1
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Yu Y, Trottmann NF, Schärer MR, Fenner K, Robinson SL. Substrate promiscuity of xenobiotic-transforming hydrolases from stream biofilms impacted by treated wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 256:121593. [PMID: 38631239 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Organic contaminants enter aquatic ecosystems from various sources, including wastewater treatment plant effluent. Freshwater biofilms play a major role in the removal of organic contaminants from receiving water bodies, but knowledge of the molecular mechanisms driving contaminant biotransformations in complex stream biofilm (periphyton) communities remains limited. Previously, we demonstrated that biofilms in experimental flume systems grown at higher ratios of treated wastewater (WW) to stream water displayed an increased biotransformation potential for a number of organic contaminants. We identified a positive correlation between WW percentage and biofilm biotransformation rates for the widely-used insect repellent, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) and a number of other wastewater-borne contaminants with hydrolyzable moieties. Here, we conducted deep shotgun sequencing of flume biofilms and identified a positive correlation between WW percentage and metagenomic read abundances of DEET hydrolase (DH) homologs. To test the causality of this association, we constructed a targeted metagenomic library of DH homologs from flume biofilms. We screened our complete metagenomic library for activity with four different substrates, including DEET, and a subset thereof with 183 WW-related organic compounds. The majority of active hydrolases in the metagenomic library preferred aliphatic and aromatic ester substrates while, remarkably, only a single reference enzyme was capable of DEET hydrolysis. Of the 626 total enzyme-substrate combinations tested, approximately 5% were active enzyme-substrate pairs. Metagenomic DH family homologs revealed a broad substrate promiscuity spanning 22 different compounds when summed across all enzymes tested. We biochemically characterized the most promiscuous and active enzymes identified based on metagenomic analysis from uncultivated Rhodospirillaceae and Planctomycetaceae. In addition to characterizing new DH family enzymes, we exemplified a framework for linking metagenome-guided hypothesis generation with experimental validation. Overall, this study expands the scope of known enzymatic contaminant biotransformations for metagenomic hydrolases from WW-receiving stream biofilm communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaochun Yu
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Niklas Ferenc Trottmann
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Milo R Schärer
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Serina L Robinson
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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2
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Szabo D, Falconer TM, Fisher CM, Heise T, Phillips AL, Vas G, Williams AJ, Kruve A. Online and Offline Prioritization of Chemicals of Interest in Suspect Screening and Non-targeted Screening with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3707-3716. [PMID: 38380899 PMCID: PMC10918621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) have enabled the detection of thousands of chemicals from a single sample, while computational methods have improved the identification and quantification of these chemicals in the absence of reference standards typically required in targeted analysis. However, to determine the presence of chemicals of interest that may pose an overall impact on ecological and human health, prioritization strategies must be used to effectively and efficiently highlight chemicals for further investigation. Prioritization can be based on a chemical's physicochemical properties, structure, exposure, and toxicity, in addition to its regulatory status. This Perspective aims to provide a framework for the strategies used for chemical prioritization that can be implemented to facilitate high-quality research and communication of results. These strategies are categorized as either "online" or "offline" prioritization techniques. Online prioritization techniques trigger the isolation and fragmentation of ions from the low-energy mass spectra in real time, with user-defined parameters. Offline prioritization techniques, in contrast, highlight chemicals of interest after the data has been acquired; detected features can be filtered and ranked based on the relative abundance or the predicted structure, toxicity, and concentration imputed from the tandem mass spectrum (MS2). Here we provide an overview of these prioritization techniques and how they have been successfully implemented and reported in the literature to find chemicals of elevated risk to human and ecological environments. A complete list of software and tools is available from https://nontargetedanalysis.org/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Szabo
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Travis M. Falconer
- Forensic
Chemistry Center, Office of Regulatory Science, Office of Regulatory
Affairs, US Food and Drug Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, United States
| | - Christine M. Fisher
- Center
for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Ted Heise
- MED
Institute Inc, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Allison L. Phillips
- Center
for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, United States
| | - Gyorgy Vas
- VasAnalytical, Flemington, New Jersey 08822, United States
- Intertek
Pharmaceutical Services, Whitehouse, New Jersey 08888, United States
| | - Antony J. Williams
- Center
for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and
Development, US Environmental Protection
Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
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3
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Wu G, Wu T, Chen Y, He X, Liu P, Wang D, Geng J, Zhang XX. A comprehensive insight into the transformation pathways and products of fluoxetine and venlafaxine in wastewater based on molecular networking nontarget screening. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167727. [PMID: 37864996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Fluoxetine (FLX) and venlafaxine (VEN) are widely used antidepressant pharmaceuticals and were frequently detected in wastewater. Despite incomplete mineralization during biological wastewater treatment processes has been revealed, little is known about their transformation products (TPs) formed in the biological systems. To fill this gap, batch reactors and molecular networking nontarget screening were employed to identify the TPs and explore the transformation pathways of FLX and VEN in wastewater. On the basis, the concentrations of the TPs in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were determined and their toxicity was predicted. The removal rate constants per unit of biomass of FLX and VEN were up to 0.3192 and 0.1644 L/(gMLSS*d) in batch experiments, respectively. Subsequently, 11 TPs of VEN and 11 TPs of FLX were tentatively identified, among which 9 TPs of FLX and 5 TPs of VEN were newly reported in this study. The proposed transformation pathways provided new insights into the transformation reactions including dehydrogenation, N-formylation and hydroxylation for FLX, and formylation, epoxidation and methylation for VEN. Particularly, N-succinylation and demethylation were the dominant transformation pathways for FLX and VEN during transformation processes. The results of sampling campaigns revealed that the accumulated concentration of TPs were higher than the concentrations of VEN in effluent of WWTPs. In silico prediction results suggested that certain TPs have higher toxicity, persistence and biodegradability than their corresponding parent compounds of FLX and VEN. In addition, VEN-TP264(a) showed higher ecological risks than VEN. This study revealed the transformation processes and fate of FLX and VEN in wastewater, indicating that greater concerns should be exerted on the toxicity detection and control of the TPs of FLX and VEN in the treated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianshu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiran Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; School of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Depeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinju Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xu-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Zhang Y, Zhou A, Xu J, Ouyang Z, Han L, Liu Y. Using compound-specific isotope analysis to identify the mechanism of acetochlor degradation during oxygenation of hyporheic zone sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122855. [PMID: 37923051 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation is recognized as the main pathway for acetochlor attenuation in aquatic environments. However, the potential abiotic degradation of acetochlor by hydroxyl radicals (•OH) generated during oxygenation of hyporheic zone sediments has not been investigated. This study aims to examine the production of •OH during oxygenation of hyporheic zone sediments and its effects on acetochlor attenuation. A significant decrease of acetochlor, ranging from 77.9% to 100%, was observed in the water-sediment systems with extensive •OH production. The primary sources of •OH production were found to be the oxidation of Fe(II) and reduced humic acids. Furthermore, a •OH quenching experiment suggests that •OH driven oxidation is the dominant pathway for acetochlor attenuation. Carbon isotope fractionation of acetochlor degradation during oxygenation of sediments (εbulk,C ranged from -1.5‰ to -0.5 ± 0.3‰) was close to that during acetochlor degradation by •OH in a H2O2-Fe3O4 Fenton system (εbulk,C = -0.5 ± 0.1‰), but significantly smaller than that during acetochlor biodegradation (εbulk,C = -5.8 ± 0.9‰). Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) further suggests that •OH produced by sediment oxygenation plays a critical role in acetochlor attenuation in aquatic environments. Results of calculated apparent kinetic isotope effect of carbon (AKIEC) and transformation products indicate that SN1 and SN2-type nucleophilic substitution are the first steps in acetochlor attenuation through •OH driven oxidation (AKIEC = 1.007 ± 0.001) and aerobic biodegradation (AKIEC = 1.088 ± 0.013), respectively. Our findings highlight the potential of CSIA to assess the acetochlor degradation in water-sediment system, which can help to elucidate the fate of herbicide in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzheng Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Basin Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, 210042, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Aiguo Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Basin Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, 210042, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Ziyu Ouyang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Basin Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Li Han
- Hubei Institute of Food Quality and Safety Supervision and Inspection, 430074, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yunde Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Basin Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, PR China.
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5
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Huidobro-López B, Martínez-Hernández V, Barbero L, Meffe R, Nozal L, de Bustamante I. Evaluation of contaminants of emerging concern attenuation through a vegetation filter managed using different operating conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132217. [PMID: 37544173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
In wastewater treatment using Vegetation Filters (VFs), natural processes reduce contaminants present in water although some of them can reach the environment. In this study, 39 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are evaluated in a pilot VF under different operating conditions during almost four years. The use of woodchip amendments and the change from surface irrigation through furrows to drip irrigation (and from weekly to daily water application) provide CEC concentration reductions in the water infiltrating through the vadose zone. Biodegradation is the main process taking place and has been favoured mainly by woodchip soil amendments and the increased residence. Median attenuation percentages of the CECs most frequently detected with highest concentrations in applied wastewater vary between 52% and 100% at the end of the study (at 45 cm depth). Among targeted CECs, caffeine, and its transformation product paraxanthine are the most attenuated. Flecainide and venlafaxine show a persistent behaviour. However, their leaching concentrations are very low (< 31 ng/L). Concerning the underlying aquifer, the groundwater quality in terms of CEC concentrations is conditioned by the surrounding area rather than the operation of the VF. Levels in groundwater are always below those in wastewater and infiltrating water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Huidobro-López
- IMDEA Water Institute, Avda. Punto Com 2, 28805 Madrid, Spain; Alcalá University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, E-28871 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Lucía Barbero
- IMDEA Water Institute, Avda. Punto Com 2, 28805 Madrid, Spain; Alcalá University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, E-28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raffaella Meffe
- IMDEA Water Institute, Avda. Punto Com 2, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Nozal
- Alcalá University and General Foundation of Alcalá University, Center of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, E-28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene de Bustamante
- IMDEA Water Institute, Avda. Punto Com 2, 28805 Madrid, Spain; Alcalá University, Department of Geology, Geography and Environment, A-II km 33,0, 28805 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Trostel L, Coll C, Fenner K, Hafner J. Combining predictive and analytical methods to elucidate pharmaceutical biotransformation in activated sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1322-1336. [PMID: 37539453 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00161j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
While man-made chemicals in the environment are ubiquitous and a potential threat to human health and ecosystem integrity, the environmental fate of chemical contaminants such as pharmaceuticals is often poorly understood. Biodegradation processes driven by microbial communities convert chemicals into transformation products (TPs) that may themselves have adverse ecological effects. The detection of TPs formed during biodegradation has been continuously improved thanks to the development of TP prediction algorithms and analytical workflows. Here, we contribute to this advance by (i) reviewing past applications of TP identification workflows, (ii) applying an updated workflow for TP prediction to 42 pharmaceuticals in biodegradation experiments with activated sludge, and (iii) benchmarking 5 different pathway prediction models, comprising 4 prediction models trained on different datasets provided by enviPath, and the state-of-the-art EAWAG pathway prediction system. Using the updated workflow, we could tentatively identify 79 transformation products for 31 pharmaceutical compounds. Compared to previous works, we have further automatized several steps that were previously performed by hand. By benchmarking the enviPath prediction system on experimental data, we demonstrate the usefulness of the pathway prediction tool to generate suspect lists for screening, and we propose new avenues to improve their accuracy. Moreover, we provide a well-documented workflow that can be (i) readily applied to detect transformation products in activated sludge and (ii) potentially extended to other environmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Trostel
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, 8600, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Claudia Coll
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, 8600, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, 8600, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Hafner
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, 8600, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Zhao J, Fang S, Qi W, Liu H, Qu J. Do NH 4+-N and AOB affect atenolol removal during simulated riverbank filtration? CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134653. [PMID: 35447203 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation is regarding as the most important organic micro-pollutants (OMPs) removal mechanism during riverbank filtration (RBF), but the OMPs co-metabolism mechanism and the role of NH4+-N during this process are not well understood. Here, we selected atenolol as a typical OMP to explore the effect of NH4+-N concentration on atenolol removal and the role of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in atenolol biodegradation. The results showed that RBF is an effective barrier for atenolol mainly by biodegradation and adsorption. The ratio of biodegradation and adsorption to atenolol removal was dependent on atenolol concentration. Specifically, atenolol with low concentration (500 ng/L) is almost completely removed by adsorption, while atenolol with higher concentration (100 μg/L) is removed by biodegradation (51.7%) and adsorption (30.8%). Long-term difference in influent NH4+-N concentrations did not show significant impact on atenolol (500 ng/L) removal, which was mainly dominated by adsorption. Besides, AOB enhanced the removal of atenolol (100 μg/L) as biodegradation played a more crucial role in removing atenolol under this concentration. Both AOB and heterotrophic bacteria can degrade atenolol during RBF, but the degree of AOB's contribution may be related to the concentration of atenolol exposure. The main reactions occurred during atenolol biodegradation possibly includes primary amide hydrolysis, hydroxylation and secondary amine depropylation. About 90% of the bio-transformed atenolol was produced as atenolol acid. AOB could transform atenolol to atenolol acid by inducing primary amide hydrolysis but failed to degrade atenolol acid further under the conditions of this paper. This study provides novel insights regarding the roles played by AOB in OMPs biotransformation during RBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shangbiao Fang
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Weixiao Qi
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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8
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Desiante WL, Carles L, Wullschleger S, Joss A, Stamm C, Fenner K. Wastewater microorganisms impact the micropollutant biotransformation potential of natural stream biofilms. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118413. [PMID: 35504081 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation is the most important process removing manmade chemicals from the environment, yet mechanisms governing this essential ecosystem function are underexplored. To understand these mechanisms, we conducted experiments in flow-through systems, by colonizing stream biofilms under different conditions of mixing river water with treated (and ultrafiltered) wastewater. We performed biotransformation experiments with those biofilms, using a set of 75 micropollutants, and could disentangle potential mechanisms determining the biotransformation potential of stream biofilms. We showed that the increased biotransformation potential downstream of wastewater treatment plants that we observed for specific micropollutants contained in household wastewaters (downstream effect) is caused by microorganisms released with the treated effluent, rather than by the in-stream exposure to those micropollutants. Complementary data from 16S rRNA amplicon-sequencing revealed 146 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) that followed the observed biotransformation patterns. Our results align with findings for community tolerance, and provide clear experimental evidence that microorganisms released with treated wastewater integrate into downstream biofilms and impact crucial ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner L Desiante
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Louis Carles
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Simon Wullschleger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Joss
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Stamm
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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9
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Huidobro-López B, López-Heras I, Alonso-Alonso C, Martínez-Hernández V, Nozal L, de Bustamante I. Analytical method to monitor contaminants of emerging concern in water and soil samples from a non-conventional wastewater treatment system. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1671:463006. [PMID: 35395450 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nonconventional wastewater treatments, such as vegetation filters (VFs), are propitious systems to attenuate contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in small municipalities. The development of standardised multiresidue and multimatrix methods suitable for measuring a reliable number of CEC in environmental samples is crucial for monitoring infiltrating concentrations and for ensuring these systems' treatment capacity. The objective of this study is to develop and validate an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of CECs, including transformation products (TPs), with diverse physico-chemical properties, in environmental samples. The optimised method is based on sample clean-up and preconcentration by solid-phase extraction (SPE), followed by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method is able to detect and quantify 40 target CECs, including pharmaceuticals of different classes (analgesics, antibiotics, antihypertensives, lipid regulators, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antiarrhythmics, beta-blockers, amongst others), hormones and lifestyle products with good reproducibility (variations below 23%), in different water matrices, and 28 CECs, in soil samples. Acceptable recoveries (65-120%) were obtained for most of the CECs in all the matrices. However in the soil samples, as complexity required a prior extraction treatment, the recovery of some analytes was affected, which reduced the number of target CECs. The achieved methodological quantification limits (0.05-5 ng/L and 0.04-1.1 ng/g levels for the water and the soil matrices, respectively) were reasonably low for most CECs. The proposed method was successfully applied to monitor CECs in a VF. The CECs detected at higher concentrations are some of the world's most widely used products (e.g. acetaminophen or caffeine and its main TP, paraxanthine). The results showed an almost 70% reduction in CEC concentrations during infiltration. The groundwater data indicated that the VF treatment operation did not affect the underlying aquifer (Cmax found in GW <1 µg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Huidobro-López
- IMDEA Water, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Geology, Geography and Environment Department, University of Alcala, A-II km 33.0, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel López-Heras
- IMDEA Water, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Leonor Nozal
- IMDEA Water, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Center of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology (CQAB), University of Alcala and General Foundation of Alcala University (FGUA), A-II km 33.0, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene de Bustamante
- IMDEA Water, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Geology, Geography and Environment Department, University of Alcala, A-II km 33.0, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Zhao Q, Guo W, Luo H, Xing C, Wang H, Liu B, Si Q, Li D, Sun L, Ren N. Insights into removal of sulfonamides in anaerobic activated sludge system: Mechanisms, degradation pathways and stress responses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127248. [PMID: 34560488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The fate of antibiotics in activated sludge has attracted increasing interests. However, the focus needs to shift from concerning removal efficiencies to understanding mechanisms and sludge responding to antibiotic toxicity. Herein, we operated two anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (ASBRs) for 200 days with sulfadiazine (SDZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) added. The removal efficiency of SMX was higher than that of SDZ. SDZ was removed via adsorption (9.91-21.18%) and biodegradation (10.20-16.00%), while biodegradation (65.44-86.26%) was dominant for SMX removal. The mechanisms involved in adsorption and biodegradation were investigated, including adsorption strength, adsorption sites and the roles of enzymes. Protein-like substance (tryptophan) functioned vitally in adsorption by forming complexes with sulfonamides. P450 enzymes may catalyze sulfonamides degradation via hydroxylation and desulfurization. Activated sludge showed distinct responses to different sulfonamides, reflected in the changes of microbial communities and functions. These responses were related to sulfonamides removal, corresponding to the stronger adsorption capacity of activated sludge in ASBR-SDZ and degradation capacity in ASBR-SMX. Furthermore, the reasons for different removal efficiencies of sulfonamides were analyzed according to steric and electronic effects. These findings propose insights into antibiotic removal and broaden the knowledge for self-protection mechanisms of activated sludge under chronic toxicities of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Wanqian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Haichao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Chuanming Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Huazhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Banghai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Qishi Si
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Denian Li
- Laboratory for Integrated Technology of "Urban and Rural Mines" Exploitation, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 2 Nengyuan Road, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Lushi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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11
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Rich SL, Zumstein MT, Helbling DE. Identifying Functional Groups that Determine Rates of Micropollutant Biotransformations Performed by Wastewater Microbial Communities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:984-994. [PMID: 34939795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this research was to identify functional groups that determine rates of micropollutant (MP) biotransformations performed by wastewater microbial communities. To meet this goal, we performed a series of incubation experiments seeded with four independent wastewater microbial communities and spiked them with a mixture of 40 structurally diverse MPs. We collected samples over time and used high-resolution mass spectrometry to estimate biotransformation rate constants for each MP in each experiment and to propose structures of 46 biotransformation products. We then developed random forest models to classify the biotransformation rate constants based on the presence of specific functional groups or observed biotransformations. We extracted classification importance metrics from each random forest model and compared them across wastewater microbial communities. Our analysis revealed 30 functional groups that we define as either biotransformation promoters, biotransformation inhibitors, structural features that can be biotransformed based on uncharacterized features of the wastewater microbial community, or structural features that are not rate-determining. Our experimental data and analysis provide novel insights into MP biotransformations that can be used to more accurately predict MP biotransformations or to inform the design of new chemical products that may be more readily biodegradable during wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Rich
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michael T Zumstein
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Division of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Wien 1090 Austria
| | - Damian E Helbling
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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12
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Kennes-Veiga DM, Gónzalez-Gil L, Carballa M, Lema JM. Enzymatic cometabolic biotransformation of organic micropollutants in wastewater treatment plants: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126291. [PMID: 34752884 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of trace-level organic micropollutants (OMPs) by complex microbial communities in wastewater treatment facilities is a key process for their detoxification and environmental impact reduction. Therefore, understanding the metabolic activities and mechanisms that contribute to their biotransformation is essential when developing approaches aiming to minimize their discharge. This review addresses the relevance of cometabolic processes and discusses the main enzymatic activities currently known to take part in OMPs removal under different redox environments in the compartments of wastewater treatment plants. Furthermore, the most common methodologies to decipher such enzymes are discussed, including the use of in vitro enzyme assays, enzymatic inhibitors, the analysis of transformation products and the application of several -omic techniques. Finally, perspectives on major challenges and future research requirements to improve OMPs biotransformation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Kennes-Veiga
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Lorena Gónzalez-Gil
- Defence University Centre, Spanish Naval Academy, Plaza de España, 36920 Marín, Spain
| | - Marta Carballa
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan M Lema
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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13
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Gulde R, Clerc B, Rutsch M, Helbing J, Salhi E, McArdell CS, von Gunten U. Oxidation of 51 micropollutants during drinking water ozonation: Formation of transformation products and their fate during biological post-filtration. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117812. [PMID: 34839057 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Micropollutants (MP) with varying ozone-reactive moieties were spiked to lake water in the influent of a drinking water pilot plant consisting of an ozonation followed by a biological sand filtration. During ozonation, 227 transformation products (OTPs) from 39 of the spiked 51 MPs were detected after solid phase extraction by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). Based on the MS/MS data, tentative molecular structures are proposed. Reaction mechanisms for the formation of a large number of OTPs are suggested by combination of the kinetics of formation and abatement and state-of-the-art knowledge on ozone and hydroxyl radical chemistry. OTPs forming as primary or higher generation products from the oxidation of MPs could be differentiated. However, some expected products from the reactions of ozone with activated aromatic compounds and olefins were not detected with the applied analytical procedure. 187 OTPs were present in the sand filtration in sufficiently high concentrations to elucidate their fate in this treatment step. 35 of these OTPs (19%) were abated in the sand filtration step, most likely due to biodegradation. Only 24 (13%) of the OTPs were abated more efficiently than the parent compounds, with a dependency on the functional group of the parent MPs and OTPs. Overall, this study provides evidence, that the common assumption that OTPs are easily abated in biological post-treatment is not generally valid. Nevertheless, it is unknown how the OTPs, which escaped detection, would have behaved in the biological post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Gulde
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600 Switzerland
| | - Baptiste Clerc
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600 Switzerland
| | - Moreno Rutsch
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600 Switzerland
| | | | - Elisabeth Salhi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600 Switzerland
| | - Christa S McArdell
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600 Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600 Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015 Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), ETH Zurich, Zurich, CH-8092, Switzerland.
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14
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Alfonso-Muniozguren P, Serna-Galvis EA, Bussemaker M, Torres-Palma RA, Lee J. A review on pharmaceuticals removal from waters by single and combined biological, membrane filtration and ultrasound systems. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 76:105656. [PMID: 34274706 PMCID: PMC8319449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) such as pharmaceuticals commonly found in urban and industrial wastewater are a potential threat to human health and have negative environmental impact. Most wastewater treatment plants cannot efficiently remove these compounds and therefore, many pharmaceuticals end up in aquatic ecosystems, inducing problems such as toxicity and antibiotic-resistance. This review reports the extent of pharmaceutical removal by individual processes such as bioreactors, advanced oxidation processes and membrane filtration systems, all of which are not 100% efficient and can lead to the direct discharge of pharmaceuticals into water bodies. Also, the importance of understanding biotransformation of pharmaceutical compounds during biological and ultrasound treatment, and its impact on treatment efficacy will be reviewed. Different combinations of the processes above, either as an integrated configuration or in series, will be discussed in terms of their degradation efficiency and scale-up capabilities. The trace quantities of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater and scale-up issues of ultrasound highlight the importance of membrane filtration as a concentration and volume reduction treatment step for wastewater, which could subsequently be treated by ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Efraím A Serna-Galvis
- Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington (Uniremington), Calle 51 No. 51-27, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Madeleine Bussemaker
- Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo A Torres-Palma
- Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Judy Lee
- Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, United Kingdom.
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15
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Feng X, Li D, Liang W, Ruan T, Jiang G. Recognition and Prioritization of Chemical Mixtures and Transformation Products in Chinese Estuarine Waters by Suspect Screening Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9508-9517. [PMID: 33764750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical mixtures in surface waters could have significant impacts on exposure risks to human beings and pollution stress to aquatic system. By suspect screening analysis of high-resolution mass spectrometry data, occurrence, and compositions of ToxCast chemicals were investigated in grab estuarine water samples from a combination of 20 rivers that represents approximately 70% of the total river flow discharge along the east coast of China. In total, 59 ToxCast chemicals in seven use categories were identified, in which pesticides, intermediates, and pharmaceuticals were the abundant analogues. Significant differences in pollutant composition profiles were noticed, which possibly reflected singular release pattern and geographical-relevant usage preference (especially for herbicides and fungicides in the pesticide category). With the aid of tentative quantitative/semiquantitative measurement, essential contributors to the cumulative pollutant mass discharges and aquatic acute toxicity potentials were focused onto few particular chemicals. Existence of transformation products was further explored, which indicated that the fates of the selected parent ToxCast chemicals could be influenced by dominating transformation reactions (e.g., N-dealkylation and hydroxylation) and possible environmental factors (i.e., microbial activity). The results emphasize the necessity of suspect screening analysis for assessing the influence of terrestrial emissions of pollutants to the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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16
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Edefell E, Falås P, Torresi E, Hagman M, Cimbritz M, Bester K, Christensson M. Promoting the degradation of organic micropollutants in tertiary moving bed biofilm reactors by controlling growth and redox conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125535. [PMID: 33684823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel process configuration was designed to increase biofilm growth in tertiary moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) by providing additional substrate from primary treated wastewater in a sidestream reactor under different redox conditions in order to improve micropollutant removal in MBBRs with low substrate availability. This novel recirculating MBBR was operated on pilot scale for 13 months, and a systematic increase was seen in the biomass concentration and the micropollutant degradation rates, compared to a tertiary MBBR without additional substrate. The degradation rates per unit carrier surface area increased in the order of ten times, and for certain micropollutants, such as atenolol, metoprolol, trimethoprim and roxithromycin, the degradation rates increased 20-60 times. Aerobic conditions were critical for maintaining high micropollutant degradation rates. With innovative MBBR configurations it may be possible to improve the biological degradation of organic micropollutants in wastewater. It is suggested that degradation rates be normalized to the carrier surface area, in favor of the biomass concentration, as this reflects the diffusion limitations of oxygen, and will facilitate the comparison of different biofilm systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Edefell
- Sweden Water Research AB, Ideon Science Park, Scheelevägen 15, SE-223 70 Lund, Sweden; Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Per Falås
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Elena Torresi
- Veolia Water Technologies AB - AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11 A, SE-226 47 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marinette Hagman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael Cimbritz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Magnus Christensson
- Veolia Water Technologies AB - AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11 A, SE-226 47 Lund, Sweden
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17
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Tinkov OV, Grigorev VY, Grigoreva LD. Prediction of an Organic Compound’s Biotransformation Time: A Study Using Avermectins. MOSCOW UNIVERSITY CHEMISTRY BULLETIN 2021. [PMCID: PMC8382113 DOI: 10.3103/s0027131421040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is a challenge for the entire world. Ivermectin is a promising agent, which could be used to combat the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. It represents a complex of semisynthetic derivatives of natural avermectins that have been taken advantage of for a long time in medicine and agriculture as antiparasitic drugs. However, the experimental ecotoxicology assessment data for individual avermectins are still scarce. In relation to this, the aim of this study is to develop a mathematical model that would allow reliably predicting the biotransformation ability of natural and semisynthetic avermectins and identifying the structural fragments of avermectin molecules that have the largest impact on this biological activity. The base for the model construction was a structurally heterogeneous set including organic compounds with experimentally determined biotransformation half-life periods (KmHL). Using the OCHEM web platform (https://ochem.eu) with the implemented PyDescriptor plugin for the descriptor calculation and Random Forest and Transformer-CNN algorithms, a satisfactory (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$R_{{{\text{test}}}}^{2}$$\end{document} = 0.81) Quantitative Relationship Structure—Activity (QSAR) model was developed. The subsequent calculations have shown that natural avermectins undergo on average faster biotransformation in fish than the semisynthetic ones. In addition, structural fragments that increase and decrease the biotransformation rate are identified.
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18
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Zhou LJ, Han P, Zhao M, Yu Y, Sun D, Hou L, Liu M, Zhao Q, Tang X, Klümper U, Gu JD, Men Y, Wu QL. Biotransformation of lincomycin and fluoroquinolone antibiotics by the ammonia oxidizers AOA, AOB and comammox: A comparison of removal, pathways, and mechanisms. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 196:117003. [PMID: 33730544 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the biotransformation mechanisms of lincomycin (LIN) and three fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs), ciprofloxacin (CFX), norfloxacin (NFX), and ofloxacin (OFX), which regularly enter aquatic environments through human activities, by different ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AOM). The organisms included a pure culture of the complete ammonia oxidizer (comammox) Nitrospira inopinata, an ammonia oxidizing archaeon (AOA) Nitrososphaera gargensis, and an ammonia-oxidizing bacterium (AOB) Nitrosomonas nitrosa Nm90. The removal of these antibiotics by the pure microbial cultures and the protein-normalized biotransformation rate constants indicated that LIN was significantly co-metabolically biotransformed by AOA and comammox, but not by AOB. CFX and NFX were significantly co-metabolized by AOA and AOB, but not by comammox. None of the tested cultures transformed OFX effectively. Generally, AOA showed the best biotransformation capability for LIN and FQs, followed by comammox and AOB. The transformation products and their related biotransformation mechanisms were also elucidated. i) The AOA performed hydroxylation, S-oxidation, and demethylation of LIN, as well as nitrosation and cleavage of the piperazine moiety of CFX and NFX; ii) the AOB utilized nitrosation to biotransform CFX and NFX; and iii) the comammox carried out hydroxylation, demethylation, and demethylthioation of LIN. Hydroxylamine, an intermediate of ammonia oxidation, chemically reacted with LIN and the selected FQs, with removals exceeding 90%. Collectively, these findings provide important fundamental insights into the roles of different ammonia oxidizers and their intermediates on LIN and FQ biotransformation in nitrifying environments including wastewater treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Ping Han
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Mengyue Zhao
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yaochun Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Dongyao Sun
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lijun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiufeng Tang
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Uli Klümper
- Institute for Hydrobiology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01217, Germany
| | - Ji-Dong Gu
- Environmental Engineering, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Yujie Men
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Qinglong L Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; Sino-Danish Center for Science and Education, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Nguyen PY, Carvalho G, Reis MAM, Oehmen A. A review of the biotransformations of priority pharmaceuticals in biological wastewater treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 188:116446. [PMID: 33038717 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater effluent discharges have been considered as one of the main sources of synthetic chemicals entering into the aquatic environment. Even though they occur at low concentrations, pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) can have an impact on ecological toxicity that affects aquatic organisms. Moreover, new regulations in development toward preserving water quality reinforces the increasing need to monitor and abate some PhACs in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), where they are typically only partially eliminated. Unlike most previous reviews, we have focussed on how the main biological and chemical molecular factors impact the biotransformations of key PhACs in biological WWTP processes. Biotransformations have been found to be an important contributor towards the removal of PhACs from WWTP effluents. This review paper critically assesses these aspects and the recent advances that have been achieved in wastewater treatment processes for biodegradation of 7 PhACs; namely the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac (DCF); the macrolide antibiotics azithromycin (AZM), erythromycin (ERY) and clarithromycin (CLR); the two natural estrogens estrone (E1) and 17β-estradiol (E2), and the synthetic estrogen 17α-ethinylesradiol (EE2). These represent the micropollutants of the EU Watch list in Decision 2015/495/EU that are most relevant to WWTPs due to their frequent detection. The metabolic pathways, transformation products and impact of relevant factors to biological WWTP processes is addressed in this review. The biokinetics of PhAC biodegradation in different engineered bioprocesses is also discussed. Promising technologies and operational strategies that are likely to have a high impact on controlling PhAC releases are highlighted and future research needs are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Nguyen
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Gilda Carvalho
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Maria A M Reis
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Adrian Oehmen
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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20
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Fenner K, Screpanti C, Renold P, Rouchdi M, Vogler B, Rich S. Comparison of Small Molecule Biotransformation Half-Lives between Activated Sludge and Soil: Opportunities for Read-Across? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3148-3158. [PMID: 32062976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Compartment-specific degradation half-lives are essential pieces of information in the regulatory risk assessment of synthetic chemicals. However, their measurement according to regulatory testing guidelines is laborious and costly. Despite the obvious ecological and economic benefits of knowing environmental degradability as early as possible, its consideration in the early phases of rational chemical design is therefore challenging. Here, we explore the possibility to use half-lives determined in highly time- and work-efficient biotransformation experiments with activated sludge and mixtures of chemicals to predict soil half-lives from regulatory simulation studies. We experimentally determined half-lives for 52 structurally diverse agrochemical active ingredients in batch reactors with three concentrations of the same activated sludge. We then developed bi- and multivariate models for predicting half-lives in soil by regressing the experimentally determined half-lives in activated sludge against average soil half-lives of the same chemicals extracted from regulatory data. The models differed in how we accounted for sorption-related bioavailability differences in soil and activated sludge. The best-performing models exhibited good coefficients of determination (R2 of around 0.8) and low average errors (<factor of 3 in half-life predictions) and were robust in cross-validation. From a practical perspective, these results suggest that it may indeed be possible to read across from half-lives determined in highly efficient biotransformation experiments in activated sludge to soil half-lives, which are obtained from much more work- and resource-intense regulatory studies, and that these predictions are clearly superior to predictions based on the output of BIOWIN, a publicly available quantitative structure-biodegradation relationship (QSBR) model. From a theoretical perspective, these results suggest that soil and activated sludge microbial communities, although certainly different in terms of taxonomic composition, may be functionally similar with respect to the enzymatic transformation of environmentally relevant concentrations of a diverse range of chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Fenner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Screpanti
- Chemical Research, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Peter Renold
- Chemical Research, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Marwa Rouchdi
- Chemical Research, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Bernadette Vogler
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Rich
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Henning N, Falås P, Castronovo S, Jewell KS, Bester K, Ternes TA, Wick A. Biological transformation of fexofenadine and sitagliptin by carrier-attached biomass and suspended sludge from a hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 167:115034. [PMID: 31581038 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the (bio)transformation of the antidiabetic sitagliptin (STG) and the antihistamine fexofenadine (FXF) during wastewater treatment. As inoculum either attached-growth on carriers or suspended sludge from a hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor (HMBBR) was used. Both target compounds were incubated in degradation experiments and quantified via LC-MS/MS for degradation kinetics. Furthermore transformation products (TPs) were analyzed via high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Structural elucidation of the TPs was based on the high resolution molecular ion mass to propose a molecular formula and on MS2 fragmentation to elucidate the chemical structure of the TPs. In total, 22 TPs (9 TPs for STG and 13 TPs for FXF) were detected in the experiments with STG and FXF. For all TPs, chemical structures could be proposed. STG was mainly transformed via amide hydrolysis and conjugation of the primary amine moiety. In contrast, FXF was predominantly transformed by oxidative reactions such as oxidation (dehydrogenation) and hydroxylation. Furthermore, FXF was removed significantly faster in contact with carriers compared to suspended sludge, whereas STG was degraded slightly faster in contact with suspended sludge. Moreover, the primary TP of FXF was also degraded faster in contact with carriers leading to higher proportions of secondary TPs. Thus, the microbial community of both carriers and suspended sludge catalyzed the same primary transformation reactions but the transformation kinetics of FXF and the formation/degradation of FXF TPs were considerably higher in contact with carrier-attached biomass. The primary degradation of both target compounds in pilot- and full-scale conventional activated sludge (CAS) and MBBR reactors reached 42 and 61% for FXF and STG, respectively. Up to three of the identified TPs of FXF and 8 TPs of STG were detected in the effluents of pilot- and full-scale CAS and MBBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Henning
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Per Falås
- Water and Environmental Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sandro Castronovo
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Kevin S Jewell
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Kai Bester
- Department for Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068, Koblenz, Germany.
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22
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Lege S, Eisenhofer A, Heras JEY, Zwiener C. Identification of transformation products of denatonium - Occurrence in wastewater treatment plants and surface waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:140-150. [PMID: 31176813 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Denatonium, one of the bitterest substances known to man, was recently identified as wastewater borne micropollutant in surface waters. Therefore, photodegradation experiments and electrochemical degradation were performed to identify abiotic and putative biotic transformation products (TPs). Indirect rather than direct photodegradation proved to be important for denatonium removal by solar irradiation and produced seven TPs. Amide hydrolysis, hydroxylation, N-dealkylation, and N-dearylation were revealed as the main mechanisms. Anodic oxidation of denatonium was related to the formation of overall ten products and despite considerable different yields, all TPs from indirect photodegradation were mimicked electrochemically. Among them, lidocaine was the only TP detected after conventional wastewater treatment and in surface waters. The occurrence of lidocaine was however associated with its application as local anesthetic rather than to a degradation of denatonium. The absence of additional products suggests that denatonium degradation is negligible under environmental conditions, supporting the previously described persistent nature of this compound. Advanced water treatment techniques however have the potential to degrade denatonium. About 74% of the initial denatonium load was removed from wastewater during pilot-scale ozonation. The degradation of denatonium was accompanied here with the formation of at least two polar products, which are passing unchanged through a sand filter after ozonation. Both substances have completely unknown (toxicological) properties and this study seems to be the first report about their structures in general, as none of them was found in any of the large compound libraries (e.g. PubChem).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Lege
- University of Tübingen, Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Eisenhofer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jorge Eduardo Yanez Heras
- University of Tübingen, Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Zwiener
- University of Tübingen, Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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23
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Cimbritz M, Edefell E, Thörnqvist E, El-Taliawy H, Ekenberg M, Burzio C, Modin O, Persson F, Wilén BM, Bester K, Falås P. PAC dosing to an MBBR - Effects on adsorption of micropollutants, nitrification and microbial community. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 677:571-579. [PMID: 31067478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two nitrifying MBBR reactors were operated in parallel, one with PAC dosing and one without, to determine the effects of PAC dosing on nitrification and micropollutant adsorption in municipal wastewater. The removal of micropollutants was evaluated for several doses of PAC and batch experiments were performed to measure adsorption kinetics and nitrification rates. The influence of PAC on the nitrifying microbial community was examined by high-throughput amplicon sequencing. Long-term operation of the pilot reactors showed that nitrification could be maintained while supplying PAC at increasing doses, as confirmed by high nitrification rates and significant abundance of nitrifying bacteria. The adsorption of organic micropollutants could be controlled by the PAC dose, and increased dosing resulted in corresponding improvements in removal efficiency. Biomass, suspended or attached to carriers, did not interfere with the adsorption of organic micropollutants. Freundlich isotherms obtained from the batch experiments were used to predict removal of organic micropollutants in the pilot reactors, suggesting that batch adsorption experiments can be used to predict micropollutant removal on a full scale. Collectively, the results show that nitrification and adsorption of organic micropollutants can be performed simultaneously in an MBBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cimbritz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ellen Edefell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; Sweden Water Research AB, Ideon Science Park, Scheelevägen 15, 223 70 Lund, Sweden
| | - Elias Thörnqvist
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Haitam El-Taliawy
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Maria Ekenberg
- Veolia Water Technologies AB - AnoxKaldnes, Klosterängsvägen 11A, 226 47 Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Burzio
- Chalmers University of Technology, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Sven Hultins gata 6, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oskar Modin
- Chalmers University of Technology, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Sven Hultins gata 6, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frank Persson
- Chalmers University of Technology, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Sven Hultins gata 6, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Wilén
- Chalmers University of Technology, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Water Environment Technology, Sven Hultins gata 6, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Per Falås
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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24
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Han P, Yu Y, Zhou L, Tian Z, Li Z, Hou L, Liu M, Wu Q, Wagner M, Men Y. Specific Micropollutant Biotransformation Pattern by the Comammox Bacterium Nitrospira inopinata. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8695-8705. [PMID: 31294971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The recently discovered complete ammonia-oxidizing (comammox) bacteria occur in various environments, including wastewater treatment plants. To better understand their role in micropollutant biotransformation in comparison with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), we investigated the biotransformation capability of Nitrospira inopinata (the only comammox isolate) for 17 micropollutants. Asulam, fenhexamid, mianserin, and ranitidine were biotransformed by N. inopinata, Nitrososphaera gargensis (AOA), and Nitrosomonas nitrosa Nm90 (AOB). More distinctively, carbendazim, a benzimidazole fungicide, was exclusively biotransformed by N. inopinata. The biotransformation of carbendazim only occurred when N. inopinata was supplied with ammonia but not nitrite as the energy source. The exclusive biotransformation of carbendazim by N. inopinata was likely enabled by an enhanced substrate promiscuity of its unique AMO and its much higher substrate (for ammonia) affinity compared with the other two ammonia oxidizers. One major plausible transformation product (TP) of carbendazim is a hydroxylated form at the aromatic ring, which is consistent with the function of AMO. These findings provide fundamental knowledge on the micropollutant degradation potential of a comammox bacterium to better understand the fate of micropollutants in nitrifying environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Han
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Microbial Ecology , University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14 , 1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Yaochun Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Microbial Ecology , University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14 , 1090 Vienna , Austria
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment , Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210008 , China
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters , University of Washington Tacoma , Tacoma , Washington 98421 , United States
| | - Zhong Li
- Metabolomics Center , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | | | | | - Qinglong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment , Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210008 , China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Science , University of Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Michael Wagner
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Division of Microbial Ecology , University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14 , 1090 Vienna , Austria
- The Comammox Research Platform of the University of Vienna , 1090 Vienna , Austria
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Bioscience , Aalborg University , 9100 Aalborg , Denmark
| | - Yujie Men
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
- Institute for Genomic Biology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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25
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Liu L, Liu J, Liu X, Dai C, Zhang Z, Song W, Chu Y. Kinetic and equilibrium of U(VI) biosorption onto the resistant bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2019; 203:117-124. [PMID: 30897483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated U(VI) biosorption properties by the resistant bacterium, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, which was isolated from the soils with residual radionuclides. The effect of biosorption factors (uptake time, pH, ionic concentration, biosorbent dosage and temperature) on U(VI) removal was determined by batch experiments. The uptake processes were characterized by using SEM, FTIR, and XPS. The experimental data of U(VI) biosorption were fitted by the pseudo-second-order. The maximum uptake capacity was 179.5 mg/g at pH 6.0 by Langmuir model. The thermodynamic results: ΔGо, ΔHо and ΔSо for uptake processes were calculated as -6.359 kJ/mol, 14.20 kJ/mol and 67.19 J/mol/K, respectively. The results showed that the biosorption of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens will be an ideal method to remove radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China; School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Vocational and Technical College, Hefei, 230011, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Vocational and Technical College, Hefei, 230011, PR China
| | - Chengwei Dai
- School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Vocational and Technical College, Hefei, 230011, PR China
| | - Zexin Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China
| | - Wencheng Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China.
| | - Yannan Chu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, PR China.
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26
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Zumstein MT, Helbling DE. Biotransformation of antibiotics: Exploring the activity of extracellular and intracellular enzymes derived from wastewater microbial communities. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 155:115-123. [PMID: 30836263 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the activity of extracellular and intracellular enzymes derived from wastewater microbial communities is essential to improve our fundamental understanding of micropollutant removal during wastewater treatment. To study biotransformations with respect to enzyme biogeography, we developed a method to separate soluble extracellular, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)-bound, and intracellular enzymes from wastewater microbial communities and assessed the protease and peptidase activity of the resulting enzyme pools. We also evaluated the biotransformation of six antibiotics (amoxicillin, ampicillin, clindamycin, daptomycin, linezolid, and vancomycin) in each enzyme pool because we expect that the kinetics, pathways, and biogeography of antibiotic biotransformations influence the selection of antibiotic resistance within wastewater microbial communities and in downstream environments. Our results demonstrated that biotransformation rate constants varied among the tested antibiotics, and that the observed rank order was consistent across three wastewater treatment plants. Importantly, many of the observed biotransformations eliminated the functional groups associated with antibiotic activity. Furthermore, we found that β-lactam hydrolysis and daptomycin hydrolysis were catalyzed by enzymes extracted from the EPS, while none of the tested antibiotics were biotransformed by soluble extracellular enzymes. Finally, our results demonstrated that the number of enzyme-catalyzed antibiotic transformations was larger for intracellular than for extracellular enzymes. Together, this study provides novel insights on the kinetics, pathways, and biogeography of antibiotic biotransformations performed by wastewater microbial communities and can be used to inform pathway prediction or the development of biodegradable chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Zumstein
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Damian E Helbling
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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27
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Gonzalez-Gil L, Krah D, Ghattas AK, Carballa M, Wick A, Helmholz L, Lema JM, Ternes TA. Biotransformation of organic micropollutants by anaerobic sludge enzymes. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 152:202-214. [PMID: 30669042 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in wastewater treatment plants ultimately depends on the enzymatic activities developed in each biological process. However, few research efforts have been made to clarify and identify the role of enzymes on the removal of OMPs, which is an essential knowledge to determine the biotransformation potential of treatment technologies. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the enzymatic transformation of 35 OMPs under anaerobic conditions, which have been even less studied than aerobic systems. Initially, 13 OMPs were identified to be significantly biotransformed (>20%) by anaerobic sludge obtained from a full-scale anaerobic digester, predestining them as potential targets of anaerobic enzymes. Native enzymes were extracted from this anaerobic sludge to perform transformation assays with the OMPs. In addition, the effect of detergents to recover membrane enzymes, as well as the effects of cofactors and inhibitors to promote and suppress specific enzymatic activities were evaluated. In total, it was possible to recover enzymatic activities towards 10 out of these 13 target OMPs (acetyl-sulfamethoxazole and its transformation product sulfamethoxazole, acetaminophen, atenolol, clarithromycin, citalopram, climbazole, erythromycin, and terbutryn, venlafaxine) as well as towards 8 non-target OMPs (diclofenac, iopamidol, acyclovir, acesulfame, and 4 different hydroxylated metabolites of carbamazepine). Some enzymatic activities likely involved in the anaerobic biotransformation of these OMPs were identified. Thereby, this study is a starting point to unravel the still enigmatic biotransformation of OMPs in wastewater treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Gonzalez-Gil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain.
| | - Daniel Krah
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz, D-56068, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Ghattas
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz, D-56068, Germany
| | - Marta Carballa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz, D-56068, Germany
| | - Lissa Helmholz
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz, D-56068, Germany
| | - Juan M Lema
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa, Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Am Mainzer Tor 1, Koblenz, D-56068, Germany
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28
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Xu J, Sun H, Zhang Y, Alder AC. Occurrence and enantiomer profiles of β-blockers in wastewater and a receiving water body and adjacent soil in Tianjin, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1122-1130. [PMID: 30308800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A total of 58 samples were collected from hospitals, municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), a receiving water body (Dagu Drainage Canal, DDC), and adjacent farmland in Tianjin City, China, in May and November 2013 and were analyzed for five common β-blockers (atenolol, sotalol, metoprolol, propranolol, and nadolol) to elucidate their source, occurrence and fate in a typical city in China. The profiles of the enantiomers of the β-blockers in some samples were examined. Sotalol, metoprolol and propranolol were frequently detected, atenolol was less frequently detected, and nadolol was mostly not detected. Generally, the concentrations in hospital wastewaters occurred from <LOQ to 10 μg/L, while concentrations in municipal WWTP water samples ranged from <LOQ to 5.2 μg/L. Hence, both hospitals and WWTPs acted as sources of β-blockers in the environment. Sotalol, metoprolol and propranolol were determined in soils adjacent to the DDC with concentrations up to hundreds of ng/kg in the topsoil and declining levels in the subsoil. Seasonal variation was observed with samples obtained in May showing higher concentrations, both in the canal and the adjacent soil, which could be ascribed to greater consumption of these drugs, lower temperature and less precipitation in the spring and the former winter. Enantiomeric fractions (EFs) of metoprolol and propranolol in soil samples showed a trend of enrichment of E1 (first-eluted) compared to E2 (second-eluted), while sotalol was almost racemic. In the DDC, no significant difference was found for the pair enantiomers of each β-blocker, while in hospital and WWTP wastewaters, E1 predominated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Alfredo C Alder
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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29
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Lakshminarasimman N, Quiñones O, Vanderford BJ, Campo-Moreno P, Dickenson EV, McAvoy DC. Biotransformation and sorption of trace organic compounds in biological nutrient removal treatment systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:62-72. [PMID: 29857321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study determined biotransformation rates (kbio) and sorption-distribution coefficients (Kd) for a select group of trace organic compounds (TOrCs) in anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic activated sludge collected from two different biological nutrient removal (BNR) treatment systems located in Nevada (NV) and Ohio (OH) in the United States (US). The NV and OH facilities operated at solids retention times (SRTs) of 8 and 23 days, respectively. Using microwave-assisted extraction, the biotransformation rates of the chosen TOrCs were measured in the total mixed liquor. Sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and atenolol biotransformed in all three redox regimes irrespective of the activated sludge source. The biotransformation of N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), triclosan, and benzotriazole was observed in aerobic activated sludge from both treatment plants; however, anoxic biotransformation of these three compounds was seen only in anoxic activated sludge from NV. Carbamazepine was recalcitrant in all three redox regimes and both sources of activated sludge. Atenolol and DEET had greater biotransformation rates in activated sludge with a higher SRT (23 days), while trimethoprim had a higher biotransformation rate in activated sludge with a lower SRT (8 days). The remaining compounds did not show any dependence on SRT. Lyophilized, heat inactivated sludge solids were used to determine the sorption-distribution coefficients. Triclosan was the most sorptive compound followed by carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, DEET, and benzotriazole. The sorption-distribution coefficients were similar across redox conditions and sludge sources. The biotransformation rates and sorption-distribution coefficients determined in this study can be used to improve fate prediction of the target TOrCs in BNR treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar Quiñones
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Henderson, NV 89015, USA
| | - Brett J Vanderford
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Henderson, NV 89015, USA
| | - Pablo Campo-Moreno
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Beds MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Eric V Dickenson
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Henderson, NV 89015, USA
| | - Drew C McAvoy
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
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Stadler LB, Delgado Vela J, Jain S, Dick GJ, Love NG. Elucidating the impact of microbial community biodiversity on pharmaceutical biotransformation during wastewater treatment. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:995-1007. [PMID: 29076630 PMCID: PMC6196385 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to removing organics and other nutrients, the microorganisms in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) biotransform many pharmaceuticals present in wastewater. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between pharmaceutical biotransformation and biodiversity in WWTP bioreactor microbial communities and identify taxa and functional genes that were strongly associated with biotransformation. Dilution-to-extinction of an activated sludge microbial community was performed to establish cultures with a gradient of microbial biodiversity. Batch experiments were performed using the dilution cultures to determine biotransformation extents of several environmentally relevant pharmaceuticals. With this approach, because the communities were all established from the same original community, and using sequencing of the 16S rRNA and metatranscriptome, we identified candidate taxa and genes whose activity and transcript abundances associated with the extent of individual pharmaceutical biotransformation and were lost across the biodiversity gradient. Metabolic genes such as dehydrogenases, amidases and monooxygenases were significantly associated with pharmaceutical biotransformation, and five genera were identified whose activity significantly associated with pharmaceutical biotransformation. Understanding how biotransformation relates to biodiversity will inform the design of biological WWTPs for enhanced removal of chemicals that negatively impact environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren B. Stadler
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Present address:
Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringRice University6100 Main Street, MS‐516HoustonTX77005USA
| | - Jeseth Delgado Vela
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Sunit Jain
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Present address:
Second Genome341 Allerton AvenueSouth San FranciscoCA94080USA
| | - Gregory J. Dick
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Nancy G. Love
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
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Achermann S, Falås P, Joss A, Mansfeldt CB, Men Y, Vogler B, Fenner K. Trends in Micropollutant Biotransformation along a Solids Retention Time Gradient. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11601-11611. [PMID: 30208701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
For many polar organic micropollutants, biotransformation by activated sludge microorganisms is a major removal process during wastewater treatment. However, our current understanding of how wastewater treatment operations influence microbial communities and their micropollutant biotransformation potential is limited, leaving major parts of observed variability in biotransformation rates across treatment facilities unexplained. Here, we present biotransformation rate constants for 42 micropollutants belonging to different chemical classes along a gradient of solids retention time (SRT). The geometric mean of biomass-normalized first-order rate constants shows a clear increase between 3 and 15 d SRT by 160% and 87%, respectively, in two experiments. However, individual micropollutants show a variety of trends. Rate constants of oxidative biotransformation reactions mostly increased with SRT. Yet, nitrifying activity could be excluded as primary driver. For substances undergoing other than oxidative reactions, i.e., mostly substitution-type reactions, more diverse dependencies on SRT were observed. Most remarkably, characteristic trends were observed for groups of substances undergoing similar types of initial transformation reaction, suggesting that shared enzymes or enzyme systems that are conjointly regulated catalyze biotransformation reactions within such groups. These findings open up opportunities for correlating rate constants with measures of enzyme abundance such as genes or gene products, which in turn should help to identify enzymes associated with the respective biotransformation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Achermann
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Per Falås
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Lund University , 221 00 Lund , Sweden
| | - Adriano Joss
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Cresten B Mansfeldt
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Yujie Men
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Bernadette Vogler
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zürich , 8057 Zürich , Switzerland
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32
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Redeker M, Wick A, Meermann B, Ternes TA. Anaerobic Transformation of the Iodinated X-ray Contrast Medium Iopromide, Its Aerobic Transformation Products, and Transfer to Further Iodinated X-ray Contrast Media. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8309-8320. [PMID: 29998733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The iodinated X-ray contrast medium (ICM) iopromide and its aerobic transformation products (TPs) are frequently detected in the effluents of wastewater treatment plants and in different compartments of the aquatic environment. In this study, the anaerobic transformation of iopromide and its aerobic TPs was investigated in water-sediment systems. Iopromide, its final aerobic TP didespropanediol iopromide (DDPI), and its primary aniline desmethoxyacetyl iopromide (DAMI) were used as model substances. Five biologically formed anaerobic TPs of iopromide and DAMI and six of DDPI, and the respective transformation pathways, were identified. The TPs were formed by successive deiodination and hydrolysis of amide moieties. Quantification of the iodinated TPs was achieved by further development of a complementary liquid chromatography (LC)-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-ToF-MS) and LC-inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) strategy without needing authentic standards, despite several TPs coeluting with others. A database with predicted anaerobic TPs of ICMs was derived by applying the transformation rules found for the anaerobic transformation pathways of iopromide and diatrizoate to further ICMs (iomeprol and iopamidol) and their aerobic TPs already reported in the literature. The environmental relevance of the identified transformation pathways was confirmed by identifying an experimental TP and two predicted TPs using suspect screening of water taken from anaerobic bank filtration zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Redeker
- Federal Institute of Hydrology , Am Mainzer Tor 1 , D-56068 Koblenz , Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology , Am Mainzer Tor 1 , D-56068 Koblenz , Germany
| | - Björn Meermann
- Federal Institute of Hydrology , Am Mainzer Tor 1 , D-56068 Koblenz , Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology , Am Mainzer Tor 1 , D-56068 Koblenz , Germany
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33
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Stadlmair LF, Letzel T, Drewes JE, Grassmann J. Enzymes in removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater: A critical review of challenges, applications and screening methods for their selection. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 205:649-661. [PMID: 29723723 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
At present, the removal of trace organic chemicals such as pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants is often incomplete resulting in a continuous discharge into the aqueous environment. To overcome this issue, bioremediation approaches gained significant importance in recent times, since they might have a lower carbon footprint than chemical or physical treatment methods. In this context, enzyme-based technologies represent a promising alternative since they are able to specifically target certain chemicals. For this purpose, versatile monitoring of enzymatic reactions is of great importance in order to understand underlying transformation mechanisms and estimate the suitability of various enzymes exhibiting different specificities for bioremediation purposes. This study provides a comprehensive review, summarizing research on enzymatic transformation of pharmaceuticals in water treatment applications using traditional and state-of-the-art enzyme screening approaches with a special focus on mass spectrometry (MS)-based and high-throughput tools. MS-based enzyme screening represents an approach that allows a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of enzymatic reactions and, in particular, the identification of transformation products. A critical discussion of these approaches for implementation in wastewater treatment processes is also presented. So far, there are still major gaps between laboratory- and field-scale research that need to be overcome in order to assess the viability for real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara F Stadlmair
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Johanna Grassmann
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
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Gulde R, Anliker S, Kohler HPE, Fenner K. Ion Trapping of Amines in Protozoa: A Novel Removal Mechanism for Micropollutants in Activated Sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:52-60. [PMID: 29182849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To optimize removal of organic micropollutants from the water cycle, understanding the processes during activated sludge treatment is essential. In this study, we hypothesize that aliphatic amines, which are highly abundant among organic micropollutants, are partly removed from the water phase in activated sludge through ion trapping in protozoa. In ion trapping, which has been extensively investigated in medical research, the neutral species of amine-containing compounds diffuse through the cell membrane and further into acidic vesicles present in eukaryotic cells such as protozoa. There they become trapped because diffusion of the positively charged species formed in the acidic vesicles is strongly hindered. We tested our hypothesis with two experiments. First, we studied the distribution of the fluorescent amine acridine orange in activated sludge by confocal fluorescence imaging. We observed intense fluorescence in distinct compartments of the protozoa, but not in the bacterial biomass. Second, we investigated the distribution of 12 amine-containing and eight control micropollutants in both regular activated sludge and sludge where the protozoa had been inactivated. In contrast to most control compounds, the amine-containing micropollutants displayed a distinctly different behavior in the noninhibited sludge compared to the inhibited one: (i) more removal from the liquid phase; (ii) deviation from first-order kinetics for the removal from the liquid phase; and (iii) higher amounts in the solid phase. These results provide strong evidence that ion trapping in protozoa occurs and that it is an important removal mechanism for amine-containing micropollutants in batch experiments with activated sludge that has so far gone unnoticed. We expect that our findings will trigger further investigations on the importance of this process in full-scale wastewater treatment systems, including its relevance for accumulation of ammonium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Gulde
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Anliker
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter E Kohler
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich , 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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35
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Ghattas AK, Fischer F, Wick A, Ternes TA. Anaerobic biodegradation of (emerging) organic contaminants in the aquatic environment. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 116:268-295. [PMID: 28347952 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although strictly anaerobic conditions prevail in several environmental compartments, up to now, biodegradation studies with emerging organic contaminants (EOCs), such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products, have mainly focused on aerobic conditions. One of the reasons probably is the assumption that the aerobic degradation is more energetically favorable than degradation under strictly anaerobic conditions. Certain aerobically recalcitrant contaminants, however, are biodegraded under strictly anaerobic conditions and little is known about the organisms and enzymatic processes involved in their degradation. This review provides a comprehensive survey of characteristic anaerobic biotransformation reactions for a variety of well-studied, structurally rather simple contaminants (SMOCs) bearing one or a few different functional groups/structural moieties. Furthermore it summarizes anaerobic degradation studies of more complex contaminants with several functional groups (CMCs), in soil, sediment and wastewater treatment. While strictly anaerobic conditions are able to promote the transformation of several aerobically persistent contaminants, the variety of observed reactions is limited, with reductive dehalogenations and the cleavage of ether bonds being the most prevalent. Thus, it becomes clear that the transferability of degradation mechanisms deduced from culture studies of SMOCs to predict the degradation of CMCs, such as EOCs, in environmental matrices is hampered due the more complex chemical structure bearing different functional groups, different environmental conditions (e.g. matrix, redox, pH), the microbial community (e.g. adaptation, competition) and the low concentrations typical for EOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Ghattas
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068 Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Fischer
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068 Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068 Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068 Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany.
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36
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Prediction of cathodic E 1/2 1 and E 1/2 2 values for viologen-containing conjugated unimers and dimers from calculated p K b values of the aromatic substituents. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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37
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Grandclément C, Seyssiecq I, Piram A, Wong-Wah-Chung P, Vanot G, Tiliacos N, Roche N, Doumenq P. From the conventional biological wastewater treatment to hybrid processes, the evaluation of organic micropollutant removal: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 111:297-317. [PMID: 28104517 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Because of the recalcitrance of some micropollutants to conventional wastewater treatment systems, the occurrence of organic micropollutants in water has become a worldwide issue, and an increasing environmental concern. Their biodegradation during wastewater treatments could be an interesting and low cost alternative to conventional physical and chemical processes. This paper provides a review of the organic micropollutants removal efficiency from wastewaters. It analyses different biological processes, from conventional ones, to new hybrid ones. Micropollutant removals appear to be compound- and process- dependent, for all investigated processes. The influence of the main physico-chemical parameters is discussed, as well as the removal efficiency of different microorganisms such as bacteria or white rot fungi, and the role of their specific enzymes. Even though some hybrid processes show promising micropollutant removals, further studies are needed to optimize these water treatment processes, in particular in terms of technical and economical competitiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Grandclément
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2, Marseille, France; Société Seakalia SAS, Groupe Ovalee, Technopôle de Château-Gombert, Héliopolis, 13013, Marseille, France
| | | | - Anne Piram
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France
| | | | - Guillaume Vanot
- Société Seakalia SAS, Groupe Ovalee, Technopôle de Château-Gombert, Héliopolis, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Tiliacos
- Société Seakalia SAS, Groupe Ovalee, Technopôle de Château-Gombert, Héliopolis, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Roche
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2, Marseille, France.
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38
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Xu Y, Yuan Z, Ni BJ. Biotransformation of acyclovir by an enriched nitrifying culture. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 170:25-32. [PMID: 27974268 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluates the biodegradation of the antiviral drug acyclovir by an enriched nitrifying culture during ammonia oxidation and without the addition of ammonium. The study on kinetics was accompanied with the structural elucidation of biotransformation products through batch biodegradation experiments at two different initial levels of acyclovir (15 mg L-1 and 15 μg L-1). The pseudo first order kinetic studies of acyclovir in the presence of ammonium indicated the higher degradation rates under higher ammonia oxidation rates than those constant degradation rates in the absence of ammonium. The positive correlation was found between acyclovir degradation rate and ammonia oxidation rate, confirming the cometabolism of acyclovir by the enriched nitrifying culture in the presence of ammonium. Formation of the product carboxy-acyclovir (P239) indicated the main biotransformation pathway was aerobic oxidation of the terminal hydroxyl group, which was independent on the metabolic type (i.e. cometabolism or metabolism). This enzyme-linked reaction might be catalyzed by monooxygenase from ammonia oxidizing bacteria or heterotrophs. The formation of carboxy-acyclovir was demonstrated to be irrelevant to the acyclovir concentrations applied, indicating the revealed biotransformation pathway might be the dominant removal pathway of acyclovir in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Xu
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Azuma T, Ishida M, Hisamatsu K, Yunoki A, Otomo K, Kunitou M, Shimizu M, Hosomaru K, Mikata S, Mino Y. Fate of new three anti-influenza drugs and one prodrug in the water environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 169:550-557. [PMID: 27898328 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the environmental fate of new three anti-influenza drugs, favipiravir (FAV), peramivir (PER), and laninamivir (LAN), and an active prodrug of LAN, laninamivir octanoate (LANO), in comparison with four conventional drugs, oseltamivir (OS), oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), amantadine (AMN), and zanamivir (ZAN) by photodegradation, biodegradation, and sorption to river sediments. In addition, we conducted 9-month survey of urban rivers in the Yodo River basin from 2015 to 2016 (including the influenza season) to investigate the current status of occurrence of these drugs in the river environment. The results clearly showed that FAV and LAN rapidly disappeared through photodegradation (half-lives 1 and 8 h, respectively), followed by LANO which gradually disappeared through biodegradation (half-life, 2 days). The remained PER and conventional drugs were, however, persistent and transported from upstream to downstream sites. Rates of their sorption to river sediments were negligibly small. Detected levels remained were in the range from N.D. to 89 ng/L for the river waters and from N.D. to 906 ng/L in sewage effluent. However, all of the remained drugs were effectively removed by ozonation after chlorination at a sewage treatment plant. These findings suggest the importance of introducing ozonation for reduction of pollution loads in rivers, helping to keep river environments safe. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of the removal effects of natural sunlight, biodegradation, and sorption to river sediments on FAV, PER, LAN, LANO, and a conventional drug, AMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Azuma
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
| | - Mao Ishida
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kanae Hisamatsu
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Ayami Yunoki
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kana Otomo
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Mari Kunitou
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Mai Shimizu
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kaori Hosomaru
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Shiori Mikata
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Mino
- Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
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40
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Biotransformation of 2,4-dinitroanisole by a fungal Penicillium sp. Biodegradation 2016; 28:95-109. [PMID: 27913891 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-016-9780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Insensitive munitions explosives are new formulations that are less prone to unintended detonation compared to traditional explosives. While these formulations have safety benefits, the individual constituents, such as 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), have an unknown ecosystem fate with potentially toxic impacts to flora and fauna exposed to DNAN and/or its metabolites. Fungi may be useful in remediation and have been shown to degrade traditional nitroaromatic explosives, such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and 2,4-dinitrotoluene, that are structurally similar to DNAN. In this study, a fungal Penicillium sp., isolated from willow trees and designated strain KH1, was shown to degrade DNAN in solution within 14 days. Stable-isotope labeled DNAN and an untargeted metabolomics approach were used to discover 13 novel transformation products. Penicillium sp. KH1 produced DNAN metabolites resulting from ortho- and para-nitroreduction, demethylation, acetylation, hydroxylation, malonylation, and sulfation. Incubations with intermediate metabolites such as 2-amino-4-nitroanisole and 4-amino-2-nitroanisole as the primary substrates confirmed putative metabolite isomerism and pathways. No ring-cleavage products were observed, consistent with other reports that mineralization of DNAN is an uncommon metabolic outcome. The production of metabolites with unknown persistence and toxicity suggests further study will be needed to implement remediation with Penicillium sp. KH1. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the biotransformation of DNAN by a fungus.
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41
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Merel S, Snyder SA. Critical assessment of the ubiquitous occurrence and fate of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in water. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 96:98-117. [PMID: 27639850 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The insect repellent diethyltoluamide (DEET) is among the most frequently detected organic chemical contaminants in water across a wide range of geographies from around the world. These observations are raising critical questions and increasing concerns regarding potential environmental relevance, particularly when the emergence of severe neurological conditions attributed to the Zika virus has increased the use of insect repellents. After dermal application, DEET is washed from the skin when bathing and enters the municipal sewer system before discharge into the environment. Mainly measured by gas chromatography or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS or LC-MS), more than 200 peer-reviewed publications have already reported concentrations of DEET ranging ng/L to mg/L in several water matrices from North America, Europe, Asia, Oceania, and more recently Africa and South America. While conventional wastewater treatment technology has limited capacity of removal, advanced technologies are capable of better attenuation and could lower the environmental discharge of organic contaminants, including DEET. For instance, adsorption on activated carbon, desalinating membrane processes (nanofiltration and reverse osmosis), ozonation, and advanced oxidation processes can achieve 50% to essentially 100% DEET attenuation. Despite the abundant literature on the topic, the ubiquity of DEET in the environment still raises questions due to the apparent lack of obvious spatio-temporal trends in concentrations measured in surface water, which does not fit the expected usage pattern of insect repellents. Moreover, two recent studies showed discrepancies between the concentrations obtained by GC-MS and LC-MS analyses. While the occurrence of DEET in the environment is well established, the concentrations reported should be interpreted cautiously, considering the disparities in methodologies applied and occurrence patterns observed. Therefore, this manuscript provides a critical overview of the origin of DEET in the environment, the relevant analytical methods, the occurrence reported in peer-reviewed literature, and the attenuation efficacy of water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Merel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, Tucson 85721, AZ, USA; Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 12 Hölderlinstraße, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, Tucson 85721, AZ, USA.
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42
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Beretsou VG, Psoma AK, Gago-Ferrero P, Aalizadeh R, Fenner K, Thomaidis NS. Identification of biotransformation products of citalopram formed in activated sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 103:205-214. [PMID: 27459150 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Citalopram (CTR) is a worldwide highly consumed antidepressant which has demonstrated incomplete removal by conventional wastewater treatment. Despite its global ubiquitous presence in different environmental compartments, little is known about its behaviour and transformation processes during wastewater treatment. The present study aims to expand the knowledge on fate and transformation of CTR during the biological treatment process. For this purpose, batch reactors were set up to assess biotic, abiotic and sorption losses of this compound. One of the main objectives of the study was the identification of the formed transformation products (TPs) by applying suspect and non-target strategies based on liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). The complementary use of reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) for the identification of polar TPs, and the application of in-house developed quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) prediction models, in addition to the comprehensive evaluation of the obtained MS/MS spectra, provided valuable information to support identification. In total, fourteen TPs were detected and thirteen of them were tentatively identified. Four compounds were confirmed (N-desmethylCTR, CTR amide, CTR carboxylic acid and 3-oxo-CTR) through the purchase of the corresponding reference standard. Probable structures based on diagnostic evidence were proposed for the additional nine TPs. Eleven TPs are reported for the first time. A transformation pathway for the biotransformation of CTR was proposed. The presence of the identified TPs was assessed in real wastewater samples through retrospective analysis, resulting in the detection of five compounds. Finally, the potential ecotoxicological risk posed by CTR and its TPs to different trophic levels of aquatic organisms was evaluated by means of risk quotients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki G Beretsou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini K Psoma
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Reza Aalizadeh
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
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43
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Xu Y, Yuan Z, Ni BJ. Biotransformation of pharmaceuticals by ammonia oxidizing bacteria in wastewater treatment processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:796-805. [PMID: 27243932 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical residues could potentially pose detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health, with wastewater treatment being one of the major pathways for pharmaceuticals to enter into the environment. Enhanced removal of pharmaceuticals by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) has been widely observed in wastewater treatment processes. This article reviews the current knowledge on the biotransformation of pharmaceuticals by AOB. The relationship between the pharmaceuticals removal and nitrification process was revealed. The important role of AOB-induced cometabolism on the biotransformation of pharmaceuticals as well as their transformation products and pathways was elucidated. Kinetics and mathematical models describing the biotransformation of pharmaceuticals by AOB were also reviewed. The results highlighted the high degradation capabilities of AOB toward some refractory pharmaceuticals, with their degradations being clearly related to the nitrification rate and their transformation products being identified, which may exhibit similar or higher ecotoxicological impacts compared to the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Xu
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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44
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Falås P, Wick A, Castronovo S, Habermacher J, Ternes TA, Joss A. Tracing the limits of organic micropollutant removal in biological wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 95:240-9. [PMID: 26999256 PMCID: PMC5566204 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Removal of organic micropollutants was investigated in 15 diverse biological reactors through short and long-term experiments. Short-term batch experiments were performed with activated sludge from three parallel sequencing batch reactors (25, 40, and 80 d solid retention time, SRT) fed with synthetic wastewater without micropollutants for one year. Despite the minimal micropollutant exposure, the synthetic wastewater sludges were able to degrade several micropollutants present in municipal wastewater. The degradation occurred immediately after spiking (1-5 μg/L), showed no strong or systematic correlation to the sludge age, and proceeded at rates comparable to those of municipal wastewater sludges. Thus, the results from the batch experiments indicate that degradation of organic micropollutants in biological wastewater treatment is quite insensitive to SRT increases from 25 to 80 days, and not necessarily induced by exposure to micropollutants. Long-term experiments with municipal wastewater were performed to assess the potential for extended biological micropollutant removal under different redox conditions and substrate concentrations (carbon and nitrogen). A total of 31 organic micropollutants were monitored through influent-effluent sampling of twelve municipal wastewater reactors. In accordance with the results from the sludges grown on synthetic wastewater, several compounds such as bezafibrate, atenolol and acyclovir were significantly removed in the activated sludge processes fed with municipal wastewater. Complementary removal of two compounds, diuron and diclofenac, was achieved in an oxic biofilm treatment. A few aerobically persistent micropollutants such as venlafaxine, diatrizoate and tramadol were removed under anaerobic conditions, but a large number of micropollutants persisted in all biological treatments. Collectively, these results indicate that certain improvements in biological micropollutant removal can be achieved by combining different aerobic and anaerobic treatments, but that these improvements are restricted to a limited number of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Falås
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Sandro Castronovo
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Jonathan Habermacher
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Adriano Joss
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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45
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Krah D, Ghattas AK, Wick A, Bröder K, Ternes TA. Micropollutant degradation via extracted native enzymes from activated sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 95:348-60. [PMID: 27017196 PMCID: PMC5250800 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A procedure was developed to assess the biodegradation of micropollutants in cell-free lysates produced from activated sludge of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). This proof-of-principle provides the basis for further investigations of micropollutant biodegradation via native enzymes in a solution of reduced complexity, facilitating downstream protein analysis. Differently produced lysates, containing a variety of native enzymes, showed significant enzymatic activities of acid phosphatase, β-galactosidase and β-glucuronidase in conventional colorimetric enzyme assays, whereas heat-deactivated controls did not. To determine the enzymatic activity towards micropollutants, 20 compounds were spiked to the cell-free lysates under aerobic conditions and were monitored via LC-ESI-MS/MS. The micropollutants were selected to span a wide range of different biodegradabilities in conventional activated sludge treatment via distinct primary degradation reactions. Of the 20 spiked micropollutants, 18 could be degraded by intact sludge under assay conditions, while six showed reproducible degradation in the lysates compared to the heat-deactivated negative controls: acetaminophen, N-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (acetyl-SMX), atenolol, bezafibrate, erythromycin and 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine (10-OH-CBZ). The primary biotransformation of the first four compounds can be attributed to amide hydrolysis. However, the observed biotransformations in the lysates were differently influenced by experimental parameters such as sludge pre-treatment and the addition of ammonium sulfate or peptidase inhibitors, suggesting that different hydrolase enzymes were involved in the primary degradation, among them possibly peptidases. Furthermore, the transformation of 10-OH-CBZ to 9-CA-ADIN was caused by a biologically-mediated oxidation, which indicates that in addition to hydrolases further enzyme classes (probably oxidoreductases) are present in the native lysates. Although the full variety of indigenous enzymatic activity of the activated sludge source material could not be restored, experimental modifications, e.g. different lysate filtration, significantly enhanced specific enzyme activities (e.g. >96% removal of the antibiotic erythromycin). Therefore, the approach presented in this study provides the experimental basis for a further elucidation of the enzymatic processes underlying wastewater treatment on the level of native proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krah
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068 Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Ghattas
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068 Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany
| | - Arne Wick
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068 Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany
| | - Kathrin Bröder
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068 Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), D-56068 Koblenz, Am Mainzer Tor 1, Germany.
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46
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Men Y, Han P, Helbling DE, Jehmlich N, Herbold C, Gulde R, Onnis-Hayden A, Gu AZ, Johnson DR, Wagner M, Fenner K. Biotransformation of Two Pharmaceuticals by the Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaeon Nitrososphaera gargensis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4682-92. [PMID: 27046099 PMCID: PMC4981450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation of some micropollutants has previously been observed to be positively associated with ammonia oxidation activities and the transcript abundance of the archaeal ammonia monooxygenase gene (amoA) in nitrifying activated sludge. Given the increasing interest in and potential importance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), we investigated the capabilities of an AOA pure culture, Nitrososphaera gargensis, to biotransform ten micropollutants belonging to three structurally similar groups (i.e., phenylureas, tertiary amides, and tertiary amines). N. gargensis was able to biotransform two of the tertiary amines, mianserin (MIA) and ranitidine (RAN), exhibiting similar compound specificity as two ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) strains that were tested for comparison. The same MIA and RAN biotransformation reactions were carried out by both the AOA and AOB strains. The major transformation product (TP) of MIA, α-oxo MIA was likely formed via a two-step oxidation reaction. The first hydroxylation step is typically catalyzed by monooxygenases. Three RAN TP candidates were identified from nontarget analysis. Their tentative structures and possible biotransformation pathways were proposed. The biotransformation of MIA and RAN only occurred when ammonia oxidation was active, suggesting cometabolic transformations. Consistently, a comparative proteomic analysis revealed no significant differential expression of any protein-encoding gene in N. gargensis grown on ammonium with MIA or RAN compared with standard cultivation on ammonium only. Taken together, this study provides first important insights regarding the roles played by AOA in micropollutant biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Men
- Eawag,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Yujie Men. Address: 3209 Newmark
Civil Engineering Laboratory, MC-250 205 North Mathews Ave., Urbana,
IL 61801-2352, USA. . Phone: (217) 244-8259
| | - Ping Han
- Department
of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology,
Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Damian E. Helbling
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department
of Proteomics, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental
Research − UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Craig Herbold
- Department
of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology,
Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rebekka Gulde
- Eawag,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Annalisa Onnis-Hayden
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - April Z. Gu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David R. Johnson
- Eawag,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department
of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology,
Research Network “Chemistry meets Microbiology”, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Eawag,
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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47
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Gulde R, Meier U, Schymanski EL, Kohler HPE, Helbling DE, Derrer S, Rentsch D, Fenner K. Systematic Exploration of Biotransformation Reactions of Amine-Containing Micropollutants in Activated Sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2908-2920. [PMID: 26864277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The main removal process for polar organic micropollutants during activated sludge treatment is biotransformation, which often leads to the formation of stable transformation products (TPs). Because the analysis of TPs is challenging, the use of pathway prediction systems can help by generating a list of suspected TPs. To complete and refine pathway prediction, comprehensive biotransformation studies for compounds exhibiting pertinent functional groups under environmentally relevant conditions are needed. Because many polar organic micropollutants present in wastewater contain one or several amine functional groups, we systematically explored amine biotransformation by conducting experiments with 19 compounds that contained 25 structurally diverse primary, secondary, and tertiary amine moieties. The identification of 144 TP candidates and the structure elucidation of 101 of these resulted in a comprehensive view on initial amine biotransformation reactions. The reactions with the highest relevance were N-oxidation, N-dealkylation, N-acetylation, and N-succinylation. Whereas many of the observed reactions were similar to those known for the mammalian metabolism of amine-containing xenobiotics, some N-acylation reactions were not previously described. In general, different reactions at the amine functional group occurred in parallel. Finally, recommendations on how these findings can be implemented to improve microbial pathway prediction of amine-containing micropollutants are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Gulde
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ulf Meier
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Emma L Schymanski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter E Kohler
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Damian E Helbling
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Samuel Derrer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Rentsch
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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48
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Prasse C, Ternes T. Application of Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of Transformation Products of Trace Organic Contaminants Formed in the Environment. APPLICATIONS OF TIME-OF-FLIGHT AND ORBITRAP MASS SPECTROMETRY IN ENVIRONMENTAL, FOOD, DOPING, AND FORENSIC ANALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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49
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Letzel T, Bayer A, Schulz W, Heermann A, Lucke T, Greco G, Grosse S, Schüssler W, Sengl M, Letzel M. LC-MS screening techniques for wastewater analysis and analytical data handling strategies: Sartans and their transformation products as an example. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 137:198-206. [PMID: 26246044 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A large number of anthropogenic trace contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, their human metabolites and further transformation products (TPs) enter wastewater treatment plants on a daily basis. A mixture of known, expected, and unknown molecules are discharged into the receiving aquatic environment because only partial elimination occurs for many of these chemicals during physical, biological and chemical treatment processes. In this study, an array of LC-MS methods from three collaborating laboratories was applied to detect and identify anthropogenic trace contaminants and their TPs in different waters. Starting with theoretical predictions of TPs, an efficient workflow using the combination of target, suspected-target and non-target strategies for the identification of these TPs in the environment was developed. These techniques and strategies were applied to study anti-hypertensive drugs from the sartan group (i.e., candesartan, eprosartan, irbesartan, olmesartan, and valsartan). Degradation experiments were performed in lab-scale wastewater treatment plants, and a screening workflow including an inter-laboratory approach was used for the identification of transformation products in the effluent samples. Subsequently, newly identified compounds were successfully analyzed in effluents of real wastewater treatment plants and river waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Letzel
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 8, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Anne Bayer
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Str. 160, 86179 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schulz
- Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany
| | - Alexandra Heermann
- Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany
| | - Thomas Lucke
- Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129 Langenau, Germany
| | - Giorgia Greco
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 8, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sylvia Grosse
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technische Universität München, Am Coulombwall 8, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Walter Schüssler
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Str. 160, 86179 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Sengl
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Str. 160, 86179 Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Marion Letzel
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Str. 160, 86179 Augsburg, Germany
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50
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Systematic suspect screening and identification of sulfonamide antibiotic transformation products in the aquatic environment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5707-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8748-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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