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Huo Y, Yao D, Guo H. Differences in aerosol chemistry at a regional background site in Hong Kong before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171990. [PMID: 38537818 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Restrictions on human-related activities implemented in Hong Kong to curb the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic provided an opportunity to investigate the anthropogenic impact on organic aerosols (OA) composition. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of online measurements of non-refractory submicron particulate matters (NR-PM1) at a regional background site in Hong Kong, covering the periods before the COVID-19 control (November 2018) and during the COVID-19 control (October to November 2020), to investigate changes in OA sources and formation mechanisms. Among the measured NR-PM1 components, organics were the most dominant species with an average percentage of 51.0 ± 0.5 %, exceeding pre-control levels of 44.0 ± 0.7 %. Moreover, 88 % of the organics were attributed to oxygenated OA (OOA). Diurnal variations of all bulk components in NR-PM1 consistently showed afternoon peaks, indicating photochemical processes during COVID-19 control. Similar to the pre-restriction period, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model showed that OOA was composed of three factors, including two less-oxidized oxygenated factors (LO-OOA1 and LO-OOA2) and one more-oxidized oxygenated factor (MO-OOA). The contribution of the LO-OOA2 factor remained small and stable during both sampling campaigns, which might imply background levels of OOA at this site. The formation of the two predominant components of organics (e.g., LO-OOA1 and MO-OOA) was further discussed. Compared with before control, observational evidence showed that the levels of MO-OOA exceeded LO-OOA1 during the control period, and the average concentration of odd oxygen (Ox = ozone + nitrogen dioxide) increased by 53 % during the COVID-19 control. Besides, the results showed that both LO-OOA1 and MO-OOA exhibited similar diurnal variations to Ox, and their concentrations generally enhanced with increasing Ox levels. This suggested that the formation of OOA was closely related to the photochemical oxidation processes when anthropogenic emissions were reduced. By correlating LO-OOA1 and MO-OOA with speciated OA markers, we found that the formation of LO-OOA1 remained associated with anthropogenic sources, while biogenic emissions contributed to the formation of MO-OOA during the COVID-19 control. Our findings highlight the interplay between emissions, atmospheric conditions, and aerosol composition, providing valuable insights to guide strategic decisions for future air quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxi Huo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dawen Yao
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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2
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Niu S, Liu R, Zhao Q, Gagan S, Dodero A, Ying Q, Ma X, Cheng Z, China S, Canagaratna M, Zhang Y. Quantifying the Chemical Composition and Real-Time Mass Loading of Nanoplastic Particles in the Atmosphere Using Aerosol Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38332486 PMCID: PMC10882961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Plastic debris, including nanoplastic particles (NPPs), has emerged as an important global environmental issue due to its detrimental effects on human health, ecosystems, and climate. Atmospheric processes play an important role in the transportation and fate of plastic particles in the environment. In this study, a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) was employed to establish the first online approach for identification and quantification of airborne submicrometer polystyrene (PS) NPPs from laboratory-generated and ambient aerosols. The fragmentation ion C8H8+ is identified as the major tracer ion for PS nanoplastic particles, achieving an 1-h detection limit of 4.96 ng/m3. Ambient PS NPPs measured at an urban location in Texas are quantified to be 30 ± 20 ng/m3 by applying the AMS data with a constrained positive matrix factorization (PMF) method using the multilinear engine (ME-2). Careful analysis of ambient data reveals that atmospheric PS NPPs were enhanced as air mass passed through a waste incinerator plant, suggesting that incineration of waste may serve as a source of ambient NPPs. The online quantification of NPPs achieved through this study can significantly improve our understanding of the source, transport, fate, and climate effects of atmospheric NPPs to mitigate this emerging global environmental issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sining Niu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Ruizhe Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Qian Zhao
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Sahir Gagan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Alana Dodero
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Qi Ying
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Xingmao Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zezhen Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | | | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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3
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Zhang X, Tan S, Chen X, Yin S. Computational chemistry of cluster: Understanding the mechanism of atmospheric new particle formation at the molecular level. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136109. [PMID: 36007737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF), which exerts significant influence over human health and global climate, has been a hot topic and rapidly expands field of research in the environmental and atmospheric chemistry recent years. Generally, NPF contains two processes: formation of critical nucleus and further growth of the nucleus. However, due to the complexity of the atmospheric nucleation, which is a multicomponent process, formation of critical clusters as well as their growth is still connected to large uncertainties. Detection limits of instruments in measuring specific gaseous aerosol precursors and chemical compositions at the molecular level call for computational studies. Computational chemistry could effectively compensate the deficiency of laboratory experiments as well as observations and predict the nucleation mechanisms. We review the present theoretical literatures that discuss nucleation mechanism of atmospheric clusters. Focus of this review is on different nucleation systems involving sulfur-containing species, nitrogen-containing species and iodine-containing species. We hope this review will provide a deep insight for the molecular interaction of nucleation precursors and reveal nucleation mechanism at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Shendong Tan
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Shi Yin
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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4
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Zhang X, Xu J, Zhai L, Zhao W. Characterization of Aerosol Properties from the Burning Emissions of Typical Residential Fuels on the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14296-14305. [PMID: 36198091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Tibet Autonomous Region in China is a unique place with high altitude and special Tibetan culture. The residents have different living habits and domestic fuels from those in other parts of China, however, knowledge on the emission characteristics of local residential fuels remain poorly understood until now. In this study, nine popular residential fuels in the Tibet are burned in situ to study the aerosol chemical compositions, mass spectral signatures, and emission characteristics from their burning emissions. Overall, emissions of particulate and gaseous pollutants depend strongly on the burning conditions, in addition to the fuel constituents themselves. Burning the biofuels of yak dung, WeiSang mixture fuels, and two powdery Tibetan incenses with relatively low combustion efficiencies can emit large amounts of CO and aerosols, especially organic aerosols (>90%) with large diameters. In contrast, burning of wood, coal, ghee lamp, stick-like Tibetan incense, and diesel can release abundant CO2 but fewer aerosols from their flaming combustion. A comprehensive database consisting of the high-resolution mass spectra of organics and emission factors of multiple chemical components are established. Distinctly different mass spectral signatures are found among the different fuels, in particularly those unique Tibetan biofuels. All these findings have significant implications for the identification of aerosol sources, compilation of pollutant emission inventories, and assessment of potential environment effects in this remote region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lixiang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Singh A, Singh S, Srivastava AK, Payra S, Pathak V, Shukla AK. Climatology and model prediction of aerosol optical properties over the Indo-Gangetic Basin in north India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:827. [PMID: 36156160 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The current research focuses on the use of different simulation techniques in the future prediction of the crucial aerosol optical properties over the highly polluted Indo-Gangetic Basin in the northern part of India. The time series model was used to make an accurate forecast of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and angstrom exponent (AE), and the statistical variability of both cases was compared in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the model (training and validation). For this, different models were used to simulate the monthly average AOD and AE over Jaipur, Kanpur and Ballia during the period from 2003 to 2018. Further, the study was aimed to construct a comparative model that will be used for time series statistical analysis of MODIS-derived AOD550 and AE412-470. This will provide a more comprehensive information about the levels of AOD and AE that will exist in the future. To test the validity and applicability of the developed models, root-mean-square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percent error (MAPE), fractional bias (FB), and Pearson coefficient (r) were used to show adequate accuracy in model performance. From the observation, the monthly mean values of AOD and AE were found to be nearly similar at Kanpur and Ballia (0.62 and 1.26) and different at Jaipur (0.25 and 1.14). Jaipur indicates that during the pre-monsoon season, the AOD mean value was found to be highest (0.32 ± 0.15), while Kanpur and Ballia display higher AOD mean values during the winter season (0.72 ± 0.26 and 0.83 ± 0.32, respectively). Among the different methods, the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was found to be the best-suited model for AOD prediction at Ballia based on fitted error (RMSE (0.22), MAE (0.15), MAPE (24.55), FB (0.05)) and Pearson coefficient r (0.83). However, for AE, best prediction was found at Kanpur based on RMSE (0.24), MAE (0.21), MAPE (22.54), FB (-0.09) and Pearson coefficient r (0.82).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarendra Singh
- Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, India.
- Ministry of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sumit Singh
- Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, India
| | - A K Srivastava
- Ministry of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, New Delhi, India.
| | - Swagata Payra
- Department of Remote Sensing, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | | | - A K Shukla
- Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, India
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Yao D, Guo H, Lyu X, Lu H, Huo Y. Secondary organic aerosol formation at an urban background site on the coastline of South China: Precursors and aging processes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119778. [PMID: 35841994 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the formation mechanisms of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) is an arduous task in atmospheric chemistry. In November 2018, a sampling campaign was conducted at an urban background site in Hong Kong for characterization of secondary air pollution. A high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer was used to monitor the compositions of non-refractory submicron particulate matters (NR-PM1), and multiple online instruments provided us with comprehensive auxiliary data. Organic aerosol (OA) constituted the largest fraction (43.8%) of NR-PM1, and 86.5% of the organics was contributed by the oxygenated OA (OOA, secondary components). Formation mechanisms of a dominant and more variable component of the less-oxidized OOA (labelled as LO-OOA1 in this study) and the more-oxidized OOA (MO-OOA) were explored. Based on the multilinear regression with molecular markers of OA (e.g., hydroxybenzonic acids and 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid), we presumed that anthropogenic organic compounds, especially aromatics, were the most likely precursors of LO-OOA1. MO-OOA correlated well with odd oxygen (Ox), and its concentration responded positively to the increase of liquid water content (LWC) in NR-PM1, indicating that the formation of MO-OOA involved photochemical oxidation and aqueous processes. It exhibited the best correlation with malic acid which can be formed through the oxidation of various precursors. Moreover, it was plausible that LO-OOA1 was further oxidized to MO-OOA through aqueous processes, as indicated by the consistent diurnal variations of MO-OOA to LO-OOA1 ratio and LWC. This study highlights the important roles of anthropogenic emissions and aqueous processes in SOA formation in coastal areas downwind of cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawen Yao
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haoxian Lu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yunxi Huo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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7
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Lalchandani V, Kumar V, Tobler A, M Thamban N, Mishra S, Slowik JG, Bhattu D, Rai P, Satish R, Ganguly D, Tiwari S, Rastogi N, Tiwari S, Močnik G, Prévôt ASH, Tripathi SN. Real-time characterization and source apportionment of fine particulate matter in the Delhi megacity area during late winter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145324. [PMID: 33736388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
National Capital Region (NCR) encompassing New Delhi is one of the most polluted urban metropolitan areas in the world. Real-time chemical characterization of fine particulate matter (PM1 and PM2.5) was carried out using three aerosol mass spectrometers, two aethalometers, and one single particle soot photometer (SP2) at two sites in Delhi (urban) and one site located ~40 km downwind of Delhi, during January-March 2018. The campaign mean PM2.5 (NR-PM2.5 + BC) concentrations at the two urban sites were 153.8 ± 109.4 μg.m-3 and 127.8 ± 83.2 μg.m-3, respectively, whereas PM1 (NR-PM1 + BC) was 72.3 ± 44.0 μg.m-3 at the downwind site. PM2.5 particles were composed mostly of organics (43-44)% followed by chloride (14-17)%, ammonium (9-11)%, nitrate (9%), sulfate (8-10)%, and black carbon (11-16)%, whereas PM1 particles were composed of 47% organics, 13% sulfate as well as ammonium, 11% nitrate as well as chloride, and 5% black carbon. Organic aerosol (OA) source apportionment was done using positive matrix factorization (PMF), solved using an advanced multi-linear engine (ME-2) model. Highly mass-resolved OA mass spectra at one urban and downwind site were factorized into three primary organic aerosol (POA) factors including one traffic-related and two solid-fuel combustion (SFC), and three oxidized OA (OOA) factors. Whereas unit mass resolution OA at the other urban site was factorized into two POA factors related to traffic and SFC, and one OOA factor. OOA constituted a majority of the total OA mass (45-55)% with maximum contribution during afternoon hours ~(70-80)%. Significant differences in the absolute OOA concentration between the two urban sites indicated the influence of local emissions on the oxidized OA formation. Similar PM chemical composition, diurnal and temporal variations at the three sites suggest similar type of sources affecting the particulate pollution in Delhi and adjoining cities, but variability in mass concentration suggest more local influence than regional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Lalchandani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Varun Kumar
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 PSI Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Anna Tobler
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 PSI Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Navaneeth M Thamban
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Suneeti Mishra
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 PSI Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Deepika Bhattu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 PSI Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Pragati Rai
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 PSI Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Rangu Satish
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Dilip Ganguly
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, New Delhi Branch, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Shashi Tiwari
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Griša Močnik
- Condensed Matter Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andre S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 PSI Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - Sachchida N Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India.
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8
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Contribution of Local and Transboundary Air Pollution to the Urban Air Quality of Fukuoka, Japan. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12040431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transboundary air pollution (TAP) and local air pollution (LAP) influence the air quality of urban areas. Fukuoka, located on the west side of Japan and affected by TAP from the Asian continent, is a unique example for understanding the contribution of LAP and TAP. Gaseous species and particulate matter (PM) were measured for approximately three weeks in Fukuoka in the winter of 2018. We classified two distinctive periods, LAP and TAP, based on wind speed. The classification was supported by variations in the concentration of gaseous species and by backward trajectories. Most air pollutants, including NOx and PM, were high in the LAP period and low in the TAP period. However, ozone was the exception. Therefore, our findings suggest that reducing local emissions is necessary. Ozone was higher in the TAP period, and the variation in ozone concentration was relatively small, indicating that ozone was produced outside of the city and transported to Fukuoka. Thus, air pollutants must also be reduced at a regional scale, including in China.
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Roberts SC, Misztal PK, Langford B. Decoding the social volatilome by tracking rapid context-dependent odour change. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190259. [PMID: 32306868 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Odours can have a significant influence on the outcome of social interactions. However, we have yet to characterize the chemical signature of any specific social cue in human body odour, and we know little about how changes in social context influence odour chemistry. Here, we argue that adoption of emerging analytical techniques from other disciplines, such as atmospheric chemistry, might become game-changing tools in this endeavour. First, we describe the use of online chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry to sensitively measure many hundreds of gas-phase volatile organic compounds in real time. By analysing ambient air emanating from undisturbed individuals or groups, the technique enables a continuous recording of an instantaneous odour change in response to external stimuli and changing social context. This has considerable advantages over the traditional approach of periodic sampling for analysis by gas chromatography. We also discuss multivariate statistical approaches, such as positive matrix factorization, that can effectively sift through this complex datastream to identify linked groups of compounds that probably underpin functional chemosignals. In combination, these innovations offer new avenues for addressing outstanding questions concerning olfactory communication in humans and other species, as well as in related fields using odour, such as biometrics and disease diagnostics. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Olfactory communication in humans'.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Craig Roberts
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Ben Langford
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
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10
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Online Chemical Characterization and Source Identification of Summer and Winter Aerosols in Măgurele, Romania. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11040385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aerosols and organic source apportionment were characterized using data collected during two measurement campaigns. These campaigns were conducted during the summer and winter seasons at Măgurele, a site located southwest of Bucharest, the capital of Romania and one of the largest cities in southeastern Europe (raking seven in Europe based on population). The summer campaign was conducted between 7 June–18 July 2012, and the winter campaign from 14 January–6 February 2013. Approximately 50% of the organic fraction contribution to the total submicron particulate matter sampled by aerosol mass spectrometer was evidenced during both seasons. Submicronic organic aerosol sources were quantified using the positive matrix factorization approach. For warm (summer) and cold (winter) seasons, more than 50% from total organics was represented by oxidized factors. For the summer season, separate analyses were conducted on data influenced by urban and non-urban sources. The influence of pollution from Bucharest on the measurement site was observed in aerosol concentration and composition. The primary organic aerosols have different contribution percentage during summer, depending on their main origin. The influence of Bucharest, during summer, included cooking contribution of 13%. The periods with more regional influence were characterized by lower contribution from traffic and biomass burning in a total proportion of 28%. In winter, the influence of local non-traffic sources was dominant. For more than 99% of the measurements, the biomass burning indicator, f 60 , exceeded the background value, with residential heating being an important source in this area. Fossil fuel contribution was confirmed for one week during the winter campaign, when 14 C analysis of total and elemental carbon revealed the presence of 17% fossil contributions to total carbon. Mass spectrometry, 14 C and absorption data suggest biomass burning as the predominant primary source of organic aerosols for the winter season.
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11
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Srivastava D, Favez O, Petit JE, Zhang Y, Sofowote UM, Hopke PK, Bonnaire N, Perraudin E, Gros V, Villenave E, Albinet A. Speciation of organic fractions does matter for aerosol source apportionment. Part 3: Combining off-line and on-line measurements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:944-955. [PMID: 31302558 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study proposes an advanced methodology to refine the source apportionment of organic aerosol (OA). This methodology is based on the combination of offline and online datasets in a single Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis using the multilinear engine (ME-2) algorithm and a customized time synchronization procedure. It has been applied to data from measurements conducted in the Paris region (France) during a PM pollution event in March 2015. Measurements included OA ACSM (Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor) mass spectra and specific primary and secondary organic molecular markers from PM10 filters on their original time resolution (30 min for ACSM and 4 h for PM10 filters). Comparison with the conventional PMF analysis of the ACSM OA dataset (PMF-ACSM) showed very good agreement for the discrimination between primary and secondary OA fractions with about 75% of the OA mass of secondary origin. Furthermore, the use of the combined datasets allowed the deconvolution of 3 primary OA (POA) factors and 7 secondary OA (SOA) factors. A clear identification of the source/origin of 54% of the total SOA mass could be achieved thanks to specific molecular markers. Specifically, 28% of that fraction was linked to combustion sources (biomass burning and traffic emissions). A clear identification of primary traffic OA was also obtained using the PMF-combined analysis while PMF-ACSM only gave a proxy for this OA source in the form of total hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) mass concentrations. In addition, the primary biomass burning-related OA source was explained by two OA factors, BBOA and OPOA-like BBOA. This new approach has showed undeniable advantages over the conventional approaches by providing valuable insights into the processes involved in SOA formation and their sources. However, the origins of highly oxidized SOA could not be fully identified due to the lack of specific molecular markers for such aged SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Srivastava
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France.
| | - O Favez
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - J-E Petit
- LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Y Zhang
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - U M Sofowote
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - P K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - N Bonnaire
- LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E Perraudin
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
| | - V Gros
- LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E Villenave
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
| | - A Albinet
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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12
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Buchholz BA, Carratt SA, Kuhn EA, Collette NM, Ding X, Van Winkle LS. Naphthalene DNA Adduct Formation and Tolerance in the Lung. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. SECTION B, BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS 2019; 438:119-123. [PMID: 30631217 PMCID: PMC6322674 DOI: 10.1016/j.nimb.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Naphthalene (NA) is a respiratory toxicant and possible human carcinogen. NA is a ubiquitous combustion product and significant component of jet fuel. The National Toxicology Program found that NA forms tumors in two species, in rats (nose) and mice (lung). However, it has been argued that NA does not pose a cancer risk to humans because NA is bioactivated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase enzymes that have very high efficiency in the lung tissue of rodents but low efficiency in the lung tissue of humans. It is thought that NA carcinogenesis in rodents is related to repeated cycles of lung epithelial injury and repair, an indirect mechanism. Repeated in vivo exposure to NA leads to development of tolerance, with the emergence of cells more resistant to NA insult. We tested the hypothesis that tolerance involves reduced susceptibility to the formation of NA-DNA adducts. NA-DNA adduct formation in tolerant mice was examined in individual, metabolically-active mouse airways exposed ex vivo to 250 μΜ 14C-NA. Ex vivo dosing was used since it had been done previously and the act of creating a radioactive aerosol of a potential carcinogen posed too many safety and regulatory obstacles. Following extensive rinsing to remove unbound 14C-NA, DNA was extracted and 14C-NA-DNA adducts were quantified by AMS. The tolerant mice appeared to have slightly lower NA-DNA adduct levels than non-tolerant controls, but intra-group variations were large and the difference was statistically insignificant. It appears the tolerance may be more related to other mechanisms, such as NA-protein interactions in the airway, than DNA-adduct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Buchholz
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA USA
| | - Sarah A Carratt
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Edward A Kuhn
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA USA
| | - Nicole M Collette
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA USA
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Laura S Van Winkle
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA USA
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13
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Mousavi A, Sowlat MH, Hasheminassab S, Polidori A, Sioutas C. Spatio-temporal trends and source apportionment of fossil fuel and biomass burning black carbon (BC) in the Los Angeles Basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1231-1240. [PMID: 30021288 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the spatial and temporal trends of black carbon (BC) in the Los Angeles Basin between 2012-2013 and 2016-2017. BC concentrations were measured in seven wavelengths using Aethalometers (AE33) at four sites, including central Los Angeles (CELA), Anaheim, Fontana, and Riverside. Sources of BC were quantified using the equivalent black carbon (EBC) model. Results indicate that total BC concentrations nearly doubled in colder period compared to the warm period. Source apportionment results revealed that fossil fuel combustion has higher annual contributions (ranging from 82% in Riverside to 91% in CELA) than biomass burning (ranging from 9.3% in CELA to 18.7% in Riverside) to the total BC concentrations at all sites. This trend was more clearly observed at the sites closer to major freeways, such as CELA and Anaheim. The relative contribution of fossil fuel to total BC concentrations was higher in the warm period, whereas biomass burning had higher contributions in the colder period. The diurnal variation of fossil-fuel-originated BC (BCff) to the total BC concentrations revealed major rises during the traffic rush hours, especially in the warm period. In contrast, the fraction of BC originating from biomass burning (BCbb) peaked at nighttime, particularly in the cold period, reaching values as high as 25-30% of total BC concentration. Moreover, we observed a clear decrease in both absolute BC concentrations as well as relative contributions of BCff to total BC concentrations from 2012-2013 to 2016-2017, which can be attributed to the implementation of strict regulations in California to reduce transportation-related PM emissions. Results from the present study suggest that as these regulations become increasingly stricter, the relative contributions of traffic sources to BC also decrease, thereby making the impact of non-fossil fuel combustion sources, such as biomass burning, to the overall BC levels more significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhosein Mousavi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Mohammad H Sowlat
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | - Andrea Polidori
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA, USA.
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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14
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Xu L, Pye HOT, He J, Chen Y, Murphy BN, Ng LN. Experimental and model estimates of the contributions from biogenic monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes to secondary organic aerosol in the southeastern United States. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:12613-12637. [PMID: 30853976 PMCID: PMC6402345 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-12613-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) has important impacts on climate and human health but its sources remain poorly understood. Biogenic monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes are important precursors of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), but the amounts and pathways of SOA generation from these precursors are not well constrained by observations. We propose that the less-oxidized oxygenated organic aerosol (LO-OOA) factor resolved from positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis on aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) data can be used as a surrogate for fresh SOA from monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in the southeastern US. This hypothesis is supported by multiple lines of evidence, including lab-in-the-field perturbation experiments, extensive ambient ground-level measurements, and state-of-the-art modeling. We performed lab-in-the-field experiments in which the ambient air is perturbed by the injection of selected monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, and the subsequent SOA formation is investigated. PMF analysis on the perturbation experiments provides an objective link between LO-OOA and fresh SOA from monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes as well as insights into the sources of other OA factors. Further, we use an upgraded atmospheric model and show that modeled SOA concentrations from monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes could reproduce both the magnitude and diurnal variation of LO-OOA at multiple sites in the southeastern US, building confidence in our hypothesis. We estimate the annual average concentration of SOA from monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in the southeastern US to be roughly 2 μg m-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Havala O T Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jia He
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Yunle Chen
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Benjamin N Murphy
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Lee Nga Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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15
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Pani SK, Lin NH, Chantara S, Wang SH, Khamkaew C, Prapamontol T, Janjai S. Radiative response of biomass-burning aerosols over an urban atmosphere in northern peninsular Southeast Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:892-911. [PMID: 29602124 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A large concentration of finer particulate matter (PM2.5), the primary air-quality concern in northern peninsular Southeast Asia (PSEA), is believed to be closely related to large amounts of biomass burning (BB) particularly in the dry season. In order to quantitatively estimate the contributions of BB to aerosol radiative effects, we thoroughly investigated the physical, chemical, and optical properties of BB aerosols through the integration of ground-based measurements, satellite retrievals, and modelling tools during the Seven South East Asian Studies/Biomass-burning Aerosols & Stratocumulus Environment: Lifecycles & Interactions Experiment (7-SEAS/BASELInE) campaign in 2014. Clusters were made on the basis of measured BB tracers (Levoglucosan, nss-K+, and NO3-) to classify the degree of influence from BB over an urban atmosphere, viz., Chiang Mai (18.795°N, 98.957°E, 354m.s.l.), Thailand in northern PSEA. Cluster-wise contributions of BB to PM2.5, organic carbon, and elemental carbon were found to be 54-79%, 42-79%, and 39-77%, respectively. Moreover, the cluster-wise aerosol optical index (aerosol optical depth at 500nm≈0.98-2.45), absorption (single scattering albedo ≈0.87-0.85; absorption aerosol optical depth ≈0.15-0.38 at 440nm; absorption Ångström exponent ≈1.43-1.57), and radiative impacts (atmospheric heating rate ≈1.4-3.6Kd-1) displayed consistency with the degree of BB. PM2.5 during Extreme BB (EBB) was ≈4 times higher than during Low BB (LBB), whereas this factor was ≈2.5 for the magnitude of radiative effects. Severe haze (visibility≈4km) due to substantial BB loadings (BB to PM2.5≈79%) with favorable meteorology can significantly impact the local-to-regional air quality and the, daily life of local inhabitants as well as become a respiratory health threat. Additionally, such enhancements in atmospheric heating could potentially influence the regional hydrological cycle and crop productivity over Chiang Mai in northern PSEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Kumar Pani
- Cloud and Aerosol Laboratory, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Neng-Huei Lin
- Cloud and Aerosol Laboratory, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan.
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Wang
- Cloud and Aerosol Laboratory, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Chanakarn Khamkaew
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Serm Janjai
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
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16
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Singh S, Tiwari S, Hopke PK, Zhou C, Turner JR, Panicker AS, Singh PK. Ambient black carbon particulate matter in the coal region of Dhanbad, India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:955-963. [PMID: 29020648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing, atmospheric particles have gained greater attention in recent years because of their direct and indirect impacts on regional and global climate. Atmospheric black carbon (BC) aerosol is a leading climate warming agent, yet uncertainties in the global direct aerosol radiative forcing remain large. Based on a year of aerosol absorption measurements at seven wavelengths, BC concentrations were investigated in Dhanbad, the coal capital of India. Coal is routinely burned for cooking and residential heat as well as in small industries. The mean daily concentrations of ultraviolet-absorbing black carbon measured at 370nm (UVBC) and black carbon measured at 880nm (BC) were 9.8±5.7 and 6.5±3.8μgm-3, respectively. The difference between UVBC and BC, Delta-C, is an indicator of biomass or residential coal burning and averaged 3.29±4.61μgm-3. An alternative approach uses the Ǻngstrom Exponent (AE) to estimate the biomass/coal and traffic BC concentrations. Biomass/coal burning contributed ~87% and high temperature, fossil-fuel combustion contributed ~13% to the annual average BC concentration. The post-monsoon seasonal mean UVBC values were 10.9μgm-3 and BC of 7.2μgm-3. Potential source contribution function analysis showed that in the post-monsoon season, air masses came from the central and northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plains where there is extensive agricultural burning. The mean winter UVBC and BC concentrations were 15.0 and 10.1μgm-3, respectively. These higher values were largely produced by local sources under poor dispersion conditions. The direct radiative forcing (DRF) due to UVBC and BC at the surface (SUR) and the top of the atmosphere (TOA) were calculated. The mean atmospheric heating rates due to UVBC and BC were estimated to be 1.40°Kday-1 and 1.18°Kday-1, respectively. This high heating rate may affect the monsoon circulation in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Singh
- CSIR-Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, Dhanbad 826015, Jharkhand, India.
| | - S Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 411008, India
| | - P K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Box 5708, Potsdam, NY 13699-5708, USA
| | - C Zhou
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Box 5708, Potsdam, NY 13699-5708, USA
| | - J R Turner
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - A S Panicker
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 411008, India
| | - P K Singh
- CSIR-Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, Dhanbad 826015, Jharkhand, India
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17
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Baltensperger U. Spiers Memorial Lecture. Introductory lecture: chemistry in the urban atmosphere. Faraday Discuss 2018; 189:9-29. [PMID: 27247983 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00065g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The urban atmosphere is characterised by a multitude of complex processes. Gaseous and particulate components are continuously emitted into the atmosphere from many different sources. These components are then dispersed in the urban atmosphere via turbulent mixing. Numerous chemical reactions modify the gas phase chemistry on multiple time scales, producing secondary pollutants. Through partitioning, the chemical and physical properties of the aerosol particles are also constantly changing as a consequence of dispersion and gas phase chemistry. This review presents an overview of the involved processes, focusing on the contributions presented at this conference and putting them into a broader context. Advanced methods for aerosol source apportionment are presented as well, followed by some aspects of health effects related to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
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18
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Han YJ, Feng YJ, Miao SK, Jiang S, Liu YR, Wang CY, Chen J, Wang ZQ, Huang T, Li J, Huang W. Hydration of 3-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylglutaric acid with dimethylamine complex and its atmospheric implications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:25780-25791. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04029j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Changes in temperature affects the distribution of isomers, which facilitates the understanding of new particle formation in the atmosphere.
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19
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Annual Variability of Black Carbon Concentrations Originating from Biomass and Fossil Fuel Combustion for the Suburban Aerosol in Athens, Greece. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8120234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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The Multi-Wavelength Absorption Analyzer (MWAA) Model as a Tool for Source and Component Apportionment Based on Aerosol Absorption Properties: Application to Samples Collected in Different Environments. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8110218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Crenn V, Fronval I, Petitprez D, Riffault V. Fine particles sampled at an urban background site and an industrialized coastal site in Northern France - Part 1: Seasonal variations and chemical characterization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 578:203-218. [PMID: 26685722 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of particulate matter sampled at two French Northern sites (Douai, DO - urban background; Grande-Synthe, GS - industrialized coastal site) was investigated during two summer and winter field campaigns at each site. Measurements of the major chemical species (organic, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, chloride) in the non-refractory submicron aerosols (NR-PM1) were carried out by a High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer. Black Carbon in PM2.5 was monitored using an Aethalometer, while the OC and EC fractions and some targeted chemical organic families (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs; dicarboxylic acids, DCAs) were quantified by the simultaneous collection of PM2.5 on filters followed by offline analyses. The seasonal trends and winter-to-summer (W/S) concentration ratios are discussed in this paper. Results indicate that the total average mass concentrations of PM2.5 varied between 20.5μgm-3 and 32.6μgm-3 in DO and between 10.6μgm-3 and 29.9μgm-3 in GS during summer and winter, respectively. Similar concentration patterns were found for PAHs and Organic Carbon (OC, representing ~80% of the total carbon) with highest concentrations in winter at the urban site. DCA concentrations showed less seasonal variations, although the highest value also appeared during winter. Total NR-PM1 presented concentrations in summer lower by a factor of 4 (for DO) and 10 (for GS) than those observed in winter. Organics and nitrates dominated the NR-PM1 in DO for both seasons and during winter in GS while sulfates and nitrates were the most dominant species in summer in GS. Average chloride concentrations were slightly more important in GS than those in DO related to its use in industrial processes and no significant seasonal trend was observed. The size-resolved chemical composition showed that aerosols sampled in DO in winter are more aged than those collected in GS where fresh emissions of sulfate from the industrial sector were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Crenn
- Département SAGE, Mines Douai, F-59508 Douai, France; Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - I Fronval
- Département SAGE, Mines Douai, F-59508 Douai, France; Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - D Petitprez
- PC2A, UMR CNRS-Lille1 8522, F-59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France; Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - V Riffault
- Département SAGE, Mines Douai, F-59508 Douai, France; Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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22
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Ji D, Gao W, Zhang J, Morino Y, Zhou L, Yu P, Li Y, Sun J, Ge B, Tang G, Sun Y, Wang Y. Investigating the evolution of summertime secondary atmospheric pollutants in urban Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:289-300. [PMID: 27505262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the formation of tropospheric ozone (O3) and secondary particulates is essential for controlling secondary pollution in megacities. Intensive observations were conducted to investigate the evolution of O3, nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-) and oxygenated organic aerosols ((OOAs), a proxy for secondary organic aerosols) and the interactions between O3, NOx oxidation products (NOz) and OOA in urban Beijing in August 2012. The O3 concentrations exhibited similar variations at both the urban and urban background sites in Beijing. Regarding the O3 profile, the O3 concentrations increased with increasing altitude. The peaks in O3 on the days exceeding the 1h or 8h O3 standards (polluted days) were substantially wider than those on normal days. Significant increases in the NOz mixing ratio (i.e., NOy - NOx) were observed between the morning and early afternoon, which were consistent with the increasing oxidant level. A discernable NO3- peak was also observed in the morning on the polluted days, and this peak was attributed to vertical mixing and strong photochemical production. In addition, a SO42- peak at 18:00 was likely caused by a combination of local generation and regional transport. The OOA concentration cycle exhibited two peaks at approximately 10:00 and 19:00. The OOA concentrations were correlated well with SO42- ([OOA]=0.55×[SO42-]+2.1, r2=0.69) because they both originated from secondary transformations that were dependent on the ambient oxidization level and relative humidity. However, the slope between OOA and SO42- was only 0.35, which was smaller than the slope observed for all of the OOA and SO42- data, when the RH ranged from 40 to 50%. In addition, a photochemical episode was selected for analysis. The results showed that regional transport played an important role in the evolution of the investigated secondary pollutants. The measured OOA and Ox concentrations were well correlated at the daily scale, whereas the hourly OOA and Ox concentrations were insignificantly correlated in urban Beijing. The synoptic situation and the differences in the VOC oxidation contributing to O3 and SOAs may have resulted in the differences among the correlations between OOA and Ox at different time scale. We calculated OOA production rates using the photochemical age (defined as -log10(NOx/NOy)) in urban plumes. The CO-normalized OOA concentration increased with increasing photochemical age, with production rates ranging from 1.1 to 8.5μgm-3ppm-1h-1 for the plume from the NCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Wenkang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Morino
- Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Luxi Zhou
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pengfei Yu
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO, USA; Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jiaren Sun
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baozhu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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23
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Milic A, Miljevic B, Alroe J, Mallet M, Canonaco F, Prevot ASH, Ristovski ZD. The ambient aerosol characterization during the prescribed bushfire season in Brisbane 2013. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 560-561:225-232. [PMID: 27101459 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Prescribed burnings are conducted in Queensland each year from August until November aiming to decrease the impact of bushfire hazards and maintain the health of vegetation. This study reports chemical characteristics of the ambient aerosol, with a focus on source apportionment of the organic aerosol (OA) fraction, during the prescribed biomass burning (BB) season in Brisbane 2013. All measurements were conducted within the International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH) located in Brisbane's Central Business District. Chemical composition, degree of ageing and the influence of BB emission on the air quality of central Brisbane were characterized using a compact Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (cToF-AMS). AMS loadings were dominated by OA (64%), followed by, sulfate (17%), ammonium (14%) and nitrates (5%). Source apportionment was applied on the AMS OA mass spectra via the multilinear engine solver (ME-2) implementation within the recently developed Source Finder (SoFi) interface. Six factors were extracted including hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), cooking-related OA (COA), biomass burning OA (BBOA), low-volatility oxygenated OA (LV-OOA), semivolatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA), and nitrogen-enriched OA (NOA). The aerosol fraction that was attributed to BB factor was 9%, on average over the sampling period. The high proportion of oxygenated OA (72%), typically representing aged emissions, could possess a fraction of oxygenated species transfored from BB components on their way to the sampling site.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Milic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - B Miljevic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia.
| | - J Alroe
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - M Mallet
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - F Canonaco
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A S H Prevot
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Z D Ristovski
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
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Minguillón MC, Pérez N, Marchand N, Bertrand A, Temime-Roussel B, Agrios K, Szidat S, van Drooge B, Sylvestre A, Alastuey A, Reche C, Ripoll A, Marco E, Grimalt JO, Querol X. Secondary organic aerosol origin in an urban environment: influence of biogenic and fuel combustion precursors. Faraday Discuss 2016; 189:337-59. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00182j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Source contributions of organic aerosol (OA) are still not fully understood, especially in terms of quantitative distinction between secondary OA formed from anthropogenic precursors vs. that formed from natural precursors. In order to investigate the OA origin, a field campaign was carried out in Barcelona in summer 2013, including two periods characterized by low and high traffic conditions. Volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations were higher during the second period, especially aromatic hydrocarbons related to traffic emissions, which showed a marked daily cycle peaking during traffic rush hours, similarly to black carbon (BC) concentrations. Biogenic VOC (BVOC) concentrations showed only minor changes from the low to the high traffic period, and their intra-day variability was related to temperature and solar radiation cycles, although a decrease was observed for monoterpenes during the day. The organic carbon (OC) concentrations increased from the first to the second period, and the fraction of non-fossil OC as determined by 14C analysis increased from 43% to 54% of the total OC. The combination of 14C analysis and Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) OA source apportionment showed that the fossil OC was mainly secondary (>70%) except for the last sample, when the fossil secondary OC only represented 51% of the total fossil OC. The fraction of non-fossil secondary OC increased from 37% of total secondary OC for the first sample to 60% for the last sample. This enhanced formation of non-fossil secondary OA (SOA) could be attributed to the reaction of BVOC precursors with NOx emitted from road traffic (or from its nocturnal derivative nitrate that enhances night-time semi-volatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA)), since NO2 concentrations increased from 19 to 42 μg m−3 from the first to the last sample.
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Brown SG, Eberly S, Paatero P, Norris GA. Methods for estimating uncertainty in PMF solutions: examples with ambient air and water quality data and guidance on reporting PMF results. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 518-519:626-35. [PMID: 25776202 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The new version of EPA's positive matrix factorization (EPA PMF) software, 5.0, includes three error estimation (EE) methods for analyzing factor analytic solutions: classical bootstrap (BS), displacement of factor elements (DISP), and bootstrap enhanced by displacement (BS-DISP). These methods capture the uncertainty of PMF analyses due to random errors and rotational ambiguity. To demonstrate the utility of the EE methods, results are presented for three data sets: (1) speciated PM2.5 data from a chemical speciation network (CSN) site in Sacramento, California (2003-2009); (2) trace metal, ammonia, and other species in water quality samples taken at an inline storage system (ISS) in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (2006); and (3) an organic aerosol data set from high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-AMS) measurements in Las Vegas, Nevada (January 2008). We present an interpretation of EE diagnostics for these data sets, results from sensitivity tests of EE diagnostics using additional and fewer factors, and recommendations for reporting PMF results. BS-DISP and BS are found useful in understanding the uncertainty of factor profiles; they also suggest if the data are over-fitted by specifying too many factors. DISP diagnostics were consistently robust, indicating its use for understanding rotational uncertainty and as a first step in assessing a solution's viability. The uncertainty of each factor's identifying species is shown to be a useful gauge for evaluating multiple solutions, e.g., with a different number of factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Brown
- Sonoma Technology, Inc. 1455N. McDowell Blvd, Suite D, Petaluma, CA 94954, United States
| | - Shelly Eberly
- Geometric Tools, LLC, 2909 181st Ave NE, Redmond, WA 98052, United States
| | - Pentti Paatero
- University of Helsinki, Dept. of Physics, Rikalantie 6, 00970, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gary A Norris
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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Wolf R, Slowik JG, Schaupp C, Amato P, Saathoff H, Möhler O, Prévôt ASH, Baltensperger U. Characterization of ice-nucleating bacteria using on-line electron impact ionization aerosol mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:662-671. [PMID: 26149110 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mass spectral signatures of airborne bacteria were measured and analyzed in cloud simulation experiments at the AIDA (Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere) facility. Suspensions of cultured cells in pure water were sprayed into the aerosol and cloud chambers forming an aerosol which consisted of intact cells, cell fragments and residual particles from the agar medium in which the bacteria were cultured. The aerosol particles were analyzed with a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer equipped with a newly developed PM2.5 aerodynamic lens. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) using the multilinear engine (ME-2) source apportionment was applied to deconvolve the bacteria and agar mass spectral signatures. The bacteria mass fraction contributed between 75 and 95% depending on the aerosol generation, with the remaining mass attributed to agar. We present mass spectra of Pseudomonas syringae and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria typical for ice-nucleation active bacteria in the atmosphere to facilitate the distinction of airborne bacteria from other constituents in ambient aerosol, e.g. by PMF/ME-2 source apportionment analyses. Nitrogen-containing ions were the most salient feature of the bacteria mass spectra, and a combination of C4 H8 N(+) (m/z 70) and C5 H12 N(+) (m/z 86) may be used as marker ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wolf
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - J G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - C Schaupp
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Amato
- National Center for Scientific Research, Institute of Chemistry of Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - H Saathoff
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - O Möhler
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - U Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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27
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Nozière B, Kalberer M, Claeys M, Allan J, D'Anna B, Decesari S, Finessi E, Glasius M, Grgić I, Hamilton JF, Hoffmann T, Iinuma Y, Jaoui M, Kahnt A, Kampf CJ, Kourtchev I, Maenhaut W, Marsden N, Saarikoski S, Schnelle-Kreis J, Surratt JD, Szidat S, Szmigielski R, Wisthaler A. The molecular identification of organic compounds in the atmosphere: state of the art and challenges. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3919-83. [PMID: 25647604 DOI: 10.1021/cr5003485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nozière
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Barbara D'Anna
- †Ircelyon/CNRS and Université Lyon 1, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | - Irena Grgić
- ○National Institute of Chemistry, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- ¶Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Kourtchev
- ‡University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- §University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.,□Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Jason D Surratt
- ▼University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Li QF, Wang-Li L, Liu Z, Jayanty RKM, Shah SB, Bloomfield P. Major ionic compositions of fine particulate matter in an animal feeding operation facility and its vicinity. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2014; 64:1279-1287. [PMID: 25509549 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2014.942442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Animal feeding operations (AFOs) produce particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants. Investigation of the chemical composition of PM2.5 inside and in the local vicinity of AFOs can help to understand the impact of the AFO emissions on ambient secondary PM formation. This study was conducted on a commercial egg production farm in North Carolina. Samples of PM2.5 were collected from five stations, with one located in an egg production house and the otherfour located in the vicinity ofthe farm alongfour wind directions. The major ions of NH4+, Na+, K+, SO4(2-), Cl-, and NO3- were analyzed using ion chromatography (IC). In the house, the mostly abundant ions were SO4(2-), Cl-, and K+. At ambient stations, SO4(2-), and NH4+ were the two most abundant ions. In the house, NH4+, SO4(2-), and NO3- accounted for only 10% of the PM2.5 mass; at ambient locations, NH4+, SO4(2-), and NO3- accounted for 36-41% of the PM2.5 mass. In the house, NH4+ had small seasonal variations indicating that gas- phase NH3. was not the only major force driving its gas-particle partitioning. At the ambient stations, NH4+ had the highest concentrations in summer In the house, K+, Na+, and Cl- were highly correlated with each other In ambient locations, SO4(2-) and NH4+ had a strong correlation, whereas in the house, SO4(2-) and NH4+ had a very weak correlation. Ambient temperature and solar radiation were positively correlated with NH4+ and SO4(2-). This study suggests that secondary PM formation inside the animal house was not an important source of PM2.5. In the vicinity, NH3 emissions had greater impact on PM2.5 formation.
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Schroeder P, Belis CA, Schnelle-Kreis J, Herzig R, Prevot ASH, Raveton M, Kirchner M, Catinon M. Why air quality in the Alps remains a matter of concern. The impact of organic pollutants in the alpine area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:252-267. [PMID: 24046224 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the middle of Europe, the Alps form a geographical and meteorological trap for atmospheric pollutants including volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds emitted in the surrounding lowlands. This is due to their barrier effects, high precipitation rates, and low ambient temperatures. Also the pollutants emitted in the cities inside the Alps spread in the region depending on orographic and meteorological conditions. Although a number of studies on the distribution and effect of pollutants in the Alps has been published, comprehensive information on potential hazards, and ways to improve this sensible environment are lacking. This opinion paper is the result of a discussion during the Winterseminar of the AlpsBioCluster project in Munich. It summarizes the current literature and presents some case studies on local pollution sources in the Alps, and the possibility of using biomonitoring techniques to assess critical pollution loads and distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schroeder
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, GmbH, Research Unit Microbe Plant Interactions, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany,
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30
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Mohr C, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Zotter P, Prévôt ASH, Xu L, Ng NL, Herndon SC, Williams LR, Franklin JP, Zahniser MS, Worsnop DR, Knighton WB, Aiken AC, Gorkowski KJ, Dubey MK, Allan JD, Thornton JA. Contribution of nitrated phenols to wood burning brown carbon light absorption in Detling, United Kingdom during winter time. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:6316-6324. [PMID: 23710733 DOI: 10.1021/es400683v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We show for the first time quantitative online measurements of five nitrated phenol (NP) compounds in ambient air (nitrophenol C6H5NO3, methylnitrophenol C7H7NO3, nitrocatechol C6H5NO4, methylnitrocatechol C7H7NO4, and dinitrophenol C6H4N2O5) measured with a micro-orifice volatilization impactor (MOVI) high-resolution chemical ionization mass spectrometer in Detling, United Kingdom during January-February, 2012. NPs absorb radiation in the near-ultraviolet (UV) range of the electromagnetic spectrum and thus are potential components of poorly characterized light-absorbing organic matter ("brown carbon") which can affect the climate and air quality. Total NP concentrations varied between less than 1 and 98 ng m(-3), with a mean value of 20 ng m(-3). We conclude that NPs measured in Detling have a significant contribution from biomass burning with an estimated emission factor of 0.2 ng (ppb CO)(-1). Particle light absorption measurements by a seven-wavelength aethalometer in the near-UV (370 nm) and literature values of molecular absorption cross sections are used to estimate the contribution of NP to wood burning brown carbon UV light absorption. We show that these five NPs are potentially important contributors to absorption at 370 nm measured by an aethalometer and account for 4 ± 2% of UV light absorption by brown carbon. They can thus affect atmospheric radiative transfer and photochemistry and with that climate and air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mohr
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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31
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Drewnick F. Speciation analysis in on-line aerosol mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:2127-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Giannoni M, Martellini T, Del Bubba M, Gambaro A, Zangrando R, Chiari M, Lepri L, Cincinelli A. The use of levoglucosan for tracing biomass burning in PM₂.₅ samples in Tuscany (Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 167:7-15. [PMID: 22522313 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Levoglucosan was present in all samples and its concentrations showed a pronounced annual cycle with maximum levels in the cold season. The annual percentage of ratios of levoglucosan to OC ranged from 0.04 to 9.75% evidencing a major contribution of biomass burning to the aerosol OC during the winter. In the urban-background site, OC was strongly correlated with EC in winter, suggesting that the major fraction of OC was generated as primary particles along with EC. A background levoglucosan component showed that biomass burning was continuously taking place in all the investigated sites. The biomass burning contribution to the Tuscany aerosol was made up of a background component and an additional component during winter probably due to wood burning for domestic heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Giannoni
- University of Florence, Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Minguillón MC, Querol X, Baltensperger U, Prévôt ASH. Fine and coarse PM composition and sources in rural and urban sites in Switzerland: local or regional pollution? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 427-428:191-202. [PMID: 22572211 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition and sources of ambient particulate matter (PM) in Switzerland were studied. PM(1) and PM(10) samples were collected in winter and summer at an urban background site in Zurich and a rural background site in Payerne. Concentrations of major and trace elements, NO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-), NH(4)(+), organic and elemental carbon were determined. A subsequent Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis was performed. PM(10) and PM(1) concentrations varied similarly at both sites, with average PM(10) concentrations 24-25 μg/m(3) and 13-14 μg/m(3) in winter and summer, respectively, and average PM(1) concentrations 12-17 μg/m(3) and 6-7 μg/m(3). The influence of local sources was found to be higher in winter. PM was dominated by nitrate and organic matter in winter, and by mineral matter and organic matter in summer. Trace element concentrations related to road traffic (Zn, Cu, Sb, Sn) were higher at Zurich. Concentrations of Tl and Cs, attributed to the influence of a glass industry, were higher at Payerne. The elements mainly present in the coarse fraction were those related to mineral matter and brake and tyre abrasion (Cu, Mn, Ti, Sb, Sr, Bi, Li, La, Nd), and those in the fine fraction were related to high temperature anthropogenic processes (Pb, As, Cd, Tl, Cs). Common PM(1) and PM(1-10) sources identified by PMF were: ammonium nitrate, present in winter, negligible in summer; ammonium sulfate+K(biomass burning)+road traffic; and road traffic itself, related to exhaust emissions in PM(1) and to road dust resuspension in PM(1-10). Size-fraction specific sources were: a PM(1) glass industry source characterized by Cs, Tl, Rb, Li and Na, only present in Payerne; a PM(1) background source characterized by V, Ni, sulfate and Fe; two PM(1-10) mineral-related sources, with higher contribution in summer; a PM(1-10) salt source; and a PM(1-10) organic source, with higher contribution in summer, attributed to bioaerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Minguillón
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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Perrone MG, Larsen BR, Ferrero L, Sangiorgi G, De Gennaro G, Udisti R, Zangrando R, Gambaro A, Bolzacchini E. Sources of high PM2.5 concentrations in Milan, Northern Italy: molecular marker data and CMB modelling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 414:343-55. [PMID: 22155277 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
In Milan (MI), the largest city in Northern Italy, the annually average PM2.5 concentration is above 25 μg m(-3), the value that the EU established as a target for 2010, and the upper limit from 2015 onwards (2008/30/CE). Over a three-year period (2006-2009) PM concentrations and chemical compositions were measured in an urban site (MI), a rural site (OB) and a remote site (ASC) in Northern Italy. Chemical characterization (EC/OC, inorganic ions, elements, C20-C32 n-alkanes, C2-C5 mono and dicarboxylic acids, levoglucosan and PAHs) was carried out on PM2.5 samples from the three sites, and PM10 from MI. Molecular markers were used in Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) modelling to estimate the contributions of primary sources to OC, and then PM mass from each source was reconstructed in MI, OB and ASC for different seasons. Estimates of the traffic (TR) source contribution to PM2.5 mass ranged from 4.1 (± 2.0) μg m(-3) during the summer, to 13.3 (± 6.7) μg m(-3) during the winter in MI. TR was the main primary source for PM2.5 concentrations in MI (17-24%). Its contribution was lower at the OB site (7-9%) and at the remote ASC site (3-4%). TR is a local source, while biomass burning (BB) is a diffuse regional source in Northern Italy: during fall and winter, BB was 25-30% and 27-31% of PM2.5 at MI and OB respectively. Other primary sources accounted for a small amount of the PM2.5, i.e. natural gas combustion (0-1%), plant debris (0-4%), road dust (RD=0-4%; but 15% at ASC during winter and 10% of PM10 at MI during summer) and sea salt (0-1%). Secondary inorganic+organic aerosol constituted the major part of the PM2.5 mass during spring and summer (50-65%) at the three sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Perrone
- Research Center POLARIS, University of Milano-Bicocca, DISAT, P zza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy.
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Donahue NM, Robinson AL, Trump ER, Riipinen I, Kroll JH. Volatility and Aging of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 339:97-143. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Pratt KA, Prather KA. Mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols--recent developments and applications. Part II: On-line mass spectrometry techniques. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:17-48. [PMID: 21449003 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many of the significant advances in our understanding of atmospheric particles can be attributed to the application of mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry provides high sensitivity with fast response time to probe chemically complex particles. This review focuses on recent developments and applications in the field of mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols. In Part II of this two-part review, we concentrate on real-time mass spectrometry techniques, which provide high time resolution for insight into brief events and diurnal changes while eliminating the potential artifacts acquired during long-term filter sampling. In particular, real-time mass spectrometry has been shown recently to provide the ability to probe the chemical composition of ambient individual particles <30 nm in diameter to further our understanding of how particles are formed through nucleation in the atmosphere. Further, transportable real-time mass spectrometry techniques are now used frequently on ground-, ship-, and aircraft-based studies around the globe to further our understanding of the spatial distribution of atmospheric aerosols. In addition, coupling aerosol mass spectrometry techniques with other measurements in series has allowed the in situ determination of chemically resolved particle effective density, refractive index, volatility, and cloud activation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Sciare J, d'Argouges O, Sarda-Estève R, Gaimoz C, Dolgorouky C, Bonnaire N, Favez O, Bonsang B, Gros V. Large contribution of water-insoluble secondary organic aerosols in the region of Paris (France) during wintertime. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd015756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Sciare
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Odile d'Argouges
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Roland Sarda-Estève
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Cécile Gaimoz
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Cristina Dolgorouky
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Nicolas Bonnaire
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques; Verneuil-en-Halatte France
| | - Bernard Bonsang
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ; Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Valérie Gros
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ; Gif-sur-Yvette France
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Zhang Q, Jimenez JL, Canagaratna MR, Ulbrich IM, Ng NL, Worsnop DR, Sun Y. Understanding atmospheric organic aerosols via factor analysis of aerosol mass spectrometry: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:3045-67. [PMID: 21972005 PMCID: PMC3217143 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Organic species are an important but poorly characterized constituent of airborne particulate matter. A quantitative understanding of the organic fraction of particles (organic aerosol, OA) is necessary to reduce some of the largest uncertainties that confound the assessment of the radiative forcing of climate and air quality management policies. In recent years, aerosol mass spectrometry has been increasingly relied upon for highly time-resolved characterization of OA chemistry and for elucidation of aerosol sources and lifecycle processes. Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS) are particularly widely used, because of their ability to quantitatively characterize the size-resolved composition of submicron particles (PM1). AMS report the bulk composition and temporal variations of OA in the form of ensemble mass spectra (MS) acquired over short time intervals. Because each MS represents the linear superposition of the spectra of individual components weighed by their concentrations, multivariate factor analysis of the MS matrix has proved effective at retrieving OA factors that offer a quantitative and simplified description of the thousands of individual organic species. The sum of the factors accounts for nearly 100% of the OA mass and each individual factor typically corresponds to a large group of OA constituents with similar chemical composition and temporal behavior that are characteristic of different sources and/or atmospheric processes. The application of this technique in aerosol mass spectrometry has grown rapidly in the last six years. Here we review multivariate factor analysis techniques applied to AMS and other aerosol mass spectrometers, and summarize key findings from field observations. Results that provide valuable information about aerosol sources and, in particular, secondary OA evolution on regional and global scales are highlighted. Advanced methods, for example a-priori constraints on factor mass spectra and the application of factor analysis to combined aerosol and gas phase data are discussed. Integrated analysis of worldwide OA factors is used to present a holistic regional and global description of OA. Finally, different ways in which OA factors can constrain global and regional models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Setyan A, Sauvain J, Guillemin M, Riediker M, Demirdjian B, Rossi MJ. Probing Functional Groups at the Gas–Aerosol Interface Using Heterogeneous Titration Reactions: A Tool for Predicting Aerosol Health Effects? Chemphyschem 2010; 11:3823-35. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ari Setyan
- Institut universitaire romand de Santé au Travail (IST), Université de Lausanne et Université de Genève, Rue du Bugnon 21, CH‐1011 Lausanne (Switzerland)
- Current address: Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Jean‐Jacques Sauvain
- Institut universitaire romand de Santé au Travail (IST), Université de Lausanne et Université de Genève, Rue du Bugnon 21, CH‐1011 Lausanne (Switzerland)
| | - Michel Guillemin
- Institut universitaire romand de Santé au Travail (IST), Université de Lausanne et Université de Genève, Rue du Bugnon 21, CH‐1011 Lausanne (Switzerland)
| | - Michael Riediker
- Institut universitaire romand de Santé au Travail (IST), Université de Lausanne et Université de Genève, Rue du Bugnon 21, CH‐1011 Lausanne (Switzerland)
| | - Benjamin Demirdjian
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), CNRS UPR 3118, Université de Marseille et Aix campus de Luminy, case 913, F‐13288 Marseille Cedex 9 (France)
| | - Michel J. Rossi
- Labor für Atmosphärenchemie (LAC), Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), OFLA008, CH‐5232 Villigen PSI (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 56 310 45 25
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Baltensperger U, Chirico R, DeCarlo PF, Dommen J, Gaeggeler K, Heringa MF, Li M, Prévôt ASH, Alfarra MR, Gross DS, Kalberer M. Recent developments in the mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2010; 16:389-395. [PMID: 20530844 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol particles consist of a highly complex mixture of thousands of different compounds. Mass spectrometric techniques are well suited for the analysis of these particles, with each method of analysis having specific advantages and disadvantages. On-line techniques offer high time resolution and thus allow for the investigation of rapidly changing signals. They typically measure either single particles or the average non-refractory submicrometer aerosol. Off-line techniques are often coupled to chromatography or another technique separating for a specific property, which enhances their resolving power. Ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry allows for an unambiguous assignment of the elemental composition throughout the majority of the mass range typically measured in ambient aerosol samples, i.e. up to about m/z 400-600. The quantitative determination of individual compounds, or of classes of compounds, remains an important, but often unresolved, topic. Examples of applications of various mass spectrometric techniques are presented, both from laboratory and field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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Junninen H, Mønster J, Rey M, Cancelinha J, Douglas K, Duane M, Forcina V, Müller A, Lagler F, Marelli L, Borowiak A, Niedzialek J, Paradiz B, Mira-Salama D, Jimenez J, Hansen U, Astorga C, Stanczyk K, Viana M, Querol X, Duvall RM, Norris GA, Tsakovski S, Wåhlin P, Horák J, Larsen BR. Quantifying the impact of residential heating on the urban air quality in a typical European coal combustion region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:7964-70. [PMID: 19921921 DOI: 10.1021/es8032082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation, carried out as a case study in a typical major city situated in a European coal combustion region (Krakow, Poland), aims at quantifying the impact on the urban air quality of residential heating by coal combustion in comparison with other potential pollution sources such as power plants, industry, and traffic. Emissions were measured for 20 major sources, including small stoves and boilers, and the particulate matter (PM) was analyzed for 52 individual compounds together with outdoor and indoor PM10 collected during typical winter pollution episodes. The data were analyzed using chemical mass balance modeling (CMB) and constrained positive matrix factorization (CMF) yielding source apportionments for PM10, B(a)P, and other regulated air pollutants namely Cd, Ni, As, and Pb. The results are potentially very useful for planning abatement strategies in all areas of the world, where coal combustion in small appliances is significant. During the studied pollution episodes in Krakow, European air quality limits were exceeded with up to a factor 8 for PM10 and up to a factor 200 for B(a)P. The levels of these air pollutants were accompanied by high concentrations of azaarenes, known markers for inefficient coal combustion. The major culprit for the extreme pollution levels was demonstrated to be residential heating by coal combustion in small stoves and boilers (>50% for PM10 and >90% B(a)P), whereas road transport (<10% for PM10 and <3% for B(a)P), and industry (4-15% for PM10 and <6% for B(a)P) played a lesser role. The indoor PM10 and B(a)P concentrations were at high levels similar to those of outdoor concentrations and were found to have the same sources as outdoors. The inorganic secondary aerosol component of PM10 amounted to around 30%, which for a large part may be attributed to the industrial emission of the precursors SO2 and NOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki Junninen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy
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42
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Vernooij MGC, Mohr M, Tzvetkov G, Zelenay V, Huthwelker T, Kaegi R, Gehrig R, Grobéty B. On source identification and alteration of single diesel and wood smoke soot particles in the atmosphere; an X-ray microspectroscopy study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:5339-5344. [PMID: 19708363 DOI: 10.1021/es800773h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Diesel and wood combustion are major sources of carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere. It is very hard to distinguish between the two sources by looking at soot particle morphology, but clear differences in the chemical structure of single particles are revealed by C(1s) NEXAFS (near edge X-ray absorption fine structure) microspectroscopy. Soot from diesel combustion has a dominant spectral signature at approximately 285 eV from aromatic pi-bonds, whereas soot from wood combustion has the strongest signature at approximately 287 eV from phenolic carbon bonds. To investigate if it is possible to use these signatures for source apportionment purposes, we collected atmospheric samples with either diesel or wood combustion as a dominant particle source. No spectra obtained from the atmospheric particles completely matched the emission spectra. Especially particles from the wood dominated location underwent large modifications; the phenolic spectral signature at approximately 287 eV is greatly suppressed and surpassed by the peak attributed to the aromatic carbon groups at approximately 285 eV. Comparison with spectra from diesel soot samples experimentally aged with ozone show that very fast modification of the carbon structure of soot particles occurs as soon as they enter the atmosphere. Source attribution of single soot particles with microspectroscopy is thus hardly possible, but NEXAFS remains a powerful tool to study aging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G C Vernooij
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, Thun, CH-3602, Switzerland.
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Setyan A, Sauvain JJ, Rossi MJ. The use of heterogeneous chemistry for the characterization of functional groups at the gas/particle interface of soot and TiO2 nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:6205-17. [PMID: 19606331 DOI: 10.1039/b902509j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Six gases [N(CH(3))(3), NH(2)OH, CF(3)COOH, HCl, NO(2) and O(3)] were selected to probe the surface of seven different types of combustion aerosol samples (amorphous carbon, flame soot) and three types of TiO(2) nanoparticles using heterogeneous, i.e. gas-surface reactions. The gas uptake to saturation of the probes was measured under molecular flow conditions in a Knudsen flow reactor and expressed as a density of surface functional groups on a particular aerosol, namely acidic (carboxylic) and basic (conjugated oxides such as pyrone, N-heterocycle and amine) sites, carbonyl (R(1)-C(O)-R(2)) and oxidizable (olefinic, -OH) groups. The limit of detection was generally well below 1% of a formal monolayer of adsorbed probe gas. With few exceptions most investigated aerosol samples interacted with all probe gases to various extents which points to the coexistence of different functional groups on the same aerosol surface such as acidic and basic groups. Generally, the carbonaceous particles displayed significant differences in surface group density: Printex 60 amorphous carbon had the lowest density of surface functional groups throughout, whereas Diesel soot recovered from a Diesel particulate filter had the largest. The presence of basic oxides on carbonaceous aerosol particles was inferred from the ratio of uptakes of CF(3)COOH and HCl owing to the larger stability of the acetate compared to the chloride counterion in the resulting pyrylium salt. Both soots generated from a rich and a lean hexane diffusion flame had a large density of oxidizable groups similar to amorphous carbon FS 101. TiO(2) 15 had the lowest density of functional groups studied for all probe gases among the three TiO(2) nanoparticles despite the smallest size of its primary particles. The technique used enabled the measurement of the uptake probability of the probe gases on the various supported aerosol samples. The initial uptake probability, gamma(0), of the probe gas onto the supported nanoparticles differed significantly among the various investigated aerosol samples but was roughly correlated with the density of surface groups, as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Setyan
- Institut Universitaire Romand de Santé au Travail (IST), Université de Lausanne et Université de Genève, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Wenger D, Gerecke AC, Heeb NV, Schmid P, Hueglin C, Naegeli H, Zenobi R. In vitroestrogenicity of ambient particulate matter: contribution of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Appl Toxicol 2009; 29:223-32. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Herich H, Kammermann L, Gysel M, Weingartner E, Baltensperger U, Lohmann U, Cziczo DJ. In situ determination of atmospheric aerosol composition as a function of hygroscopic growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Dron J, Abidi E, Haddad IE, Marchand N, Wortham H. Precursor ion scanning–mass spectrometry for the determination of nitro functional groups in atmospheric particulate organic matter. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 618:184-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Weimer S, Alfarra MR, Schreiber D, Mohr M, Prévôt ASH, Baltensperger U. Organic aerosol mass spectral signatures from wood-burning emissions: Influence of burning conditions and wood type. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sandradewi J, Prévôt ASH, Szidat S, Perron N, Alfarra MR, Lanz VA, Weingartner E, Baltensperger U. Using aerosol light absorption measurements for the quantitative determination of wood burning and traffic emission contributions to particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:3316-23. [PMID: 18522112 DOI: 10.1021/es702253m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A source apportionment study was performed for particulate matter in the small village of Roveredo, Switzerland, where more than 70% of the households use wood burning for heating purposes. A two-lane trans-Alpine highway passes through the village and contributes to the total aerosol burden in the area. The village is located in a steep Alpine valley characterized by strong and persistent temperature inversions during winter, especially from December to February. During two winter and one early spring campaigns, a seven-wavelength aethalometer, high volume (HIVOL) samplers, an Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), an optical particle counter (OPC), and a Sunset Laboratory OCEC analyzer were deployed to study the contribution of wood burning and traffic aerosols to particulate matter. A linear regression model of the carbonaceous particulate mass in the submicrometer size range CM(PM1) as a function of aerosol light absorption properties measured by the aethalometer is introduced to estimate the particulate mass from wood burning and traffic (PM(wb), PM(traffic)). This model was calibrated with analyses from the 14C method using HIVOL filter measurements. These results indicate that light absorption exponents of 1.1 for traffic and 1.8-1.9 for wood burning calculated from the light absorption at 470 and 950 nanometers should be used to obtain agreement of the two methods regarding the relative wood burning and traffic emission contributions to CM(PM1) and also to black carbon. The resulting PM(wb) and PM(traffic) values explain 86% of the variance of the CM(PM1) and contribute, on average, 88 and 12% to CM(PM1), respectively. The black carbon is estimated to be 51% due to wood burning and 49% due to traffic emissions. The average organic carbon/total carbon (OC/TC) values were estimated to be 0.52 for traffic and 0.88 for wood burning particulate emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisca Sandradewi
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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