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Hinneh KDC, Okabe J, Kosaka K, Echigo S, Itoh S. N-Nitrosodimethylamine formation from anthropogenic nitrogenous compounds during preozonation and post-chloramination with characteristic low treatment dose. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:45913-45928. [PMID: 38980483 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
One effective option to minimize N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in finished drinking water is to identify and control its precursors. However, previous works to identify significant precursors use formation potential (FP) tests using high doses to assure the maximum NDMA formation rather than the NDMA formation in finished waters. In this study, we applied characteristic low treatment doses of ozone (O3)-to-dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of target compounds of 0.8 mg/mg and NH2Cl of 2.5 ± 0.2 mg Cl2/L to evaluate the NDMAFP yields of organic compounds bearing N,N-dimethylamine (DMA) and N,N-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) during preozonation and post-chloramination. The results in pH-buffered Milli-Q water showed a significant decrease from ≤ 52% to non-detectable levels in the O3-NDMAFP yields of O3-reactive precursors (i.e., DMH-like compounds) after preozonation and post-chloramination. Similarly, a significant decrease from 0.5 to 12% to nonquantifiable levels was observed for the NH2Cl-NDMAFP yields of NH2Cl-reactive precursors; however, the NH2Cl-NDMAFP yields of N,N-dimethylbenzylamine (DMBzA)-like compounds only decreased from ~ 110 to ≤ 43%, suggesting that these compounds could contribute to NH2Cl-NDMAFPs even after preozonation. The effect of the matrix in sewage-effluent and lake water samples varied and was specific for precursors; for example, the O3-NDMAFP yield of 1,1,1',1'-tetramethyl-4,4'-(methylene-di-p-phenylene) disemicarbazide (TMDS), an important O3-reactive NDMA precursor, did not significantly decrease when tested in sewage-effluent samples. Based on the previous occurrence concentration of TMDS in sewage samples, we estimated an NDMAFP of ~ 315 ng/L. This estimate exceeds the guidance concentrations of NDMA (3-100 ng/L), highlighting the importance of TMDS and its related compounds for NDMA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klon D C Hinneh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, Nishikyo, 615-8540, Japan.
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto, Sakyo, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Junki Okabe
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, Nishikyo, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Koji Kosaka
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Saitama, 351-0197, Japan
| | - Shinya Echigo
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Kyoto, Sakyo, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Itoh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto, Nishikyo, 615-8540, Japan
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2
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Chen Y, Zeng H, Huang H, Qin L, Qi S, Li H, Shahab A, Zhang H, Chen W. Occurrence and fate of N-nitrosamines in full-scale domestic wastewater treatment plants and their impact on receiving waters along the Lijiang River, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133870. [PMID: 38430594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Domestic wastewaters contaminated with N-nitrosamines pose a significant threat to river ecosystems worldwide, particularly in urban areas with riparian cities. Despite widespread concern, the precise impact of these contaminants on receiving river waters remains uncertain. This study investigated eight N-nitrosamines in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and their adjacent receiving river, the Lijiang River in Guilin City, Southwest China. By analyzing thirty wastewater samples from five full-scale WWTPs and twenty-three river water samples from Guilin, we quantified the mass loads of N-nitrosamines discharged into the surrounding watershed via domestic effluents. The results revealed that N-nitrosodimethylamine (10-60 ng/L), N-nitrosodiethylamine (3.4-22 ng/L), and N-nitrosopyrrolidine (not detected-4.5 ng/g) were predominant in influents, effluents, and sludge, respectively, with the overall removal efficiencies ranging from 17.7 to 65.6% during wastewater treatment. Cyclic activated sludge system and ultraviolet disinfection were effective in removing N-nitrosamines (rates of 59.6% and 24.3%), while chlorine dioxide disinfection promoted their formation. A total of 30.4 g/day of N-nitrosamine mass loads were observed in the Lijiang River water, with domestic effluents contributing about 31.3% (19.4 g/day), followed by livestock breeding wastewater (34.5%, 12.0 g/day), and unknown sources (24.7%, 7.5 g/day). These findings highlight the critical role of WWTPs in transporting N-nitrosamines to watersheds and emphasize the urgent need for further investigation into other potential sources of N-nitrosamine pollution within watersheds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China; School of Environmental Studies and State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancashire LA1 4YW, the United Kingdom
| | - Honghu Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Huanfang Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEE, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Litang Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- School of Environmental Studies and State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Haixiang Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Asfandyar Shahab
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancashire LA1 4YW, the United Kingdom
| | - Wenwen Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory and Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
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3
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Hisar O, Oehlmann J. Individual and combined ecotoxic effects of water-soluble polymers. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16475. [PMID: 38025686 PMCID: PMC10676718 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Water-soluble polymers (WSPs) are a class of high-molecular-weight compounds which are widely used in several applications, including water treatment, food processing, and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, they pose a potential threat for water resources and aquatic ecosystems. We assessed the ecotoxicity of four WSPs-non-ionic polyacrylamide (PAM) and polyethylene glycol (PEG-200), anionic homopolymer of acrylic acid (P-AA), and cationic polyquaternium-6 (PQ-6)-as single compounds and in mixture. For this purpose in vitro and in vivo assays were used to record baseline toxicity, mutagenic potential, endocrine effects, and growth inhibition in the freshwater alga Raphidocelis subcapitata. Furthermore, the mixture toxicity of the two polymers P-AA and PQ-6 which showed effects in the algae tests was evaluated with the concentration addition (CA), independent action (IA), and generalized concentration addition (GCA) model and compared with experimental data. No toxic effects were observed among the polymers and their mixtures in the in vitro assays. On the contrary, in the growth inhibition test with R. subcapitata the cationic PQ-6 caused high inhibition while the anionic P-AA and its mixture with the cationic polymer caused low inhibition. The non-ionic polymers PEG-200 and PAM showed no effect in R. subcapitata in the tested concentration range up to 100 mg/L. The IA model represented the mixture effect of the combination experiment better than the CA and GCA models. The results indicate (1) that the toxic effects of anionic and cationic polymers are most likely due to interactions of the polymers with the surfaces of organisms or with nutrients in the water and (2) that the polymers elicit their effects through different mechanisms of action that do not interact with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olcay Hisar
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
- Kompetenzzentrum Wasser, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
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Liu T, Liao X, Lin X, Yu J, Qi H, Jiang Z, Zou J, Li Q. Influencing pathways and toxicity changes of pre-ozonation on carcinogenic NDEA formation from greenhouse gas adsorbent DEAPA in subsequent disinfection processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162355. [PMID: 36822419 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study was to evaluate the feasibility of controlling carcinogenic nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) formation from greenhouse gas adsorbent 3-diethylaminopropylamine (DEAPA) by pre-O3 in subsequent chlorination/chloramination processes. The result indicated that the NDEA yields (0.4 %) during chlorination was 1.3 times of that during chloramination (0.3 %); pre-oxidation with 4 mg/L O3 significantly cut down its formation; the reduction rates were up to 67.5 and 48.5 %, respectively. OH scavenger greatly augmented the final NDEA amount from 1.86 to 5.05 μg/L during ozonation, while its roles on subsequent processes differed with disinfection methods as well as O3(g) dosages. Most of co-existed substances inhibited NDEA generation, except NO2-, CO32- and SO42-, which slightly promoted during ozonation. Basing on Gaussian calculation, GC/MS and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis, the influencing mechanisms of pre-O3 on NDEA formation in subsequent disinfection processes were proposed. In addition, the calculated toxicity analysis as well as the whole toxicity was applied to evaluate the possibility of pre-O3 on risk control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Liu
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China.
| | - Xinna Lin
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Huan Qi
- College of Textiles and Appearl, Quanzhou Normal University, Fujian 362002, China
| | - Zhibin Jiang
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Jing Zou
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Qingsong Li
- Water Resources and Environmental Institute, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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5
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Lee W, Choi S, Kim H, Lee W, Lee M, Son H, Lee C, Cho M, Lee Y. Efficiency of ozonation and O 3/H 2O 2 as enhanced wastewater treatment processes for micropollutant abatement and disinfection with minimized byproduct formation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 454:131436. [PMID: 37146328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation, a viable option for improving wastewater effluent quality, requires process optimization to ensure the organic micropollutants (OMPs) elimination and disinfection under minimized byproduct formation. This study assessed and compared the efficiencies of ozonation (O3) and ozone with hydrogen peroxide (O3/H2O2) for 70 OMPs elimination, inactivation of three bacteria and three viruses, and formation of bromate and biodegradable organics during the bench-scale O3 and O3/H2O2 treatment of municipal wastewater effluent. 39 OMPs were fully eliminated, and 22 OMPs were considerably eliminated (54 ± 14%) at an ozone dosage of 0.5 gO3/gDOC for their high reactivity to ozone or •OH. The chemical kinetics approach accurately predicted the OMP elimination levels based on the rate constants and exposures of ozone and •OH, where the quantum chemical calculation and group contribution method successfully predicted the ozone and •OH rate constants, respectively. Microbial inactivation levels increased with increasing ozone dosage up to ∼3.1 (bacteria) and ∼2.6 (virus) log10 reductions at 0.7 gO3/gDOC. O3/H2O2 minimized bromate formation but significantly decreased bacteria/virus inactivation, whereas its impact on OMP elimination was insignificant. Ozonation produced biodegradable organics that were removed by a post-biodegradation treatment, achieving up to 24% DOM mineralization. These results can be useful for optimizing O3 and O3/H2O2 processes for enhanced wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woongbae Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangki Choi
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Woorim Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea; Busan Water Quality Institute, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam 621-813, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejong Son
- Busan Water Quality Institute, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam 621-813, Republic of Korea
| | - Changha Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Process (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cho
- SELS Center, Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental & Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Sales-Alba A, Cruz-Alcalde A, López-Vinent N, Cruz L, Sans C. Removal of neonicotinoid insecticide clothianidin from water by ozone-based oxidation: kinetics and transformation products. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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7
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Ghanadi M, Kah M, Kookana RS, Padhye LP. Formation of disinfection by-products from microplastics, tire wear particles, and other polymer-based materials. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119528. [PMID: 36587522 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are formed through the disinfection of water containing precursors such as natural organic matter or anthropogenic compounds (e.g., pharmaceuticals and pesticides). Due to the ever increasing use of plastics, elastomers, and other polymers in our daily lives, polymer-based materials (PBMs) are detected more frequently and at higher concentrations in water and wastewater. The present review provides a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the contribution of PBMs - including elastomers, tire waste, polyelectrolytes, and microplastics - as precursors of DBPs in water and wastewater. Literature shows that the presence of PBMs can lead to the leaching of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and subsequent formation of DBPs upon disinfection in aqueous media. The quantity and type of DBPs formed strongly depends on the type of polymer, its concentration, its age, water salinity, and disinfection conditions such as oxidant dosage, pH, temperature, and contact time. DOM leaching from elastomers and tire waste was shown to form N-nitrosodimethylamine up to concerning levels of 930 ng/L and 466,715 ng/L, respectively upon chemical disinfection under laboratory conditions. Polyelectrolytes can also react with chemical disinfectants to form toxic DBPs. Recent findings indicate trihalomethanes formation potential of plastics can be as high as 15,990 µg/L based on the maximum formation potential under extreme conditions. Our analysis highlights an overlooked contribution of DOM leaching from PBMs as DBP precursors during disinfection of water and wastewater. Further studies need to be conducted to ascertain the extent of this contribution in real water and wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyar Ghanadi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Melanie Kah
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Rai S Kookana
- CSIRO Land and Water, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Lokesh P Padhye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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8
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Scholes RC. Emerging investigator series: contributions of reactive nitrogen species to transformations of organic compounds in water: a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:851-869. [PMID: 35546580 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00102k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) pose a potential risk to drinking water quality because they react with organic compounds to form toxic byproducts. Since the discovery of RNS formation in sunlit surface waters, these reactive intermediates have been detected in numerous sunlit natural waters and engineered water treatment systems. This critical review summarizes what is known regarding RNS, including their formation, contributions to contaminant transformation, and products resulting from RNS reactions. Reaction mechanisms and rate constants have been described for nitrogen dioxide (˙NO2) reacting with phenolic compounds. However, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding reactions of RNS with other types of organic compounds. Promising methods to quantify RNS concentrations and reaction rates include the use of selective quenchers and probe compounds as well as electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Additionally, high resolution mass spectrometry methods have enabled the identification of nitr(os)ated byproducts that form via RNS reactions in sunlit surface waters, UV-based treatment systems, treatment systems that employ chemical oxidants such as chlorine and ozone, and certain types of biological treatment processes. Recommendations are provided for future research to increase understanding of RNS reactions and products, and the implications for drinking water toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Scholes
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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9
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Gao M, Jiang Z, Liao X, Qi H, Zhao L, Chen C, Westerman D. NDMA formation during ozonation of DMAPA: Influencing factors, mechanisms, and new pathway exploration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153881. [PMID: 35182642 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aliphatic amines, common constituents that contribute to dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), can quickly react with ozone due to the lone electron pair on the nitrogen atom and this may produce carcinogen N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). 3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propylamine (DMAPA) was chosen as a representative to elucidate the NDMA formation characteristics, kinetic rates, reaction pathways, and influencing factors during ozonation in this study. The results demonstrated that NDMA generated directly from DMAPA during ozonation. Moreover, the NDMA yields increased with ozone dosages. The NDMA molar yield increased and then decreased when the pH raised from 5 to 9, achieving the maximum value at pH 8. Hydroxyl radical (∙OH) played a promotional role in NDMA formation, and its scavenger dramatically cut down its yields. Low levels of Br- facilitated NDMA formation, while the value significantly reduced when Br- was up to 1 mM. The NDMA amount was slightly raised by NO2-, but it was inhibited by NH4+ and NO3-. Moreover, it was also depressed by co-existing components in actual lake water. Based on the result of the Gaussian calculation, the LC-MS/MS and GC-MS analysis, four possible transformation pathways were proposed. The radical recombination was verified to be the primary pathway for ozone promoting NDMA formation from DMAPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglan Gao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Zhibin Jiang
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China.
| | - Huan Qi
- College of Textiles and Appearl, Quanzhou Normal University, Fujian 362002, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100082, China.
| | - Danielle Westerman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
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Song Y, Feng S, Qin W, Li J, Guan C, Zhou Y, Gao Y, Zhang Z, Jiang J. Formation mechanism and control strategies of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation during ozonation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153679. [PMID: 35131246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes major findings over the last decade related to N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formed upon ozonation, which was regarded as highly toxic and carcinogenic disinfection by-products. The reaction kinetics, chemical yields and mechanisms were assessed for the ozonation of potential precursors including dimethylamine (DMA), N,N-dimethylsulfamide, hydrazines, N-containing water and wastewater polymers, dyes containing a dimethylamino function, N-functionalized carbon nanotubes, guanidine, and phenylurea. The effects of bromide on the NDMA formation during ozonation of different types of precursors were also discussed. The mechanism for NDMA formation during ozonation of DMA was re-summarized and new perspectives were proposed to assess on this mechanism. Effect of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) on NDMA formation during ozonation was also discussed due to the noticeable oxidation of NDMA by •OH. Surrogate parameters including nitrate formation and UV254 after ozonation may be useful parameters to estimate NDMA formation for practical application. The strategies for NDMA formation control were proposed through improving the ozonation process such as ozone/hydrogen peroxide, ozone/peroxymonosulfate and catalytic ozonation process based on membrane pores aeration (MEMBRO3X).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Sha Feng
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen Qin
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Chaoting Guan
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
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11
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Ersan MS, Dickenson ERV. Pretreatment strategies for ion exchange to control brominated disinfection byproducts in potable reuse. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:134068. [PMID: 35202669 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The application of ion exchange (IX) resins to remove disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors in wastewater effluents is challenging due to relatively high concentrations of competing anions. This study examined various pretreatment strategies to target competing ions to improve IX removal of DBP precursors, bromide and dissolved organic matter (DOM), measured as trihalomethane and haloacetic acid formation potentials (THMFP and HAAFP). IX batch experiments were performed with four commercial anion exchange (AIX) resins selective for bromide (BrP), DOM (A860), sulfate (MTA) and PFOA/PFOS (PFA), and one cation exchange (CIX) resin selective for iodide (CT). For single AIX treatments the bromide removal ranking was the following: PFA (58%) > MTA (51%) > BrP (43%) > A860 (16%), which corresponded with decreasing brominated THMFP removals and increasing bromine incorporation factors. For dual AIX combinations (PFA and BrP, MTA and BrP), either simultaneous or sequential treatments had the highest bromide (PFA + BrP [69%], MTA + BrP [67%], (PFA→BrP [77%], MTA→BrP [74%]) and Br-THMFP (THMFP [∼80%]) and Br-HAAFP (HAAFP [∼77%]) removals, and therefore the lowest fractions of brominated DBPs (Br-DBPs). Despite ozone (O3), biological active carbon (BAC), and granular activated carbon (GAC) pretreatments reducing the overall DOM concentration (33%), these pretreatment steps did not improve the bromide removals of the resins, although it did increase the Br-THMFP and Br-HAAFP removals by 2-38% and 13-20%, respectively. Nanofiltration (NF) pretreatment significantly removed sulfate (97%) resulting in an increased bromide removal of 19% by the AIX resins, which led to increased removal of Br-THMFP and Br-HAAFP by 93% and 96%, respectively. Among all the IX resins the CT resin had the highest bromide removal (83%) and lowest fraction of Br-DBPs. The results reveal pretreatment with existing technologies including AIX, O3/BAC/GAC, or NF can potentially enhance the removal of brominated DBP precursors by IX resins during potable reuse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut S Ersan
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA; School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5306, USA.
| | - Eric R V Dickenson
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV, 89193-9954, USA.
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12
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Li R, Hu Y, Du L, Li J, Yuan J, Liu X. In-situ photoelectrocatalytical formation of sulfate radicals on BiPO4 modified carbon paper electrode in sodium sulfate electrolyte for high efficient degradation of pefloxacin. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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13
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Hinneh KDC, Kosaka K, Echigo S, Itoh S. Predictable Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Fragmentation of Ozone-Reactive N-Nitrosodimethylamine Precursors Coupled with In Silico Fragmentation and Ion Mobility-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Facilitates Their Identification in Sewage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2345-2354. [PMID: 35119842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS) fragmentation of 10 potent model ozone (O3)-reactive N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors bearing (CH3)2N-N or (CH3)2N-(SO2)-N. Fragments (m/z 61.0766, 60.0688 Da loss, and 72.0688 Da loss) were discovered as pertinent diagnostic fragments for precursors bearing (CH3)2N-N, whereas a loss of 108.0119 Da was consistent for precursors bearing (CH3)2N-S(O2)-N. Using the fragments as structural hints on a sewage fraction with a high concentration of O3-reactive precursors, peaks of precursors sharing m/z 61.0766, a 60.0688 Da loss, or both were flagged. Then, using in silico fragmenters and (CH3)2N-N as a substructure filter on online-chemical structure databases, we identified PubChem's compound identifier (PCCID) 141210417 and 1,1,1',1'-tetramethyl-4,4'-(methylene-di-p-phenylene)disemicarbazide (TMDS). TMDS was confirmed using an authentic standard, and ion mobility (IM)-QTOF/MS confirmed its rider peak as PCCID 141210417. PCCID 141210417 is an isomer of TMDS, and its environmental occurrence is associated with technical-grade TMDS and industrial effluents. The estimated contribution of TMDS to the total NDMA formation potential of the sewage fraction was 20-24%, which was suggestive of the significance of PCCID 141210417 and other precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klon D C Hinneh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
| | - Koji Kosaka
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Saitama 351-0197, Japan
| | - Shinya Echigo
- Department of Global Environmentally-Friendly Industries for Sustainable Development, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Itoh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan
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14
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Gao M, Jiang Z, Liao X, Bai X, Qi H, Zou J, Cao W. Validation of the promotion mechanism between bromide and UDMH to form NDMA during ozonation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148316. [PMID: 34147807 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) is found to generate substantial carcinogenic nitroso-dimethylamine (NDMA) during ozonation, moreover, its formation is promoted by ubiquitous bromide ions (Br-) in water matrixes, but the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, effects of Br- on NDMA formation during ozonation of UDMH were studied, meanwhile, its promotion pathways were also determined. The results demonstrated that Br- promoted NDMA formation from UDMH during ozonation, the formation rate constant with Br- is over 7 times of that without Br-. NDMA amount raised from 142.5 to 327.5 μg/L when Br- dosages increased from 0 to 100 μM. No matter with or without Br-, the augment of O3 dosages facilitated NDMA formation; the maximum value was achieved at pH 8. NDMA decreased dramatically from 173.8 to 123.5 μg/L with HCO3- raising from 0 to 160 μM, while increasing remarkably to 222.5 μg/L with SO42- dosing. In addition, NOM inhibited NDMA formation from UDMH during ozonation. The mass spectrum of LC-MS/MS verified that the generation of Br-UDMH was main cause for promoting NDMA formation. Moreover, hypobromous acid (HBrO) was confirmed to be responsible for Br-UDMH formation. In addition, the position that oxidants and Br- attacked was demonstrated based on Gaussian calculation. The results of this study could provide theoretical basis for the application of ozonation in bromine-containing water matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglan Gao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Zhibin Jiang
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China.
| | - Xingji Bai
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Huan Qi
- College of Textiles and Appearl, Quanzhou Normal University, Fujian 362002, China.
| | - Jing Zou
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Fujian 361021, China
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15
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Hogard S, Salazar-Benites G, Pearce R, Nading T, Schimmoller L, Wilson C, Heisig-Mitchell J, Bott C. Demonstration-scale evaluation of ozone-biofiltration-granular activated carbon advanced water treatment for managed aquifer recharge. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:1157-1172. [PMID: 33522033 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Sustainable Water Initiative for Tomorrow (SWIFT) program is the effort of the Hampton Roads Sanitation District to implement indirect potable reuse to recharge the depleted Potomac Aquifer. This initiative is being demonstrated at the 1-MGD SWIFT Research Center with a treatment train including coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation (floc/sed), ozonation, biofiltration (BAF), granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, and UV disinfection, followed by managed aquifer recharge. Bulk total organic carbon (TOC) removal occurred via multiple treatment barriers including, floc/sed (26% removal), ozone/BAF (30% removal), and adsorption by GAC. BAF acclimation was observed during the first months of plant operation which coincided with the establishment of biological nitrification and dissolved metal removal. Bromate formation during ozonation was efficiently controlled below 10 µg/L using preformed monochloramine and preoxidation with free chlorine. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was formed at an average concentration of 53 ng/L post-ozonation and was removed >70% by the BAFs after several months of operation. Contaminants of emerging concern were removed by multiple treatment barriers including oxidation, biological degradation, and adsorption. The breakthrough of these contaminants and bulk TOC will likely determine the replacement interval of GAC. The ozone/BAC/GAC treatment process was shown to meet all defined treatment goals for managed aquifer recharge. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Floc/sed, biofiltration, and GAC adsorption provide important barriers in carbon-based treatment trains for bulk TOC and trace organic contaminant removal. Biofilter acclimation was observed during the first three months of operation in each operating period as evidenced by the establishment of nitrification. Bromate was effectively controlled during ozonation of a high bromide water with monochloramine doses of 3-5 mg/L. NDMA was formed at an average concentration of 53 ng/L by ozonation and complete removal was achieved by BAFs after several months of biological acclimation. An average 25% removal of 1,4-dioxane was achieved via oxidation by hydroxyl radicals during ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hogard
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Robert Pearce
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Tyler Nading
- Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc., Englewood, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Charles Bott
- Hampton Roads Sanitation District (HRSD), Virginia Beach, VA, USA
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16
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Sgroi M, Snyder SA, Roccaro P. Comparison of AOPs at pilot scale: Energy costs for micro-pollutants oxidation, disinfection by-products formation and pathogens inactivation. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:128527. [PMID: 33268086 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluated different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) operated at pilot-scale as tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater in terms of energy efficiency, disinfection by-products formation and pathogens inactivation. Investigated AOPs included UV/H2O2, UV/Cl2, O3, O3/UV, H2O2/O3/UV, Cl2/O3/UV. AOPs were operated using various ozone doses (1.5-9 mg L-1), and UV fluences (191-981 mJ cm-2). Electrical energy costs necessary for the oxidation of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) (i.e., carbamazepine, fluoxetine, gemfibrozil, primidone, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim) were calculated using the electrical energy per order (EEO) parameter. Ozonation resulted by far the most energy efficient process, whereas UV/H2O2 and UV/Cl2 showed the highest energy costs. Energy costs for AOPs based on the combination of UV and ozone were in the order O3/UV ≈ Cl2/O3/UV > H2O2/O3/UV, and they were significantly lower than energy costs of UV/H2O2 and UV/Cl2 processes. Cl2/O3/UV increased bromate formation, O3/UV and O3 had same levels of bromate formation, whereas H2O2/O3/UV did not form bromate. In addition, UV photolysis resulted an effective treatment for NDMA mitigation even in combination with ozone and chlorine in AOP technologies. Ozonation (doses of 1.5-6 mg L-1) was the least effective process to inactivate somatic coliphages, total coliform, escherichia coli, and enterococci. UV irradiation was able to completely inactivate somatic coliphages, total coliform, escherichia coli at low fluence (191 mJ cm-2), whereas enterococci were UV resistant. AOPs that utilized UV irradiation were the most effective processes for wastewater disinfection resulting in a complete inactivation of selected indicator organisms by low ozone dose (1.5 mg L-1) and UV fluence (191-465 mJ cm-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Sgroi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08, 637141, Singapore.
| | - Paolo Roccaro
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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Abrile MG, Ciucio MM, Demarchi LM, Bono VM, Fiasconaro ML, Lovato ME. Degradation and mineralization of the emerging pharmaceutical pollutant sildenafil by ozone and UV radiation using response surface methodology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:23868-23886. [PMID: 33219934 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and their degradation products which are present in wastewater and superficial waters are becoming an ecological issue. This research investigated the degradation and mineralization of synthetic solutions of the pharmaceutical compound sildenafil citrate (SC) by single ozonation and ozonation jointed with UV radiation (O3/UV). The effects of initial drug concentration (50-125 mg L-1), inlet ozone concentration (35-125 g Nm-3), and UV radiation on SC degradation and decrease of total organic carbon (TOC) were investigated using response surface methodology based on a central composite experimental design. Through the RSM analysis, it was possible to confirm the removal of SC for the entire experimental range. Major intermediates of SC degradation were identified and a degradation pathway was proposed. The kinetics of SC degradation was modeled as a pseudo-first-order reaction with a rate constant ranging between 0.072 and 1.250 min-1. The SC degradation and TOC removal were strongly enhanced by increasing the concentration of gaseous ozone at the inlet and incorporating UV radiation. The highest TOC removal reached at 60 min was 75%, in the O3/UV system, with initial SC content of 50 mg L-1 and inlet ozone concentration of 125 g Nm-3. The degradation rate of SC was increased 3 to 9 times in the presence of UV radiation. Ozone-based advanced oxidation processes appear as a suitable alternative for treatment of the emerging pollutant SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Guadalupe Abrile
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), CCT CONICET Santa Fe, Ruta Nacional No. 168 Km 0. (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Michela Ciucio
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), CCT CONICET Santa Fe, Ruta Nacional No. 168 Km 0. (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Lourdes Marlén Demarchi
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), CCT CONICET Santa Fe, Ruta Nacional No. 168 Km 0. (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Virginia Mariel Bono
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), CCT CONICET Santa Fe, Ruta Nacional No. 168 Km 0. (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Laura Fiasconaro
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), CCT CONICET Santa Fe, Ruta Nacional No. 168 Km 0. (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Lovato
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química (INTEC), CCT CONICET Santa Fe, Ruta Nacional No. 168 Km 0. (3000), Santa Fe, Argentina.
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18
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Lei X, Lei Y, Zhang X, Yang X. Treating disinfection byproducts with UV or solar irradiation and in UV advanced oxidation processes: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 408:124435. [PMID: 33189471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the degradation kinetics and mechanisms of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) under UV and solar irradiation and in UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). A total of 59 such compounds are discussed. The processes evaluated are low pressure, medium pressure and vacuum UV irradiation, solar irradiation together with UV/hydrogen peroxide, UV/persulfate and UV/chlorine AOPs. Under UV and solar irradiation, the photodegradation rates of N-nitrosamines are much higher than those of halogenated DBPs. Among halogenated DBPs, those containing iodine are photodegraded more rapidly than those containing bromine or chlorine. This is due to differences in their bond energies (EN-N < EC-I < EC-Br < EC-Cl). Molar absorption coefficients at 254 nm and energy gaps can be used to predict the photodegradation rates of DBPs under low pressure UV irradiation. But many DBPs of interest cannot be degraded to half their original concentration with less than a 500 mJ cm-2 dose of low pressure UV light. HO• generally contributes to less than 30% of the degradation of DBPs except iodo-DBPs in UV/H2O2 AOPs. Reaction mechanisms under UV irradiation and in HO•-mediated oxidation are also summarized. N-N bond cleavage initiates their direct UV photolysis of N-nitrosamines as C-X cleavage does among halogenated compounds. HO• generally initiates degradation via single electron transfer, addition and hydrogen abstraction pathways. Information on the reaction rate constants of SO4•- and halogen radicals with DBPs is rather limited, and little information is available about their reaction pathways. Overall, this review provides improved understanding of UV, solar and AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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19
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Lu Y, Wang C, Zhang XY, Wang ZW, Song ZM, Du Y, Hu Q, Wu QY, Hu HY. Tracing nitrogenous byproducts during ozonation in the presence of bromide and ammonia using stable isotope labeling and high resolution mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123612. [PMID: 32814238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia has been widely used to inhibit bromate formation during ozonation. However, our recent study found that during ozonation in the presence of bromide and ammonia, toxicity increased under certain conditions that might be attributed to the formation of nitrogenous byproducts. Herein, a typical structural moiety of natural organic matter (NOM), hydroquinone, was evaluated for its potential to form nitrogenous byproducts. During ozonation of the hydroquinone solution containing bromide and ammonia, toxicity of organic byproducts increased significantly. As organic bromine was hardly detected, organic nitrogen was responsible for the increased toxicity. An effective method combining ultra-performance liquid chromatography in tandem with high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) with an isotope labeling strategy was used to trace nitrogenous byproducts. Four newly formed nitrogenous byproducts were detected, two of which were also detected in Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) solution treated under the same ozonation condition. Furthermore, the molecular structures and formation pathways of these nitrogenous byproducts were proposed. This study highlights that, despite the widespread use, adding ammonia to inhibit bromate formation during ozonation might increase the toxicity posed by nitrogenous byproducts. During ozonation in the presence of bromide and ammonia, particular attention should be paid to nitrogenous byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xin-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Ye Du
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qing Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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20
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Beard JC, Swager TM. An Organic Chemist's Guide to N-Nitrosamines: Their Structure, Reactivity, and Role as Contaminants. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2037-2057. [PMID: 33474939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitrosamines are a class of compounds notorious both for the potent carcinogenicity of many of its members and for their widespread occurrence throughout the human environment, from air and water to our diets and drugs. Considerable effort has been dedicated to understanding N-nitrosamines as contaminants, and methods for their prevention, remediation, and detection are ongoing challenges. Understanding the chemistry of N-nitrosamines will be key to addressing these challenges. To facilitate such understanding, we focus in this Perspective on the structure, reactivity, and synthetic applications of N-nitrosamines with an emphasis on alkyl N-nitrosamines. The role of N-nitrosamines as water contaminants and the methods for their detection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Beard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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21
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Wang W, Yang P, Guo Y, Ji H, Liang F. Phenylurea herbicide degradation and N-nitrosodimethylamine formation under various oxidation conditions: Relationships and transformation pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116122. [PMID: 33248834 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Four phenylurea herbicides (PUHs) were assessed for degradation and transformation into N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) under three oxidation conditions (chlorine (Cl2), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and ozone (O3)) from an aqueous solution. Removal ratios correlated with the numbers of halogen elements contained in PUHs (isoproturon (0) > chlorotoluron (1 Cl) > diuron (2 Cl) > fluometuron (3 F)), and the degradation efficiencies of oxidants from fastest to slowest were: O3, ClO2, and Cl2. NDMA can be generated directly from the ozonation of PUHs. Further, compared with chloramination alone, ozonation prominently promoted NDMA formation potential (NDMA-FP) during post-chloramination, and NDMA-FPs increased approximately 23-68 times than those during ozonation only at 2.5 mg/L O3 over 10 min; molar yields of NDMA from highest to lowest were 11.1% (isoproturon), 1.17% (chlorotoluron), 1.0% (diuron), and 0.73% (fluometuron). The PUH degradation kinetics data during ozonation agreed with the pseudo-first-order model. The rate constant kobs were 0.31 × 10-3-19.8 × 10-3 s-1. The kobs and removal ratios of PUHs during ozonation partially scaled with the mass, LogKow, and Henry's constants of PUHs. Comparisons of measured NDMA-FPs with calculated NDMA-FPs from residual PUH after oxidation showed that the intermediates produced during ozonation facilitated NDMA-FPs; this contribution was also observed for chlorotoluron and isoproturon during ClO2 oxidation. Examination of reaction mechanisms revealed that tertiary amine ozonation, N-dealkylation, hydroxylation, the cleavage of N-C bonds, ammonification, and nitrification occurred during the ozonation of PUHs, and the dimethylamine (DMA) functional groups could be decomposed directly and transformed into NDMA via the formation of the intermediate unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine. NDMA is also formed from the reaction between DMA and phenylamino-compounds. Clarifying primary degradation products of PUHs and transformation pathways of NDMA during oxidation processes is useful to optimize treatment processes for water supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - Panqing Yang
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yanling Guo
- College of Resource and Environment, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Haoran Ji
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Fang Liang
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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22
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Brienza M, Manasfi R, Sauvêtre A, Chiron S. Nitric oxide reactivity accounts for N-nitroso-ciprofloxacin formation under nitrate-reducing conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116293. [PMID: 32818734 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation of N-nitroso-ciprofloxacin (CIP) was investigated both in wastewater treatment plants including nitrification/denitrification stages and in sludge slurry experiments under denitrifying conditions. The analysis of biological wastewater treatment plant effluents by Kendrick mass defect analysis and liquid chromatography - high resolution - mass spectrometry (LCHRMS) revealed the occurrence of N-nitroso-CIP and N-nitroso-hydrochlorothiazide at concentration levels of 34 ± 3 ng/L and 71 ± 6 ng/L, respectively. In laboratory experiments and dark conditions, produced N-nitroso-CIP concentrations reached a plateau during the course of biodegradation experiments. A mass balance was achieved after identification and quantification of several transformation products by LCHRMS. N-nitroso-CIP accounted for 14.3% of the initial CIP concentration (20 µg/L) and accumulated against time. The use of 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate and superoxide dismutase as scavengers for in situ production of nitric oxide and superoxide radical anion respectively, revealed that the mechanisms of formation of N-nitroso-CIP likely involved a nitrosation pathway through the formation of peroxynitrite and another one through codenitrification processes, even though the former one appeared to be prevalent. This work extended the possible sources of N-nitrosamines by including a formation pathway relying on nitric oxide reactivity with secondary amines under activated sludge treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Brienza
- UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, IRD, 15 Ave Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Rayana Manasfi
- UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, IRD, 15 Ave Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Andrés Sauvêtre
- UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, IRD, 15 Ave Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Serge Chiron
- UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, IRD, 15 Ave Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Wu QY, Yang LL, Zhang XY, Wang WL, Lu Y, Du Y, Lu Y, Hu HY. Ammonia-Mediated Bromate Inhibition during Ozonation Promotes the Toxicity Due to Organic Byproduct Transformation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:8926-8937. [PMID: 32598842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH4+) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have been widely used to inhibit bromate formation during ozonation. However, organic byproducts can also pose a risk under these conditions. During bromate inhibition, the influence of NH4+ and H2O2 on organic byproducts and their toxicity should be elucidated. Our study found that NH4+ suppressed organic bromine, but might result in increased toxicity. Adding 0.5 mg/L of NH4+-N substantially increased both the formation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity (DNA double-strand breaks) of organic byproducts from 0.6 to 1.6 mg-phenol/L, and from 0.3 to 0.8 μg-4-NQO/L (0.5 mg/L Br-, 5 mg/L O3). NH4+ decreased bromate, but increased the overall toxicity of the integrated byproducts (organic byproducts and bromate). Organic nitrogen measurements and 15N isotope analysis showed enhanced incorporation of nitrogen into organic matter when NH4+ and Br- coexisted during ozonation. NH4+ decreased the formation of brominated acetonitriles, but enhanced the formation of brominated nitromethanes and brominated acetamides. These brominated nitrogenous byproducts were partially responsible for this increase in toxicity. Different from ammonia, H2O2 could reduce both bromate and the toxicity of organic byproducts. In the presence of 0.5 mg/L Br- and 10 mg/L O3, adding H2O2 (0.5 mM) substantially suppressed bromate, cytotoxicity formation and genotoxicity formation by 88%, 63% and 67%. This study highlights that focusing on bromate control with NH4+ addition might result in higher toxicity. Efforts are needed to effectively control the toxicities of bromate and organic byproducts simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lu-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yao Lu
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ye Du
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yun Lu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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24
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Rizzo L, Gernjak W, Krzeminski P, Malato S, McArdell CS, Perez JAS, Schaar H, Fatta-Kassinos D. Best available technologies and treatment trains to address current challenges in urban wastewater reuse for irrigation of crops in EU countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:136312. [PMID: 32050367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Conventional urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs) are poorly effective in the removal of most contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), including antibiotics, antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARB&ARGs). These contaminants result in some concern for the environment and human health, in particular if UWTPs effluents are reused for crop irrigation. Recently, stakeholders' interest further increased in Europe, because the European Commission is currently developing a regulation on water reuse. Likely, conventional UWTPs will require additional advanced treatment steps to meet water quality limits yet to be officially established for wastewater reuse. Even though it seems that CECs will not be included in the proposed regulation, the aim of this paper is to provide a technical contribution to this discussion as well as to support stakeholders by recommending possible advanced treatment options, in particular with regard to the removal of CECs and ARB&ARGs. Taking into account the current knowledge and the precautionary principle, any new or revised water-related Directive should address such contaminants. Hence, this review paper gathers the efforts of a group of international experts, members of the NEREUS COST Action ES1403, who for three years have been constructively discussing the efficiency of the best available technologies (BATs) for urban wastewater treatment to abate CECs and ARB&ARGs. In particular, ozonation, activated carbon adsorption, chemical disinfectants, UV radiation, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and membrane filtration are discussed with regard to their capability to effectively remove CECs and ARB&ARGs, as well as their advantages and drawbacks. Moreover, a comparison among the above-mentioned processes is performed for CECs relevant for crop uptake. Finally, possible treatment trains including the above-discussed BATs are discussed, issuing end-use specific recommendations which will be useful to UWTPs managers to select the most suitable options to be implemented at their own facilities to successfully address wastewater reuse challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Rizzo
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Wolfgang Gernjak
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pawel Krzeminski
- Section of Systems Engineering and Technology, Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sixto Malato
- Plataforma Solar de Almería (CIEMAT), Carretera de Senés, km. 4, Tabernas, Almería 04200, Spain; Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Universitiy of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, ES04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Christa S McArdell
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jose Antonio Sanchez Perez
- Solar Energy Research Centre (CIESOL), Joint Centre University of Almería-CIEMAT, Universitiy of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, ES04120 Almería, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almeria, Ctra. Sacramento s/n, ES04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Heidemarie Schaar
- Technische Universität Wien, Institute for Water Quality and Resource Management, Karlsplatz 13/2261, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas, International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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25
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Beita-Sandí W, Erdem CU, Karanfil T. Effect of bromide on NDMA formation during chloramination of model precursor compounds and natural waters. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 170:115323. [PMID: 31790888 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the effect of bromide ion (Br-) on NDMA formation using model precursor compounds, wastewater effluents and surface waters. Previous studies showed that Br- reacts with chloramines and forms bromochloramine, a reactive compound responsible for NDMA formation enhancement. Some limitations of those studies were the highest Br- concentrations used, and the limited number of precursors considered. Here, we observed enhancement of NDMA formation from most of the model precursor compounds within the Br- range (0-1000 μg/L) but this effect was suppressed in the presence of NOM. Also, NDMA formation was favored at pH 8 in the presence of Br- compared to pH 6. Nevertheless, Br- suppressed NDMA formation in wastewater effluent samples at low monochloramine doses while no effects were observed in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Beita-Sandí
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, United States; Research Center of Environmental Pollution (CICA), University of Costa Rica, San José, 2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Cagri Utku Erdem
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, United States
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC, 29625, United States
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26
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Hooper J, Funk D, Bell K, Noibi M, Vickstrom K, Schulz C, Machek E, Huang CH. Pilot testing of direct and indirect potable water reuse using multi-stage ozone-biofiltration without reverse osmosis. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 169:115178. [PMID: 31670085 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pilot testing of direct potable reuse (DPR) using multi-stage ozone and biological filtration as an alternative treatment train without reverse osmosis (RO) was investigated. This study examined four blending ratios of advanced treated reclaimed water from the F. Wayne Hill Water Resources Center (FWH WRC) in Gwinnett County, Georgia, combined with the existing drinking water treatment plant raw water supply, Lake Lanier, for potable water production. Baseline testing with 100 percent (%) Lake Lanier water was initially conducted; followed by testing blends of 15, 25, 50, and 100% reclaimed water from FWH WRC. Finished water quality from the DPR pilot was compared to drinking water standards, and emerging microbial and chemical contaminants were also evaluated. Results were benchmarked against a parallel indirect potable reuse (IPR) pilot receiving 100% of the raw water from Lake Lanier. Finished water quality from the DPR pilot at the 15% blend complied with the United States primary and secondary maximum contaminant levels (MCLs and SMCLs, respectively). However, exceedances of one or more MCLs or SMCLs were observed at higher blends. Importantly, reclaimed water from FWH WRC was of equal or better quality for all microbiological targets tested compared to Lake Lanier, indicating that a DPR scenario could lower acute risks from microbial pathogens compared to current practices. Finished water from the DPR pilot had no detections of microorganisms, even at the 100% FWH WRC effluent blend. Microbiological targets tested included heterotrophic plate counts, total and fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, somatic and male-specific coliphage, Clostridium perfringens, Enterococci, Legionella, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia. There were water quality challenges, primarily associated with nitrate originating from incomplete denitrification and bromate formation from ozonation at the FWH WRC. These challenges highlight the importance of upstream process monitoring and control at the advanced wastewater treatment facility if DPR is considered. This research demonstrated that ozone with biological filtration could achieve potable water quality criteria, without the use of RO, in cases where nitrate is below the MCL of 10 mg nitrogen per liter and total dissolved solids are below the SMCL of 500 mg per liter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hooper
- CDM Smith, 14432 SE Eastgate Way Suite 100, Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA.
| | - Denise Funk
- Gwinnett County Department of Water Resources, 684 Winder Highway, Lawrenceville, GA, 30045, USA
| | - Kati Bell
- Brown & Caldwell, 220 Athens Way #500, Nashville, TN, 37228, USA
| | - Morayo Noibi
- CDM Smith, 14432 SE Eastgate Way Suite 100, Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | - Kyle Vickstrom
- CDM Smith, 14432 SE Eastgate Way Suite 100, Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | - Chris Schulz
- CDM Smith, 14432 SE Eastgate Way Suite 100, Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | - Eddie Machek
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 200 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 200 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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27
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Zhang K, Zhang ZH, Wang H, Wang XM, Zhang XH, Xie YF. Synergistic effects of combining ozonation, ceramic membrane filtration and biologically active carbon filtration for wastewater reclamation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 382:121091. [PMID: 31472465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we proposed to apply an integrated process which is comprised of in situ ozonation, ceramic membrane filtration (CMF) and biologically active carbon (BAC) filtration to wastewater reclamation for indirect potable reuse purpose. A pilot-scale (20 m3/d) experiment had been run for ten months to validate the prospect of the process in terms of treatment performance and operational stability. Results showed that the in situ O3 + CMF + BAC process performed well in pollutant removal, with chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus and turbidity levels in the treated water being 5.1 ± 0.9, 0.05 ± 0.01, 10.5 ± 0.8, <0.06 mg/L, and <0.10 NTU, respectively. Most detected trace organic compounds were degraded by>96%. This study demonstrated that synergistic effects existed in the in situ O3 + CMF + BAC process. Compared to pre-ozonation, in situ ozonation in the membrane tank was more effective in controlling membrane fouling (maintaining operational stability) and in degrading organic pollutants, which could be attributed to the higher residual ozone concentration in the tank. Because of the removal of particulate matter by CMF, water head loss of the BAC filter increased slowly and prolonged the backwashing interval to 30 days. BAC filtration was also effective in removing ammonia and N-nitrosodimethylamine from the ozonated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Institute for Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, 518055, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zheng-Hua Zhang
- Institute for Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Beijing Drainage Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xiao-Mao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xi-Hui Zhang
- Institute for Environmental Engineering & Nano-Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, 518055, China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Guangdong, 518055, China.
| | - Yuefeng F Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Environmental Engineering Programs, Pennsylvania State University, Middletown, PA, 17057, USA
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28
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Zhang Z, Ma B, Hozalski RM, Russell CG, Evans AN, Led KO, Van Dyke M, Peldszus S, Huck PM, Szczuka A, Mitch WA. Bench-scale column evaluation of factors associated with changes in N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursor concentrations during drinking water biofiltration. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 167:115103. [PMID: 31581035 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biofiltration has been observed to increase or decrease the concentrations of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors in the effluents of full-scale drinking water facilities, but these changes have been inconsistent over time. Bench-scale tests comparing biofiltration columns side-by-side exposed to different conditions were employed to characterize factors associated with changes in NDMA precursor concentrations, as measured by application of chloramines under uniform formation conditions (UFC). Side-by-side comparisons of biofiltration media from different facilities fed with water from each of these facilities demonstrated that differences in source water quality were far more important than any original differences in the microbial communities on the biofiltration media for determining whether NDMA precursor concentrations increased, decreased or remained constant across biofilters. Additional tests involving spiking of specific constituents hypothesized to promote increases in NDMA precursor concentrations demonstrated that inorganic nitrogen species associated with nitrification, including ammonia, hydroxylamine and chloramines, and biotransformation of known precursors (i.e., municipal wastewater and the cationic polymer, polyDADMAC) to more potent forms were not important. Biotransformation of uncharacterized components of source waters determined whether NDMA precursor concentrations increased or decreased across biofilters. These uncharacterized source water component concentrations varied temporally and across locations. Where biotransformation of source water precursors increased NDMA precursor concentrations, ∼30-60% of the levels observed in column effluents fed with biofiltration influent water remained associated with the media and could be rinsed therefrom in either the dissolved or particulate form. Ozone pre-treatment significantly reduced NDMA precursor concentrations at one facility, suggesting that pre-oxidation could be an effective technique to mitigate the increase in NDMA precursor concentrations during biofiltration. Biofiltration decreased the concentrations of halogenated disinfection byproduct precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - Ben Ma
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Raymond M Hozalski
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Caroline G Russell
- Carollo Engineers, Inc., 8911 Capital of Texas Highway North, Suite 2200, Austin, TX, 78759, USA
| | - Ashley N Evans
- Carollo Engineers, Inc., 8911 Capital of Texas Highway North, Suite 2200, Austin, TX, 78759, USA
| | - Katrine O Led
- NSERC Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2K 1X4, Canada
| | - Michele Van Dyke
- NSERC Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2K 1X4, Canada
| | - Sigrid Peldszus
- NSERC Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2K 1X4, Canada
| | - Peter M Huck
- NSERC Chair in Water Treatment, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2K 1X4, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Szczuka
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.
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29
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Tan S, Jiang S, Lai Y, Yuan Q. Formation potential of nine nitrosamines from polyacrylamide during chloramination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 670:1103-1110. [PMID: 31018426 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cationic polymers, which are commonly used as flocculants and coagulant aids in water and wastewater treatment, have been recently reported to promote the formation of nitrosamines. Most of the findings to date are based on poly (epichlorohydrin dimethylamine) and poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride), while few studies have considered nitrosamines formation of polyacrylamides. In this work, the nitrosamines formation from non-ionic, anionic and cationic polyacrylamides was evaluated. Moreover, the effects of chemical structures of cationic polyacrylamides (including molecular weight, charge density, and monomers) on nitrosamines formation were investigated. The results revealed that the highest amount of nitrosamines formation was formed from cationic polyacrylamide, followed by non-ionic polyacrylamide and anionic polyacrylamide. Molecular weight and various cationic monomers showed no significant effects on nitrosamines formation, but monomers generated significantly higher amount of nitrosamines formation than cationic polyacrylamides. Nitrosamines formation increased with the increasing charge density of cationic polyacrylamides, and FTIR analysis results showed that the quaternary amine groups preferentially reacted with chloramines than with amide groups. This work shed new light on the nitrosamines formation from water and wastewater treatment polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Tan
- School of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shaojie Jiang
- School of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Yangzhou Lai
- Chongqing Qingze Water Quality Analysis Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Qiuhong Yuan
- Chongqing Qingze Water Quality Analysis Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401331, China
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30
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Huang D, Liu X, Wang X, Zuo C, Xie Z, Gao X. The competitive formation mechanism of N-nitrosodimethylamine and formaldehyde dimethylhydrazone from 1,1-dimethylhydrazine during ozonation in air: A combined theoretical and experimental study. Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Chuang YH, Shabani F, Munoz J, Aflaki R, Hammond SD, Mitch WA. Formation of N-nitrosamines during the analysis of municipal secondary biological nutrient removal process effluents by US EPA method 521. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:597-605. [PMID: 30665089 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
US EPA Method 521 employs activated carbon-based solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridges for analyzing N-nitrosamines. The analysis of N-nitrosamines and their chloramine-reactive and ozone-reactive precursors in nitrified municipal secondary effluent revealed the potential for NDMA to form as an artefact during the analysis. As samples passed through the SPE cartridge, the activated carbon mediated the reaction of nitrite with dimethylamine to form NDMA. The reaction was not significant with tertiary amines. Artefactual NDMA formation was important for nitrite concentrations >0.2 mg/L as N in the Biological Nitrogen Removal (BNR) process effluent. However, it is difficult to define a general threshold for nitrite concentrations, because the importance of the reaction also depends on secondary amine concentrations, which are usually poorly characterized. Pre-treatment of samples with sulfamic acid to destroy nitrite mitigated the artefact. This artefact did not affect NDMA analysis in a nitrified effluent from another facility, likely due to low dimethylamine concentrations. This artefact also did not affect the analysis of primary effluent, due to the lack of nitrite, or the analysis of other N-nitrosamines, likely due to the lack of their secondary amine precursors. Because chloramination does not significantly degrade nitrite, this artefact could affect the analysis of chloramine-reactive N-nitrosamine precursors. Because ozonation rapidly degrades nitrite, it should not affect the analysis of ozone-reactive precursors. However, ozonation at 0.8 mg ozone/mg dissolved organic carbon resulted in significant degradation of all N-nitrosamines, even though simultaneous NDMA formation from ozone-reactive precursors resulted in a net increase in NDMA concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsueh Chuang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.
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32
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Chuang YH, Szczuka A, Shabani F, Munoz J, Aflaki R, Hammond SD, Mitch WA. Pilot-scale comparison of microfiltration/reverse osmosis and ozone/biological activated carbon with UV/hydrogen peroxide or UV/free chlorine AOP treatment for controlling disinfection byproducts during wastewater reuse. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 152:215-225. [PMID: 30677632 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ozone and biological activated carbon (O3/BAC) is being considered as an alternative advanced treatment process to microfiltration and reverse osmosis (MF/RO) for the potable reuse of municipal wastewater. Similarly, the UV/free chlorine (UV/HOCl) advanced oxidation process (AOP) is being considered as an alternative to the UV/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) AOP. This study compared the performance of these alternative treatment processes for controlling N-nitrosamines and chloramine-reactive N-nitrosamine and halogenated disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors during parallel, pilot-scale treatment of tertiary municipal wastewater effluent. O3/BAC outperformed MF/RO for controlling N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), while MF/RO was more effective for controlling N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) and chloramine-reactive NDMA precursors. The UV/H2O2 and UV/HOCl AOPs were equally effective for controlling N-nitrosamines in O3/BAC effluent, but UV/HOCl was less effective for controlling NDMA in MF/RO effluent, likely due to the promotion of dichloramine under these conditions. MF/RO was more effective than O3/BAC for controlling chloramine-reactive halogenated DBP precursors on both a mass and toxicity-weighted basis. UV/H2O2 AOP treatment was more effective at controlling the toxicity-weighted chloramine-reactive DBP precursors for most halogenated DBP classes by preferentially degrading the more toxic brominated species. However, the total toxicity-weighted DBP precursor concentrations were similar for treatment by either AOP because UV/H2O2 AOP treatment promoted the formation of iodoacetic acid, which exhibits a very high toxic potency. The combined O3/BAC/MF/RO train was the most effective for controlling N-nitrosamines and the total toxicity-weighted DBP precursor concentrations with or without treatment by either AOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsueh Chuang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Aleksandra Szczuka
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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33
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Marron EL, Mitch WA, von Gunten U, Sedlak DL. A Tale of Two Treatments: The Multiple Barrier Approach to Removing Chemical Contaminants During Potable Water Reuse. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:615-622. [PMID: 30821146 PMCID: PMC7653687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In response to water scarcity and an increased recognition of the risks associated with the presence of chemical contaminants, environmental engineers have developed advanced water treatment systems that are capable of converting municipal wastewater effluent into drinking water. This practice, which is referred to as potable water reuse, typically relies upon reverse osmosis (RO) treatment followed by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light and addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These two treatment processes individually are capable of controlling many of the chemical and microbial contaminants in wastewater; however, a few chemicals may still be present after treatment at concentrations that affect water quality. Low-molecular weight (<200 Da), uncharged compounds represent the greatest challenge for RO treatment. For potable water reuse systems, compounds of greatest concern include oxidation products formed during treatment (e.g., N-nitrosodimethylamine, halogenated disinfection byproducts) and compounds present in wastewater effluent (e.g., odorous compounds, organic solvents). Although the concentrations of most of these compounds decrease to levels where they no longer compromise water quality after they encounter the second treatment barrier (i.e., UV/H2O2), low-molecular weight compounds that are resistant to direct photolysis and exhibit low reactivity with hydroxyl radical (·OH) may persist. While attempts to identify the compounds that pass through both barriers have accounted for approximately half of the dissolved organic carbon remaining after treatment, it is unlikely that a significant fraction of the remaining unknowns will ever be identified with current analytical techniques. Nonetheless, the toxicity-weighted concentration of certain known compounds (e.g., disinfection byproducts) is typically lower in RO-UV/H2O2 treated water than conventional drinking water. To avoid the expense associated with managing the concentrate produced by RO, environmental engineers have begun to employ alternative treatment barriers. The use of alternatives such as nanofiltration, ozonation followed by biological filtration, or activated carbon filtration avoids the problems associated with the production and disposal of RO concentrate, but they may allow a larger number of chemical contaminants to pass through the treatment process. In addition to the transformation products and solvents that pose risks in the RO-UV/H2O2 system, these alternative barriers are challenged by larger, polar compounds that are not amenable to oxidation, such as perfluoroalkyl acids and phosphate-containing flame retardants. To fully protect consumers who rely upon potable water reuse systems, new policies are needed to prevent chemicals that are difficult to remove during advanced treatment from entering the sewer system. By using knowledge about the composition of municipal wastewater and the mechanisms through which contaminants are removed during treatment, it should be possible to safely reuse municipal wastewater effluent as a drinking water source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Marron
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Engineering Research Center for Reinventing the Nation’s Urban Water Infrastructure, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William A. Mitch
- Engineering Research Center for Reinventing the Nation’s Urban Water Infrastructure, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédéralé de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David L. Sedlak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Engineering Research Center for Reinventing the Nation’s Urban Water Infrastructure, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Shen L, Liao X, Qi H, Zhao L, Li F, Yuan B. NDMA formation from 4,4'-hexamethylenebis (HDMS) during ozonation: influencing factors and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:1584-1594. [PMID: 30443725 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3684-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a toxic disinfection byproduct commonly associated with chloramination, has recently been found to form from an anti-yellowing agent (4,4'-hexamethylenebis (1,1-dimethylsemicarbazide) (HDMS)) during ozonation but the mechanisms are unclear. In this paper, the potential roles of molecular ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radical (∙OH) on NDMA formation from HDMS were investigated under various oxidation conditions (ozone dosages, pH) and different components in water (bromide ion (Br-), bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), sulfate ion (SO42-), and humic acid (HA), as well as natural organic matter (NOM) from a lake). Moreover, HDMS transformation pathways by ozonation were determined. The results indicated that the formation of NDMA was enhanced through the combined effect of O3 and ∙OH compared to that by O3 alone (addition of tert-butyl alcohol (tBA) as ∙OH scavenger). ∙OH itself cannot generate NDMA directly; however, it can transform HDMS to intermediates with higher NDMA yield than parent compound. The NDMA generation was affected (small dosages promoted but high dosages inhibited) by HA or Br- no matter with or without tBA. The presence of SO42- and HCO3- ions lowered NDMA formation through ∙OH scavenging effect. Increasing pH not only increased degradation rate constant by enhancing ∙OH generation but also affected HDMS dissociation ratio, reaching the maximum NDMA formation at pH 7-8. Natural constituents in selected water matrix inhibited NDMA formation. Impacts of these influencing factors on NDMA formation by only O3 however were significantly less pronounced over that by the joint roles of O3 and ∙OH. Based on the result of Q-TOF, LC/MS/MS, and GC/MS, the possible transformation pathways of HDMS by ozonation were proposed. The NDMA enhancement mechanism by the combined effect of O3 and ∙OH can be attributed to greater amounts of intermediates with higher NDMA yield (such as unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH)) produced. These findings provide new understanding of NDMA formation upon ozonation of typical amine-based compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlu Shen
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaobin Liao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China.
| | - Huan Qi
- College of Textiles and Appearl, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, 362002, Fujian, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Fei Li
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Baoling Yuan
- Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
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Sharma A, Ahmad J, Flora SJS. Application of advanced oxidation processes and toxicity assessment of transformation products. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:223-233. [PMID: 30055452 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are the techniques employed for oxidation of various organic contaminants in polluted water with the objective of making it suitable for human consumption like household and drinking purpose. AOPs use potent chemical oxidants to bring down the contaminant level in the water. In addition to this function, these processes are also capable to kills microbes (as disinfectant) and remove odor as well as improve taste of the drinking water. The non-photochemical AOPs methods include generation of hydroxyl radical in absence of light either by ozonation or through Fenton reaction. The photochemical AOPs methods use UV light along with H2O2, O3 and/or Fe+2 to generate reactive hydroxyl radical. Non-photochemical method is the commonly used whereas, photochemical method is used when conventional O3 and H2O2 cannot completely oxidize organic pollutants. However, the choice of AOPs methods is depended upon the type of contaminant to be removed. AOPs cause loss of biological activity of the pollutant present in drinking water without generation of any toxicity. Conventional ozonation and AOPs can inactivate estrogenic compounds, antiviral compounds, antibiotics, and herbicides. However, the study of different AOPs methods for the treatment of drinking water has shown that oxidation of parent compound can also lead to the generation of a degradation/transformation product having biological activity/chemical toxicity similar to or different from the parent compound. Furthermore, an increased toxicity can also occur in AOPs treated drinking water. This review discusses various methods of AOPs, their merits, its application in drinking water treatment, the related issue of the evolution of toxicity in AOPs treated drinking water, biocatalyst, and analytical methods for identification of pollutants /transformed products and provides future directions to address such an issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abha Sharma
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shree Bhawani Paper Mill Road, ITI Compound, Raebareli 229010, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Javed Ahmad
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shree Bhawani Paper Mill Road, ITI Compound, Raebareli 229010, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S J S Flora
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shree Bhawani Paper Mill Road, ITI Compound, Raebareli 229010, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Tan S, Jiang S, Li X, Yuan Q. Factors affecting N-nitrosodimethylamine formation from poly(diallyldimethyl-ammonium chloride) degradation during chloramination. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180025. [PMID: 30225002 PMCID: PMC6124131 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (polyDADMAC) has been shown to be an important precursor of the probable human carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) when in contact with chloramine. In this study, we conducted an orthogonal experiment design to evaluate the effects of pH values, ammonia, bromide, natural organic matter (NOM) and monochloramine dosages on the formation of NDMA from polyDADMAC during chloramination. Meanwhile, single-factor experiments of pH, bromide and NOM prove the results of orthogonal experiment. The results supported that pH was the most critical factor affecting NDMA formation from polyDADMAC during chloramination, and the highest NDMA formation from polyDADMAC occurred at pH near 7 due to released DMA from polyDADMAC degradation and the critical importance of low concentrations of dichloramine in water. In the presence of excess bromide, the NDMA formation was enhanced significantly at all different pH values owing to bromochloramine, which has higher electronegativity of the brominated nitrogen atom than monochloramine or dichloramine. The NDMA formation from polyDADMAC in the presence of NOM was 41.7% lower than NDMA formation in the absence of NOM. The overwhelming majority of NDMA formation from polyDADMAC under simulated conditions was lower than the current advisory levels (i.e. 9 ng l-1 in Ontario, 10 ng l-1 in California).
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Tan
- School of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojie Jiang
- School of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuhong Yuan
- Chongqing Qingze Water Quality Analysis Co., Ltd, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
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Sgroi M, Vagliasindi FGA, Snyder SA, Roccaro P. N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and its precursors in water and wastewater: A review on formation and removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:685-703. [PMID: 29078192 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes major findings over the last decade related to N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in water and wastewater. In particular, the review is focused on the removal of NDMA and of its precursors by conventional and advanced water and wastewater treatment processes. New information regarding formation mechanisms and precursors are discussed as well. NDMA precursors are generally of anthropogenic origin and their main source in water have been recognized to be wastewater discharges. Chloramination is the most common process that results in formation of NDMA during water and wastewater treatment. However, ozonation of wastewater or highly contaminated surface water can also generate significant levels of NDMA. Thus, NDMA formation control and remediation has become of increasing interest, particularly during treatment of wastewater-impacted water and during potable reuse application. NDMA formation has also been associated with the use of quaternary amine-based coagulants and anion exchange resins. UV photolysis with UV fluence far higher than typical disinfection doses is generally considered the most efficient technology for NDMA mitigation. However, recent studies on the optimization of biological processes offer a potentially lower-energy solution. Options for NDMA control include attenuation of precursor materials through physical removal, biological treatment, and/or deactivation by application of oxidants. Nevertheless, NDMA precursor identification and removal can be challenging and additional research and optimization is needed. As municipal wastewater becomes increasingly used as a source water for drinking, NDMA formation and mitigation strategies will become increasingly more important. The following review provides a summary of the most recent information available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Sgroi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - Federico G A Vagliasindi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; National University of Singapore, NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), 5A Engineering Drive 1; T-Lab Building, #02-01, 117411, Singapore
| | - Paolo Roccaro
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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Maya N, Crispo C, McFarland V, Nasuhoglu D, Isazadeh S, Yargeau V, Metcalfe CD. Toxicity of extracts from municipal wastewater to early life stages of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) to evaluate removals of micropollutants by wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:136-144. [PMID: 28792110 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of municipal wastewater reduces the concentrations of some pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), hormones, and drugs of abuse. However, reduced concentrations of these micropollutants in wastewater may not correlate with reduced toxicity because transformations of micropollutants and/or the formation of disinfection by-products may generate toxic compounds. In the present study, we prepared extracts by solid phase extraction of samples collected from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) at various stages of treatment and tested these extracts for toxicity to early life stages of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Toxicity data for extracts prepared from a WWTP with secondary treatment showed that the numbers of exposed embryos (n = 12 per treatment) that did not hatch increased from 1 of 12 for the treatment with untreated effluent to 5 of 12 for the treatment with final treated effluent. For extracts prepared from a WWTP with tertiary treatment, toxicity among exposed embryos (n = 12 per treatment) also increased with each step of wastewater treatment, as shown by mortalities of 2 of 12 and 8 of 12 in treatments with extracts from untreated and final treated effluent, respectively, as well as an increase in the numbers of embryos that did not hatch from 2 of 12 to 9 of 12 in treatments with untreated and final treated effluent, respectively. Ozonation of treated wastewater collected from a third WWTP caused a high incidence of delayed hatch in exposed embryos (n = 24 per treatment). However, hatching success and the numbers of developmental abnormalities in embryos from this ozonation treatment were not different from controls. The present study shows the value of including toxicity testing to assess the effectiveness of technologies for treatment of municipal wastewater. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:136-144. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Maya
- School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Calvin Crispo
- School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria McFarland
- School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deniz Nasuhoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Siavash Isazadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Viviane Yargeau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chris D Metcalfe
- School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
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McCurry DL, Ishida KP, Oelker GL, Mitch WA. Reverse Osmosis Shifts Chloramine Speciation Causing Re-Formation of NDMA during Potable Reuse of Wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8589-8596. [PMID: 28671841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) effectively degrade N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) passing through reverse osmosis (RO) units within advanced treatment trains for the potable reuse of municipal wastewater. However, certain utilities have observed the re-formation of NDMA after the AOP from reactions between residual chloramines and NDMA precursors in the AOP product water. Using kinetic modeling and bench-scale RO experiments, we demonstrate that the low pH in the RO permeate (∼5.5) coupled with the effective rejection of NH4+ promotes conversion of the residual monochloramine (NH2Cl) in the permeate to dichloramine (NHCl2) via the reaction: 2 NH2Cl + H+ ↔ NHCl2 + NH4+. Dichloramine is the chloramine species known to react with NDMA precursors to form NDMA. After UV/AOP, utilities generally use lime or other techniques to increase the pH of the finished water to prevent distribution system corrosion. Modeling indicated that, while the increase in pH halts dichloramine formation, it converts amine-based NDMA precursors to their more reactive, neutral forms. With modeling, and experiments at both bench-scale and field-scale, we demonstrate that reducing the time interval between RO treatment and final pH adjustment can significantly reduce NDMA re-formation by minimizing the amount of dichloramine formed prior to reaching the final target pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L McCurry
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kenneth P Ishida
- Orange County Water District , Fountain Valley, California 92708, United States
| | - Gregg L Oelker
- Suez, Edward C. Little Reclamation Facility , El Segundo, California 90245, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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40
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Radjenovic J, Petrovic M. Removal of sulfamethoxazole by electrochemically activated sulfate: Implications of chloride addition. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 333:242-249. [PMID: 28363145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation is considered to be an attractive alternative to chemical oxidation for the treatment of polluted water. Given the of ability of boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes to generate hydroxyl radicals (OH), they are often selected for the degradation of persistent organic contaminants. Recently, BDD anodes have been demonstrated to form strong oxidants, sulfate radicals (SO4-), directly from sulfate ions. In this study, electrochemical activation of sulfate to SO4- at BDD anodes enhanced the removal of an antibiotic sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The rate of SMX oxidation was 6 times higher in sulfate anolyte compared to inert nitrate anolyte. Addition of chloride accelerated the disappearance of SMX in both anolytes due to electrochlorination. Yet, mineralization efficiency was decreased, particularly in Na2SO4 anolyte due to the scavenging of SO4- by Cl-. Electrogenerated SO4- yielded nitroso- and nitro-derivatives, which were not observed in the absence of sulfate. The peak intensities of chlorinated TPs were three orders of magnitude lower in Na2SO4 than in NaNO3 anolyte, suggesting that addition of sulfate may lower the formation of chlorinated organics. However, attention should be paid to the formation of inorganic byproducts, as the formation rates of toxic chlorate and in particular perchlorate were higher in Na2SO4 anolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Radjenovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
| | - Mira Petrovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Ul'yanovskii NV, Kosyakov DS, Pikovskoi II, Khabarov YG. Characterisation of oxidation products of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine by high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:66-75. [PMID: 28160679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine is used as a fuel for carrier rockets in the majority of countries implementing space exploration programs. Being highly reactive, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine easily undergoes oxidative transformation with the formation of a number of toxic, mutagenic, and teratogenic compounds. The use of high-resolution mass spectrometry for the study of the reaction of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution allowed us to find hundreds of nitrogen-containing products of the CHN and CHNO classes, formed via radical processes. The vast majority of the compounds have not been previously considered as possible products of the transformation of rocket fuel. We have shown that the oxidation of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine proceeds in two stages, with the formation of a great number of complex unstable intermediates that contain up to ten nitrogen atoms. These intermediates are subsequently converted into final reaction products with a concomitant decrease in the average molecular weight. The intermediates and final products of the oxidative transformation of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine were characterised on the basis of their elemental composition using van Krevelen diagrams and possible compounds corresponding to the most intense peaks in the mass spectra were proposed. The data obtained are indicative of the presence of the following classes of heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds among the oxidation products: imines, piperidines, pyrrolidines, dihydropyrazoles, dihydroimidazoles, triazoles, aminotriazines, and tetrazines. The results obtained open up possibilities for the targeted search and identification of new toxic products of the degradation of rocket fuel and, as a result, a more adequate assessment of the ecological consequences of space-rocket activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Ul'yanovskii
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - D S Kosyakov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia.
| | - I I Pikovskoi
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
| | - Yu G Khabarov
- Core Facility Center "Arktika", M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia
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42
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Na SY, Lee Y. Elimination of trace organic contaminants during enhanced wastewater treatment with horseradish peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide (HRP/H2O2) catalytic process. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2016.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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43
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Liu G, You S, Tan Y, Ren N. In Situ Photochemical Activation of Sulfate for Enhanced Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2339-2346. [PMID: 28117980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The advanced oxidation process (AOP) based on SO4•- radicals has been receiving growing attention in water and wastewater treatment. Producing SO4•- radicals by activation of peroxymonosulfate or persulfate faces the challenges of high operational cost and potential secondary pollution. In this study, we report the in situ photochemical activation of sulfate (i-PCAS) to produce SO4•- radicals with bismuth phosphate (BPO) serving as photocatalyst. The prepared BPO rod-like material could achieve remarkably enhanced degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in the presence of sulfate, indicated by the first-order kinetic constant (k = 0.0402 min-1) being approximately 2.1 times that in the absence (k = 0.019 min-1) at pH-neutral condition. This presented a marked contrast with commercial TiO2 (P25), the performance of which was always inhibited by sulfate. The impact of radical scavenger and electrolyte, combined with electron spin resonance (ESR) measurement, verified the formation of •OH and SO4•- radicals during i-PCAS process. According to theoretical calculations, BPO has a sufficiently high valence band potential making it thermodynamically favorable for sulfate oxidation, and weaker interaction with SO4•- radicals resulting in higher reactivity toward target organic pollutant. The concept of i-PCAS appears to be attractive for creating new photochemical systems where in situ production of SO4•- radicals can be realized by using sulfate originally existing in aqueous environment. This eliminates the need for extrinsic chemicals and pH adjustment, which makes water treatment much easier, more economical, and more sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Yang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, P. R. China
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090, P. R. China
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Liu YD, Zhong R. Comparison of N-nitrosodimethylamine formation mechanisms from dimethylamine during chloramination and ozonation: A computational study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 321:362-370. [PMID: 27643481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as a disinfection by-product has recently become the focus of considerable research interest due to its unusually high carcinogenicity. In this study, the formation mechanisms of NDMA from dimethylamine (DMA) during chloramination and ozonation were investigated by using the quantum chemical G4 method. The reactivity of haloamines and hydroxylamine reacting with DMA was found in the order: NHCl2∼NHBrCl (Br-leaving)>NHBr2>NH2Cl∼NH2Br>>NH2OH. This offers a theoretical support for the experimentally proposed mechanism that dimethylamine reacts with NHCl2 rather than NH2Cl to form chlorinated unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine intermediate and the existence of bromochloramine in the presence of bromide during chloramination, and explains the observation that NDMA yield during ozonation is much lower than that during chloramination. Importantly, an N,N-dimethylaminonitrene was found to be a significant intermediate to form NDMA in oxidation reactions by molecular oxygen and ozone. Additionally, results suggest that the amines containing the second nitrogen source directly connecting or close to the N-(CH3)2 moiety are potential significant NDMA precursors upon ozonation. The findings of this study are helpful for expanding the knowledge of NDMA formation mechanism, and predicting potential NDMA precursors during disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Dong Liu
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Rugang Zhong
- College of Life Science & Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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45
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Zeng T, Glover CM, Marti EJ, Woods-Chabane GC, Karanfil T, Mitch WA, Dickenson ERV. Relative Importance of Different Water Categories as Sources of N-Nitrosamine Precursors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13239-13248. [PMID: 27993049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A comparison of loadings of N-nitrosamines and their precursors from different source water categories is needed to design effective source water blending strategies. Previous research using Formation Potential (FP) chloramination protocols (high dose and prolonged contact times) raised concerns about precursor loadings from various source water categories, but differences in the protocols employed rendered comparisons difficult. In this study, we applied Uniform Formation Condition (UFC) chloramination and ozonation protocols mimicking typical disinfection practice to compare loadings of ambient specific and total N-nitrosamines as well as chloramine-reactive and ozone-reactive precursors in 47 samples, including 6 pristine headwaters, 16 eutrophic waters, 4 agricultural runoff samples, 9 stormwater runoff samples, and 12 municipal wastewater effluents. N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation from UFC and FP chloramination protocols did not correlate, with NDMA FP often being significant in samples where no NDMA formed under UFC conditions. N-Nitrosamines and their precursors were negligible in pristine headwaters. Conventional, and to a lesser degree, nutrient removal wastewater effluents were the dominant source of NDMA and its chloramine- and ozone-reactive precursors. While wastewater effluents were dominant sources of TONO and their precursors, algal blooms, and to a lesser degree agricultural or stormwater runoff, could be important where they affect a major fraction of the water supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zeng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University , 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Caitlin M Glover
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority , Henderson, Nevada 89015, United States
| | - Erica J Marti
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority , Henderson, Nevada 89015, United States
| | - Gwen C Woods-Chabane
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority , Henderson, Nevada 89015, United States
- HDR, Inc., 431 W Baseline Road, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University , 342 Computer Court, Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Eric R V Dickenson
- Water Quality Research and Development Division, Southern Nevada Water Authority , Henderson, Nevada 89015, United States
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46
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Leavey-Roback SL, Krasner SW, Suffet IMH. Veterinary antibiotics used in animal agriculture as NDMA precursors. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:330-338. [PMID: 27592322 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) during chloramination at drinking water treatment plants has raised concerns as more plants have switched from chlorine to chloramine disinfection. In this study, a source of NDMA precursors that has yet to be investigated was examined. Veterinary antibiotics are used in large quantities at animal agricultural operations. They may contaminate drinking water sources and may not be removed during wastewater and drinking water treatment. Ten antibiotics used in animal agriculture were shown to produce NDMA or N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) during chloramination. Molar conversions ranged from 0.04 to 4.9 percent, with antibiotics containing more than one dimethylamine (DMA) functional group forming significantly more NDMA. The highest formation for most of the compounds was seen near pH 8.4, in a range of pH 6 to 11 that was investigated. The effect of chlorine-to-ammonia ratio (Cl2/NH3), temperature, and hold time varied for each chemical, suggesting that the effects of these parameters were compound-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Leavey-Roback
- Environmental Science and Engineering Program, Institute for the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, La Kretz Hall, Suite 300, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1496, USA; Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 700 Moreno Avenue, La Verne, CA 91750, USA.
| | - Stuart W Krasner
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 700 Moreno Avenue, La Verne, CA 91750, USA
| | - Irwin Mel H Suffet
- Environmental Science and Engineering Program, Institute for the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, La Kretz Hall, Suite 300, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1496, USA
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47
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Lim S, Lee W, Na S, Shin J, Lee Y. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation during ozonation of N,N-dimethylhydrazine compounds: Reaction kinetics, mechanisms, and implications for NDMA formation control. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 105:119-128. [PMID: 27611639 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Compounds with N,N-dimethylhydrazine moieties ((CH3)2N-N-) form N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) during ozonation, but the relevant reaction chemistry is hitherto poorly understood. This study investigated the reaction kinetics and mechanisms of NDMA formation during ozonation of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and daminozide (DMZ) as structural model N,N-dimethylhydrazine compounds. The reaction of ozone with these NDMA precursor compounds was fast, and kO3 at pH 7 was 2 × 106 M-1 s-1 for UDMH and 5 × 105 M-1 s-1 for DMZ. Molar NDMA yields (i.e., Δ[NDMA]/Δ[precursor] × 100) were 84% and 100% for UDMH and DMZ, respectively, determined at molar ozone dose ratio ([O3]0/[precursor]0) of ≥4 in the presence of tert-butanol as hydroxyl radical (OH) scavenger. The molar NDMA yields decreased significantly in the absence of tert-butanol, indicating OH formation and its subsequent reaction with the parent precursors forming negligible NDMA. The kOH at pH 7 was 4.9 × 109 M-1 s-1 and 3.4 × 109 M-1 s-1 for UDMH and DMZ, respectively. Reaction mechanisms are proposed in which an ozone adduct is formed at the nitrogen next to N,N-dimethylamine which decomposes via homolytic and heterolytic cleavages of the -N+-O-O-O- bond, forming NDMA as a final product. The heterolytic cleavage pathway explains the significant OH formation via radical intermediates. Overall, significant NDMA formation was found to be unavoidable during ozonation or even O3/H2O2 treatment of waters containing N,N-dimethylhydrazine compounds due to their rapid reaction with ozone forming NDMA with high yield. Thus, source control or pre-treatment of N,N-dimethylhydrazine precursors and post-treatment of NDMA are proposed as the mitigation options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungeun Lim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Woongbae Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Na
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaedon Shin
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 500-712, Republic of Korea.
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48
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Zeng T, Li RJ, Mitch WA. Structural Modifications to Quaternary Ammonium Polymer Coagulants to Inhibit N-Nitrosamine Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4778-87. [PMID: 27096602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium cationic polymers, such as poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (polyDADMAC) and epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine (Epi-DMA), are commonly used by water utilities to enhance removal of particles and dissolved organic matter (DOM) from raw waters. Unfortunately, chloramination of waters treated with quaternary ammonium polymers leads to the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). In this study, two approaches were developed to modify polyDADMAC and Epi-DMA to inhibit N-nitrosamine formation. The first approach involved treatment of polymers with methyl iodide (MeI), an alkylating agent, to convert polymer-bound tertiary amine groups to less chloramine-reactive quaternary ammonium groups. The second approach involved synthesis of polymers bearing less chloramine-reactive quaternary ammonium groups with dipropylamino (DPA) substituents. Treatment with MeI reduced NDMA formation from polymers by ∼75%, while synthesis of DPA-based polymers eliminated NDMA formation and formed N-nitrosodipropylamine, which is 10-fold less carcinogenic than NDMA, at 20-fold lower yields. Bench-scale jar tests demonstrated that both MeI-treated and DPA-based polymers achieved similar removal of particles and DOM as the original polyDADMAC and Epi-DMA at both low and high doses, but formed significantly less N-nitrosamines. This work demonstrates two approaches for modifying quaternary ammonium cationic polymers, which may enable water utilities to meet potential future regulations on N-nitrosamines while maintaining polymer usage to meet existing regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zeng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University , 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Russell Jingxian Li
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William A Mitch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Re-Inventing the Nation's Urban Water Infrastructure (ReNUWIt), 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Lee Y, Gerrity D, Lee M, Gamage S, Pisarenko A, Trenholm RA, Canonica S, Snyder SA, von Gunten U. Organic Contaminant Abatement in Reclaimed Water by UV/H2O2 and a Combined Process Consisting of O3/H2O2 Followed by UV/H2O2: Prediction of Abatement Efficiency, Energy Consumption, and Byproduct Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3809-3819. [PMID: 26909504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UV/H2O2 processes can be applied to improve the quality of effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants by attenuating trace organic contaminants (micropollutants). This study presents a kinetic model based on UV photolysis parameters, including UV absorption rate and quantum yield, and hydroxyl radical (·OH) oxidation parameters, including second-order rate constants for ·OH reactions and steady-state ·OH concentrations, that can be used to predict micropollutant abatement in wastewater. The UV/H2O2 kinetic model successfully predicted the abatement efficiencies of 16 target micropollutants in bench-scale UV and UV/H2O2 experiments in 10 secondary wastewater effluents. The model was then used to calculate the electric energies required to achieve specific levels of micropollutant abatement in several advanced wastewater treatment scenarios using various combinations of ozone, UV, and H2O2. UV/H2O2 is more energy-intensive than ozonation for abatement of most micropollutants. Nevertheless, UV/H2O2 is not limited by the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and bromate whereas ozonation may produce significant concentrations of these oxidation byproducts, as observed in some of the tested wastewater effluents. The combined process of O3/H2O2 followed by UV/H2O2, which may be warranted in some potable reuse applications, can achieve superior micropollutant abatement with reduced energy consumption compared to UV/H2O2 and reduced oxidation byproduct formation (i.e., NDMA and/or bromate) compared to conventional ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunho Lee
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , 123, Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Ueberlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Gerrity
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas , Box 454015, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4015, United States
- Trussell Technologies, Inc. , 6540 Lusk Boulevard, Suite C274, San Diego, California 92121, United States
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority , P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-9954, United States
| | - Minju Lee
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Ueberlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil, and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sujanie Gamage
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority , P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-9954, United States
| | - Aleksey Pisarenko
- Trussell Technologies, Inc. , 6540 Lusk Boulevard, Suite C274, San Diego, California 92121, United States
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority , P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-9954, United States
| | - Rebecca A Trenholm
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority , P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, Nevada 89193-9954, United States
| | - Silvio Canonica
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Ueberlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona , 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0011, United States
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Ueberlandstrasse 133, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil, and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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50
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Liu H, Sun P, He Q, Feng M, Liu H, Yang S, Wang L, Wang Z. Ozonation of the UV filter benzophenone-4 in aquatic environments: Intermediates and pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 149:76-83. [PMID: 26855209 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of benzophenone-4 (BP-4) in water environments may pose a serious public health hazard due to its potential endocrine disrupting effects. In this work, the intermediates, probable degradation pathways and toxicity changes during ozonation of BP-4 in aqueous solution were systematically investigated. Results revealed that alkaline conditions favored the oxidation of BP-4. However, inorganic anions (Cl(-), NO3(-), SO4(2-)), cations (K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+)) and humic acid had no remarkable effect on BP-4 removal within the tested concentrations. Ozonation was also effective for the fast removal of BP-4 in real waters. The TOC suggested a low mineralization rate, even after the complete BP-4 removal. Meanwhile, the treated mixtures exhibited an obvious inhibition to the bioluminescent bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum, indicating the formation of transformation products with higher toxicities. Furthermore, fourteen products were identified by means of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Notably, seven of them have not been reported previously. The quenching test indicated that the degradation processes probably were dominated by OH. Next, possible degradation pathways were proposed and further justified by theoretical calculations of frontier electron densities. This investigation will contribute to the systematic elucidation of the ozonation process of UV filters in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China; College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314001, PR China
| | - Ping Sun
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314001, PR China
| | - Qun He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China; College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314001, PR China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Liansheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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