuzhou, China
| | - Hua Yao
- Guangxi Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jie Tan
- Guangxi Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Guangxi Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- *Correspondence: Zheng Liu,
| | - Yan Zhou
- Guangxi Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Yan Zhou,
| | - Zhenyou Zou
- Guangxi Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- Department of Scientific Research, Brain Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Liuzhou, China
- Zhenyou Zou,
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12
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Zhou J, Wu S, Lee BG, Chen T, He Z, Lei Y, Tang B, Hirst JD. Machine-Learning-Enabled Virtual Screening for Inhibitors of Lysine-Specific Histone Demethylase 1. Molecules 2021; 26:7492. [PMID: 34946572 PMCID: PMC8707381 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A machine learning approach has been applied to virtual screening for lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) inhibitors. LSD1 is an important anti-cancer target. Machine learning models to predict activity were constructed using Morgan molecular fingerprints. The dataset, consisting of 931 molecules with LSD1 inhibition activity, was obtained from the ChEMBL database. An evaluation of several candidate algorithms on the main dataset revealed that the support vector regressor gave the best model, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.703. Virtual screening, using this model, identified five predicted potent inhibitors from the ZINC database comprising more than 300,000 molecules. The virtual screening recovered a known inhibitor, RN1, as well as four compounds where activity against LSD1 had not previously been suggested. Thus, we performed a machine-learning-enabled virtual screening of LSD1 inhibitors using only the structural information of the molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Waste Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (T.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shiying Wu
- Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Waste Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (T.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Boon Giin Lee
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China;
| | - Tianwei Chen
- Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Waste Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (T.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ziqi He
- Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Waste Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (T.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yukun Lei
- Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Waste Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (T.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Bencan Tang
- Key Laboratory for Carbonaceous Waste Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China; (J.Z.); (S.W.); (T.C.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jonathan D. Hirst
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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13
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LSD1: Expanding Functions in Stem Cells and Differentiation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113252. [PMID: 34831474 PMCID: PMC8624367 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) provide a powerful model system to uncover fundamental mechanisms that control cellular identity during mammalian development. Histone methylation governs gene expression programs that play a key role in the regulation of the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of ESCs. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1, also known as KDM1A), the first identified histone lysine demethylase, demethylates H3K4me1/2 and H3K9me1/2 at target loci in a context-dependent manner. Moreover, it has also been shown to demethylate non-histone substrates playing a central role in the regulation of numerous cellular processes. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about LSD1 and the molecular mechanism by which LSD1 influences the stem cells state, including the regulatory circuitry underlying self-renewal and pluripotency.
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14
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Irwin AB, Bahabry R, Lubin FD. A putative role for lncRNAs in epigenetic regulation of memory. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105184. [PMID: 34530054 PMCID: PMC8552959 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The central dogma of molecular genetics is defined as encoded genetic information within DNA, transcribed into messenger RNA, which contain the instructions for protein synthesis, thus imparting cellular functionality and ultimately life. This molecular genetic theory has given birth to the field of neuroepigenetics, and it is now well established that epigenetic regulation of gene transcription is critical to the learning and memory process. In this review, we address a potential role for a relatively new player in the field of epigenetic crosstalk - long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). First, we briefly summarize epigenetic mechanisms in memory formation and examine what little is known about the emerging role of lncRNAs during this process. We then focus discussions on how lncRNAs interact with epigenetic mechanisms to control transcriptional programs under various conditions in the brain, and how this may be applied to regulation of gene expression necessary for memory formation. Next, we explore how epigenetic crosstalk in turn serves to regulate expression of various individual lncRNAs themselves. To highlight the importance of further exploring the role of lncRNA in epigenetic regulation of gene expression, we consider the significant relationship between lncRNA dysregulation and declining memory reserve with aging, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy, as well as the promise of novel therapeutic interventions. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the critical questions that remain to be answered regarding a role for lncRNA in memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh B Irwin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Rudhab Bahabry
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Farah D Lubin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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15
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LSD1-BDNF activity in lateral hypothalamus-medial forebrain bundle area is essential for reward seeking behavior. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 202:102048. [PMID: 33798614 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reward induces activity-dependant gene expression and synaptic plasticity-related changes. Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 (LSD1), a key enzyme driving histone modifications, regulates transcription in neural circuits of memory and emotional behavior. Herein, we focus on the role of LSD1 in modulating the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the master regulator of synaptic plasticity, in the lateral hypothalamus-medial forebrain bundle (LH-MFB) circuit during positive reinforcement. Rats, trained for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) via an electrode-cannula assembly in the LH-MFB area, were assayed for lever press activity, epigenetic parameters and dendritic sprouting. LSD1 expression and markers of synaptic plasticity like BDNF and dendritic arborization in the LH, showed distinct increase in conditioned animals. H3K4me2 levels at Bdnf IV and Bdnf IX promoters were increased in ICSS-conditioned rats, but H3K9me2 was decreased. While intra LH-MFB treatment with pan Lsd1 siRNA inhibited lever press activity, analyses of LH tissue showed reduction in BDNF expression and levels of H3K4me2 and H3K9me2. However, co-administration of BDNF peptide restored lever press activity mitigated by Lsd1 siRNA. BDNF expression in LH, driven by LSD1 via histone demethylation, may play an important role in reshaping the reward pathway and hold the key to decode the molecular basis of addiction.
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16
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Hattori Y, Matsuda S, Baba R, Matsumiya K, Iwasaki S, Constantinescu CC, Morley TJ, Carroll VM, Papin C, Gouasmat A, Alagille D, Tamagnan G, Koike T. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of (2-Aminocyclopropyl)phenyl Derivatives as Novel Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Agents for Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 in the Brain. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3780-3793. [PMID: 33729758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) determines the methylation status of H3K4 through flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-mediated histone demethylation. Therefore, LSD1 inhibition in the brain can be a novel therapeutic option for treating these disorders. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of LSD1 allows for investigating LSD1 expression levels under normal and disease conditions and validating target engagement of therapeutic LSD1 inhibitors. This study designed and synthesized (2-aminocyclopropyl)phenyl derivatives with irreversible binding to LSD1 as PET imaging agents for LSD1 in the brain. We optimized lipophilicity of the lead compound to minimize the risk of nonspecific binding and identified 1e with high selectivity over monoamine oxidase A and B, which are a family of FAD-dependent enzymes homologous to LSD1. PET imaging in a monkey showed a high uptake of [18F]1e to regions enriched with LSD1, indicating its specific binding to LSD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Hattori
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Rina Baba
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kouta Matsumiya
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shinji Iwasaki
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | | | - Thomas J Morley
- Invicro LLC, 60 Temple Street, Suite 8A, New Haven, Connecticut 06518, United States
| | - Vincent M Carroll
- Invicro LLC, 60 Temple Street, Suite 8A, New Haven, Connecticut 06518, United States
| | - Caroline Papin
- Invicro LLC, 60 Temple Street, Suite 8A, New Haven, Connecticut 06518, United States
| | - Alexandra Gouasmat
- Invicro LLC, 60 Temple Street, Suite 8A, New Haven, Connecticut 06518, United States
| | - David Alagille
- XingImaging LLC, 760 Temple Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Gilles Tamagnan
- XingImaging LLC, 760 Temple Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Tatsuki Koike
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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17
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Lee SJ, You JS, Gharbi A, Kim YJ, Lee MS, Kim DH, Lee KW, Jung ID, Park YM. IOX1 activity as sepsis therapy and an antibiotic against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2942. [PMID: 33536477 PMCID: PMC7858575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is caused by organ dysfunction initiated by an unrestrained host immune response to infection. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has rapidly increased in the last decades and has stimulated a firm research platform to combat infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria that cannot be eradicated with conventional antibiotics. Strategies like epigenetic regulators such as lysine demethylase (Kdm) has received attention as a new target. Thus, we sought to investigate the epigenetic mechanisms in sepsis pathophysiology with the aim of discovering new concepts for treatment. A transcriptome analysis of dendritic cells during their inflammatory state identified Kdm as a critical molecule in sepsis regulation. Next, 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-carboxylic acid (IOX1) ability to control endotoxemia induced by Lipopolysaccharide and bacterial sepsis was demonstrated. IOX1 has been shown to regulate endotoxemia and sepsis caused by Escherichia coli and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and has also contributed to the suppression of multidrug-resistant bacterial growth through the inhibition of DNA Gyrase. These findings show that IOX1 could be a component agent against bacterial sepsis by functioning as a broad-spectrum antibiotic with dual effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Lee
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Seoul, 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jueng Soo You
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Seoul, 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Amal Gharbi
- Dandi Bioscience Inc, 6Th Floor of Real Company, 66, Acha San-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Joo Kim
- Dandi Bioscience Inc, 6Th Floor of Real Company, 66, Acha San-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Suk Lee
- Dandi Bioscience Inc, 6Th Floor of Real Company, 66, Acha San-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Kim
- Division of Life Science, Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.,Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Life Science, Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.,Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - In Duk Jung
- Dandi Bioscience Inc, 6Th Floor of Real Company, 66, Acha San-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeong Min Park
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Seoul, 380-701, Republic of Korea. .,Dandi Bioscience Inc, 6Th Floor of Real Company, 66, Acha San-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Dai XJ, Liu Y, Xiong XP, Xue LP, Zheng YC, Liu HM. Tranylcypromine Based Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 Inhibitor: Summary and Perspective. J Med Chem 2020; 63:14197-14215. [PMID: 32931269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Histone lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A) has become an important and promising anticancer target since it was first identified in 2004 and specially demethylates lysine residues of histone H3K4me1/2 and H3K9me1/2. LSD1 is ubiquitously overexpressed in diverse cancers, and abrogation of LSD1 results in inhibition of proliferation, invasion, and migration in cancer cells. Over the past decade, a number of biologically active small-molecule LSD1 inhibitors have been developed. To date, six trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (TCP)-based LSD1 inhibitors (including TCP, ORY-1001, GSK-2879552, INCB059872, IMG-7289, and ORY-2001) that covalently bind to the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) within the LSD1 catalytic cavity have already entered into clinical trials. Here, we provide an overview about the structures, activities, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of TCP-based LSD1 inhibitors that mainly covers the literature from 2008 to date. The opportunities, challenges, and future research directions in this emerging and promising field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Jie Dai
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Xiong
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Lei-Peng Xue
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yi-Chao Zheng
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- Key Lab of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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19
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Maes T, Mascaró C, Rotllant D, Lufino MMP, Estiarte A, Guibourt N, Cavalcanti F, Griñan-Ferré C, Pallàs M, Nadal R, Armario A, Ferrer I, Ortega A, Valls N, Fyfe M, Martinell M, Castro Palomino JC, Buesa Arjol C. Modulation of KDM1A with vafidemstat rescues memory deficit and behavioral alterations. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233468. [PMID: 32469975 PMCID: PMC7259601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription disequilibria are characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases. The activity-evoked transcription of immediate early genes (IEGs), important for neuronal plasticity, memory and behavior, is altered in CNS diseases and governed by epigenetic modulation. KDM1A, a histone 3 lysine 4 demethylase that forms part of transcription regulation complexes, has been implicated in the control of IEG transcription. Here we report the development of vafidemstat (ORY-2001), a brain penetrant inhibitor of KDM1A and MAOB. ORY-2001 efficiently inhibits brain KDM1A at doses suitable for long term treatment, and corrects memory deficit as assessed in the novel object recognition testing in the Senescence Accelerated Mouse Prone 8 (SAMP8) model for accelerated aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Comparison with a selective KDM1A or MAOB inhibitor reveals that KDM1A inhibition is key for efficacy. ORY-2001 further corrects behavior alterations including aggression and social interaction deficits in SAMP8 mice and social avoidance in the rat rearing isolation model. ORY-2001 increases the responsiveness of IEGs, induces genes required for cognitive function and reduces a neuroinflammatory signature in SAMP8 mice. Multiple genes modulated by ORY-2001 are differentially expressed in Late Onset Alzheimer’s Disease. Most strikingly, the amplifier of inflammation S100A9 is highly expressed in LOAD and in the hippocampus of SAMP8 mice, and down-regulated by ORY-2001. ORY-2001 is currently in multiple Phase IIa studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Maes
- Oryzon Genomics, S.A., Cornellà de Llobregat, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christian Griñan-Ferré
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Nadal
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antonio Armario
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei Anatomia Patologica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Nuria Valls
- Oryzon Genomics, S.A., Cornellà de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Matthew Fyfe
- Oryzon Genomics, S.A., Cornellà de Llobregat, Spain
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20
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Ohta Y, Kawaguchi M, Ieda N, Nakagawa H. Synthesis of artificial substrate based on inhibitor for detecting LSD1 activity. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 67:153-158. [PMID: 33041512 PMCID: PMC7533851 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine methylation is one of the most important modification, which is regulated by histone lysine methyltransferases and histone lysine demethylases. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) specifically demethylates mono- and dimethyl-lysine on histone H3 (H3K4Me/Me2, H3K9Me/Me2) to control chromatin structure, resulting in transcriptional repression or activation of target genes. Furthermore, LSD1 is overexpressed in various cancers. Therefore, LSD1 inhibitors would be not only potential therapeutic agents for cancers but also chemical tools to research biological significance of LSD1 in physiological and pathological events. However, known assay methods to date have some inherent drawbacks. The development of simple method in detecting LSD1 activity has been indispensable to identify useful inhibitors. In this study, we designed and synthesized artificial substrates based on inhibitors of LSD1 to examine LSD1 activity by an absorption increment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Ohta
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabedori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabedori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Naoya Ieda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabedori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabedori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan
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21
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Niwa H, Sato S, Handa N, Sengoku T, Umehara T, Yokoyama S. Development and Structural Evaluation of N-Alkylated trans-2-Phenylcyclopropylamine-Based LSD1 Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:787-793. [PMID: 32166890 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the demethylation of histone H3 and regulates gene expression. Because it is implicated in the regulation of diseases such as acute myeloid leukemia, potent LSD1-specific inhibitors have been pursued. Trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (2-PCPA)-based inhibitors featuring substitutions on the amino group have emerged, with sub-micromolar affinities toward LSD1 and high selectivities over monoamine oxidases (MAOs). We synthesized two N-alkylated 2-PCPA-based LSD1 inhibitors, S2116 and S2157, based on the previously developed S2101. S2116 and S2157 exhibited enhanced potency for LSD1 by 2.0- to 2.6-fold, as compared with S2101. In addition, they exhibited improved selectivity over MAOs. Structural analyses of LSD1 co-crystallized with S2101, S2116, S2157, or another N-alkylated inhibitor (FCPA-MPE) confirmed that the N-substituents enhance the potency of a 2-PCPA-based inhibitor of LSD1, without constituting the adduct formed with FAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Niwa
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shin Sato
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Noriko Handa
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Toru Sengoku
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,RIKEN Structural Biology Laboratory, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Umehara
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yokoyama
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,RIKEN Structural Biology Laboratory, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,RIKEN Yokoyama Laboratory, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
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22
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Zeng W, Tan X, Yu Y, Chen GQ, Zhang X. Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrosilylation of β-Nitroethyl Aryl Ketones. Org Lett 2020; 22:858-862. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Zeng
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Tan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gen-Qiang Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, People’s Republic of China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, People’s Republic of China
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23
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Itoh Y. Drug Discovery Researches on Modulators of Lysine-Modifying Enzymes Based on Strategic Chemistry Approaches. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:34-45. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Itoh
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine
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Cheng Y, He C, Wang M, Ma X, Mo F, Yang S, Han J, Wei X. Targeting epigenetic regulators for cancer therapy: mechanisms and advances in clinical trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:62. [PMID: 31871779 PMCID: PMC6915746 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alternations concern heritable yet reversible changes in histone or DNA modifications that regulate gene activity beyond the underlying sequence. Epigenetic dysregulation is often linked to human disease, notably cancer. With the development of various drugs targeting epigenetic regulators, epigenetic-targeted therapy has been applied in the treatment of hematological malignancies and has exhibited viable therapeutic potential for solid tumors in preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the aberrant functions of enzymes in DNA methylation, histone acetylation and histone methylation during tumor progression and highlight the development of inhibitors of or drugs targeted at epigenetic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cai He
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Manni Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Mo
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengyong Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junhong Han
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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25
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Li Y, Tao L, Zuo Z, Zhou Y, Qian X, Lin Y, Jie H, Liu C, Li Z, Zhang H, Zhang H, Cen X, Yang S, Zhao Y. ZY0511, a novel, potent and selective LSD1 inhibitor, exhibits anticancer activity against solid tumors via the DDIT4/mTOR pathway. Cancer Lett 2019; 454:179-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Wani AL, Shadab GHA. Brain, behavior and the journey towards neuroepigenetic therapeutics. Epigenomics 2019; 11:969-981. [PMID: 31144515 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics has brought about a major shift in our understanding of biological mechanisms and their associated health effects. Strong epigenetic components have been found to be involved in the progression of many diseases. In several human diseases, including debilitating psychiatric disorders, altered epigenetic status has been found as one of the main causes. With continuous progress on drug development, researchers are enthusiastic toward epigenetic therapeutics which could possibly reverse epigenetic modifications. In this article certain developments in epigenetic therapeutics are highlighted, the indiscriminate use of which could also be associated with potential risk. These risks may partly be due to our limited knowledge on genes and the mechanisms underlying epigenetic involvement in different diseases. Epigenetic changes are fundamentally important for a large number of bodily functions; nonspecific usage of therapeutics could be potentially harmful therefore there is a need to harness epigenetics positively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ab Latif Wani
- Cytogenetics & Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Gg Hammad Ahmad Shadab
- Cytogenetics & Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
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27
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Lee A, Borrello MT, Ganesan A. LSD
(Lysine‐Specific Demethylase): A Decade‐Long Trip from Discovery to Clinical Trials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527809257.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Engel M, Gee YS, Cross D, Maccarone A, Heng B, Hulme A, Smith G, Guillemin GJ, Stringer BW, Hyland CJT, Ooi L. Novel dual-action prodrug triggers apoptosis in glioblastoma cells by releasing a glutathione quencher and lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A inhibitor. J Neurochem 2019; 149:535-550. [PMID: 30592774 PMCID: PMC6590141 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeting epigenetic mechanisms has shown promise against several cancers but has so far been unsuccessful against glioblastoma (GBM). Altered histone 3 lysine 4 methylation and increased lysine‐specific histone demethylase 1A (LSD1) expression in GBM tumours nonetheless suggest that epigenetic mechanisms are involved in GBM. We engineered a dual‐action prodrug, which is activated by the high hydrogen peroxide levels associated with GBM cells. This quinone methide phenylaminecyclopropane prodrug releases the LSD1 inhibitor 2‐phenylcyclopropylamine with the glutathione scavenger para‐quinone methide to trigger apoptosis in GBM cells. Quinone methide phenylaminocyclopropane impaired GBM cell behaviours in two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional assays, and triggered cell apoptosis in several primary and immortal GBM cell cultures. These results support our double‐hit hypothesis of potentially targeting LSD1 and quenching glutathione, in order to impair and kill GBM cells but not healthy astrocytes. Our data suggest this strategy is effective at selectively targeting GBM and potentially other types of cancers. Open science badges
This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Engel
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yi Sing Gee
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dale Cross
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alan Maccarone
- Mass Spectrometry User Resource and Research Facility, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amy Hulme
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Grady Smith
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brett W Stringer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher J T Hyland
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Fischer
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department for Systems Medicine and Brain Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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30
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Inhibition of lysine-specific demethylase enzyme disrupts sexually conditioned mate guarding in the female rat. Physiol Behav 2018; 196:78-83. [PMID: 30138634 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although female rats are typically described as having a promiscuous mating strategy, if sexually naïve females have their formative sexually rewarding experiences paired with the same male, they will recognize that male and display mate-guarding behavior towards him in the presence of a female competitor. Female rats that display mate guarding behavior also show enhanced activation of oxytocin and vasopressin neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Here, we examined the potential role that histone demethylation might have in establishing this pair-bonded behavior, and whether the corresponding changes in oxytocin and vasopressin neuronal activation depended on demethylation. To accomplish this, we examined the effect of a lysine-specific demethylase-1 inhibitor to block the action of demethylase enzymes and maintain the methylation state of corresponding genes. Female rats treated with the demethylase inhibitor failed to show any measure of mate guarding, whereas females treated with vehicle displayed mate guarding behavior. Demethylase inhibitor treatment also blocked the ability of familiar male cues to activate oxytocin and vasopressin neurons, whereas vehicle-treated females showed this enhanced activation. These data indicate that histone demethylation is a crucial component in the epigenetic modification of neural circuitry that underlies conditioned mate guarding in female rats. These results are the first to demonstrate the role of histone demethylation underlying changes in mating strategy.
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31
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Hoang N, Zhang X, Zhang C, Vo V, Leng F, Saxena L, Yin F, Lu F, Zheng G, Bhowmik P, Zhang H. New histone demethylase LSD1 inhibitor selectively targets teratocarcinoma and embryonic carcinoma cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1523-1537. [PMID: 29439916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
LSD1/KDM1 is a histone demethylase that preferentially removes methyl groups from the mono- and di-methylated lysine 4 in histone H3 (H3K4), key marks for active chromatin for transcriptional activation. LSD1 is essential for pluripotent embryonic stem cells and embryonic teratocarcinoma/carcinoma cells and its expression is often elevated in various cancers. We developed a new LSD1 inhibitor, CBB3001, which potently inhibited LSD1 activity both in vitro and in vivo. CBB3001 also selectively inhibited the growth of human ovarian teratocarcinoma PA-1 and mouse embryonic carcinoma F9 cells, caused the downregulation of pluripotent stem cell proteins SOX2 and OCT4. However, CBB3001 does not have significant inhibition on the growth of human colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells or mouse fibroblast NIH3T3 cells that do not express these stem cell proteins. Our studies strongly indicate that CBB3001 is a specific LSD1 inhibitor that selectively inhibits teratocarcinoma and embryonic carcinoma cells that express SOX2 and OCT4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Hoang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA; School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Van Vo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Feng Leng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA; School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lovely Saxena
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Feng Yin
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fei Lu
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guangrong Zheng
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Pradip Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
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32
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Shi Y, Wu YR, Su MB, Shen DH, Gunosewoyo H, Yang F, Li J, Tang J, Zhou YB, Yu LF. Novel spirocyclic tranylcypromine derivatives as lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) inhibitors. RSC Adv 2018; 8:1666-1676. [PMID: 35540911 PMCID: PMC9077246 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13097j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we describe the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel series of tranylcypromine-based LSD1 inhibitors via conformational restriction using spiro ring systems.
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33
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Castelli G, Pelosi E, Testa U. Targeting histone methyltransferase and demethylase in acute myeloid leukemia therapy. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 11:131-155. [PMID: 29343972 PMCID: PMC5749389 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s145971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clonal disorder of myeloid progenitors characterized by the acquisition of chromosomal abnormalities, somatic mutations, and epigenetic changes that determine a consistent degree of biological and clinical heterogeneity. Advances in genomic technologies have increasingly shown the complexity and heterogeneity of genetic and epigenetic alterations in AML. Among the genetic alterations occurring in AML, frequent are the genetic alterations at the level of various genes involved in the epigenetic control of the DNA methylome and histone methylome. In fact, genes involved in DNA demethylation (such as DNMT3A, TET2, IDH1, and IDH2) or histone methylation and demethylation (EZH2, MLL, DOT1L) are frequently mutated in primary and secondary AML. Furthermore, some histone demethylases, such as LSD1, are frequently overexpressed in AML. These observations have strongly supported a major role of dysregulated epigenetic regulatory processes in leukemia onset and development. This conclusion was further supported by the observation that mutations in genes encoding epigenetic modifiers, such as DMT3A, ASXL1, TET2, IDH1, and IDH2, are usually acquired early and are present in the founding leukemic clone. These observations have contributed to development of the idea that targeting epigenetic abnormalities could represent a potentially promising strategy for the development of innovative treatments of AML. In this review, we analyze those proteins and their inhibitors that have already reached the first stages of clinical trials in AML, namely the histone methyltransferase DOT1L, the demethylase LSD1, and the MLL-interacting protein menin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Castelli
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Testa
- Department of Oncology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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34
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Schulz-Fincke J, Hau M, Barth J, Robaa D, Willmann D, Kürner A, Haas J, Greve G, Haydn T, Fulda S, Lübbert M, Lüdeke S, Berg T, Sippl W, Schüle R, Jung M. Structure-activity studies on N-Substituted tranylcypromine derivatives lead to selective inhibitors of lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) and potent inducers of leukemic cell differentiation. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 144:52-67. [PMID: 29247860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
FAD-dependent lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is overexpressed or deregulated in many cancers such as AML and prostate cancer and hence is a promising anticancer target with first inhibitors in clinical trials. Clinical candidates are N-substituted derivatives of the dual LSD1-/monoamine oxidase-inhibitor tranylcypromine (2-PCPA) with a basic amine function in the N-substituent. These derivatives are selective over monoamine oxidases. So far, only very limited information on structure-activity studies about this important class of LSD1 inhibitors is published in peer reviewed journals. Here, we show that N-substituted 2-PCPA derivatives without a basic function or even a polar group are still potent inhibitors of LSD1 in vitro and effectively inhibit colony formation of leukemic cells in culture. Yet, these lipophilic inhibitors also block the structurally related monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B), which may be of interest for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, but this property is undesired for applications in cancer treatment. The introduction of a polar, non-basic function led to optimized structures that retain potent LSD1 inhibitors but exhibit selectivity over MAOs and are highly potent in the suppression of colony formation of cultured leukemic cells. Cellular target engagement is shown via a Cellular Thermal Shift Assay (CETSA) for LSD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schulz-Fincke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mirjam Hau
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Barth
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dina Robaa
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Dominica Willmann
- Department of Urology and Center for Clinical Research, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany
| | - Andreas Kürner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Haas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Greve
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tinka Haydn
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Lübbert
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Lüdeke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Berg
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Roland Schüle
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Freiburg, Germany; Department of Urology and Center for Clinical Research, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Germany; BIOSS Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; K-metics GmbH, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Germany; K-metics GmbH, Freiburg, Germany.
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35
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Kyzar EJ, Zhang H, Sakharkar AJ, Pandey SC. Adolescent alcohol exposure alters lysine demethylase 1 (LSD1) expression and histone methylation in the amygdala during adulthood. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1191-1204. [PMID: 27183824 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol exposure in adolescence is an important risk factor for the development of alcoholism in adulthood. Epigenetic processes are implicated in the persistence of adolescent alcohol exposure-related changes, specifically in the amygdala. We investigated the role of histone methylation mechanisms in the persistent effects of adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) exposure in adulthood. Adolescent rats were exposed to 2 g/kg ethanol (2 days on/off) or intermittent n-saline (AIS) during postnatal days (PND) 28-41 and used for behavioral and epigenetic studies. We found that AIE exposure caused a long-lasting decrease in mRNA and protein levels of lysine demethylase 1(Lsd1) and mRNA levels of Lsd1 + 8a (a neuron-specific splice variant) in specific amygdaloid structures compared with AIS-exposed rats when measured at adulthood. Interestingly, AIE increased histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) levels in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and medial nucleus of the amygdala (MeA) in adulthood without producing any change in H3K4me2 protein levels. Acute ethanol challenge (2 g/kg) in adulthood attenuated anxiety-like behaviors and the decrease in Lsd1 + 8a mRNA levels in the amygdala induced by AIE. AIE caused an increase in H3K9me2 occupancy at the brain-derived neurotrophic factor exon IV promoter in the amygdala that returned to baseline after acute ethanol challenge in adulthood. These results indicate that AIE specifically modulates epizymes involved in H3K9 dimethylation in the amygdala in adulthood, which are possibly responsible for AIE-induced chromatin remodeling and adult psychopathology such as anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J. Kyzar
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Chicago IL USA
| | - Huaibo Zhang
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Chicago IL USA
| | - Amul J. Sakharkar
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Chicago IL USA
| | - Subhash C. Pandey
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Chicago IL USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
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36
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Ulrich S, Ricken R, Adli M. Tranylcypromine in mind (Part I): Review of pharmacology. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:697-713. [PMID: 28655495 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been over 50 years since a review has focused exclusively on the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor tranylcypromine (TCP). A new review has therefore been conducted for TCP in two parts which are written to be read preferably in close conjunction: Part I - pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, toxicology; and Part II - clinical studies with meta-analysis of controlled studies in depression, practice of TCP treatment, place in therapy. Pharmacological data of this review part I characterize TCP as an irreversible and nonselective MAO-A/B inhibitor at low therapeutic doses of 20mg/day with supplementary norepinephrine reuptake inhibition at higher doses of 40-60mg/day. Serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and trace amines, such as the "endogenous amphetamine" phenylethylamine, are increased in brain, which leads to changes in neuroplasticity by e.g. increased neurotrophic growth factors and translates to reduced stress-induced hypersecretion of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and positive testing in animal studies of depression. TCP has a pharmacokinetic half-life (t1/2) of only 2h which is considerably lower than for most other antidepressant drugs. However, a very long pharmacodynamic half-life of about one week is found because of the irreversible MAO inhibition. New studies show that, except for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6, no other drug metabolizing CYP-enzymes are inhibited by TCP at therapeutic doses which defines a low potential of pharmacokinetic interactions in the direction from TCP to other drugs. Insufficient information is available, however, for plasma concentrations of TCP influenced by comedication. More quantitative data are also needed for TCP metabolites such as p-hydroxytranylcypromine and N-acetyltranylcypromine. Pharmacodynamic drug interactions comprise for instance severe serotonin toxicity (SST) with serotonergic drugs and hypertensive crisis with indirect sympathomimetics. Because of the risk of severe food interaction, TCP treatment remains beset with the need for a mandatory tyramine-restricted diet. Toxicity in overdose is similar to amitriptyline and imipramine according to the distance of therapeutic to toxic doses. In conclusion, TCP is characterized by an exceptional pharmacology which is different to most other antidepressant drugs, and a more special evaluation of clinical efficacy and safety may therefore be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Ulrich
- Aristo Pharma GmbH, Wallenroder Str. 8-10, 13435 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Roland Ricken
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mazda Adli
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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37
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Lim CS, Nam HJ, Lee J, Kim D, Choi JE, Kang SJ, Kim S, Kim H, Kwak C, Shim KW, Kim S, Ko HG, Lee RU, Jang EH, Yoo J, Shim J, Islam MA, Lee YS, Lee JH, Baek SH, Kaang BK. PKCα-mediated phosphorylation of LSD1 is required for presynaptic plasticity and hippocampal learning and memory. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4912. [PMID: 28687800 PMCID: PMC5501860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is a histone demethylase that participates in transcriptional repression or activation. Recent studies reported that LSD1 is involved in learning and memory. Although LSD1 phosphorylation by PKCα was implicated in circadian rhythmicity, the importance of LSD1 phosphorylation in learning and memory is unknown. In this study, we examined the roles of LSD1 in synaptic plasticity and memory using Lsd1 SA/SA knock-in (KI) mice, in which a PKCα phosphorylation site is mutated. Interestingly, short-term and long-term contextual fear memory as well as spatial memory were impaired in Lsd1 KI mice. In addition, short-term synaptic plasticity, such as paired pulse ratio and post-tetanic potentiation was impaired, whereas long-term synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation and long-term depression, was normal. Moreover, the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic current was significantly increased, suggesting presynaptic dysfunction in Lsd1 KI mice. Consistent with this, RNA-seq analysis using the hippocampus of Lsd1 KI mice showed significant alterations in the expressions of presynaptic function-related genes. Intriguingly, LSD1n-SA mutant showed diminished binding to histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) compared to LSD1n-WT in SH-SY5Y cells. These results suggest that LSD1 is involved in the regulation of presynaptic gene expression and subsequently regulates the hippocampus-dependent memory in phosphorylation-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Seok Lim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Nam
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jaehyun Lee
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Dongha Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ja Eun Choi
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - SukJae Joshua Kang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Somi Kim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hyopil Kim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Chuljung Kwak
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Kyu-Won Shim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Siyong Kim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hyoung-Gon Ko
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Ro Un Lee
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Eun-Hae Jang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Juyoun Yoo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jaehoon Shim
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Md Ariful Islam
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyung Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Sung Hee Baek
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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38
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Fluorinated tranylcypromine analogues as inhibitors of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1, KDM1A). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2099-2101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
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Post-translational
modifications of histones by protein methyltransferases
(PMTs) and histone demethylases (KDMs) play an important role in the
regulation of gene expression and transcription and are implicated
in cancer and many other diseases. Many of these enzymes also target
various nonhistone proteins impacting numerous crucial biological
pathways. Given their key biological functions and implications in
human diseases, there has been a growing interest in assessing these
enzymes as potential therapeutic targets. Consequently, discovering
and developing inhibitors of these enzymes has become a very active
and fast-growing research area over the past decade. In this review,
we cover the discovery, characterization, and biological application
of inhibitors of PMTs and KDMs with emphasis on key advancements in
the field. We also discuss challenges, opportunities, and future directions
in this emerging, exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ümit Kaniskan
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Michael L Martini
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
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40
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Niwa H, Umehara T. Structural insight into inhibitors of flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent lysine demethylases. Epigenetics 2017; 12:340-352. [PMID: 28277979 PMCID: PMC5453194 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2017.1290032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Until 2004, many researchers believed that protein methylation in eukaryotic cells was an irreversible reaction. However, the discovery of lysine-specific demethylase 1 in 2004 drastically changed this view and the concept of chromatin regulation. Since then, the enzymes responsible for lysine demethylation and their cellular substrates, biological significance, and selective regulation have become major research topics in epigenetics and chromatin biology. Many cell-permeable inhibitors for lysine demethylases have been developed, including both target-specific and nonspecific inhibitors. Structural understanding of how these inhibitors bind to lysine demethylases is crucial both for validation of the inhibitors as chemical probes and for the rational design of more potent, target-specific inhibitors. This review focuses on published small-molecule inhibitors targeted at the two flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent lysine demethylases, lysine-specific demethylases 1 and 2, and how the inhibitors interact with the tertiary structures of the enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Niwa
- a Epigenetics Drug Discovery Unit , RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies , Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Takashi Umehara
- a Epigenetics Drug Discovery Unit , RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies , Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan.,b PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , Honcho, Kawaguchi , Saitama , Japan
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41
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Zhou C, Wu F, Lu L, Wei L, Pai E, Yao Y, Song Y. Structure activity relationship and modeling studies of inhibitors of lysine specific demethylase 1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170301. [PMID: 28158205 PMCID: PMC5291514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of histone play important roles in gene transcription. Aberrant methylation of histone lysine sidechains have been often found in cancer. Lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), which can demethylate histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) and other proteins, has recently been found to be a drug target for acute myeloid leukemia. To understand structure activity/selectivity relationships of LSD1 inhibitors, several series of cyclopropylamine and related compounds were synthesized and tested for their activities against LSD1 and related monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B. Several cyclopropylamine containing compounds were found to be highly potent and selective inhibitors of LSD1. A novel series cyclopropylimine compounds also exhibited strong inhibitory activity against LSD1. Structure activity relationships (SAR) of these compounds are discussed. Docking studies were performed to provide possible binding models of a representative compound in LSD1 and MAO-A. Moreover, these modeling studies can rationalize the observed SARs and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Fangrui Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Lianghao Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Liping Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Eric Pai
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Yongcheng Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, United States of America
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42
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Jambhekar A, Anastas JN, Shi Y. Histone Lysine Demethylase Inhibitors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a026484. [PMID: 28049654 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic regulation of covalent modifications to histones is essential for maintaining genomic integrity and cell identity and is often compromised in cancer. Aberrant expression of histone lysine demethylases has been documented in many types of blood and solid tumors, and thus demethylases represent promising therapeutic targets. Recent advances in high-throughput chemical screening, structure-based drug design, and structure-activity relationship studies have improved both the specificity and the in vivo efficacy of demethylase inhibitors. This review will briefly outline the connection between demethylases and cancer and will provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, specificity, and utility of currently available demethylase inhibitors. To date, a select group of demethylase inhibitors is being evaluated in clinical trials, and additional compounds may soon follow from the bench to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Jambhekar
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Epigenetics Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jamie N Anastas
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Epigenetics Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Yang Shi
- Division of Newborn Medicine and Epigenetics Program, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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43
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Marabelli C, Marrocco B, Mattevi A. The growing structural and functional complexity of the LSD1/KDM1A histone demethylase. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 41:135-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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44
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Ricq EL, Hooker JM, Haggarty SJ. Toward development of epigenetic drugs for central nervous system disorders: Modulating neuroplasticity via H3K4 methylation. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 70:536-550. [PMID: 27485392 PMCID: PMC5764164 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian brain dynamically activates or silences gene programs in response to environmental input and developmental cues. This neuroplasticity is controlled by signaling pathways that modify the activity, localization, and/or expression of transcriptional-regulatory enzymes in combination with alterations in chromatin structure in the nucleus. Consistent with this key neurobiological role, disruptions in the fine-tuning of epigenetic and transcriptional regulation have emerged as a recurrent theme in studies of the genetics of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Furthermore, environmental factors have been implicated in the increased risk of heterogeneous, multifactorial, neuropsychiatric disorders via epigenetic mechanisms. Aberrant epigenetic regulation of gene expression thus provides an attractive unifying model for understanding the complex risk architecture of mental illness. Here, we review emerging genetic evidence implicating dysregulation of histone lysine methylation in neuropsychiatric disease and outline advancements in small-molecule probes targeting this chromatin modification. The emerging field of neuroepigenetic research is poised to provide insight into the biochemical basis of genetic risk for diverse neuropsychiatric disorders and to develop the highly selective chemical tools and imaging agents necessary to dissect dynamic transcriptional-regulatory mechanisms in the nervous system. On the basis of these findings, continued advances may lead to the validation of novel, disease-modifying therapeutic targets for a range of disorders with aberrant chromatin-mediated neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Ricq
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Human Genetic Research, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Human Genetic Research, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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45
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Abstract
The last decade has been marked by an increased interest in relating epigenetic mechanisms to complex human behaviors, although this interest has not been balanced, accentuating various types of affective and primarily ignoring cognitive functioning. Recent animal model data support the view that epigenetic processes play a role in learning and memory consolidation and help transmit acquired memories even across generations. In this review, we provide an overview of various types of epigenetic mechanisms in the brain (DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA action) and discuss their impact proximally on gene transcription, protein synthesis, and synaptic plasticity and distally on learning, memory, and other cognitive functions. Of particular importance are observations that neuronal activation regulates the dynamics of the epigenome's functioning under precise timing, with subsequent alterations in the gene expression profile. In turn, epigenetic regulation impacts neuronal action, closing the circle and substantiating the signaling pathways that underlie, at least partially, learning, memory, and other cognitive processes.
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46
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Ricq EL, Hooker JM, Haggarty SJ. Activity-dependent Regulation of Histone Lysine Demethylase KDM1A by a Putative Thiol/Disulfide Switch. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24756-24767. [PMID: 27634040 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.734426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine demethylation of proteins such as histones is catalyzed by several classes of enzymes, including the FAD-dependent amine oxidases KDM1A/B. The KDM1 family is homologous to the mitochondrial monoamine oxidases MAO-A/B and produces hydrogen peroxide in the nucleus as a byproduct of demethylation. Here, we show KDM1A is highly thiol-reactive in vitro and in cellular models. Enzyme activity is potently and reversibly inhibited by the drug disulfiram and by hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide produced by KDM1A catalysis reduces thiol labeling and inactivates demethylase activity over time. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry indicates that hydrogen peroxide blocks labeling of cysteine 600, which we propose forms an intramolecular disulfide with cysteine 618 to negatively regulate the catalytic activity of KDM1A. This activity-dependent regulation is unique among histone-modifying enzymes but consistent with redox sensitivity of epigenetic regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Ricq
- From the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138,; the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, and; the Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Human Genetic Research, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Jacob M Hooker
- the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, and
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- the Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Human Genetic Research, Departments of Neurology & Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.
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47
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Hino S, Kohrogi K, Nakao M. Histone demethylase LSD1 controls the phenotypic plasticity of cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:1187-92. [PMID: 27375009 PMCID: PMC5021031 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms underlie the phenotypic plasticity of cells, while aberrant epigenetic regulation through genetic mutations and/or misregulated expression of epigenetic factors leads to aberrant cell fate determination, which provides a foundation for oncogenic transformation. Lysine‐specific demethylase‐1 (LSD1, KDM1A) removes methyl groups from methylated proteins, including histone H3, and is frequently overexpressed in various types of solid tumors and hematopoietic neoplasms. While LSD1 is involved in a wide variety of normal physiological processes, including stem cell maintenance and differentiation, it is also a key player in oncogenic processes, including compromised differentiation, enhanced cell motility and metabolic reprogramming. Here, we present an overview of how LSD1 epigenetically regulates cellular plasticity through distinct molecular mechanisms in different biological contexts. Targeted inhibition of the context‐dependent activities of LSD1 may provide a highly selective means to eliminate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjiro Hino
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Kensaku Kohrogi
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Nakao
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan. .,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
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48
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Song Y, Wu F, Wu J. Targeting histone methylation for cancer therapy: enzymes, inhibitors, biological activity and perspectives. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:49. [PMID: 27316347 PMCID: PMC4912745 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational methylation of histone lysine or arginine residues plays important roles in gene regulation and other physiological processes. Aberrant histone methylation caused by a gene mutation, translocation, or overexpression can often lead to initiation of a disease such as cancer. Small molecule inhibitors of such histone modifying enzymes that correct the abnormal methylation could be used as novel therapeutics for these diseases, or as chemical probes for investigation of epigenetics. Discovery and development of histone methylation modulators are in an early stage and undergo a rapid expansion in the past few years. A number of highly potent and selective compounds have been reported, together with extensive preclinical studies of their biological activity. Several compounds have been in clinical trials for safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy, targeting several types of cancer. This review summarizes the biochemistry, structures, and biology of cancer-relevant histone methylation modifying enzymes, small molecule inhibitors and their preclinical and clinical antitumor activities. Perspectives for targeting histone methylation for cancer therapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongcheng Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Fangrui Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jingyu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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49
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Zhao H, Han Z, Ji X, Luo Y. Epigenetic Regulation of Oxidative Stress in Ischemic Stroke. Aging Dis 2016; 7:295-306. [PMID: 27330844 PMCID: PMC4898926 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and incidence of stroke rises with life expectancy. However, except for the use of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator, the translation of new therapies for acute stroke from animal models into humans has been relatively unsuccessful. Oxidative DNA and protein damage following stroke is typically associated with cell death. Cause-effect relationships between reactive oxygen species and epigenetic modifications have been established in aging, cancer, acute pancreatitis, and fatty liver disease. In addition, epigenetic regulatory mechanisms during stroke recovery have been reviewed, with focuses mainly on neural apoptosis, necrosis, and neuroplasticity. However, oxidative stress-induced epigenetic regulation in vascular neural networks following stroke has not been sufficiently explored. Improved understanding of the epigenetic regulatory network upon oxidative stress may provide effective antioxidant approaches for treating stroke. In this review, we summarize the epigenetic events, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNAs, that result from oxidative stress following experimental stroke in animal and cell models, and the ways in which epigenetic changes and their crosstalk influence the redox state in neurons, glia, and vascular endothelial cells, helping us to understand the foregone and vicious epigenetic regulation of oxidative stress in the vascular neural network following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Zhao
- 1Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Ziping Han
- 1Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- 22Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- 1Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China; 3Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China
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50
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Zheng YC, Yu B, Chen ZS, Liu Y, Liu HM. TCPs: privileged scaffolds for identifying potent LSD1 inhibitors for cancer therapy. Epigenomics 2016; 8:651-66. [DOI: 10.2217/epi-2015-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first lysine-specific demethylase (KDM), lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), was characterized in 2004, several families of KDMs have been identified. LSD1 can specifically demethylate H3K4me1/2, H3K9me1/2 as well as some nonhistone substrates. It has been demonstrated to be an oncogene as well as a drug target. Hence, tens of small-molecule LSD1 inhibitors have been designed, synthesized and applied for cancer treatment. However, the two LSD1 inhibitors that have been advanced into early phase clinical trials are trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (TCP) derivatives, which indicate that TCP is a druggable scaffold for LSD1 inhibitor. Here, we review the design, synthesis and properties of reported TCP-based LSD1 inhibitors as well as their biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China; Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New drug R&D & Preclinical Safety; Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China; Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New drug R&D & Preclinical Safety; Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, New York, NY 11439, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China; Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New drug R&D & Preclinical Safety; Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China; Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New drug R&D & Preclinical Safety; Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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