1
|
Sharif NA. Electrical, Electromagnetic, Ultrasound Wave Therapies, and Electronic Implants for Neuronal Rejuvenation, Neuroprotection, Axonal Regeneration, and IOP Reduction. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2023; 39:477-498. [PMID: 36126293 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2022.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) of mammals and nervous systems of lower organisms possess significant regenerative potential. In contrast, although neural plasticity can provide some compensation, the central nervous system (CNS) neurons and nerves of adult mammals generally fail to regenerate after an injury or damage. However, use of diverse electrical, electromagnetic and sonographic energy waves are illuminating novel ways to stimulate neuronal differentiation, proliferation, neurite growth, and axonal elongation/regeneration leading to various levels of functional recovery in animals and humans afflicted with disorders of the CNS, PNS, retina, and optic nerve. Tools such as acupuncture, electroacupuncture, electroshock therapy, electrical stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, red light therapy, and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy are demonstrating efficacy in treating many different maladies. These include wound healing, partial recovery from motor dysfunctions, recovery from ischemic/reperfusion insults and CNS and ocular remyelination, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) rejuvenation, and RGC axonal regeneration. Neural rejuvenation and axonal growth/regeneration processes involve activation or intensifying of the intrinsic bioelectric waves (action potentials) that exist in every neuronal circuit of the body. In addition, reparative factors released at the nerve terminals and via neuronal dendrites (transmitter substances), extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs and neurotrophins, and intercellular communication occurring via nanotubes aid in reestablishing lost or damaged connections between the traumatized tissues and the PNS and CNS. Many other beneficial effects of the aforementioned treatment paradigms are mediated via gene expression alterations such as downregulation of inflammatory and death-signal genes and upregulation of neuroprotective and cytoprotective genes. These varied techniques and technologies will be described and discussed covering cell-based and animal model-based studies. Data from clinical applications and linkage to human ocular diseases will also be discussed where relevant translational research has been reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- Global Alliances and External Research, Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Inc., Emeryville, California, USA
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Insitute of Ophthalmology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wood EH, Kreymerman A, Kowal T, Buickians D, Sun Y, Muscat S, Mercola M, Moshfeghi DM, Goldberg JL. Cellular and subcellular optogenetic approaches towards neuroprotection and vision restoration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 96:101153. [PMID: 36503723 PMCID: PMC10247900 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics is defined as the combination of genetic and optical methods to induce or inhibit well-defined events in isolated cells, tissues, or animals. While optogenetics within ophthalmology has been primarily applied towards treating inherited retinal disease, there are a myriad of other applications that hold great promise for a variety of eye diseases including cellular regeneration, modulation of mitochondria and metabolism, regulation of intraocular pressure, and pain control. Supported by primary data from the authors' work with in vitro and in vivo applications, we introduce a novel approach to metabolic regulation, Opsins to Restore Cellular ATP (ORCA). We review the fundamental constructs for ophthalmic optogenetics, present current therapeutic approaches and clinical trials, and discuss the future of subcellular and signaling pathway applications for neuroprotection and vision restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Wood
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Kreymerman
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Tia Kowal
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - David Buickians
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Muscat
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mark Mercola
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Darius M Moshfeghi
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pfeiffer RL, Jones BW. Current perspective on retinal remodeling: Implications for therapeutics. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:1099348. [PMID: 36620193 PMCID: PMC9813390 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.1099348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal degenerative diseases retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration are a leading cause of irreversible vision loss. Both present with progressive photoreceptor degeneration that is further complicated by processes of retinal remodeling. In this perspective, we discuss the current state of the field of retinal remodeling and its implications for vision-restoring therapeutics currently in development. Here, we discuss the challenges and pitfalls retinal remodeling poses for each therapeutic strategy under the premise that understanding the features of retinal remodeling in totality will provide a basic framework with which therapeutics can interface. Additionally, we discuss the potential for approaching therapeutics using a combined strategy of using diffusible molecules in tandem with other vision-restoring therapeutics. We end by discussing the potential of the retina and retinal remodeling as a model system for more broadly understanding the progression of neurodegeneration across the central nervous system.
Collapse
|
4
|
Sharif NA. Degeneration of retina-brain components and connections in glaucoma: Disease causation and treatment options for eyesight preservation. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 3:100037. [PMID: 36685768 PMCID: PMC9846481 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Eyesight is the most important of our sensory systems for optimal daily activities and overall survival. Patients who experience visual impairment due to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) are often those afflicted with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) which slowly robs them of their vision unless treatment is administered soon after diagnosis. The hallmark features of POAG and other forms of glaucoma are damaged optic nerve, retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss and atrophied RGC axons connecting to various brain regions associated with receipt of visual input from the eyes and eventual decoding and perception of images in the visual cortex. Even though increased IOP is the major risk factor for POAG, the disease is caused by many injurious chemicals and events that progress slowly within all components of the eye-brain visual axis. Lowering of IOP mitigates the damage to some extent with existing drugs, surgical and device implantation therapeutic interventions. However, since multifactorial degenerative processes occur during aging and with glaucomatous optic neuropathy, different forms of neuroprotective, nutraceutical and electroceutical regenerative and revitalizing agents and processes are being considered to combat these eye-brain disorders. These aspects form the basis of this short review article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najam A. Sharif
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore,Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Sciences Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College of Science and Technology, St. Mary's Campus, London, UK,Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA,Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Incorporated, 6401 Hollis Street (Suite #125), Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA,Ophthalmology Innovation Center, Santen Incorporated, 6401 Hollis Street (Suite #125), Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Garrido-Charles A, Huet A, Matera C, Thirumalai A, Hernando J, Llebaria A, Moser T, Gorostiza P. Fast Photoswitchable Molecular Prosthetics Control Neuronal Activity in the Cochlea. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9229-9239. [PMID: 35584208 PMCID: PMC9164239 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Artificial control of neuronal activity enables the study of neural circuits and restoration of neural functions. Direct, rapid, and sustained photocontrol of intact neurons could overcome the limitations of established electrical stimulation such as poor selectivity. We have developed fast photoswitchable ligands of glutamate receptors (GluRs) to enable neuronal control in the auditory system. The new photoswitchable ligands induced photocurrents in untransfected neurons upon covalently tethering to endogenous GluRs and activating them reversibly with visible light pulses of a few milliseconds. As a proof of concept of these molecular prostheses, we applied them to the ultrafast synapses of auditory neurons of the cochlea that encode sound and provide auditory input to the brain. This drug-based method afforded the optical stimulation of auditory neurons of adult gerbils at hundreds of hertz without genetic manipulation that would be required for their optogenetic control. This indicates that the new photoswitchable ligands are also applicable to the spatiotemporal control of fast spiking interneurons in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Garrido-Charles
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science
and Technology, Carrer
de Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Network
Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine
(CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Auditory
Neuroscience and Optogenetics Group, German
Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster
of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines
to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antoine Huet
- Institute
for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Auditory
Neuroscience and Optogenetics Group, German
Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster
of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines
to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Auditory
Circuit Lab, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carlo Matera
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science
and Technology, Carrer
de Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Network
Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine
(CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Milan, Via Luigi Mangiagalli
25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Anupriya Thirumalai
- Institute
for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Auditory
Neuroscience and Optogenetics Group, German
Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Auditory
Circuit Lab, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jordi Hernando
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola
del Vallès 08193, Spain
| | - Amadeu Llebaria
- Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tobias Moser
- Institute
for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Auditory
Neuroscience and Optogenetics Group, German
Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster
of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines
to Networks of Excitable Cells” (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science
and Technology, Carrer
de Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Network
Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine
(CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced
Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bansal A, Shikha S, Zhang Y. Towards translational optogenetics. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 7:349-369. [PMID: 35027688 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics is widely used to interrogate the neural circuits underlying disease and has most recently been harnessed for therapeutic applications. The optogenetic toolkit consists of light-responsive proteins that modulate specific cellular functions, vectors for the delivery of the transgenes that encode the light-responsive proteins to targeted cellular populations, and devices for the delivery of light of suitable wavelengths at effective fluence rates. A refined toolkit with a focus towards translational uses would include efficient and safer viral and non-viral gene-delivery vectors, increasingly red-shifted photoresponsive proteins, nanomaterials that efficiently transduce near-infrared light deep into tissue, and wireless implantable light-delivery devices that allow for spatiotemporally precise interventions at clinically relevant tissue depths. In this Review, we examine the current optogenetics toolkit and the most notable preclinical and translational uses of optogenetics, and discuss future methodological and translational developments and bottlenecks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Bansal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Swati Shikha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,NUS Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bansal H, Gupta N, Roy S. Theoretical analysis of optogenetic spiking with ChRmine, bReaChES and CsChrimson-expressing neurons for retinal prostheses. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34229315 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Optogenetics has emerged as a promising technique for neural prosthetics, especially retinal prostheses, with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. Newly discovered opsins with high light sensitivity and fast temporal kinetics can provide sufficient temporal resolution at safe light powers and overcome the limitations of presently used opsins. It is also important to formulate accurate mathematical models for optogenetic retinal prostheses, which can facilitate optimization of photostimulation factors to improve the performance.Approach.A detailed theoretical analysis of optogenetic excitation of model retinal ganglion neurons (RGNs) and hippocampal neurons expressed with already tested opsins for retinal prostheses, namely, ChR2, ReaChR and ChrimsonR, and also with recently discovered potent opsins CsChrimson, bReaChES and ChRmine, was carried out.Main results.Under continuous illumination, ChRmine-expressing RGNs begin to respond at very low irradiances ∼10-4mW mm-2, and evoke firing upto ∼280 Hz, highest among other opsin-expressing RGNs, at 10-2mW mm-2. Under pulsed illumination at randomized photon fluxes, ChRmine-expressing RGNs respond to changes in pulse to pulse irradiances upto four logs, although very bright pulses >1014photons mm-2s-1block firing in these neurons. The minimum irradiance threshold for ChRmine-expressing RGNs is lower by two orders of magnitude, whereas, the first spike latency in ChRmine-expressing RGNs is shorter by an order of magnitude, alongwith stable latency of subsequest spikes compared to others. Further, a good set of photostimulation parameters were determined to achieve high-frequency control with single spike resolution at minimal power. Although ChrimsonR enables spiking upto 100 Hz in RGNs, it requires very high irradiances. ChRmine provides control at light powers that are two orders of magnitude smaller than that required with experimentally studied opsins, while maintaining single spike temporal resolution upto 40 Hz.Significance.The present study highlights the importance of ChRmine as a potential opsin for optogenetic retinal prostheses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Bansal
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra 282005, India
| | - Neha Gupta
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra 282005, India
| | - Sukhdev Roy
- Department of Physics and Computer Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra 282005, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Al Mouiee D, Meijering E, Kalloniatis M, Nivison-Smith L, Williams RA, Nayagam DAX, Spencer TC, Luu CD, McGowan C, Epp SB, Shivdasani MN. Classifying Retinal Degeneration in Histological Sections Using Deep Learning. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:9. [PMID: 34110385 PMCID: PMC8196406 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.7.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques are increasingly being used to classify retinal diseases. In this study we investigated the ability of a convolutional neural network (CNN) in categorizing histological images into different classes of retinal degeneration. Methods Images were obtained from a chemically induced feline model of monocular retinal dystrophy and split into training and testing sets. The training set was graded for the level of retinal degeneration and used to train various CNN architectures. The testing set was evaluated through the best architecture and graded by six observers. Comparisons between model and observer classifications, and interobserver variability were measured. Finally, the effects of using less training images or images containing half the presentable context were investigated. Results The best model gave weighted-F1 scores in the range 85% to 90%. Cohen kappa scores reached up to 0.86, indicating high agreement between the model and observers. Interobserver variability was consistent with the model-observer variability in the model's ability to match predictions with the observers. Image context restriction resulted in model performance reduction by up to 6% and at least one training set size resulted in a model performance reduction of 10% compared to the original size. Conclusions Detecting the presence and severity of up to three classes of retinal degeneration in histological data can be reliably achieved with a deep learning classifier. Translational Relevance This work lays the foundations for future AI models which could aid in the evaluation of more intricate changes occurring in retinal degeneration, particularly in other types of clinically derived image data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Al Mouiee
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Erik Meijering
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Kalloniatis
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa Nivison-Smith
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard A Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David A X Nayagam
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,The Bionics Institute of Australia, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas C Spencer
- The Bionics Institute of Australia, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Chi D Luu
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ceara McGowan
- The Bionics Institute of Australia, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephanie B Epp
- The Bionics Institute of Australia, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohit N Shivdasani
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,The Bionics Institute of Australia, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Batabyal S, Gajjeraman S, Pradhan S, Bhattacharya S, Wright W, Mohanty S. Sensitization of ON-bipolar cells with ambient light activatable multi-characteristic opsin rescues vision in mice. Gene Ther 2020; 28:162-176. [PMID: 33087861 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-00200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy-based treatment such as optogenetics offers a potentially powerful way to bypass damaged photoreceptors in retinal degenerative diseases and use the remaining retinal cells for functionalization to achieve photosensitivity. However, current approaches of optogenetic treatment rely on opsins that require high intensity light for activation thus adding to the challenge for use as part of a wearable device. Here, we report AAV2 assisted delivery of highly photosensitive multi-characteristic opsin (MCO1) into ON-bipolar cells of mice with retinal degeneration to allow activation by ambient light. Rigorous characterization of delivery efficacy by different doses of AAV2 carrying MCO1 (vMCO1) into targeted cells showed durable expression over 6 months after delivery as measured by reporter expression. The enduring MCO1 expression was correlated with the significantly improved behavioral outcome, that was longitudinally measured by visual water-maze and optomotor assays. The pro/anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in plasma and vitreous humor of the vMCO1-injected group did not change significantly from baseline or control group. Furthermore, biodistribution studies at various time points after injection in animal groups injected with different doses of vMCO1 showed non-detectable vector copies in non-targeted tissues. Immunohistochemistry of vMCO1 transfected retinal tissues showed bipolar specific expression of MCO1 and the absence of immune/inflammatory response. Furthermore, ocular imaging using SD-OCT showed no change in the structural architecture of vMCO1-injected eyes. Induction of ambient light responsiveness to remaining healthy bipolar cells in subjects with retinal degeneration will allow the retinal circuitry to gain visual acuity without requiring an active stimulation device.
Collapse
|
10
|
Comparison of AAV-Mediated Optogenetic Vision Restoration between Retinal Ganglion Cell Expression and ON Bipolar Cell Targeting. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 18:15-23. [PMID: 32548211 PMCID: PMC7287188 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The loss of photoreceptors in individuals with retinal degenerative diseases leads to partial or complete blindness. Optogenetic therapy is a promising approach for restoring vision to the blind. Multiple strategies have been employed by targeting genetically encoded light sensors, particularly channelrhodopsins, to surviving retinal neurons in animal models. In particular, the strategy of targeting retinal bipolar cells has commonly been expected to result in better vision than ubiquitous expression in retinal ganglion cells. However, a direct comparison of the channelrhodopsin-restored vision between these two strategies has not been performed. Here, we compared the restored visual functions achieved by adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of a channelrhodopsin in ON-type bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells driven by an improved mGluR6 promoter and a CAG promoter, respectively, in a blind mouse model by performing electrophysiological recordings and behavioral assessments. Unexpectedly, the efficacy of the restored vision based on light sensitivity and visual acuity was much higher following ubiquitous retinal ganglion cell expression than that of the strategy targeting ON-type bipolar cells. Our study suggests that, at least based on currently available gene delivery techniques, the expression of genetically encoded light sensors in retinal ganglion cells is likely a practical and advantageous strategy for optogenetic vision restoration.
Collapse
|
11
|
Yamakawa M, Santosa SM, Chawla N, Ivakhnitskaia E, Del Pino M, Giakas S, Nadel A, Bontu S, Tambe A, Guo K, Han KY, Cortina MS, Yu C, Rosenblatt MI, Chang JH, Azar DT. Transgenic models for investigating the nervous system: Currently available neurofluorescent reporters and potential neuronal markers. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129595. [PMID: 32173376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant DNA technologies have enabled the development of transgenic animal models for use in studying a myriad of diseases and biological states. By placing fluorescent reporters under the direct regulation of the promoter region of specific marker proteins, these models can localize and characterize very specific cell types. One important application of transgenic species is the study of the cytoarchitecture of the nervous system. Neurofluorescent reporters can be used to study the structural patterns of nerves in the central or peripheral nervous system in vivo, as well as phenomena involving embryologic or adult neurogenesis, injury, degeneration, and recovery. Furthermore, crucial molecular factors can also be screened via the transgenic approach, which may eventually play a major role in the development of therapeutic strategies against diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. This review describes currently available reporters and their uses in the literature as well as potential neural markers that can be leveraged to create additional, robust transgenic models for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yamakawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Samuel M Santosa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Neeraj Chawla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Evguenia Ivakhnitskaia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Matthew Del Pino
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Giakas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Arnold Nadel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Sneha Bontu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Arjun Tambe
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Kyu-Yeon Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Maria Soledad Cortina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Charles Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Mark I Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Jin-Hong Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
| | - Dimitri T Azar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Pfeiffer RL, Marc RE, Jones BW. Persistent remodeling and neurodegeneration in late-stage retinal degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 74:100771. [PMID: 31356876 PMCID: PMC6982593 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinal remodeling is a progressive series of negative plasticity revisions that arise from retinal degeneration, and are seen in retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration and other forms of retinal disease. These processes occur regardless of the precipitating event leading to degeneration. Retinal remodeling then culminates in a late-stage neurodegeneration that is indistinguishable from progressive central nervous system (CNS) proteinopathies. Following long-term deafferentation from photoreceptor cell death in humans, and long-lived animal models of retinal degeneration, most retinal neurons reprogram, then die. Glial cells reprogram into multiple anomalous metabolic phenotypes. At the same time, survivor neurons display degenerative inclusions that appear identical to progressive CNS neurodegenerative disease, and contain aberrant α-synuclein (α-syn) and phosphorylated α-syn. In addition, ultrastructural analysis indicates a novel potential mechanism for misfolded protein transfer that may explain how proteinopathies spread. While neurodegeneration poses a barrier to prospective retinal interventions that target primary photoreceptor loss, understanding the progression and time-course of retinal remodeling will be essential for the establishment of windows of therapeutic intervention and appropriate tuning and design of interventions. Finally, the development of protein aggregates and widespread neurodegeneration in numerous retinal degenerative diseases positions the retina as a ideal platform for the study of proteinopathies, and mechanisms of neurodegeneration that drive devastating CNS diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Pfeiffer
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Robert E Marc
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bryan William Jones
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Montazeri L, El Zarif N, Trenholm S, Sawan M. Optogenetic Stimulation for Restoring Vision to Patients Suffering From Retinal Degenerative Diseases: Current Strategies and Future Directions. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2019; 13:1792-1807. [PMID: 31689206 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2951298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetic strategies for vision restoration involve photosensitizing surviving retinal neurons following retinal degeneration, using emerging optogenetic techniques. This approach opens the door to a minimally-invasive retinal vision restoration approach. Moreover, light stimulation has the potential to offer better spatial and temporal resolution than conventional retinal electrical prosthetics. Although proof-of-concept studies in animal models have demonstrated the possibility of restoring vision using optogenetic techniques, and initial clinical trials are underway, there are still hurdles to pass before such an approach restores naturalistic vision in humans. One limitation is the development of light stimulation devices to activate optogenetic channels in the retina. Here we review recent progress in the design and implementation of optogenetic stimulation devices and outline the corresponding technological challenges. Finally, while most work to date has focused on providing therapy to patients suffering from retinitis pigmentosa, we provide additional insights into strategies for applying optogenetic vision restoration to patients suffering from age-related macular degeneration.
Collapse
|
15
|
Bloch E, Luo Y, da Cruz L. Advances in retinal prosthesis systems. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2019; 11:2515841418817501. [PMID: 30729233 PMCID: PMC6350159 DOI: 10.1177/2515841418817501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal prosthesis systems have undergone significant advances in the past quarter century, resulting in the development of several different novel surgical and engineering approaches. Encouraging results have demonstrated partial visual restoration, with improvement in both coarse objective function and performance of everyday tasks. To date, four systems have received marketing approval for use in Europe or the United States, with numerous others undergoing preclinical and clinical evaluation, reflecting the established safety profile of these devices for chronic implantation. This progress represents the first notion that the field of visual restorative medicine could offer blind patients a hope of real and measurable benefit. However, there are numerous complex engineering and biophysical obstacles still to be overcome, to reconcile the gap that remains between artificial and natural vision. Current developments in the form of enhanced image processing algorithms and data transfer approaches, combined with emerging nanofabrication and conductive polymerization techniques, herald an exciting and innovative future for retinal prosthetics. This review provides an update of retinal prosthetic systems currently undergoing development and clinical trials while also addressing future challenges in the field, such as the assessment of functional outcomes in ultra-low vision and strategies for tackling existing hardware and software constraints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Bloch
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yvonne Luo
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lyndon da Cruz
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vision Restoration in Outer Retinal Degenerations: Current Approaches and Future Directions. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2018; 59:59-69. [PMID: 30585918 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
17
|
Tochitsky I, Kienzler MA, Isacoff E, Kramer RH. Restoring Vision to the Blind with Chemical Photoswitches. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10748-10773. [PMID: 29874052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Degenerative retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affect millions of people around the world and lead to irreversible vision loss if left untreated. A number of therapeutic strategies have been developed over the years to treat these diseases or restore vision to already blind patients. In this Review, we describe the development and translational application of light-sensitive chemical photoswitches to restore visual function to the blind retina and compare the translational potential of photoswitches with other vision-restoring therapies. This therapeutic strategy is enabled by an efficient fusion of chemical synthesis, chemical biology, and molecular biology and is broadly applicable to other biological systems. We hope this Review will be of interest to chemists as well as neuroscientists and clinicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Tochitsky
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center , Boston Children's Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.,Department of Neurobiology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Michael A Kienzler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Maine , Orono , Maine 04469 , United States
| | - Ehud Isacoff
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Bioscience Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Richard H Kramer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
LaVail MM, Nishikawa S, Steinberg RH, Naash MI, Duncan JL, Trautmann N, Matthes MT, Yasumura D, Lau-Villacorta C, Chen J, Peterson WM, Yang H, Flannery JG. Phenotypic characterization of P23H and S334ter rhodopsin transgenic rat models of inherited retinal degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2018; 167:56-90. [PMID: 29122605 PMCID: PMC5811379 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We produced 8 lines of transgenic (Tg) rats expressing one of two different rhodopsin mutations in albino Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Three lines were generated with a proline to histidine substitution at codon 23 (P23H), the most common autosomal dominant form of retinitis pigmentosa in the United States. Five lines were generated with a termination codon at position 334 (S334ter), resulting in a C-terminal truncated opsin protein lacking the last 15 amino acid residues and containing all of the phosphorylation sites involved in rhodopsin deactivation, as well as the terminal QVAPA residues important for rhodopsin deactivation and trafficking. The rates of photoreceptor (PR) degeneration in these models vary in proportion to the ratio of mutant to wild-type rhodopsin. The models have been widely studied, but many aspects of their phenotypes have not been described. Here we present a comprehensive study of the 8 Tg lines, including the time course of PR degeneration from the onset to one year of age, retinal structure by light and electron microscopy (EM), hemispheric asymmetry and gradients of rod and cone degeneration, rhodopsin content, gene dosage effect, rapid activation and invasion of the outer retina by presumptive microglia, rod outer segment disc shedding and phagocytosis by the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), and retinal function by the electroretinogram (ERG). The biphasic nature of PR cell death was noted, as was the lack of an injury-induced protective response in the rat models. EM analysis revealed the accumulation of submicron vesicular structures in the interphotoreceptor space during the peak period of PR outer segment degeneration in the S334ter lines. This is likely due to the elimination of the trafficking consensus domain as seen before as with other rhodopsin mutants lacking the C-terminal QVAPA. The 8 rhodopsin Tg lines have been, and will continue to be, extremely useful models for the experimental study of inherited retinal degenerations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M LaVail
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA.
| | - Shimpei Nishikawa
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA.
| | - Roy H Steinberg
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA
| | - Muna I Naash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3517 Cullen Blvd., Room 2011, Houston, TX 77204-5060, USA.
| | - Jacque L Duncan
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA.
| | - Nikolaus Trautmann
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA.
| | - Michael T Matthes
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA.
| | - Douglas Yasumura
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA
| | - Cathy Lau-Villacorta
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA.
| | - Jeannie Chen
- Zilka Neurogenetic Institute, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2821, USA.
| | - Ward M Peterson
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA.
| | - Haidong Yang
- Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA.
| | - John G Flannery
- School of Optometry, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-2020, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gaub BM, Berry MH, Visel M, Holt A, Isacoff EY, Flannery JG. Optogenetic Retinal Gene Therapy with the Light Gated GPCR Vertebrate Rhodopsin. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1715:177-189. [PMID: 29188513 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7522-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In retinal disease, despite the loss of light sensitivity as photoreceptors die, many retinal interneurons survive in a physiologically and metabolically functional state for long periods. This provides an opportunity for treatment by genetically adding a light sensitive function to these cells. Optogenetic therapies are in development, but, to date, they have suffered from low light sensitivity and narrow dynamic response range of microbial opsins. Expression of light-sensitive G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as vertebrate rhodopsin , can increase sensitivity by signal amplification , as shown by several groups. Here, we describe the methods to (1) express light gated GPCRs in retinal neurons, (2) record light responses in retinal explants in vitro, (3) record cortical light responses in vivo, and (4) test visually guided behavior in treated mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Gaub
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael H Berry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Meike Visel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amy Holt
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ehud Y Isacoff
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Physical Bioscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John G Flannery
- Vision Science Graduate Group, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rotov AY, Astakhova LA, Sitnikova VS, Evdokimov AA, Boitsov VM, Dubina MV, Ryazantsev MN, Firsov ML. New Experimental Models of Retinal Degeneration for Screening Molecular Photochromic Ion Channel Blockers. Acta Naturae 2018; 10:75-84. [PMID: 29713521 PMCID: PMC5916736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of molecular photochromic ion channel blockers to recover the visual function of a degenerated retina is one of the promising trends in photopharmacology. To this day, several photochromic azobenzene-based compounds have been proposed and their functionality has been demonstrated on cell lines and knockout mouse models. Further advance necessitates testing of the physiological activity of a great number of new compounds. The goal of this study is to propose animal models of photoreceptor degeneration that are easier to obtain than knockout mouse models but include the main features required for testing the physiological activity of molecular photoswitches. Two amphibian-based models were proposed. The first model was obtained by mechanical deletion of the photoreceptor outer segments. The second model was obtained by intraocular injection of tunicamycin to induce the degeneration of rods and cones. To test our models, we used 2-[(4-{(E)-[4-(acryloylaminophenyl]diazenyl}phenyl)amino]-N,N,N-triethyl-2-oxoethanammonium chloride (AAQ), one of the compounds that have been studied in other physiological models. The electroretinograms recorded from our models before and after AAQ treatment are in agreement with the results obtained on knockout mouse models and reported in other studies. Hence, the proposed models can be used for primary screening of molecular photochromic ion channel blockers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Yu. Rotov
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytekhnicheskaya Str. 29, St. Petersburg, 195251 , Russia ,Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Toreza Ave. 44, St. Petersburg, 194223, Russia
| | - L. A. Astakhova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Toreza Ave. 44, St. Petersburg, 194223, Russia
| | - V. S. Sitnikova
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytekhnicheskaya Str. 29, St. Petersburg, 195251 , Russia ,Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Toreza Ave. 44, St. Petersburg, 194223, Russia
| | - A. A. Evdokimov
- St. Petersburg State Chemical–Pharmaceutical Academy, Professor Popov Str. 14, St. Petersburg, 197376 , Russia
| | - V. M. Boitsov
- St. Petersburg National Research Academic University, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khlopina Str. 8/3A, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia
| | - M. V. Dubina
- St. Petersburg National Research Academic University, Russian Academy of Sciences, Khlopina Str. 8/3A, St. Petersburg, 194021, Russia
| | - M. N. Ryazantsev
- St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Chemistry, Universitetskiy Ave. 26, St. Petersburg, Petergof, 198504, Russia ,St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, Kronverkskiy Ave. 49, St. Petersburg, 197101, Russia
| | - M. L. Firsov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Toreza Ave. 44, St. Petersburg, 194223, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Optogenetik als mögliche Therapie bei degenerativen Netzhauterkrankungen. MED GENET-BERLIN 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11825-017-0135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Bei neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen der Netzhaut sind die lichtempfindlichen Zellen, die Photorezeptoren, oft als Erstes betroffen. Die Optogenetik ist ein vielversprechender Ansatz, die Netzhaut wieder lichtempfindlich zu machen und dadurch das Sehvermögen wiederherzustellen. Bei der Optogenetik werden lichtempfindliche Proteine über gentechnische Methoden in die Netzhaut eingebracht; die Aktivität der Zielzellen wird durch diese Behandlung durch Licht beeinflussbar. Dieser Einfluss kann die direkte lichtinduzierte Änderung des Membranpotenzials sein (sowohl hemmend als auch erregend) oder die lichtinduzierte Aktivierung intrazellulärer Signalkaskaden. Dies hat zur Folge, dass das Zielgewebe, die Netzhaut, wieder auf Licht reagiert. Diese Übersicht beschreibt die Prinzipien der Optogenetik und den gegenwärtigen Stand im Hinblick auf ihre Anwendung zur Behandlung von Blindheit.
Collapse
|
22
|
Strakosas X, Selberg J, Hemmatian Z, Rolandi M. Taking Electrons out of Bioelectronics: From Bioprotonic Transistors to Ion Channels. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600527. [PMID: 28725527 PMCID: PMC5515233 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
From cell-to-cell communication to metabolic reactions, ions and protons (H+) play a central role in many biological processes. Examples of H+ in action include oxidative phosphorylation, acid sensitive ion channels, and pH dependent enzymatic reactions. To monitor and control biological reactions in biology and medicine, it is desirable to have electronic devices with ionic and protonic currents. Here, we summarize our latest efforts on bioprotonic devices that monitor and control a current of H+ in physiological conditions, and discuss future potential applications. Specifically, we describe the integration of these devices with enzymatic logic gates, bioluminescent reactions, and ion channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xenofon Strakosas
- Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCalifornia95064USA
| | - John Selberg
- Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCalifornia95064USA
| | - Zahra Hemmatian
- Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCalifornia95064USA
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCalifornia95064USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Laprell L, Tochitsky I, Kaur K, Manookin MB, Stein M, Barber DM, Schön C, Michalakis S, Biel M, Kramer RH, Sumser MP, Trauner D, Van Gelder RN. Photopharmacological control of bipolar cells restores visual function in blind mice. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2598-2611. [PMID: 28581442 DOI: 10.1172/jci92156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photopharmacological control of neuronal activity using synthetic photochromic ligands, or photoswitches, is a promising approach for restoring visual function in patients suffering from degenerative retinal diseases. Azobenzene photoswitches, such as AAQ and DENAQ, have been shown to restore the responses of retinal ganglion cells to light in mouse models of retinal degeneration but do not recapitulate native retinal signal processing. Here, we describe diethylamino-azo-diethylamino (DAD), a third-generation photoswitch that is capable of restoring retinal ganglion cell light responses to blue or white light. In acute brain slices of murine layer 2/3 cortical neurons, we determined that the photoswitch quickly relaxes to its inactive form in the dark. DAD is not permanently charged, and the uncharged form enables the photoswitch to rapidly and effectively cross biological barriers and thereby access and photosensitize retinal neurons. Intravitreal injection of DAD restored retinal light responses and light-driven behavior to blind mice. Unlike DENAQ, DAD acts upstream of retinal ganglion cells, primarily conferring light sensitivity to bipolar cells. Moreover, DAD was capable of generating ON and OFF visual responses in the blind retina by utilizing intrinsic retinal circuitry, which may be advantageous for restoring visual function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Laprell
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich and Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ivan Tochitsky
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kuldeep Kaur
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael B Manookin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marco Stein
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich and Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - David M Barber
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich and Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schön
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich and Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich and Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich and Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard H Kramer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Martin P Sumser
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich and Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich and Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Russell N Van Gelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biological Structure and Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pfeiffer RL, Marc RE, Kondo M, Terasaki H, Jones BW. Müller cell metabolic chaos during retinal degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2016; 150:62-70. [PMID: 27142256 PMCID: PMC5031519 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Müller cells play a critical role in retinal metabolism and are among the first cells to demonstrate metabolic changes in retinal stress or disease. The timing, extent, regulation, and impacts of these changes are not yet known. We evaluated metabolic phenotypes of Müller cells in the degenerating retina. Retinas harvested from wild-type (WT) and rhodopsin Tg P347L rabbits were fixed in mixed aldehydes and resin embedded for computational molecular phenotyping (CMP). CMP facilitates small molecule fingerprinting of every cell in the retina, allowing evaluation of metabolite levels in single cells. CMP revealed signature variations in metabolite levels across Müller cells from TgP347L retina. In brief, neighboring Müller cells demonstrated variability in taurine, glutamate, glutamine, glutathione, glutamine synthetase (GS), and CRALBP. This variability showed no correlation across metabolites, implying the changes are functionally chaotic rather than simply heterogeneous. The inability of any clustering algorithm to classify Müller cell as a single class in the TgP347L retina is a formal proof of metabolic variability in the present in degenerating retina. Although retinal degeneration is certainly the trigger, Müller cell metabolic alterations are not a coherent response to the microenvironment. And while GS is believed to be the primary enzyme responsible for the conversion of glutamate to glutamine in the retina, alternative pathways appear to be unmasked in degenerating retina. Somehow, long term remodeling involves loss of Müller cell coordination and identity, which has negative implications for therapeutic interventions that target neurons alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Pfeiffer
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Robert E Marc
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mineo Kondo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hiroko Terasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Bryan W Jones
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Unraveling the complex network of neural circuits that form the nervous system demands tools that can manipulate specific circuits. The recent evolution of genetic tools to target neural circuits allows an unprecedented precision in elucidating their function. Here we describe two general approaches for achieving circuit specificity. The first uses the genetic identity of a cell, such as a transcription factor unique to a circuit, to drive expression of a molecule that can manipulate cell function. The second uses the spatial connectivity of a circuit to achieve specificity: one genetic element is introduced at the origin of a circuit and the other at its termination. When the two genetic elements combine within a neuron, they can alter its function. These two general approaches can be combined to allow manipulation of neurons with a specific genetic identity by introducing a regulatory gene into the origin or termination of the circuit. We consider the advantages and disadvantages of both these general approaches with regard to specificity and efficacy of the manipulations. We also review the genetic techniques that allow gain- and loss-of-function within specific neural circuits. These approaches introduce light-sensitive channels (optogenetic) or drug sensitive channels (chemogenetic) into neurons that form specific circuits. We compare these tools with others developed for circuit-specific manipulation and describe the advantages of each. Finally, we discuss how these tools might be applied for identification of the neural circuits that mediate behavior and for repair of neural connections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Geun Park
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA.
| | - Jason B Carmel
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY, USA
- Brain and Mind Research Institute and Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Williamson A, Rivnay J, Kergoat L, Jonsson A, Inal S, Uguz I, Ferro M, Ivanov A, Sjöström TA, Simon DT, Berggren M, Malliaras GG, Bernard C. Controlling epileptiform activity with organic electronic ion pumps. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:3138-3144. [PMID: 25866154 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In treating epilepsy, the ideal solution is to act at a seizure's onset, but only in the affected regions of the brain. Here, an organic electronic ion pump is demonstrated, which directly delivers on-demand pure molecules to specific brain regions. State-of-the-art organic devices and classical pharmacology are combined to control pathological activity in vitro, and the results are verified with electrophysiological recordings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Williamson
- Aix Marseille Université, INS, UMR_S 1106, 13005, Marseille, France
- Inserm, UMR_S 1106, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 13541, Gardanne, France
| | - Loïg Kergoat
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Amanda Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Sahika Inal
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 13541, Gardanne, France
| | - Ilke Uguz
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 13541, Gardanne, France
| | - Marc Ferro
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 13541, Gardanne, France
| | - Anton Ivanov
- Aix Marseille Université, INS, UMR_S 1106, 13005, Marseille, France
- Inserm, UMR_S 1106, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Theresia Arbring Sjöström
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel T Simon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology Linköping University, 601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - George G Malliaras
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 13541, Gardanne, France
| | - Christophe Bernard
- Aix Marseille Université, INS, UMR_S 1106, 13005, Marseille, France
- Inserm, UMR_S 1106, 13005, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
iPS Cells for Modelling and Treatment of Retinal Diseases. J Clin Med 2014; 3:1511-41. [PMID: 26237613 PMCID: PMC4470196 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3041511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
For many decades, we have relied on immortalised retinal cell lines, histology of enucleated human eyes, animal models, clinical observation, genetic studies and human clinical trials to learn more about the pathogenesis of retinal diseases and explore treatment options. The recent availability of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) for deriving retinal lineages has added a powerful alternative tool for discovering new disease-causing mutations, studying genotype-phenotype relationships, performing therapeutics-toxicity screening and developing personalised cell therapy. This review article provides a clinical perspective on the current and potential benefits of iPSC for managing the most common blinding diseases of the eye: inherited retinal diseases and age-related macular degeneration.
Collapse
|