1
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Ringham M, Wang ZA, Sonnichsen F, Lerner S, McDonald G, Pfeifer J. Development of the Channelized Optical System II for In Situ, High-Frequency Measurements of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in Seawater. ACS ES&T WATER 2024; 4:1775-1785. [PMID: 38633365 PMCID: PMC11019540 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the development of the CHANnelized Optical System II (CHANOS II), an autonomous, in situ sensor capable of measuring seawater dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) at high frequency (up to ∼1 Hz). In this sensor, CO2 from acidified seawater is dynamically equilibrated with a pH-sensitive indicator dye encapsulated in gas-permeable Teflon AF 2400 tubing. The pH in the CO2 equilibrated indicator is measured spectrophotometrically and can be quantitatively correlated to the sample DIC. Ground-truthed field data demonstrate the sensor's capabilities in both time-series measurements and surface mapping in two coastal sites across tidal cycles. CHANOS II achieved an accuracy and precision of ±5.9 and ±5.5 μmol kg-1. The mean difference between traditional bottle and sensor measurements was -3.7 ± 10.0 (1σ) μmol kg-1. The sensor can perform calibration in situ using Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) to ensure measurement quality. The coastal time-series measurements highlight high-frequency variability and episodic biogeochemical shifts that are difficult to capture by traditional methods. Surface DIC mapping shows multiple endmembers in an estuary and highlights fine-scale spatial variabilities of DIC. The development of CHANOS II demonstrates a significant technological advance in seawater CO2 system sensing, which enables high-resolution, subsurface time-series, and profiling deployments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaohui Aleck Wang
- Department of Marine Chemistry
& Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, McLean 216, MS # 8, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods
Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Frederick Sonnichsen
- Department of Marine Chemistry
& Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, McLean 216, MS # 8, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods
Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Steven Lerner
- Department of Marine Chemistry
& Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, McLean 216, MS # 8, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods
Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Glenn McDonald
- Department of Marine Chemistry
& Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, McLean 216, MS # 8, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods
Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Jonathan Pfeifer
- Department of Marine Chemistry
& Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, McLean 216, MS # 8, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods
Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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2
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Folkerts EJ, Oehlert AM, Heuer RM, Nixon S, Stieglitz JD, Grosell M. The role of marine fish-produced carbonates in the oceanic carbon cycle is determined by size, specific gravity, and dissolution rate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170044. [PMID: 38244625 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Rising CO2 emissions have heightened the necessity for increased understanding of Earth's carbon cycle to predict future climates. The involvement of marine planktonic species in the global carbon cycle has been extensively studied, but contributions by marine fish remain poorly characterized. Marine teleost fishes produce carbonate minerals ('ichthyocarbonates') within the lumen of their intestines which are excreted at significant rates on a global scale. However, we have limited understanding of the fate of excreted ichthyocarbonate. We analyzed ichthyocarbonate produced by three different marine teleosts for mol%MgCO3 content, size, specific gravity, and dissolution rate to gain a better understanding of ichthyocarbonate fate. Based on the species examined here, we report that 75 % of ichthyocarbonates are ≤0.91 mm in diameter. Analyses indicate high Mg2+ content across species (22.3 to 32.3 % mol%MgCO3), consistent with previous findings. Furthermore, ichthyocarbonate specific gravity ranged from 1.23 to 1.33 g/cm3, and ichthyocarbonate dissolution rates varied among species as a function of aragonite saturation state. Ichthyocarbonate sinking rates and dissolution depth were estimated for the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian ocean basins for the three species examined. In the North Atlantic, for example, ~33 % of examined ichthyocarbonates are expected to reach depths exceeding 200 m prior to complete dissolution. The remaining ~66 % of ichthyocarbonate is estimated to dissolve and contribute to shallow water alkalinity budgets. Considering fish biomass and ichthyocarbonate production rates, our results support that marine fishes are critical to the global carbon cycle, contributing to oceanic alkalinity budgets and thereby influencing the ability of the oceans to neutralize atmospheric CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Folkerts
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, United States of America.
| | - Amanda M Oehlert
- Department of Marine Geosciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, United States of America
| | - Rachael M Heuer
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, United States of America
| | - Sandy Nixon
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, United States of America
| | - John D Stieglitz
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, United States of America
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, United States of America
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3
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Yang M, Tan L, Batchelor-McAuley C, Compton RG. The solubility product controls the rate of calcite dissolution in pure water and seawater. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2464-2472. [PMID: 38362434 PMCID: PMC10866361 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04063a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantification of calcite dissolution underpins climate and oceanographic modelling. We report the factors controlling the rate at which individual crystals of calcite dissolved. Clear, generic criteria based on the change of calcite particle dimensions measured microscopically with time are established to indicate if dissolution occurs under kinetic or thermodynamic control. The dissolution of calcite crystals into water is unambiguously revealed to be under thermodynamic control such that the rate at which the crystal dissolved is controlled by the rate of diffusion of ions from a saturated surface layer adjacent to the calcite surface. As such the dissolution rate is controlled by the true stoichiometric solubility product which is inferred from the microscopic measurement as a function of the concentration of NaCl. Comparison with accepted literature values shows that the role of ion pairing at high ionic strengths as in seawater, specifically that of CaCO3 and other ion pairs, exerts a significant influence since these equilibria control the amount of dissolved calcium and carbonate ions in the later of solution immediately adjacent to the solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Yang
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford UK
| | - Ling Tan
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford UK
| | | | - Richard G Compton
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford UK
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4
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Qiu L, Jiang K, Li Q, Yuan D, Chen J, Yang B, Achterberg EP. Variability of total alkalinity in coastal surface waters determined using an in-situ analyzer in conjunction with the application of a neural network-based prediction model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168271. [PMID: 37918720 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Total alkalinity (TA) is an important variable of the ocean carbonate system. In coastal oceans, carbonate system dynamics are controlled by a range of processes including photosynthesis and respiration, calcification, mixing of water masses, continental inputs, temperature changes, and seasonal upwelling. Assessments of diel, seasonal and interannual variations in TA are required to understand the carbon cycle in coastal oceans. However, our understanding of these variations remains underdeveloped due to limitations in observational techniques. Autonomous TA measurements are therefore required. In this study, an in situ TA analyzer (ISA-TA) based on a single-point titration with spectrophotometric pH detection was deployed in Tong'an Bay, Xiamen, China, over a five-month period in 2021 to determine diel and seasonal TA variations. The TA observations were combined with an artificial neural network (ANN) model to construct TA prediction models for this area. This provided a simple method to investigate TA variations in this region and was applied to predict surface water TA between March and April 2021. The in situ TA observations showed that TA values in Tong'an Bay varied within a range from 1931 to 2294 μmol kg-1 over the study period, with low TA in late winter, early summer and late summer, and high TA in early winter. The TA variations in late summer and early winter were mainly controlled by mixing of water bodies. The diel variations of TA were greatly determined by tides, with a diel amplitude of 9 to 247 μmol kg-1. The ANN model used temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, and dissolved oxygen to estimate TA, with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of ∼14 μmol kg-1, with salinity as the input variable with the greatest weight. The approach of combining ISA-TA observations with an ANN model can be extended to study the carbonate system in other coastal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kunshan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Quanlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Dongxing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinshun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Eric P Achterberg
- Marine Biogeochemistry, Chemical Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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5
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Ko YH, Kim MS, Jeong JY, Jeong J, Seok MW, Kim Y, Kim TW. Temporal variations in the surface aragonite saturation state of the Yellow Sea: Observations at the Socheongcho Ocean Research Station during 2017-2022. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 198:115843. [PMID: 38039577 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurately constraining the natural variability of the carbonate system is essential for evaluating long-term changes in coastal areas, which result from the absorption of anthropogenic CO2. This is particularly important given the significant variation in physical and biological processes in these regions. In this regard, the analysis of surface carbonate chemistry in the Yellow Sea was conducted using discrete seawater samples obtained from the Socheongcho Ocean Research Station (37.423°N, 124.738°E) between 2017 and 2022. Our bottle data and sensor pH measurements revealed considerable seasonal variations of aragonite saturation state (ΩAR), typically ranging from 1.6 to 3.9. These variations are particularly pronounced during the summer and early winter. Our dataset serves as a baseline for understanding the long-term changes in ocean acidification in the Yellow Sea, the complex biogeochemical processes in coastal areas, and their impact on ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Ko
- OJEong Resilience Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Yong Jeong
- Marine Disaster Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmin Jeong
- Marine Disaster Research Department, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Woo Seok
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yewon Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Kim
- OJEong Resilience Institute, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Seo H, Nitzsche MP, Hatton TA. Redox-Mediated pH Swing Systems for Electrochemical Carbon Capture. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3153-3164. [PMID: 37949611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusThe rising levels of atmospheric CO2 and their resulting impacts on the climate have necessitated the urgent development of effective carbon capture technologies. Electrochemical carbon capture systems have emerged as a potential alternative to conventional thermal systems based on amine solutions due to their modularity, energy efficiency, and lower environmental impact. Among these, aqueous electrochemical pH swing systems that capitalize on the pH dependence of dissolved inorganic carbon (CO2/HCO3-/CO32-) speciation to capture and release CO2 are of particular interest as they can be flexible in system design and in the range of electrochemical potentials used as well as being environmentally benign. In this Account, we present our recent findings in pH swing-based electrochemical carbon capture using redox-active materials, paving the way toward a sustainable solution for mitigating CO2 emissions.In the first section, we discuss the utilization of molecular redox-active organic materials in electrochemical carbon capture by the pH swing method. This electrochemical system configuration involves homogeneous aqueous electrolytes containing molecular redox-active compounds combined with inert carbon-based electrodes. We first present the development of redox-active amine and oxygen-insensitive neutral red (NR)-based systems. Notably, the discovery of 1-aminopyridinium (1-AP) as an electrochemically reversible compound enables efficient pH swing, leading to an impressive electron utilization of 1.25 mol of CO2 per mole of electrons. Additionally, we explore an oxygen-insensitive neutral red/leuconeutral red (NR/NRH2) redox system, which demonstrates potential applicability to direct air capture (DAC) systems with ambient air as a feed gas.The second section focuses on the utilization of inorganic nanomaterials for redox-active electrodes for pH swing-based electrochemical carbon capture. In this system configuration, we employ redox-active electrodes for inducing reversible pH swings in aqueous electrolytes without interrupting other ionic species, except protons. Specifically, we explore the effectiveness of manganese oxide (MnO2) electrodes for achieving selective CO2 removal from simulated flue gas. We then demonstrate a bismuth/silver (Bi/BiOCl, Ag/AgCl) nanoparticle electrode system as a sodium-insensitive pH swing system for extracting dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from simulated seawater with high electrochemical energy efficiency.Overall, these advances in pH swing-based electrochemical carbon capture offer promising preliminary solutions for combating climate change by capturing CO2 from dilute sources such as flue gas and ambient air as well as enabling direct carbon removal from ocean water. While these systems have demonstrated impressive energy efficiency and environmental benefits using redox-active materials, they represent only the beginning of our research journey. Further development and optimization are currently underway as we strive to unlock their full potential for large-scale implementation, paving the way toward a sustainable and carbon-neutral future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyowon Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael P Nitzsche
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - T Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Wang P, Meng Q, Xue L, Zhao Y, Qiao H, Hu H, Wei Q, Xin M, Ran X, Han C, Zhou F, Liu C. Preliminary assessment of carbonic acid dissociation constants: Insights from observations in China's east coastal oceans. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 192:106219. [PMID: 37848362 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Based on observations in China's east coastal oceans, we conducted a preliminary assessment of 16 sets of carbonic acid dissociation constants (K1* and K2*) by comparing spectrophotometrically measured pH values at 25 °C with those calculated from total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon. We obtained that K1* and K2* often performed differently within different salinity ranges, and that the constants of Millero et al. (2002) (M02) demonstrated the best performance for the salinity range of 24-35. In contrast, the often recommended constants of Mehrbach et al. (1973) refit by Dickson and Millero (1987) (DM87-M) and Lucker et al. (2000) (L00) would underestimate pH at salinities of 24-30. This was mainly associated with the higher product of K1* and K2* by DM87-M and L00 than by M02 at this salinity range. Also, we found almost no differences between pH values calculated with DM87-M and L00.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Engineering Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China; First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Qicheng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China; Observation and Research Station of Yangtze River Delta Marine Ecosystems, Ministry of Natural Resources, Zhoushan, China
| | - Liang Xue
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China.
| | - Yuhang Zhao
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Hao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Engineering Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - He Hu
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Qinsheng Wei
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Ming Xin
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Xiangbin Ran
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Chenhua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China; Observation and Research Station of Yangtze River Delta Marine Ecosystems, Ministry of Natural Resources, Zhoushan, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China; Observation and Research Station of Yangtze River Delta Marine Ecosystems, Ministry of Natural Resources, Zhoushan, China
| | - Chunying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Engineering Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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8
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Ganciarov M, Stoica R, Josceanu AM. Determination of the Ionic Association Constants of Na + with CO 32- and HCO 3- Ions, in NaCl-NaHCO 3-H 2O Ternary Systems, at 25 °C. Molecules 2023; 28:6813. [PMID: 37836656 PMCID: PMC10574043 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ionic association constants of sodium with carbonate ion (K1C') and acidic carbonate ions (K2C') were measured in NaCl-NaHCO3-H2O ternary systems to determine the distribution of sodium among the chemical species present in the growth medium of Chlorella homosphaera 424 algae. The mean activity coefficients of sodium chloride (in pure sodium chloride and in a mixture of electrolytes) were determined experimentally using two electrochemical cells, namely Ag, AgCl| KCl (3 M)|| NH4NO3 (1 M)| NaCl (mNaCl)| Na+-ISE and Ag, AgCl|KCl (3 M)|| NH4NO3 (1 M)| NaCl (mNaCl)| Cl--ISE. The studies carried out show that the values of the association constants of K1C' and K2C' do not depend on the composition of the medium, but only on the effective ionic strength. The experimentally obtained γNaCl0 values in the binary system are comparable to the mean activity coefficients values for NaCl, calculated using data from the literature, with -0.9 to 0.1% relative standard deviation. The obtained results show that the experimentally determined mean activity coefficient in the ternary system, γNaCl, is smaller than γNaCl0 in the binary system over the entire field of ionic strengths studied. The ternary system NaCl-NaHCO3-H2O obeys Harned's rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Ganciarov
- Analysis Department, National Institute of Chemistry and Petrochemistry R&D of Bucharest, 202 Splaiul Indepentei Street, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (M.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Rusandica Stoica
- Analysis Department, National Institute of Chemistry and Petrochemistry R&D of Bucharest, 202 Splaiul Indepentei Street, 060021 Bucharest, Romania; (M.G.); (R.S.)
| | - Ana Maria Josceanu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 1-5 Polizu Street, Sector 1, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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Wu F, Guo J, Duan H, Li T, Wang Y, Wang Y, Wang S, Feng Y. Ocean Acidification Affects the Response of the Coastal Coccolithophore Pleurochrysis carterae to Irradiance. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1249. [PMID: 37759648 PMCID: PMC10525560 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The ecologically important marine phytoplankton group coccolithophores have a global distribution. The impacts of ocean acidification on the cosmopolitan species Emiliania huxleyi have received much attention and have been intensively studied. However, the species-specific responses of coccolithophores and how these responses will be regulated by other environmental drivers are still largely unknown. To examine the interactive effects of irradiance and ocean acidification on the physiology of the coastal coccolithophore species Pleurochrysis carterae, we carried out a semi-continuous incubation experiment under a range of irradiances (50, 200, 500, 800 μmol photons m-2 s-1) at two CO2 concentration conditions of 400 and 800 ppm. The results suggest that the saturation irradiance for the growth rate was higher at an elevated CO2 concentration. Ocean acidification weakened the particulate organic carbon (POC) production of Pleurochrysis carterae and the inhibition rate was decreased with increasing irradiance, indicating that ocean acidification may affect the tolerating capacity of photosynthesis to higher irradiance. Our results further provide new insight into the species-specific responses of coccolithophores to the projected ocean acidification under different irradiance scenarios in the changing marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Wu
- College of Marine and Environment, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300453, China
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jia Guo
- College of Marine and Environment, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300453, China
| | - Haozhen Duan
- College of Marine and Environment, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300453, China
| | - Tongtong Li
- College of Marine and Environment, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300453, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- College of Marine and Environment, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300453, China
| | - Yuntao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Shiqiang Wang
- College of Marine and Environment, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300453, China
| | - Yuanyuan Feng
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Polar Science (SCOPS), Shanghai 200030, China
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10
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Wiorek A, Steininger F, Crespo GA, Cuartero M, Koren K. Imaging of CO 2 and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon via Electrochemical Acidification-Optode Tandem. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2843-2851. [PMID: 37392165 PMCID: PMC10391712 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is a key component of the global carbon cycle and plays a critical role in ocean acidification and proliferation of phototrophs. Its quantification at a high spatial resolution is essential for understanding various biogeochemical processes. We present an analytical method for 2D chemical imaging of DIC by combining a conventional CO2 optode with localized electrochemical acidification from a polyaniline (PANI)-coated stainless-steel mesh electrode. Initially, the optode response is governed by local concentrations of free CO2 in the sample, corresponding to the established carbonate equilibrium at the (unmodified) sample pH. Upon applying a mild potential-based polarization to the PANI mesh, protons are released into the sample, shifting the carbonate equilibrium toward CO2 conversion (>99%), which corresponds to the sample DIC. It is herein demonstrated that the CO2 optode-PANI tandem enables the mapping of free CO2 (before PANI activation) and DIC (after PANI activation) in complex samples, providing high 2D spatial resolution (approx. 400 μm). The significance of this method was proven by inspecting the carbonate chemistry of complex environmental systems, including the freshwater plant Vallisneria spiralis and lime-amended waterlogged soil. This work is expected to pave the way for new analytical strategies that combine chemical imaging with electrochemical actuators, aiming to enhance classical sensing approaches via in situ (and reagentless) sample treatment. Such tools may provide a better understanding of environmentally relevant pH-dependent analytes related to the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wiorek
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biochemistry
and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Fabian Steininger
- Aarhus
University Centre for Water Technology, Department of Biology, Section
for Microbiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Gaston A. Crespo
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biochemistry
and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
- UCAM-SENS,
Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, UCAM HiTech, Avda. Andres
Hernandez Ros 1, Murcia 30107, Spain
| | - Maria Cuartero
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Engineering Science in Chemistry, Biochemistry
and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
- UCAM-SENS,
Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, UCAM HiTech, Avda. Andres
Hernandez Ros 1, Murcia 30107, Spain
| | - Klaus Koren
- Aarhus
University Centre for Water Technology, Department of Biology, Section
for Microbiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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11
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Costa DDA, Dolbeth M, Christoffersen ML, Zúñiga-Upegui PT, Venâncio M, de Lucena RFP. An Overview of Rhodoliths: Ecological Importance and Conservation Emergency. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1556. [PMID: 37511931 PMCID: PMC10382044 DOI: 10.3390/life13071556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Red calcareous algae create bio-aggregations ecosystems constituted by carbonate calcium, with two main morphotypes: geniculate and non-geniculate structures (rhodoliths may form bio-encrustations on hard substrata or unattached nodules). This study presents a bibliographic review of the order Corallinales (specifically, rhodoliths), highlighting on morphology, ecology, diversity, related organisms, major anthropogenic influences on climate change and current conservation initiatives. These habitats are often widespread geographically and bathymetrically, occurring in the photic zone from the intertidal area to depths of 270 m. Due to its diverse morphology, this group offers a special biogenic environment that is favourable to epiphyte algae and a number of marine invertebrates. They also include holobiont microbiota made up of tiny eukaryotes, bacteria and viruses. The morphology of red calcareous algae and outside environmental conditions are thought to be the key forces regulating faunistic communities in algae reefs. The impacts of climate change, particularly those related to acidification, might substantially jeopardise the survival of the Corallinales. Despite the significance of these ecosystems, there are a number of anthropogenic stresses on them. Since there have been few attempts to conserve them, programs aimed at their conservation and management need to closely monitor their habitats, research the communities they are linked with and assess the effects they have on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimítri de Araújo Costa
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- DSE-Department of Systematics and Ecology, CCEN-Center of Exact and Nature Sciences, UFPB-Federal University of Paraíba-Campus I, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa 58050-585, Paraíba, Brazil
- ES-Inst-Environmental Smoke Institute, Rua Comerciante Antonio de Souza Lima, 25, Bairro Mangabeira, João Pessoa 58055-060, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Marina Dolbeth
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Martin Lindsey Christoffersen
- DSE-Department of Systematics and Ecology, CCEN-Center of Exact and Nature Sciences, UFPB-Federal University of Paraíba-Campus I, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa 58050-585, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Pamela Tatiana Zúñiga-Upegui
- GIZ-Grupo de Investigación en Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, UT-Universidad del Tolima, Barrio Santa Helena Parte Alta Cl 42 1-02, Ibagué 730006299, Colombia
| | - Márcia Venâncio
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Reinaldo Farias Paiva de Lucena
- DSE-Department of Systematics and Ecology, CCEN-Center of Exact and Nature Sciences, UFPB-Federal University of Paraíba-Campus I, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa 58050-585, Paraíba, Brazil
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12
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Koseki S, Tjiputra J, Fransner F, Crespo LR, Keenlyside NS. Disentangling the impact of Atlantic Niño on sea-air CO 2 flux. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3649. [PMID: 37339961 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38718-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Atlantic Niño is a major tropical interannual climate variability mode of the sea surface temperature (SST) that occurs during boreal summer and shares many similarities with the tropical Pacific El Niño. Although the tropical Atlantic is an important source of CO2 to the atmosphere, the impact of Atlantic Niño on the sea-air CO2 exchange is not well understood. Here we show that the Atlantic Niño enhances (weakens) CO2 outgassing in the central (western) tropical Atlantic. In the western basin, freshwater-induced changes in surface salinity, which considerably modulate the surface ocean CO2 partial pressure (pCO2), are the primary driver for the observed CO2 flux variations. In contrast, pCO2 anomalies in the central basin are dominated by the SST-driven solubility change. This multi-variable mechanism for pCO2 anomaly differs remarkably from the Pacific where the response is predominantly controlled by upwelling-induced dissolved inorganic carbon anomalies. The contrasting behavior is characterized by the high CO2 buffering capacity in the Atlantic, where the subsurface water mass contains higher alkalinity than in the Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Koseki
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen/Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Jerry Tjiputra
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre/Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Filippa Fransner
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen/Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lander R Crespo
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen/Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Noel S Keenlyside
- Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen/Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
- Nansen Environment and Remote Sensing Centre/Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway
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13
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Czaja R, Holmberg R, Pales Espinosa E, Hennen D, Cerrato R, Lwiza K, O'Dwyer J, Beal B, Root K, Zuklie H, Allam B. Behavioral and physiological effects of ocean acidification and warming on larvae of a continental shelf bivalve. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115048. [PMID: 37236091 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The negative impacts of ocean warming and acidification on bivalve fisheries are well documented but few studies investigate parameters relevant to energy budgets and larval dispersal. This study used laboratory experiments to assess developmental, physiological and behavioral responses to projected climate change scenarios using larval Atlantic surfclams Spisula solidissima solidissima, found in northwest Atlantic Ocean continental shelf waters. Ocean warming increased feeding, scope for growth, and biomineralization, but decreased swimming speed and pelagic larval duration. Ocean acidification increased respiration but reduced immune performance and biomineralization. Growth increased under ocean warming only, but decreased under combined ocean warming and acidification. These results suggest that ocean warming increases metabolic activity and affects larval behavior, while ocean acidification negatively impacts development and physiology. Additionally, principal component analysis demonstrated that growth and biomineralization showed similar response profiles, but inverse response profiles to respiration and swimming speed, suggesting alterations in energy allocation under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Czaja
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States
| | - Robert Holmberg
- Downeast Institute, 39 Wildflower Lane, P.O. Box 83, Beals, ME 04611, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Pales Espinosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States
| | - Daniel Hennen
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water Street Woods Hole, MA 02543-1026, United States
| | - Robert Cerrato
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States
| | - Kamazima Lwiza
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States
| | - Jennifer O'Dwyer
- New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, East Setauket, NY 1173, United States
| | - Brian Beal
- Downeast Institute, 39 Wildflower Lane, P.O. Box 83, Beals, ME 04611, United States; University of Maine at Machias, 116 O'Brien Avenue, Machias, ME 04654, United States
| | - Kassandra Root
- Downeast Institute, 39 Wildflower Lane, P.O. Box 83, Beals, ME 04611, United States
| | - Hannah Zuklie
- Downeast Institute, 39 Wildflower Lane, P.O. Box 83, Beals, ME 04611, United States
| | - Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790-5000, United States.
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14
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Vivado D, Ardini F, Salis A, Damonte G, Rivaro P. Combining voltammetric and mass spectrometric data to evaluate iron organic speciation in subsurface coastal seawater samples of the Ross sea (Antarctica). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:26718-26734. [PMID: 36369443 PMCID: PMC9995544 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23975-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is the most important trace element in the ocean, as it is required by phytoplankton for photosynthesis and nitrate assimilation. Iron speciation is important to better understand the biogeochemical cycle and availability of this micronutrient, in particular in the Southern Ocean. Dissolved Fe (dFe) concentration and speciation were determined in 24 coastal subsurface seawater samples collected in the western Ross sea (Antarctica) during the austral summer 2017 as part of the CELEBeR (CDW Effects on glacial mElting and on Bulk of Fe in the Western Ross sea) project. ICP-DRC-MS was used for dFe determination, whereas CLE-AdSV was used to obtain the concentration of complexed and free dFe, of the ligands, and the values of the stability constants of the complexes. Dissolved Fe values ranged from 0.4 to 2.5 nM and conditional stability constant (logK'Fe'L) from 13.0 to 15.0, highlighting the presence of Fe-binding organic complexes of different stabilities. Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed us to point out that Terra Nova Bay and the neighboring area of Aviator and Mariner Glaciers were different in terms of chemical, physical, and biological parameters. A qualitative investigation on the nature of the organic ligands was carried out by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Results showed that siderophores represented a heterogeneous class of organic ligands pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Vivado
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francisco Ardini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Annalisa Salis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Damonte
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biochemistry, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 1, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Rivaro
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy.
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15
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Tan YH, Poong SW, Yang CH, Lim PE, John B, Pai TW, Phang SM. Transcriptomic analysis reveals distinct mechanisms of adaptation of a polar picophytoplankter under ocean acidification conditions. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 182:105782. [PMID: 36308800 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Human emissions of carbon dioxide are causing irreversible changes in our oceans and impacting marine phytoplankton, including a group of small green algae known as picochlorophytes. Picochlorophytes grown in natural phytoplankton communities under future predicted levels of carbon dioxide have been demonstrated to thrive, along with redistribution of the cellular metabolome that enhances growth rate and photosynthesis. Here, using next-generation sequencing technology, we measured levels of transcripts in a picochlorophyte Chlorella, isolated from the sub-Antarctic and acclimated under high and current ambient CO2 levels, to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved with its ability to acclimate to elevated CO2. Compared to other phytoplankton taxa that induce broad transcriptomic responses involving multiple parts of their cellular metabolism, the changes observed in Chlorella focused on activating gene regulation involved in different sets of pathways such as light harvesting complex binding proteins, amino acid synthesis and RNA modification, while carbon metabolism was largely unaffected. Triggering a specific set of genes could be a unique strategy of small green phytoplankton under high CO2 in polar oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hao Tan
- Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Institute of Ocean & Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sze-Wan Poong
- Institute of Ocean & Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cing-Han Yang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Phaik-Eem Lim
- Institute of Ocean & Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Beardall John
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Tun-Wen Pai
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan; Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Siew-Moi Phang
- Institute of Ocean & Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; The Chancellery, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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16
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Gu C, Waldron S, Bass AM. Anthropogenic land use and urbanization alter the dynamics and increase the export of dissolved carbon in an urbanized river system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157436. [PMID: 35863573 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gas emissions from urban rivers play a crucial role in global carbon (C) cycling, this is tightly linked to dissolved C in rivers but research gaps remain. The effects of urbanization and anthropogenic land-use change on riverine dissolved carbon dynamics were investigated in a temperate river, the River Kelvin in UK. The river was constantly a source of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere (excess concentration of CH4 ranged from 13 to 4441 nM, and excess concentration of CO2 ranged from 2.6 to 230.6 μM), and dissolved C concentrations show significant spatiotemporal variations (p < 0.05), reflecting a variety of proximal sources and controls. For example, the concentration variation of dissolved CH4 and dissolved CO2 were heavily controlled by the proximity of coal mine infrastructure in the tributary near the river head (~ 2 km) but were more likely controlled by adjacent landfills in the midstream section of the rivers main channel. Concentration and isotopic evidence revealed an important anthropogenic control on the riverine export of CO2 and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). However, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) input via groundwater at the catchment scale primarily controlled the dynamics of riverine DIC. Furthermore, the positive relationship between the isotopic composition of DIC and CO2 (r = 0.79, p < 0.01) indicates the DIC pool was at times also significantly influenced by soil respiratory CO2. Both DIC and DOC showed a weak but significant correlation with the proportion of urban/suburban land use, suggesting increased dissolved C export resulting from urbanization. This research elucidates a series of potentially key effects anthropogenic activities and land-use practices can have on riverine C dynamics and highlights the need for future consideration of the direct effects urbanization has on riverine C dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gu
- School of Geographical & Earth Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Susan Waldron
- School of Geographical & Earth Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Adrian Michael Bass
- School of Geographical & Earth Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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17
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Fan X, Batchelor-McAuley C, Yang M, Compton RG. Single Calcite Particle Dissolution Kinetics: Revealing the Influence of Mass Transport. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:422-429. [PMID: 36785660 PMCID: PMC9885995 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Calcite dissolution kinetics at the single particle scale are determined. It is demonstrated that at high undersaturation and in the absence of inhibitors the particulate mineral dissolution rate is controlled by a saturated calcite surface in local equilibrium with dissolved Ca2+ and CO3 2- coupled with rate determining diffusive transport of the ions away from the surface. Previous work is revisited and inconsistencies arising from the assumption of a surface-controlled reaction are highlighted. The data have implications for ocean modeling of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmeng Fan
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, Great Britain
| | - Christopher Batchelor-McAuley
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, Great Britain
| | - Minjun Yang
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, Great Britain
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, Great Britain
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18
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Remote Sensing of Global Sea Surface pH Based on Massive Underway Data and Machine Learning. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Seawater pH is a direct proxy of ocean acidification, and monitoring the global pH distribution and long-term series changes is critical to understanding the changes and responses of the marine ecology and environment under climate change. Owing to the lack of sufficient global-scale pH data and the complex relationship between seawater pH and related environmental variables, generating time-series products of satellite-derived global sea surface pH poses a great challenge. In this study, we solved the problem of the lack of sufficient data for pH algorithm development by using the massive underway sea surface carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) dataset to structure a large data volume of near in situ pH based on carbonate calculation between underway pCO2 and calculated total alkalinity from sea surface salinity and relevant parameters. The remote sensing inversion model of pH was then constructed through this massive pH training dataset and machine learning methods. After several tests of machine learning methods and groups of input parameters, we chose the random forest model with longitude, latitude, sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll a (Chla), and Mixed layer depth (MLD) as model inputs with the best performance of correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.96) and root mean squared error (RMSE = 0.008) in the training set and R2 = 0.83 (RMSE = 0.017) in the testing set. The sensitivity analysis of the error variation induced by the uncertainty of SST and Chla (SST ≤ ±0.5 °C and Chla ≤ ±20%; RMSESST ≤ 0.011 and RMSEChla ≤ 0.009) indicated that our sea surface pH model had good robustness. Monthly average global sea surface pH products from 2004 to 2019 with a spatial resolution of 0.25° × 0.25° were produced based on the satellite-derived SST and Chla products and modeled MLD dataset. The pH model and products were validated using another independent station-measured pH dataset from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP), showing good performance. With the time-series pH products, refined interannual variability and seasonal variability were presented, and trends of pH decline were found globally. Our study provides a new method of directly using remote sensing to invert pH instead of indirect calculation based on the construction of massive underway calculated pH data, which would be made useful by comparing it with satellite-derived pCO2 products to understand the carbonate system change and the ocean ecological environments responding to the global change.
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19
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Kiefer PM, Daschakraborty S, Pines D, Pines E, Hynes JT. Electron Flow Characterization of Charge Transfer for Carbonic Acid to Strong Base Proton Transfer in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:11473-11490. [PMID: 34623157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protonation of the strong base methylamine CH3NH2 by carbonic acid H2CO3 in aqueous solution, HOCOOH···NH2CH3 → HOCOO-···+HNH2CH3, has been previously studied ( J. Phys. Chem. B 2016, 109, 2271-2280; J. Phys. Chem. B 2016, 109, 2281-2290) via Car-Parinnello molecular dynamics. This proton transfer (PT) reaction within a hydrogen (H)-bonded complex was found to be barrierless and very rapid, with key reaction coordinates comprising the proton coordinate, the H-bond separation RON, and a solvent coordinate, reflecting the water solvent rearrangement involved in the neutral to ion pair conversion. In the present work, the reaction's charge flow aspects are analyzed in detail, especially a description via Mulliken charge transfer for PT (MCTPT). A natural bond orbital analysis and some extensions of them are employed for the complex's electronic structure during the reaction trajectories. Results demonstrate that consistent with the MCTPT picture, the charge transfer (CT) occurs from a methylamine base nonbonding orbital to a carbonic acid antibonding orbital. A complementary MCTPT reaction product perspective of CT from the antibonding orbital of the HN+ moiety to the nonbonding orbital of the oxygen in the H-bond complex is also presented. σOH and σHN+ bond order expressions show this CT to occur within the H-bond OHN triad, an aspect key for simultaneous bond-breaking and -forming in the PT reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Kiefer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Snehasis Daschakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Dina Pines
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ehud Pines
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - James T Hynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States.,PASTEUR, Department of Chemistry, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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20
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Zhai L, Zhang Z, Guo L, Zhu Z, Hu C, Zhang G. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Rivaroxaban New Crystalline Forms. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.202000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihai Zhai
- Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Linyi 273400 P. R. China
- National Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Chiral Pharmaceutical Linyi 273400 P. R. China
| | - Zhaohua Zhang
- Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Linyi 273400 P. R. China
| | - Lihong Guo
- Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Linyi 273400 P. R. China
- National Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Chiral Pharmaceutical Linyi 273400 P. R. China
| | - Zhiying Zhu
- Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Linyi 273400 P. R. China
| | - Changkai Hu
- Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Linyi 273400 P. R. China
| | - Guimin Zhang
- Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd. Linyi 273400 P. R. China
- National Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Chiral Pharmaceutical Linyi 273400 P. R. China
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime KAYANNE
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo
| | - Shoji YAMAMOTO
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
| | - Toshiaki ASAKAI
- National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
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22
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Wang X, Bürgi T. Observation of Carbonic Acid Formation from Interaction between Carbon Dioxide and Ice by Using In Situ Modulation Excitation IR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7860-7865. [PMID: 33393709 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic acid, H2 CO3 , is of fundamental importance in nature both in living and non-living systems. Providing direct spectroscopic evidence for carbonic acid formation is however a challenge. Here we provide clear evidence by in situ attenuated total reflection IR spectroscopy combined with modulation excitation spectroscopy and phase-sensitive detection that CO2 adsorption on ice surfaces is accompanied by carbonic acid formation. We demonstrate that carbonic acid can be formed from CO2 on ice in the absence of high-energy irradiation and without protonation by strong acids. The formation of carbonic acid is favored at low temperature, whereas at high temperature it rapidly dissociates to form bicarbonate (HCO3 - ) and carbonate (CO3 2- ). The direct formation of carbonic acid from adsorption of CO2 on ice could play a role in the upper troposphere in cirrus clouds, where all the necessary ingredients to form carbonic acid, that is, low temperature, CO2 gas, and ice, are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Wang
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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23
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Wang X, Bürgi T. Observation of Carbonic Acid Formation from Interaction between Carbon Dioxide and Ice by Using In Situ Modulation Excitation IR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Wang
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Geneva 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department of Physical Chemistry University of Geneva 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
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24
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Dissolved Ca2+ ions adsorption and speciation at calcite-water interfaces: Thermodynamics and spectroscopic studies. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Álvarez M, Fajar NM, Carter BR, Guallart EF, Pérez FF, Woosley RJ, Murata A. Global Ocean Spectrophotometric pH Assessment: Consistent Inconsistencies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10977-10988. [PMID: 32515956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA)-or the decrease in seawater pH resulting from ocean uptake of CO2 released by human activities-stresses ocean ecosystems and is recognized as a Climate and Sustainable Development Goal Indicator that needs to be evaluated and monitored. Monitoring OA-related pH changes requires a high level of precision and accuracy. The two most common ways to quantify seawater pH are to measure it spectrophotometrically or to calculate it from total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). However, despite decades of research, small but important inconsistencies remain between measured and calculated pH. To date, this issue has been circumvented by examining changes only in consistently measured properties. Currently, the oceanographic community is defining new observational strategies for OA and other key aspects of the ocean carbon cycle based on novel sensors and technologies that rely on validation against data records and/or synthesis products. Comparison of measured spectrophotometric pH to calculated pH from TA and DIC measured during the 2000s and 2010s eras reveals that (1) there is an evolution toward a better agreement between measured and calculated pH over time from 0.02 pH units in the 2000s to 0.01 pH units in the 2010s at pH > 7.6; (2) a disagreement greater than 0.01 pH units persists in waters with pH < 7.6, and (3) inconsistencies likely stem from variations in the spectrophotometric pH standard operating procedure (SOP). A reassessment of pH measurement and calculation SOPs and metrology is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Álvarez
- Instituto Español de Oceanografı́a, A Coruña, 15001, Spain
| | - Noelia M Fajar
- Instituto Español de Oceanografı́a, A Coruña, 15001, Spain
| | - Brendan R Carter
- Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | | | - Fiz F Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas - CSIC, Vigo, 36208, Spain
| | - Ryan J Woosley
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Akihiko Murata
- Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan
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Middelburg JJ, Soetaert K, Hagens M. Ocean Alkalinity, Buffering and Biogeochemical Processes. REVIEWS OF GEOPHYSICS (WASHINGTON, D.C. : 1985) 2020; 58:e2019RG000681. [PMID: 32879922 PMCID: PMC7391262 DOI: 10.1029/2019rg000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Alkalinity, the excess of proton acceptors over donors, plays a major role in ocean chemistry, in buffering and in calcium carbonate precipitation and dissolution. Understanding alkalinity dynamics is pivotal to quantify ocean carbon dioxide uptake during times of global change. Here we review ocean alkalinity and its role in ocean buffering as well as the biogeochemical processes governing alkalinity and pH in the ocean. We show that it is important to distinguish between measurable titration alkalinity and charge balance alkalinity that is used to quantify calcification and carbonate dissolution and needed to understand the impact of biogeochemical processes on components of the carbon dioxide system. A general treatment of ocean buffering and quantification via sensitivity factors is presented and used to link existing buffer and sensitivity factors. The impact of individual biogeochemical processes on ocean alkalinity and pH is discussed and quantified using these sensitivity factors. Processes governing ocean alkalinity on longer time scales such as carbonate compensation, (reversed) silicate weathering, and anaerobic mineralization are discussed and used to derive a close-to-balance ocean alkalinity budget for the modern ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack J. Middelburg
- Department of Earth Sciences, GeosciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Karline Soetaert
- Department of Estuarine and Delta SystemsRoyal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ Yerseke) and Utrecht UniversityYersekeThe Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Hagens
- Soil Chemistry and Chemical Soil QualityWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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27
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DeGrandpre M, Evans W, Timmermans M, Krishfield R, Williams B, Steele M. Changes in the Arctic Ocean Carbon Cycle With Diminishing Ice Cover. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 47:e2020GL088051. [PMID: 32728302 PMCID: PMC7380310 DOI: 10.1029/2020gl088051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Less than three decades ago only a small fraction of the Arctic Ocean (AO) was ice free and then only for short periods. The ice cover kept sea surface pCO2 at levels lower relative to other ocean basins that have been exposed year round to ever increasing atmospheric levels. In this study, we evaluate sea surface pCO2 measurements collected over a 6-year period along a fixed cruise track in the Canada Basin. The measurements show that mean pCO2 levels are significantly higher during low ice years. The pCO2 increase is likely driven by ocean surface heating and uptake of atmospheric CO2 with large interannual variability in the contributions of these processes. These findings suggest that increased ice-free periods will further increase sea surface pCO2, reducing the Canada Basin's current role as a net sink of atmospheric CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael DeGrandpre
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of MontanaMissoulaMTUSA
| | - Wiley Evans
- Hakai InstituteHeriot BayBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | | | - Bill Williams
- Institute of Ocean SciencesSidneyBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Michael Steele
- Applied Physics LaboratoryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
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28
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Tweedie M, Maguire PD. Microfluidic ratio metering devices fabricated in PMMA by CO 2 laser. MICROSYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES : SENSORS, ACTUATORS, SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 2020; 27:47-58. [PMID: 33551575 PMCID: PMC7843490 DOI: 10.1007/s00542-020-04902-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe microfluidic fabrication results achieved using a 10.6 μm CO2 engraving laser on cast PMMA, in both raster and vector mode, with a 1.5″ lens and a High Power Density Focussing Optics lens. Raster written channels show a flatter base and are more U-shaped, while vector written channels are V shaped. Cross-sectional images, and, where possible, stylus profilometry results are presented. The sides of V-grooves become increasing steep with laser power, but broader shallower channels may be produced in vector mode by laser defocus, as illustrated. Smoothing of raster engraved channels by heated IPA etch, and transparency enhancement by CHCl3 vapour treatment are briefly discussed. An asymmetric Y meter is discussed as one method of diluting acid into seawater for dissolved CO2 analysis. Alternatively, microfluidic snake channel restrictors of different lengths in 2 channels may achieve the same result. Samples are fabricated with bases bonded by CHCl3 vapour treatment, and the devices are flow tested with either dilute food dye or DI water. Microfluidics fabricated in this manner have applications in ocean sensing of dissolved CO2 and other analytes, as well as broader sensing measurements, including biomedical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Tweedie
- NIBEC, Ulster University, Belfast, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland, UK
| | - P. D. Maguire
- NIBEC, Ulster University, Belfast, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland, UK
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Tweedie M, Sun D, Gajula DR, Ward B, Maguire PD. The analysis of dissolved inorganic carbon in liquid using a microfluidic conductivity sensor with membrane separation of CO 2. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2020; 24:37. [PMID: 32362805 PMCID: PMC7183500 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-020-02339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous continuous analysis of oceanic dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration with depth is of great significance with regard to ocean acidification and climate change. However, miniaturisation of in situ analysis systems is hampered by the size, cost and power requirements of traditional optical instrumentation. Here, we report a low-cost microfluidic alternative based on CO2 separation and conductance measurements that could lead to integrated lab-on-chip systems for ocean float deployment, or for moored or autonomous surface vehicle applications. Conductimetric determination of concentration, in the seawater range of 1000-3000 µmol kg-1, has been achieved using a microfluidic thin-film electrode conductivity cell and a membrane-based gas exchange cell. Sample acidification released CO2 through the membrane, reacting in a NaOH carrier, later drawn through a sub-µL conductivity cell, for impedance versus time measurements. Precision values (relative standard deviations) were ~ 0.2% for peak height measurements at 2000 µmol kg-1. Comparable precision values of ~ 0.25% were obtained using a C4D electrophoresis headstage with similar measurement volume. The required total sample and reagent volumes were ~ 500 µL for the low volume planar membrane gas exchange cell. In contrast, previous conductivity-based DIC analysis systems required total volumes between 5000 and 10,000 µL. Long membrane tubes and macroscopic wire electrodes were avoided by incorporating a planar membrane (PDMS) in the gas exchange cell, and by sputter deposition of Ti/Au electrodes directly onto a thermoplastic (PMMA) manifold. Future performance improvements will address membrane chemical and mechanical stability, further volume reduction, and component integration into a single manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Tweedie
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University, Jordanstown, Newtownabbey, BT37 0QB UK
| | - D. Sun
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen’s University, Belfast, BT9 5AH UK
| | - D. R. Gajula
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634 USA
| | - B. Ward
- AirSea Laboratory, Ryan Institute and School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - P. D. Maguire
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University, Jordanstown, Newtownabbey, BT37 0QB UK
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30
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Hong Y, Yufit DS, Letzelter N, Steed JW. Calcium cyclic carboxylates as structural models for calcium carbonate scale inhibitors. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00243g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcium complexes of cyclic oligocarboxylic acids have been studied as models to understand how subtle changes in molecular structure lead to significant variation in inhibition ability for calcium carbonate deposition
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexian Hong
- Department of Chemistry
- Durham University
- Durham DH1 3LE
- UK
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31
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Ma J, Shu H, Yang B, Byrne RH, Yuan D. Spectrophotometric determination of pH and carbonate ion concentrations in seawater: Choices, constraints and consequences. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1081:18-31. [PMID: 31446956 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and precise marine CO2 system measurements are important for marine carbon cycle research and investigations of ocean acidification. Seawater pH is important because it can be used to characterize a wide range of chemical and biogeochemical processes. Saturation states of calcium carbonate minerals, which are directly proportional to carbonate ion concentration ([CO32-]), influence biogenic calcification and rates of carbonate dissolution. Spectrophotometric pH and carbonate ion measurements can both benefit greatly from the high sensitivity, stability, consistency and processing speed made possible through automation. Spectrophotometric methods are well-suited for shipboard, underway and in situ deployments under harsh conditions. Spectrophotometric pH measurements typically have a reproducibility of 0.0004-0.001 for shipboard and laboratory measurements and 0.0014-0.004 for in situ measurements. Shipboard spectrophotometric measurements of [CO32-] are becoming common on research expeditions. This review highlights the development of methods and instrumentation for spectrophotometric pH and [CO32-] measurements, and discusses the pros and cons of current technology. A comprehensive summary of the analytical merits of different flow analysis instruments is given. Aspects of measurement protocols that bear on the quality of pH and [CO32-] measurements, such as indicator purification, sample pretreatment, etc., are also described. Based on three decades of experience with seawater analysis, this review includes method recommendations and perspectives directly applicable or potentially applicable to pH and [CO32-] analysis of seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
| | - Huilin Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, VA 22904, United States
| | - Robert H Byrne
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, United States
| | - Dongxing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
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32
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Intact carbonic acid is a viable protonating agent for biological bases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20837-20843. [PMID: 31570591 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909498116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic acid H2CO3 (CA) is a key constituent of the universal CA/bicarbonate/CO2 buffer maintaining the pH of both blood and the oceans. Here we demonstrate the ability of intact CA to quantitatively protonate bases with biologically-relevant pKas and argue that CA has a previously unappreciated function as a major source of protons in blood plasma. We determine with high precision the temperature dependence of pKa(CA), pKa(T) = -373.604 + 16,500/T + 56.478 ln T. At physiological-like conditions pKa(CA) = 3.45 (I = 0.15 M, 37 °C), making CA stronger than lactic acid. We further demonstrate experimentally that CA decomposition to H2O and CO2 does not impair its ability to act as an ordinary carboxylic acid and to efficiently protonate physiological-like bases. The consequences of this conclusion are far reaching for human physiology and marine biology. While CA is somewhat less reactive than (H+)aq, it is more than 1 order of magnitude more abundant than (H+)aq in the blood plasma and in the oceans. In particular, CA is about 70× more abundant than (H+)aq in the blood plasma, where we argue that its overall protonation efficiency is 10 to 20× greater than that of (H+)aq, often considered to be the major protonating agent there. CA should thus function as a major source for fast in vivo acid-base reactivity in the blood plasma, possibly penetrating intact into membranes and significantly helping to compensate for (H+)aq's kinetic deficiency in sustaining the large proton fluxes that are vital for metabolic processes and rapid enzymatic reactions.
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33
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Gros J, Schmidt M, Dale AW, Linke P, Vielstädte L, Bigalke N, Haeckel M, Wallmann K, Sommer S. Simulating and Quantifying Multiple Natural Subsea CO 2 Seeps at Panarea Island (Aeolian Islands, Italy) as a Proxy for Potential Leakage from Subseabed Carbon Storage Sites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10258-10268. [PMID: 31432678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) has been discussed as a potentially significant mitigation option for the ongoing climate warming. Natural CO2 release sites serve as natural laboratories to study subsea CO2 leakage in order to identify suitable analytical methods and numerical models to develop best-practice procedures for the monitoring of subseabed storage sites. We present a new model of bubble (plume) dynamics, advection-dispersion of dissolved CO2, and carbonate chemistry. The focus is on a medium-sized CO2 release from 294 identified small point sources around Panarea Island (South-East Tyrrhenian Sea, Aeolian Islands, Italy) in water depths of about 40-50 m. This study evaluates how multiple CO2 seep sites generate a temporally variable plume of dissolved CO2. The model also allows the overall flow rate of CO2 to be estimated based on field measurements of pH. Simulations indicate a release of ∼6900 t y-1 of CO2 for the investigated area and highlight an important role of seeps located at >20 m water depth in the carbon budget of the Panarea offshore gas release system. This new transport-reaction model provides a framework for understanding potential future leaks from CO2 storage sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Gros
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel , RD2/Marine Geosystems Wischhofstrasse 1-3 , D-24148 Kiel , Germany
| | - Mark Schmidt
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel , RD2/Marine Geosystems Wischhofstrasse 1-3 , D-24148 Kiel , Germany
| | - Andrew W Dale
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel , RD2/Marine Geosystems Wischhofstrasse 1-3 , D-24148 Kiel , Germany
| | - Peter Linke
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel , RD2/Marine Geosystems Wischhofstrasse 1-3 , D-24148 Kiel , Germany
| | - Lisa Vielstädte
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel , RD2/Marine Geosystems Wischhofstrasse 1-3 , D-24148 Kiel , Germany
| | - Nikolaus Bigalke
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel , RD2/Marine Geosystems Wischhofstrasse 1-3 , D-24148 Kiel , Germany
| | - Matthias Haeckel
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel , RD2/Marine Geosystems Wischhofstrasse 1-3 , D-24148 Kiel , Germany
| | - Klaus Wallmann
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel , RD2/Marine Geosystems Wischhofstrasse 1-3 , D-24148 Kiel , Germany
| | - Stefan Sommer
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel , RD2/Marine Geosystems Wischhofstrasse 1-3 , D-24148 Kiel , Germany
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34
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The importance of ion interactions on electrolyte solution viscosities determined by comparing concentrated sodium carbonate and nitrate solutions. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Bushinsky SM, Takeshita Y, Williams NL. Observing Changes in Ocean Carbonate Chemistry: Our Autonomous Future. CURRENT CLIMATE CHANGE REPORTS 2019; 5:207-220. [PMID: 31404217 PMCID: PMC6659613 DOI: 10.1007/s40641-019-00129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We summarize recent progress on autonomous observations of ocean carbonate chemistry and the development of a network of sensors capable of observing carbonate processes at multiple temporal and spatial scales. RECENT FINDINGS The development of versatile pH sensors suitable for both deployment on autonomous vehicles and in compact, fixed ecosystem observatories has been a major development in the field. The initial large-scale deployment of profiling floats equipped with these new pH sensors in the Southern Ocean has demonstrated the feasibility of a global autonomous open-ocean carbonate observing system. SUMMARY Our developing network of autonomous carbonate observations is currently targeted at surface ocean CO2 fluxes and compact ecosystem observatories. New integration of developed sensors on gliders and surface vehicles will increase our coastal and regional observational capability. Most autonomous platforms observe a single carbonate parameter, which leaves us reliant on the use of empirical relationships to constrain the rest of the carbonate system. Sensors now in development promise the ability to observe multiple carbonate system parameters from a range of vehicles in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth M. Bushinsky
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, 300 Forrestal Road, Sayre Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
| | - Yuichiro Takeshita
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA USA
| | - Nancy L. Williams
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 7600 Sand Point Way, NE, Seattle, WA USA
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36
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Accurate determination of total alkalinity in estuarine waters for acidification studies. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Wang R, Du X, Zhai J, Xie X. Distance and Color Change Based Hydrogel Sensor for Visual Quantitative Determination of Buffer Concentrations. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1017-1022. [PMID: 30895782 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We present here an innovative platform for the determination of pH buffer capacity based on FITC-dextran loaded hydrogels. Optical signals from the pH-sensitive hydrogels were analyzed by simple parameters including distance and color change. The methodology was validated on five different buffer systems and exhibited wide linearity (0.1 to 100 mM), good batch-to-batch reproducibility, high versatility, and resistance to background ionic strength changes. Experimental results also fit well with a theoretical model based on numerical simulation. Preliminary application in carbonate alkalinity determination of seawater proved very successful. This hydrogel buffer concentration sensor is fundamentally different from conventional acid-base titrations, brings minimum perturbation to samples, and shows great potential in real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xinfeng Du
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jingying Zhai
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaojiang Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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38
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Tweedie M, Sun D, Ward B, Maguire PD. Long-term hydrolytically stable bond formation for future membrane-based deep ocean microfluidic chemical sensors. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1287-1295. [PMID: 30848276 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Future ocean profiling of dissolved inorganic carbon and other analytes will require miniaturised chemical analysis systems based on sealed gas membranes between two fluid channels. However, for long-term deployment in the deep ocean at high pressure, the ability to seal incompatible materials represents an immense challenge. We demonstrate proof of principle high strength bond sealing. We show that polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a preferred membrane material for rapid CO2 transfer, without ion leakage, and report long-term stable bonding of thin PDMS membrane films to inert thermoplastic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) patterned manifolds. Device channels were filled with 0.01 M NaOH and subjected to repeated tape pull and pressure - flow tests without failure for up to six weeks. Bond formation utilised a thin coating of the aminosilane bis-[3-trimethoxysilylpropyl]amine (BTMSPA) conformally coated onto PMMA channels and surfaces and cured. All surfaces were subsequently plasma treated and devices subject to thermocompressive bond annealing. Successful chemically resistant bonding of membrane materials to thermoplastics opens the possibility of remote environmental chemical analysis and offers a route to float-based depth profiling of dissolved inorganic carbon in the oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tweedie
- NIBEC, Ulster University, Belfast, BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, UK.
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39
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Molari M, Guilini K, Lins L, Ramette A, Vanreusel A. CO 2 leakage can cause loss of benthic biodiversity in submarine sands. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 144:213-229. [PMID: 30709637 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the options to mitigate atmospheric CO2 increase is CO2 Capture and Storage in sub-seabed geological formations. Since predicting long-term storage security is difficult, different CO2 leakage scenarios and impacts on marine ecosystems require evaluation. Submarine CO2 vents may serve as natural analogues and allow studying the effects of CO2 leakage in a holistic approach. At the study site east of Basiluzzo Islet off Panarea Island (Italy), gas emissions (90-99% CO2) occur at moderate flows (80-120 L m-2 h-1). We investigated the effects of acidified porewater conditions (pHT range: 5.5-7.7) on the diversity of benthic bacteria and invertebrates by sampling natural sediments in three subsequent years and by performing a transplantation experiment with a duration of one year, respectively. Both multiple years and one year of exposure to acidified porewater conditions reduced the number of benthic bacterial operational taxonomic units and invertebrate species diversity by 30-80%. Reduced biodiversity at the vent sites increased the temporal variability in bacterial and nematode community biomass, abundance and composition. While the release from CO2 exposure resulted in a full recovery of nematode species diversity within one year, bacterial diversity remained affected. Overall our findings showed that seawater acidification, induced by seafloor CO2 emissions, was responsible for loss of diversity across different size-classes of benthic organisms, which reduced community stability with potential relapses on ecosystem resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Molari
- HGF-MPG Group for Deep Sea Ecology and Technology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Germany.
| | - Katja Guilini
- Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lidia Lins
- Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alban Ramette
- HGF-MPG Group for Deep Sea Ecology and Technology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Germany
| | - Ann Vanreusel
- Marine Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S8, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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40
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Zou Z, Habraken WJEM, Matveeva G, Jensen ACS, Bertinetti L, Hood MA, Sun CY, Gilbert PUPA, Polishchuk I, Pokroy B, Mahamid J, Politi Y, Weiner S, Werner P, Bette S, Dinnebier R, Kolb U, Zolotoyabko E, Fratzl P. A hydrated crystalline calcium carbonate phase: Calcium carbonate hemihydrate. Science 2019; 363:396-400. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aav0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most abundant materials in the world, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, is the main constituent of the skeletons and shells of various marine organisms. It is used in the cement industry and plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and formation of sedimentary rocks. For more than a century, only three polymorphs of pure CaCO3—calcite, aragonite, and vaterite—were known to exist at ambient conditions, as well as two hydrated crystal phases, monohydrocalcite (CaCO3·1H2O) and ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O). While investigating the role of magnesium ions in crystallization pathways of amorphous calcium carbonate, we unexpectedly discovered an unknown crystalline phase, hemihydrate CaCO3·½H2O, with monoclinic structure. This discovery may have important implications in biomineralization, geology, and industrial processes based on hydration of CaCO3.
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Kim KY, Kwak JS, Oh KR, Atila G, Kwon YU. Formation and crystal structure of a new double carbonate phase between Na and Cd. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cavalcanti GS, Shukla P, Morris M, Ribeiro B, Foley M, Doane MP, Thompson CC, Edwards MS, Dinsdale EA, Thompson FL. Rhodoliths holobionts in a changing ocean: host-microbes interactions mediate coralline algae resilience under ocean acidification. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:701. [PMID: 30249182 PMCID: PMC6154897 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Life in the ocean will increasingly have to contend with a complex matrix of concurrent shifts in environmental properties that impact their physiology and control their life histories. Rhodoliths are coralline red algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) that are photosynthesizers, calcifiers, and ecosystem engineers and therefore represent important targets for ocean acidification (OA) research. Here, we exposed live rhodoliths to near-future OA conditions to investigate responses in their photosynthetic capacity, calcium carbonate production, and associated microbiome using carbon uptake, decalcification assays, and whole genome shotgun sequencing metagenomic analysis, respectively. The results from our live rhodolith assays were compared to similar manipulations on dead rhodolith (calcareous skeleton) biofilms and water column microbial communities, thereby enabling the assessment of host-microbiome interaction under climate-driven environmental perturbations. Results Under high pCO2 conditions, live rhodoliths exhibited positive physiological responses, i.e. increased photosynthetic activity, and no calcium carbonate biomass loss over time. Further, whereas the microbiome associated with live rhodoliths remained stable and resembled a healthy holobiont, the microbial community associated with the water column changed after exposure to elevated pCO2. Conclusions Our results suggest that a tightly regulated microbial-host interaction, as evidenced by the stability of the rhodolith microbiome recorded here under OA-like conditions, is important for host resilience to environmental stress. This study extends the scarce comprehension of microbes associated with rhodolith beds and their reaction to increased pCO2, providing a more comprehensive approach to OA studies by assessing the host holobiont. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5064-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle S Cavalcanti
- Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-599, Brazil. .,Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
| | - Priya Shukla
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Megan Morris
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Bárbara Ribeiro
- Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Mariah Foley
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Michael P Doane
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Cristiane C Thompson
- Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-599, Brazil
| | - Matthew S Edwards
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | | | - Fabiano L Thompson
- Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-599, Brazil.
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Cotovicz LC, Knoppers BA, Brandini N, Poirier D, Costa Santos SJ, Abril G. Aragonite saturation state in a tropical coastal embayment dominated by phytoplankton blooms (Guanabara Bay - Brazil). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 129:729-739. [PMID: 29102070 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of the aragonite saturation state (Ωarag) were investigated in the eutrophic coastal waters of Guanabara Bay (RJ-Brazil). Large phytoplankton blooms stimulated by a high nutrient enrichment promoted the production of organic matter with strong uptake of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in surface waters, lowering the concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2aq), and increasing the pH, Ωarag and carbonate ion (CO32-), especially during summer. The increase of Ωarag related to biological activity was also evident comparing the negative relationship between the Ωarag and the apparent utilization of oxygen (AOU), with a very close behavior between the slopes of the linear regression and the Redfield ratio. The lowest values of Ωarag were found at low-buffered waters in regions that receive direct discharges from domestic effluents and polluted rivers, with episodic evidences of corrosive waters (Ωarag<1). This study showed that the eutrophication controlled the variations of Ωarag in Guanabara Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz C Cotovicz
- Departamento de Geoquímica, Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro São João Batista s/n, 24020015 Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Laboratoire Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France.
| | - Bastiaan A Knoppers
- Departamento de Geoquímica, Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro São João Batista s/n, 24020015 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nilva Brandini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Geografia, Laboratório de Ciências do Mar, Instituto de Geografia, Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57072900 Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Dominique Poirier
- Laboratoire Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Suzan J Costa Santos
- Departamento de Geoquímica, Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro São João Batista s/n, 24020015 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gwenaël Abril
- Departamento de Geoquímica, Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro São João Batista s/n, 24020015 Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Laboratoire Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac Cedex, France; Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Analyses Numériques (LOCEAN), Centre IRD France Nord, 32 avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex, France
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Lobaccaro P, Singh MR, Clark EL, Kwon Y, Bell AT, Ager JW. Effects of temperature and gas-liquid mass transfer on the operation of small electrochemical cells for the quantitative evaluation of CO 2 reduction electrocatalysts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:26777-26785. [PMID: 27722320 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp05287h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, there has been increased interest in electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2R). Many experimental studies employ a membrane separated, electrochemical cell with a mini H-cell geometry to characterize CO2R catalysts in aqueous solution. This type of electrochemical cell is a mini-chemical reactor and it is important to monitor the reaction conditions within the reactor to ensure that they are constant throughout the study. We show that operating cells with high catalyst surface area to electrolyte volume ratios (S/V) at high current densities can have subtle consequences due to the complexity of the physical phenomena taking place on electrode surfaces during CO2R, particularly as they relate to the cell temperature and bulk electrolyte CO2 concentration. Both effects were evaluated quantitatively in high S/V cells using Cu electrodes and a bicarbonate buffer electrolyte. Electrolyte temperature is a function of the current/total voltage passed through the cell and the cell geometry. Even at a very high current density, 20 mA cm-2, the temperature increase was less than 4 °C and a decrease of <10% in the dissolved CO2 concentration is predicted. In contrast, limits on the CO2 gas-liquid mass transfer into the cells produce much larger effects. By using the pH in the cell to measure the CO2 concentration, significant undersaturation of CO2 is observed in the bulk electrolyte, even at more modest current densities of 10 mA cm-2. Undersaturation of CO2 produces large changes in the faradaic efficiency observed on Cu electrodes, with H2 production becoming increasingly favored. We show that the size of the CO2 bubbles being introduced into the cell is critical for maintaining the equilibrium CO2 concentration in the electrolyte, and we have designed a high S/V cell that is able to maintain the near-equilibrium CO2 concentration at current densities up to 15 mA cm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lobaccaro
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA. and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Meenesh R Singh
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA. and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ezra Lee Clark
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA. and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Youngkook Kwon
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA. and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexis T Bell
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA. and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joel W Ager
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA. and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CA 94720, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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A Direct Bicarbonate Detection Method Based on a Near-Concentric Cavity-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy System. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17122784. [PMID: 29194357 PMCID: PMC5751382 DOI: 10.3390/s17122784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has great potential as a tool in a variety of hydrothermal science applications. However, its low sensitivity has limited its use in common sea areas. In this paper, we develop a near-concentric cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy system to directly detect bicarbonate in seawater for the first time. With the aid of this near-concentric cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy system, a significant enhancement in HCO3− detection has been achieved. The obtained limit of detection (LOD) is determined to be 0.37 mmol/L—much lower than the typical concentration of HCO3− in seawater. By introducing a specially developed data processing scheme, the weak HCO3− signal is extracted from the strong sulfate signal background, hence a quantitative analysis with R2 of 0.951 is made possible. Based on the spectra taken from deep sea seawater sampling, the concentration of HCO3− has been determined to be 1.91 mmol/L, with a relative error of 2.1% from the reported value (1.95 mmol/L) of seawater in the ocean. It is expected that the near-concentric cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy system could be developed and used for in-situ ocean observation in the near future.
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Courtney TA, Lebrato M, Bates NR, Collins A, de Putron SJ, Garley R, Johnson R, Molinero JC, Noyes TJ, Sabine CL, Andersson AJ. Environmental controls on modern scleractinian coral and reef-scale calcification. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1701356. [PMID: 29134196 PMCID: PMC5677334 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Modern reef-building corals sustain a wide range of ecosystem services because of their ability to build calcium carbonate reef systems. The influence of environmental variables on coral calcification rates has been extensively studied, but our understanding of their relative importance is limited by the absence of in situ observations and the ability to decouple the interactions between different properties. We show that temperature is the primary driver of coral colony (Porites astreoides and Diploria labyrinthiformis) and reef-scale calcification rates over a 2-year monitoring period from the Bermuda coral reef. On the basis of multimodel climate simulations (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) and assuming sufficient coral nutrition, our results suggest that P. astreoides and D. labyrinthiformis coral calcification rates in Bermuda could increase throughout the 21st century as a result of gradual warming predicted under a minimum CO2 emissions pathway [representative concentration pathway (RCP) 2.6] with positive 21st-century calcification rates potentially maintained under a reduced CO2 emissions pathway (RCP 4.5). These results highlight the potential benefits of rapid reductions in global anthropogenic CO2 emissions for 21st-century Bermuda coral reefs and the ecosystem services they provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis A. Courtney
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mario Lebrato
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicholas R. Bates
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George’s, Bermuda
- Department of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew Collins
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George’s, Bermuda
| | | | - Rebecca Garley
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George’s, Bermuda
| | - Rod Johnson
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, St. George’s, Bermuda
| | - Juan-Carlos Molinero
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research, Marine Ecology/Food Webs, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Christopher L. Sabine
- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Andreas J. Andersson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Briggs EM, Sandoval S, Erten A, Takeshita Y, Kummel AC, Martz TR. Solid State Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of Total Alkalinity and pH of Seawater. ACS Sens 2017; 2:1302-1309. [PMID: 28805369 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel design is demonstrated for a solid state, reagent-less sensor capable of rapid and simultaneous measurement of pH and Total Alkalinity (AT) using ion sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) technology to provide a simplified means of characterization of the aqueous carbon dioxide system through measurement of two "master variables": pH and AT. ISFET-based pH sensors that achieve 0.001 precision are widely used in various oceanographic applications. A modified ISFET is demonstrated to perform a nanoliter-scale acid-base titration of AT in under 40 s. This method of measuring AT, a Coulometric Diffusion Titration, involves electrolytic generation of titrant, H+, through the electrolysis of water on the surface of the chip via a microfabricated electrode eliminating the requirement of external reagents. Characterization has been performed in seawater as well as titrating individual components (i.e., OH-, HCO3-, CO32-, B(OH)4-, PO43-) of seawater AT. The seawater measurements are consistent with the design in reaching the benchmark goal of 0.5% precision in AT over the range of seawater AT of ∼2200-2500 μmol kg-1 which demonstrates great potential for autonomous sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M. Briggs
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, ‡California Institute for Telecommunications
and Information Technology (Cal IT2), §Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, and ∥Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0244, United States
| | - Sergio Sandoval
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, ‡California Institute for Telecommunications
and Information Technology (Cal IT2), §Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, and ∥Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0244, United States
| | - Ahmet Erten
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, ‡California Institute for Telecommunications
and Information Technology (Cal IT2), §Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, and ∥Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0244, United States
| | - Yuichiro Takeshita
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, ‡California Institute for Telecommunications
and Information Technology (Cal IT2), §Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, and ∥Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0244, United States
| | - Andrew C. Kummel
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, ‡California Institute for Telecommunications
and Information Technology (Cal IT2), §Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, and ∥Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0244, United States
| | - Todd R. Martz
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, ‡California Institute for Telecommunications
and Information Technology (Cal IT2), §Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, and ∥Materials Science
and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0244, United States
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Schauer KL, Grosell M. Fractionation of the Gulf toadfish intestinal precipitate organic matrix reveals potential functions of individual proteins. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 208:35-45. [PMID: 28315772 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory mechanisms behind the production of CaCO3 in the marine teleost intestine are poorly studied despite being essential for osmoregulation and responsible for a conservatively estimated 3-15% of annual oceanic CaCO3 production. It has recently been reported that the intestinally derived precipitates produced by fish as a byproduct of their osmoregulatory strategy form in conjunction with a proteinaceous matrix containing nearly 150 unique proteins. The individual functions of these proteins have not been the subject of investigation until now. Here, organic matrix was extracted from precipitates produced by Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) and the matrix proteins were fractionated by their charge using strong anion exchange chromatography. The precipitation regulatory abilities of the individual fractions were then analyzed using a recently developed in vitro calcification assay, and the protein constituents of each fraction were determined by mass spectrometry. The different fractions were found to have differing effects on both the rate of carbonate mineral production, as well as the morphology of the crystals that form. Using data collected from the calcification assay as well as the mass spectrometry experiments, individual calcification promotional indices were calculated for each protein, giving the first insight into the functions each of these matrix proteins may play in regulating precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Schauer
- Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
| | - Martin Grosell
- Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
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Developments in marine pCO2 measurement technology; towards sustained in situ observations. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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50
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Cortés J, Enochs IC, Sibaja-Cordero J, Hernández L, Alvarado JJ, Breedy O, Cruz-Barraza JA, Esquivel-Garrote O, Fernández-García C, Hermosillo A, Kaiser KL, Medina-Rosas P, Morales-Ramírez Á, Pacheco C, Pérez-Matus A, Reyes-Bonilla H, Riosmena-Rodríguez R, Sánchez-Noguera C, Wieters EA, Zapata FA. Marine Biodiversity of Eastern Tropical Pacific Coral Reefs. CORAL REEFS OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7499-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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