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Martínez-Ruiz EB, Agha R, Spahr S, Wolinska J. Widely used herbicide metolachlor can promote harmful bloom formation by stimulating cyanobacterial growth and driving detrimental effects on their chytrid parasites. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123437. [PMID: 38272168 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Metolachlor (MET) is a widely used herbicide that can adversely affect phytoplanktonic non-target organisms, such as cyanobacteria. Chytrids are zoosporic fungi ubiquitous in aquatic environments that parasitize cyanobacteria and can keep their proliferation in check. However, the influence of organic pollutants on the interaction between species, including parasitism, and the associated ecological processes remain poorly understood. Using the host-parasite system consisting of the toxigenic cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii and its chytrid parasite Rhizophydium megarrhizum, we investigated the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of MET on host-parasite interactions under i) continuous exposure of chytrids and cyanobacteria, and ii) pre-exposure of chytrids. During a continuous exposure, the infection prevalence and intensity were not affected, but chytrid reproductive structures were smaller at the highest tested MET concentration. In the parasite's absence, MET promoted cyanobacteria growth possibly due to a hormesis effect. In the pre-exposure assay, MET caused multi- and transgenerational detrimental effects on parasite fitness. Chytrids pre-exposed to MET showed reduced infectivity, intensity, and prevalence of the infection, and their sporangia size was reduced. Thus, pre-exposure of the parasite to MET resulted in a delayed decline of the cyanobacterial cultures upon infection. After several parasite generations without MET exposure, the parasite recovered its initial fitness, indicating that detrimental effects are transient. This study demonstrates that widely used herbicides, such as MET, could favor cyanobacterial bloom formation both directly, by promoting cyanobacteria growth, and indirectly, by inhibiting their chytrid parasites, which are known to play a key role as top-down regulators of cyanobacteria. In addition, we evidence the relevance of addressing multi-organism systems, such as host-parasite interactions, in toxicity assays. This approach offers a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of pollutants on aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Berenice Martínez-Ruiz
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ramsy Agha
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Spahr
- Department of Ecohydrology and Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Justyna Wolinska
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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2
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Antonelli L, Lucci E, Fanali S, Fanali C, Gentili A, Chankvetadze B. An enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to study the fate of quizalofop-P-ethyl in soil and selected agricultural products. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1707:464289. [PMID: 37573727 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the attention was focused on quizalofop-ethyl, a chiral herbicide whose formulation has recently been marketed as quizalofop-P-ethyl, i.e. the (+)-enantiomer exhibiting herbicidal activity. To verify the real enantiomeric purity of this product as well as to study its environmental fate, the enantioselective separation of the P- and M- enantiomers of quizalofop-ethyl was achieved on Lux Cellulose-2 column (3‑chloro,4-methylphenilcarbamate cellulose) under isocratic conditions in polar organic mode. Once established that the commercial formulation contains ˜ 0.6% (enantiomeric fraction) of M as an impurity, an HPLC-MS/MS method was developed, validated and applied to the analysis of soil, carrots and turnips treated with the herbicide. A simple solid-liquid extraction allowed recoveries greater than 70%; limits of detections of P and M enantiomers were below 5 ng g-1. The analyses of the real samples showed a modification of the enantiomeric fraction of quizalofop-M-ethyl between the commercial formulation (EFM = 0.63 ± 0.03%) and the analysed matrices (EFM = 7.6 ± 0.1% for carrots; EFM = 0% for the other matrices). This outcome highlighted the occurrence of an enantioselective biotic dissipation, responsible for a greater persistency of the distomer in carrots. On the other hand, since screening analyses revealed the occurrence of residues of the metabolite quizalofop-acid with the same EFs as the ester precursor, it was concluded that the hydrolytic conversion was an abiotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Antonelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Elena Lucci
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Teaching Committee of PhD. School in Nanoscience and Advanced Technologies, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Fanali
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave 3, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia
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3
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Yun D, Kang D, Cho KH, Baek SS, Jeon J. Characterization of micropollutants in urban stormwater using high-resolution monitoring and machine learning. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 235:119865. [PMID: 36934536 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urban rainfall events can lead to the runoff of pollutants, including industrial, pesticide, and pharmaceutical chemicals. Transporting micropollutants (MPs) into water systems can harm both human health and aquatic species. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the dynamics of MPs during rainfall events. However, few studies have examined MPs during rainfall events due to the high analytical expenses and extensive spatiotemporal variability. Few studies have investigated the occurrence patterns of MPs and factors that influence their transport, such as rainfall duration, antecedent dry periods, and variations in streamflow. Moreover, while there have been many analyses of nutrients, suspended solids, and heavy metals during the first flush effect (FFE), studies on the transport of MPs during FFE are insufficient. This study aimed to identify the dynamics of MPs and FFE in an urban catchment, using high-resolution monitoring and machine learning methods. Hierarchical clustering analysis and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were implemented to estimate the similarity between each MP and identify the factors influencing their transport during rainfall events. Eleven dominant MPs comprised 75% of the total MP concentration and had a 100% detection frequency. During rainfall events, pesticides and pharmaceutical MPs showed a higher FFE than industrial MPs. Moreover, the initial 30% of the runoff volume contained 78.0% of pesticide and 50.1% of pharmaceutical substances for events W1 (July 5 to July 6, 2021) and W6 (August 31 to September 1, 2021), respectively. The PLSR model suggested that stormflow (m3/s) and the duration of antecedent dry hours (h) significantly influenced MP dynamics, yielding the variable importance on projection scores greater than 1.0. Hence, our findings indicate that MPs in urban waters should be managed by considering FFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Yun
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Kang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwondaehak-ro 20, Uichang-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwa Cho
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan-Si, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea.
| | - Junho Jeon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwondaehak-ro 20, Uichang-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 51140, Republic of Korea; School of Smart and Green Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo 51140, Korea.
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4
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Liu Y, Li F, Li H, Tong Y, Li W, Xiong J, You J. Bioassay-based identification and removal of target and suspect toxicants in municipal wastewater: Impacts of chemical properties and transformation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129426. [PMID: 35897175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Municipal wastewater contains numerous chemicals and transformation products with highly diverse physiochemical properties and intrinsic toxicity; thus, it is imperative but challenging to identify major toxicants. Herein, toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) was applied to identify major toxicants in a typical municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Impacts of chemical properties on the removal of contaminants and toxicity at individual treatment stages were also examined. The WWTP influent caused 100% death of Daphnia magna and zebrafish embryos, and toxicity characterization suggested that organics, metals, and volatiles all contributed to the toxicity. Toxicity identification based on 189 target and approximately one-thousand suspect chemicals showed that toxicity contributions of organic contaminants, metals, and ammonia to D. magna were 77%, 4%, and 19%, respectively. Galaxolide, pyrene, phenanthrene, benzo[a]anthracene, fluoranthene, octinoxate, silver, and ammonia were identified as potential toxicants. Comparatively, the detected transformation products elicited lower toxicity than their respective parent contaminants. In contrast, the analyzed contaminants showed negligible contributions to the toxicity of zebrafish embryos. Removal efficiencies of these toxicants in WWTP were highly related to their hydrophobicity. Diverse transformation and removal efficiencies of contaminants in WWTPs may influence the chemical compositions in effluent and ultimately the risk to aquatic organisms in the receiving waterways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China
| | - Faxu Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China.
| | - Yujun Tong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China
| | - Weizong Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China
| | - Jingjing Xiong
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510443, China
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5
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Barber LB, Faunce KE, Bertolatus DW, Hladik ML, Jasmann JR, Keefe SH, Kolpin DW, Meyer MT, Rapp JL, Roth DA, Vajda AM. Watershed-Scale Risk to Aquatic Organisms from Complex Chemical Mixtures in the Shenandoah River. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:845-861. [PMID: 34978800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
River waters contain complex chemical mixtures derived from natural and anthropogenic sources. Aquatic organisms are exposed to the entire chemical composition of the water, resulting in potential effects at the organismal through ecosystem level. This study applied a holistic approach to assess landscape, hydrological, chemical, and biological variables. On-site mobile laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate biological effects of exposure to chemical mixtures in the Shenandoah River Watershed. A suite of 534 inorganic and organic constituents were analyzed, of which 273 were detected. A watershed-scale accumulated wastewater model was developed to predict environmental concentrations of chemicals derived from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to assess potential aquatic organism exposure for all stream reaches in the watershed. Measured and modeled concentrations generally were within a factor of 2. Ecotoxicological effects from exposure to individual components of the chemical mixture were evaluated using risk quotients (RQs) based on measured or predicted environmental concentrations and no effect concentrations or chronic toxicity threshold values. Seventy-two percent of the compounds had RQ values <0.1, indicating limited risk from individual chemicals. However, when individual RQs were aggregated into a risk index, most stream reaches receiving WWTP effluent posed potential risk to aquatic organisms from exposure to complex chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry B Barber
- U.S. Geological Survey, 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Kaycee E Faunce
- U.S. Geological Survey, 1730 East Parham Road, Richmond, Virginia 23228, United States
| | - David W Bertolatus
- University of Colorado Denver, 1151 Arapahoe Street, SI 2071, Denver, Colorado 80204, United States
| | - Michelle L Hladik
- U.S. Geological Survey, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California 95819, United States
| | - Jeramy R Jasmann
- U.S. Geological Survey, 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Steffanie H Keefe
- U.S. Geological Survey, 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Dana W Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, 400 South Clinton Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
| | - Michael T Meyer
- U.S. Geological Survey, 4821 Quail Crest Place, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | - Jennifer L Rapp
- U.S. Geological Survey, 1730 East Parham Road, Richmond, Virginia 23228, United States
| | - David A Roth
- U.S. Geological Survey, 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Alan M Vajda
- University of Colorado Denver, 1151 Arapahoe Street, SI 2071, Denver, Colorado 80204, United States
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6
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Wang S, Perkins M, Matthews DA, Zeng T. Coupling Suspect and Nontarget Screening with Mass Balance Modeling to Characterize Organic Micropollutants in the Onondaga Lake-Three Rivers System. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15215-15226. [PMID: 34730951 PMCID: PMC8600663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the occurrence, sources, and fate of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in lake-river systems serves as an important foundation for constraining the potential impacts of OMPs on the ecosystem functions of these critical landscape features. In this work, we combined suspect and nontarget screening with mass balance modeling to investigate OMP contamination in the Onondaga Lake-Three Rivers system of New York. Suspect and nontarget screening enabled by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry led to the confirmation and quantification of 105 OMPs in water samples collected throughout the lake-river system, which were grouped by their concentration patterns into wastewater-derived and mixed-source clusters via hierarchical cluster analysis. Four of these OMPs (i.e., galaxolidone, diphenylphosphinic acid, N-butylbenzenesulfonamide, and triisopropanolamine) were prioritized and identified by nontarget screening based on their characteristic vertical distribution patterns during thermal stratification in Onondaga Lake. Mass balance modeling performed using the concentration and discharge data highlighted the export of OMPs from Onondaga Lake to the Three Rivers as a major contributor to the OMP budget in this lake-river system. Overall, this work demonstrated the utility of an integrated screening and modeling framework that can be adapted for OMP characterization, fate assessment, and load apportionment in similar surface water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiru Wang
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United
States
| | - MaryGail Perkins
- Upstate
Freshwater Institute, 224 Midler Park Drive, Syracuse, New York 13206, United
States
| | - David A. Matthews
- Upstate
Freshwater Institute, 224 Midler Park Drive, Syracuse, New York 13206, United
States
| | - Teng Zeng
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United
States
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7
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Muschket M, Brack W, Inostroza PA, Beckers LM, Schulze T, Krauss M. Sources and Fate of the Antiandrogenic Fluorescent Dye 4-Methyl-7-Diethylaminocoumarin in Small River Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:3078-3091. [PMID: 34324726 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the potent antiandrogen 4-methyl-7-diethylaminocoumarin (C47) and its potential transformation products 4-methyl-7-ethylaminocoumarin (C47T1) and 4-methyl-7-aminocoumarin (C47T2) were identified as novel environmental contaminants. We assessed for the first time the sources, distribution, and fate of these compounds in aquatic systems using the Holtemme River (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), which is a hotspot for these contaminants. To this end, wastewater-treatment plant (WWTP) influent and effluent samples, surface water samples over 3 years, and the longitudinal profiles in water, sediment, and gammarids were analyzed. From the longitudinal profile of the river stretch, the WWTP of Silstedt was identified as the sole point source for these compounds in the River Holtemme, and exposure concentrations in the low micrograms per liter range could be recorded continuously over 3 years. Analysis of WWTP influent and effluent showed a transformation of approximately half of the C47 into C47T1 and C47T2 but no complete removal. A further attenuation of the three coumarins after discharge into the river could be largely attributed to dilution, while transformation was only approximately 20%, thus suggesting a significant persistence in aquatic systems. Experimentally derived partitioning coefficients between water and sediment organic carbon exceeded those predicted using the OPERA quantitative structure-activity relationship tools and polyparameter linear free-energy relationships by up to 93-fold, suggesting cation binding as a significant factor for their sorption behavior. Near-equilibrium conditions between water and sediment were not observed close to the emitting WWTP but farther downstream in the river. Experimental and predicted bioaccumulation factors for gammarids were closely matching, and the concentrations in field-sampled gammarids were close to steady state with exposure concentrations in the water phase of the river. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3078-3091. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Werner Brack
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pedro A Inostroza
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Tobias Schulze
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Man Y, Stenrød M, Wu C, Almvik M, Holten R, Clarke JL, Yuan S, Wu X, Xu J, Dong F, Zheng Y, Liu X. Degradation of difenoconazole in water and soil: Kinetics, degradation pathways, transformation products identification and ecotoxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126303. [PMID: 34329017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole is a widely used triazole fungicide that has been frequently detected in the environment, but comprehensive study about its environmental fate and toxicity of potential transformation products (TPs) is still lacking. Here, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the degradation kinetics, pathways, and toxicity of transformation products of difenoconazole. 12, 4 and 4 TPs generated by photolysis, hydrolysis and soil degradation were identified via UHPLC-QTOF/MS and the UNIFI software. Four intermediates TP295, TP295A, TP354A and TP387A reported for the first time were confirmed by purchase or synthesis of their standards, and they were further quantified using UHPLC-MS/MS in all tested samples. The main transformation reactions observed for difenoconazole were oxidation, dechlorination and hydroxylation in the environment. ECOSAR prediction and laboratory tests showed that the acute toxicities of four novel TPs on Brachydanio rerio, Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum are substantially lower than that of difenoconazole, while all the TPs except for TP277C were predicted chronically very toxic to fish, which may pose a potential threat to aquatic ecosystems. The results are important for elucidating the environmental fate of difenoconazole and assessing the environmental risks, and further provide guidance for scientific and reasonable use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Man
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Marianne Stenrød
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division Biotechnology and Plant Health, Høgskoleveien 7, 1433 Aas, Norway
| | - Chi Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Marit Almvik
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division Biotechnology and Plant Health, Høgskoleveien 7, 1433 Aas, Norway
| | - Roger Holten
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division Biotechnology and Plant Health, Høgskoleveien 7, 1433 Aas, Norway
| | - Jihong Liu Clarke
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division Biotechnology and Plant Health, Høgskoleveien 7, 1433 Aas, Norway
| | - Shankui Yuan
- Environment Division, Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Xiaohu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fengshou Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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9
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Droz B, Drouin G, Maurer L, Villette C, Payraudeau S, Imfeld G. Phase Transfer and Biodegradation of Pesticides in Water-Sediment Systems Explored by Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis and Conceptual Modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4720-4728. [PMID: 33761249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Current approaches are often limited to evaluating the contribution of pesticide dissipation processes in water-sediment systems as both degradation and phase transfer, that is, sorption-desorption, contribute to the apparent decrease of pesticide concentration. Here, the dissipation of widely used herbicides acetochlor and S-metolachlor was examined in laboratory by water-sediment microcosm experiments under oxic and anoxic conditions. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) emphasized insignificant carbon isotope fractionation in the sediment, indicating prevailing pesticide degradation in the water phase. Conceptual modeling accounting for phase transfer and biodegradation indicated that biodegradation may be underestimated when phase transfer is not included. Phase transfer does not affect carbon isotope fractionation for a wide spectrum of molecules and environmental conditions, underscoring the potential of pesticide CSIA as a robust approach to evaluate degradation in water-sediment systems. CSIA coupled with the identification of transformation products by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry suggests the degradation of acetochlor and S-metolachlor to occur via nucleophilic substitution and the predominance of oxalinic acids as transformation products under both anoxic and oxic conditions. Altogether, combining the pesticide CSIA, the identification of transformation products, and the use of conceptual phase-transfer models improves the interpretation of pesticide dissipation in water-sediment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Droz
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/EOST/ENGEES, CNRS UMR 7063, 5 rue Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Guillaume Drouin
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/EOST/ENGEES, CNRS UMR 7063, 5 rue Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Loïc Maurer
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France
- Département Mécanique, ICube Laboratoire des Sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie, Université de Strasbourg/ENGEES, INSA, CNRS, 2 rue Boussingault, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Claire Villette
- Plant Imaging and Mass Spectrometry (PIMS), Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvain Payraudeau
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/EOST/ENGEES, CNRS UMR 7063, 5 rue Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg (ITES), Université de Strasbourg/EOST/ENGEES, CNRS UMR 7063, 5 rue Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg, France
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10
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Mahler BJ, Nowell LH, Sandstrom MW, Bradley PM, Romanok KM, Konrad CP, Van Metre PC. Inclusion of Pesticide Transformation Products Is Key to Estimating Pesticide Exposures and Effects in Small U.S. Streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4740-4752. [PMID: 33689310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Improved analytical methods can quantify hundreds of pesticide transformation products (TPs), but understanding of TP occurrence and potential toxicity in aquatic ecosystems remains limited. We quantified 108 parent pesticides and 116 TPs in more than 3 700 samples from 442 small streams in mostly urban basins across five major regions of the United States. TPs were detected nearly as frequently as parents (90 and 95% of streams, respectively); 102 TPs were detected at least once and 28 were detected in >20% samples in at least one region-TPs of 9 herbicides, 2 fungicides (chlorothalonil and thiophanate-methyl), and 1 insecticide (fipronil) were the most frequently detected. TPs occurred commonly during baseflow conditions, indicating chronic environmental TP exposures to aquatic organisms and the likely importance of groundwater as a TP source. Hazard quotients based on acute aquatic-life benchmarks for invertebrates and nonvascular plants and vertebrate-centric molecular endpoints (sublethal effects) quantify the range of the potential contribution of TPs to environmental risk and highlight several TP exposure-response data gaps. A precautionary approach using equimolar substitution of parent benchmarks or endpoints for missing TP benchmarks indicates that potential aquatic effects of pesticide TPs could be underestimated by an order of magnitude or more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Mahler
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, Texas 78754, United States
| | - Lisa H Nowell
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, California 95819, United States
| | - Mark W Sandstrom
- U.S. Geological Survey, Strategic Laboratory Science Branch, P.O. Box 25585, Denver, Colorado 80225-0585, United States
| | - Paul M Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, 720 Gracern, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, United States
| | - Kristin M Romanok
- U.S. Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 3450 Princeton Pike, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Christopher P Konrad
- U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center, 934 Broadway, Suite 300, Tacoma, Washington 98467, United States
| | - Peter C Van Metre
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center, 1505 Ferguson Lane, Austin, Texas 78754, United States
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11
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Ji C, Song Q, Chen Y, Zhou Z, Wang P, Liu J, Sun Z, Zhao M. The potential endocrine disruption of pesticide transformation products (TPs): The blind spot of pesticide risk assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105490. [PMID: 32007685 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ecological and health risk assessment of environmental pesticide residues have attracted ever-growing attention; however, their transformation products (TPs) have seldom been considered. Herein, we examined the endocrine-disrupting effects of 4 widely used pesticides as pyriproxyfen (Pyr), malathion (ML), benalaxyl (BX), and fenoxaprop-ethyl (FE), together with their 21 TPs through in vitro and in silico approaches, and found approximately 50% of the TPs exhibited stronger endocrine-disrupting effects than their corresponding parent compounds. Specifically, Pyr and 9 TPs (five TPs of Pyr, one of ML, one of BX, and two of FE) exhibited estrogen-disrupting effects, which were also confirmed by results of E-screen and pS2 expression assays, and molecular docking showed that certain hydroxylated TPs could well mimic the binding mode of estrogen with ERα. Meanwhile, two TPs of Pyr, ML and its TP demonstrated weak glucocorticoid antagonistic activities partially contributed by hydrogen bonds. We also discovered that in H295R cells, all the endocrine disruptors increased hormone secretion and the related gene expression levels. Conclusively, since an increasing number of pesticide TPs have been being detected in various environmental media, a more comprehensive understanding of the ecological risk of pesticide TPs is imperative for risk assessments more extensively and regulatory policy-making on pesticide restriction in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Ji
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Qin Song
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yuanchen Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Environment & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
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12
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Plummer RE, Hapeman CJ, Rice CP, McCarty GW, Schmidt WF, Downey PM, Moorman TB, Douglas EA, Strickland TC, Pisani O, Bosch DD, Elkin KR, Buda AR. Method to Evaluate the Age of Groundwater Inputs to Surface Waters by Determining the Chirality Change of Metolachlor Ethanesulfonic Acid (MESA) Captured on a Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2297-2305. [PMID: 31995372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We previously discovered a method to estimate the groundwater mean residence time using the changes in the enantiomeric ratio of metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid (MESA), (2-[(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)amino]-2-oxoethanesulfonic acid), a metabolite of the herbicide metolachlor. However, many grab samples would be needed for each watershed over an extended period, and this is not practical. Thus, we examined the use of a polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) deployed for 28 days combined with a modified liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS method to provide a time-weighted average of the MESA enantiomeric ratio. POCISs equipped with hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced (HLB) discs were deployed at five sites across the United States where metolachlor was used before and after 1999 and compared the effectiveness of the POCIS to capture MESA versus grab samples. In addition, an in situ POCIS sampling rate (Rs) for MESA was calculated (0.15 L/day), the precision of MESA extraction from stored POCIS discs was determined, and the effectiveness of HLB to extract MESA was examined. Finally, using molecular modeling, the influence of the asymmetric carbon of metolachlor degradation on the MESA enantiomeric ratio was predicted to be negligible. Results of this work will be used in projects to discern the groundwater mean residence times, to evaluate the delivery of nitrate-N from groundwater to surface waters under various soil, agronomic, and land use conditions, and to examine the effectiveness of conservation practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Plummer
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC) , US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , 10300 Baltimore Avenue , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
| | - Cathleen J Hapeman
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC) , US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , 10300 Baltimore Avenue , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
| | - Clifford P Rice
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC) , US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , 10300 Baltimore Avenue , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
| | - Gregory W McCarty
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC) , US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , 10300 Baltimore Avenue , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
| | - Walter F Schmidt
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC) , US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , 10300 Baltimore Avenue , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
| | - Peter M Downey
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC) , US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , 10300 Baltimore Avenue , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
| | - Thomas B Moorman
- National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment , US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , 1015 N. University Blvd. , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Elizabeth A Douglas
- National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment , US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , 1015 N. University Blvd. , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Timothy C Strickland
- Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory , US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , 2316 Rainwater Road , Tifton , Georgia 31793 , United States
| | - Oliva Pisani
- Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory , US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , 2316 Rainwater Road , Tifton , Georgia 31793 , United States
| | - David D Bosch
- Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory , US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , 2316 Rainwater Road , Tifton , Georgia 31793 , United States
| | - Kyle R Elkin
- Pasture Systems & Watershed Management Research , US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , Curtin Road, Building 3702 , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Anthony R Buda
- Pasture Systems & Watershed Management Research , US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) , Curtin Road, Building 3702 , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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13
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Li X, Li Y, Zhao X, Zhang X, Zhao Q, Wang X, Li Y. Restructured fungal community diversity and biological interactions promote metolachlor biodegradation in soil microbial fuel cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:735-749. [PMID: 30682662 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Soil microbial fuel cells (MFCs) provide an inexhaustible electron acceptor for the removal of metolachlor and in situ biocurrent stimulation for fungal activity was investigated. The metolachlor degradation rates enhanced by 33%-36% upon the introduction of electrodes after 23 d. In closed MFCs, the abundance of Mortierella as the most dominant genus increased to 43%-54% from 17% in the original soil, whereas those of Aphanoascus and Penicillium decreased to 0.24%-0.39% and 0.38-0.72% from 14% to 11%, respectively. Additionally, a 10-fold amplification of unique OTUs was observed, mainly from increase on the electrode surface. The different treatments were clustered, especially samples near the cathode. The linear discriminant analysis showed that Aphanoascus fulvescens acted as a biomarker between the original and treated soils. The co-occurrence networks demonstrated that Mortierella universally competed for growth with coexisting species while Cladosporium exhibited the most affiliations with species from the 36 other genera present. The correlation analysis indicated that the species associated with degradation belonged to Mortierella, Kernia, Chaetomium and Trichosporon, while the species associated with electrogenesis were Debaryomyces hansenii and Mortierella polycephala. Importantly, this study is the first to reveal fungal community structure in soil MFCs with degrading pollutants and producing electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Li
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin 300191, China.
| | - Yue Li
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yongtao Li
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture / Key Laboratory of Original Agro-Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control, MARA / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Tianjin 300191, China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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14
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Brunner AM, Vughs D, Siegers W, Bertelkamp C, Hofman-Caris R, Kolkman A, Ter Laak T. Monitoring transformation product formation in the drinking water treatments rapid sand filtration and ozonation. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:801-811. [PMID: 30296768 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transformation products (TPs) can be formed from organic micropollutants in the water cycle through both biological and technological processes. Despite the TPs' potentially altered toxicity compared to their parent compounds, transformation processes are not routinely monitored, and in particular those induced by drinking water treatment remain elusive. This lack of information is mainly due to the technical challenges in analyzing TPs, which are often unknown compounds occurring in low concentrations. Their analysis requires sophisticated analytical techniques such as non-target screening (NTS) based on high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS) methods combined with novel data analysis approaches. Here, we addressed the challenges of TP analysis and the scarcity of TP research concerning studies in drinking water. We performed lab-scale experiments to monitor TP formation of three organic micropollutants prevalent in drinking water sources, i.e. carbamazepine, clofibric acid and metolachlor, during rapid sand filtration and ozonation, two readily applied biotic and abiotic drinking water treatments, respectively. To facilitate TP identification in the NTS data, halogenated and/or isotopically labeled parent compounds were used, revealing potential TPs through their isotopic patterns. The experimental results showed that degradation of the parent compounds and TP formation were treatment and compound specific. In silico TP prediction and literature mining enabled suspect screening of the non-target data and thereby significantly enhanced TP identification. Overall, the developed workflow enables an efficient and more comprehensive assessment of drinking water quality changes during water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mizzi Brunner
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
| | - Dennis Vughs
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Wolter Siegers
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Cheryl Bertelkamp
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Roberta Hofman-Caris
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Kolkman
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Ter Laak
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
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15
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Carpenter CMG, Helbling DE. Widespread Micropollutant Monitoring in the Hudson River Estuary Reveals Spatiotemporal Micropollutant Clusters and Their Sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6187-6196. [PMID: 29742349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify sources of micropollutants in the Hudson River Estuary (HRE). We collected 127 grab samples at 17 sites along the HRE over 2 years and screened for up to 200 micropollutants. We quantified 168 of the micropollutants in at least one of the samples. Atrazine, gabapentin, metolachlor, and sucralose were measured in every sample. We used data-driven unsupervised methods to cluster the micropollutants on the basis of their spatiotemporal occurrence and normalized-concentration patterns. Three major clusters of micropollutants were identified: ubiquitous and mixed-use (core micropollutants), sourced from sewage treatment plant outfalls (STP micropollutants), and derived from diffuse upstream sources (diffuse micropollutants). Each of these clusters was further refined into subclusters that were linked to specific sources on the basis of relationships identified through geospatial analysis of watershed features. Evaluation of cumulative loadings of each subcluster revealed that the Mohawk River and Rondout Creek are major contributors of most core micropollutants and STP micropollutants and the upper HRE is a major contributor of diffuse micropollutants. These data provide the first comprehensive evaluation of micropollutants in the HRE and define distinct spatiotemporal micropollutant clusters that are linked to sources and conserved across surface water systems around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey M G Carpenter
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Damian E Helbling
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
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16
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Farlin J, Gallé T, Bayerle M, Pittois D, Köppchen S, Krause M, Hofmann D. Breakthrough dynamics of s-metolachlor metabolites in drinking water wells: Transport pathways and time to trend reversal. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2018; 213:62-72. [PMID: 29789148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of a two years study on the contamination of the Luxembourg Sandstone aquifer by metolachlor-ESA and metolachlor-OXA, two major transformation products of s-metolachlor. The aim of the study was twofold: (i) assess whether elevated concentrations of both transformation products (up to 1000 ng/l) were due to fast flow breakthough events of short duration or the signs of a contamination of the entire aquifer and (ii) estimate the time to trend reversal once the parent compound was withdrawn from the market. These two questions were addressed by a combined use of groundwater monitoring, laboratory experiments and numerical simulations of the fate of the degradation products in the subsurface. Twelve springs were sampled weekly over an eighteen month period, and the degradation rates of both the parent compound and its transformation products were measured on a representative soil in the laboratory using a radiolabeled precursor. Modelling with the numeric code PEARL simulating pesticide fate in soil coupled to a simple transfer function model for the aquifer compartment, and calibrated from the field and laboratory data, predicts a significant damping by the aquifer of the peaks of concentration of both metolachlor-ESA and -OXA leached from the soil. The time to trend reversal following the ban of s-metolachlor in spring protection zones should be observed before the end of the decade, while the return of contaminant concentrations below the drinking water limit of 100 ng/l however is expected to last up to twelve years. The calculated contribution to total water discharge of the fast-flow component from cropland and short-circuiting the aquifer was small in most springs (median of 1.2%), but sufficient to cause additional peaks of concentration of several hundred nanograms per litre in spring water. These peaks are superimposed on the more steady contamination sustained by the base flow, and should cease immediately once application of the parent compound stops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Farlin
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, Rue Du Brill, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
| | - Tom Gallé
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, Rue Du Brill, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Michael Bayerle
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, Rue Du Brill, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Denis Pittois
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41, Rue Du Brill, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Stephan Köppchen
- Institute of Bio-and Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Martina Krause
- Institute of Bio-and Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Diana Hofmann
- Institute of Bio-and Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52428 Jülich, Germany
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17
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Huntscha S, Stravs MA, Bühlmann A, Ahrens CH, Frey JE, Pomati F, Hollender J, Buerge IJ, Balmer ME, Poiger T. Seasonal Dynamics of Glyphosate and AMPA in Lake Greifensee: Rapid Microbial Degradation in the Epilimnion During Summer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4641-4649. [PMID: 29584408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence and fate of glyphosate, a widely used herbicide, and its main metabolite AMPA was investigated in Lake Greifensee, Switzerland. Monthly vertical concentration profiles in the lake showed an increase of glyphosate concentrations in the epilimnion from 15 ng/L in March to 145 ng/L in July, followed by a sharp decline to <5 ng/L in August. A similar pattern was observed for AMPA. Concentrations of glyphosate and AMPA in the two main tributaries generally were much higher than in the lake. Simulations using a numerical lake model indicated that a substantial amount of glyphosate and AMPA dissipated in the epilimnion, mainly in July and August, with half-lives of only ≈2-4 days which is ≫100 times faster than in the preceding months. Fast dissipation coincided with high water temperatures and phytoplankton densities, and low phosphate concentrations. This indicates that glyphosate might have been used as an alternative phosphorus source by bacterio- and phytoplankton. Metagenomic analysis of lake water revealed the presence of organisms known to be capable of degrading glyphosate and AMPA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A Stravs
- Eawag , Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- ETH Zurich , Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | | | - Christian H Ahrens
- Agroscope , Schloss 1 , 8820 Wädenswil , Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) , Schloss 1 , 8820 Wädenswil , Switzerland
| | - Jürg E Frey
- Agroscope , Schloss 1 , 8820 Wädenswil , Switzerland
| | - Francesco Pomati
- Eawag , Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Integrative Biology , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag , Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , 8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- ETH Zurich , Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics , 8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | | | | | - Thomas Poiger
- Agroscope , Schloss 1 , 8820 Wädenswil , Switzerland
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18
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Marie L, Sylvain P, Benoit G, Maurice M, Gwenaël I. Degradation and Transport of the Chiral Herbicide S-Metolachlor at the Catchment Scale: Combining Observation Scales and Analytical Approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13231-13240. [PMID: 29056040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating pesticide degradation and transport in the soil-surface water continuum remains challenging at the catchment scale. Here we investigated the dissipation of the chiral herbicide S-metolachlor (SM) in soil in relation to its transport in runoff. Analyses of SM, transformation products (TPs, i.e., MESA and MOXA), and enantiomers were combined to determine SM degradation at plot and catchment scales. Assisted by modeling, we found that the main dissipation pathways of SM at the plot scale were degradation (71%), volatilization (5%), leaching (8%) and runoff (3%), while 13% of SM persisted in topsoil. This highlights the relevance of degradation processes. TPs could trace the different discharge contributions: MOXA prevailed in runoff water, whereas MESA was associated with slower flowpaths. At the catchment outlet, 11% of SM applied was exported in dissolved or particulate phases or as TPs (in SM mass equivalent). A single event 1 week after application exported 96% of SM, which underlined the potential importance of severe rainfall on seasonal SM export. Enantioselective degradation enriched SM in the R-enantiomer over longer periods and may be associated with slower flowpaths. Altogether, combining observation scales and analytical approaches enabled to quantify SM degradation and to identify how degradation controls SM export at the catchment scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lefrancq Marie
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg (LHyGeS UMR 7517), University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ENGEES , 1 Rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
- LETG-Angers (UMR CNRS 6554), University of Angers , 2 bd Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Payraudeau Sylvain
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg (LHyGeS UMR 7517), University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ENGEES , 1 Rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Guyot Benoit
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg (LHyGeS UMR 7517), University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ENGEES , 1 Rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Millet Maurice
- Atmospheric Physical Chemistry Department (ICPEES UMR 7515), University of Strasbourg, CNRS , 1 rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
| | - Imfeld Gwenaël
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg (LHyGeS UMR 7517), University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ENGEES , 1 Rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France
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19
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Leresche F, von Gunten U, Canonica S. Probing the Photosensitizing and Inhibitory Effects of Dissolved Organic Matter by Using N,N-dimethyl-4-cyanoaniline (DMABN). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10997-11007. [PMID: 27617886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) can act as a photosensitizer and an inhibitor in the phototransformation of several nitrogen-containing organic contaminants in surface waters. The present study was performed to select a probe molecule that is suitable to measure these antagonistic properties of DOM. Out of nine studied nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds, 4-cyanoaniline, N,N-dimethyl-4-cyanoaniline (DMABN), sotalol (a β-blocker) and sulfadiazine (a sulfonamide antibiotic) exhibited a marked photosensitized transformation that could be substantially inhibited by addition of phenol as a model antioxidant. The photosensitized transformation of DMABN, the selected probe compound, was characterized in detail under UV-A and visible irradiation (λ > 320 nm) to avoid direct phototransformation. Low reactivity of DMABN with singlet oxygen was found (second-order rate constant <2 × 107 M-1 s-1). Typically at least 85% of the reactivity of DMABN could be inhibited by DOM or the model antioxidant phenol. The photosensitized transformation of DMABN mainly proceeded (>72%) through demethylation yielding N-methyl-4-cyanoaniline and formaldehyde as primary products. In solutions of standard DOM extracts and their mixtures the phototransformation rate constant of DMABN was shown to vary nonlinearly with the DOM concentration. Model equations describing the dependence of such rate constants on DOM and model antioxidant concentrations were successfully used to fit experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Leresche
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich , Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Canonica
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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20
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Rice CP, McCarty GW, Bialek-Kalinski K, Zabetakis K, Torrents A, Hapeman CJ. Analysis of metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid (MESA) chirality in groundwater: A tool for dating groundwater movement in agricultural settings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 560-561:36-43. [PMID: 27093121 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To better address how much groundwater contributes to the loadings of pollutants from agriculture we developed a specific dating tool for groundwater residence times. This tool is based on metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid, which is a major soil metabolite of metolachlor. The chiral forms of metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid (MESA) and the chiral forms of metolachlor were examined over a 6-year period in samples of groundwater and water from a groundwater-fed stream in a riparian buffer zone. This buffer zone bordered cropland receiving annual treatments with metolachlor. Racemic (rac) metolachlor was applied for two years in the neighboring field, and subsequently S-metolachlor was used which is enriched by 88% with the S-enantiomer. Chiral analyses of the samples showed an exponential increase in abundance of the S-enantiomeric forms for MESA as a function of time for both the first order riparian buffer stream (R(2)=0.80) and for groundwater within the riparian buffer (R(2)=0.96). However, the S-enrichment values for metolachlor were consistently high indicating different delivery mechanisms for MESA and metolachlor. A mean residence time of 3.8years was determined for depletion of the initially-applied rac-metolachlor. This approach could be useful in dating groundwater and determining the effectiveness of conservation measures. ONE SENTENCE SUMMARY A mean residence time of 3.8years was calculated for groundwater feeding a first-order stream by plotting the timed-decay for the R-enantiomer of metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford P Rice
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705-2325, United States.
| | - Gregory W McCarty
- Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705-2325, United States
| | - Krystyna Bialek-Kalinski
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705-2325, United States
| | - Kara Zabetakis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-0001, United States
| | - Alba Torrents
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-0001, United States
| | - Cathleen J Hapeman
- Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705-2325, United States
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21
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McCabe AJ, Arnold WA. Seasonal and spatial variabilities in the water chemistry of prairie pothole wetlands influence the photoproduction of reactive intermediates. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 155:640-647. [PMID: 27174849 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The hydrology and water chemistry of prairie pothole wetlands vary spatially and temporally, on annual and decadal timescales. Pesticide contamination of wetlands arising from agricultural activities is a foremost concern. Photochemical reactions are important in the natural attenuation of pesticides and may be important in limiting ecological and human exposure. Little is known, however, about the variable influence of wetland water chemistry on indirect photochemistry. In this study, seasonal water samples were collected from seven sites throughout the prairie pothole region over three years to understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of reactive intermediate photoproduction. Samples were classified by the season in which they were collected (spring, summer, or fall) and the typical hydroperiod of the wetland surface water (temporary or semi-permanent). Under photostable conditions, steady-state concentrations and apparent quantum yields or quantum yield coefficients were measured for triplet excited states of dissolved organic matter, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, and carbonate radical under simulated sunlight. Steady-state concentrations and quantum yields increased on average by 15% and 40% from spring to fall, respectively. Temporary wetlands had 40% higher steady-state concentrations of reactive intermediates than semi-permanent wetlands, but 50% lower quantum yields. Computed quantum yields for reactive intermediate formation were used to predict the indirect photochemical half-lives of seven pesticides in average temporary and semi-permanent prairie pothole wetlands. As a first approximation, the predictions agree to within two orders of magnitude of previously reported half-lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J McCabe
- University of Minnesota, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - William A Arnold
- University of Minnesota, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
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22
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Gassmann M, Olsson O, Stamm C, Weiler M, Kümmerer K. Physico-chemical characteristics affect the spatial distribution of pesticide and transformation product loss to an agricultural brook. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 532:733-743. [PMID: 26119387 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse entry of pesticide residues from agriculture into rivers is spatially unevenly distributed. Therefore, the identification of critical source areas (CSAs) may support water quality management in agricultural catchments. In contrast to former studies, we followed the hypothesis that not only hydrological and topographical characteristics but also physico-chemical properties of pesticide residues have a major influence on their loss to rivers and on corresponding formation of CSAs. We designed a virtual experiment, i.e. a numerical experiment as close as possible to environmental conditions, in a headwater catchment where pronounced spatial differences in hydrological transport processes were identified in the past. 144 scenarios with different combinations of adsorption coefficients (KOC = 10-1000 ml/g) and transformation half-lives (DT50 = 3-60 days) for pesticide parent compounds (PCs) and their transformation products (TPs) were simulated using the catchment-scale spatially distributed reactive transport model ZIN-AgriTra. Export fractions of substances in the virtual experiment ranged from 0.001-15% for pesticides and 0.001-1.8% for TPs. The results of the scenario investigations suggest that more of the calculated export mass variability could be attributed to KOC than to DT50 for both PCs and TPs. CSAs for TPs were spatially more equally distributed in the catchment than for PC export which was likely an effect of changing physico-chemical properties during transformation. The ranking of highest export fields was different between PCs and TPs for most of the investigated scenarios but six fields appeared among the top ten export fields in 95% of the scenarios, which shows the influence of site characteristics such as tile drains or soil properties in the catchment. Thus, the highest export fields were determined by a combination of site characteristics and substance characteristics. Therefore, despite the challenge of widely differing physico-chemical characteristics of pesticides on the market, these characteristics are an important consideration when delineating pesticide residue CSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gassmann
- Chair of Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany; Chair for Water Quality Management - Modelling and Simulation, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany.
| | - O Olsson
- Chair of Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - C Stamm
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - M Weiler
- Chair of Hydrology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - K Kümmerer
- Chair of Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
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23
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Elsayed OF, Maillard E, Vuilleumier S, Millet M, Imfeld G. Degradation of chloroacetanilide herbicides and bacterial community composition in lab-scale wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 520:222-231. [PMID: 25817759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of chloroacetanilide herbicides rac-metolachlor, acetochlor, and alachlor, as well as associated bacterial populations, were evaluated in vertical upflow wetland columns using a combination of hydrochemical and herbicide analyses, and DNA-based approaches. Mass dissipation of chloroacetanilides, continuously supplied at 1.8-1.9 μM for 112 days, mainly occurred in the rhizosphere zone under nitrate and sulphate-reducing conditions, and averaged 61±14%, 52±12% and 29±19% for acetochlor, alachlor and rac-metolachlor, respectively. Metolachlor enantiomer fractions of 0.494±0.009 in the oxic zone and 0.480±0.005 in the rhizosphere zone indicated preferential biodegradation of the S-enantiomer. Chloroacetanilide ethane sulfonic acid and oxanilic acid degradates were detected at low concentrations only (0.5 nM), suggesting extensive degradation and the operation of yet unknown pathways for chloroacetanilide degradation. Hydrochemical parameters and oxygen concentration were major drivers of bacterial composition, whereas exposure to chloroacetanilides had no detectable impact. Taken together, the results underline the importance of anaerobic degradation of chloroacetanilides in wetlands, and highlight the potential of complementary chemical and biological approaches to characterise processes involved in the environmental dissipation of chloroacetanilides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omniea Fawzy Elsayed
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg (LHyGeS), University of Strasbourg/EOST, UMR 7517 CNRS, 1 rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France; Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), University of Strasbourg, UMR 7156 CNRS, 28 rue Goethe, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Elodie Maillard
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg (LHyGeS), University of Strasbourg/EOST, UMR 7517 CNRS, 1 rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Vuilleumier
- Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), University of Strasbourg, UMR 7156 CNRS, 28 rue Goethe, 67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Maurice Millet
- Institute of Chemistry for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES), University of Strasbourg, UMR 7515 CNRS, 1 rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Gwenaël Imfeld
- Laboratory of Hydrology and Geochemistry of Strasbourg (LHyGeS), University of Strasbourg/EOST, UMR 7517 CNRS, 1 rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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24
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Gall HE, Sassman SA, Jenkinson B, Lee LS, Jafvert CT. Comparison of export dynamics of nutrients and animal-borne estrogens from a tile-drained Midwestern agroecosystem. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 72:162-173. [PMID: 25241950 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are known to be a source of nutrients and hormones found in surface water bodies around the world. While the fate and transport of nutrients have been studied for decades, much less research has been conducted on the fate and transport of hormones. To facilitate a comparison of nutrient and hormone export dynamics from farm fields, nitrate + nitrite (N), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), 17α- and 17β-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and estriol (E3) were monitored in a tile drain and receiving ditch for one year on a working farm in north central Indiana. Repeated animal waste applications led to high frequency detection of hormones (>50% in tile drain; >90% in the ditch) and nutrients (>70% for DRP; 100% for N). Hydrologic variability was found to be a dominant factor controlling export of N, DRP, and E1 to the drain and ditch. Of the estrogens, the temporal trend in E1 export was most similar to that of DRP. Differences in temporal export between P and the other estrogens likely were due to differences in the biogeochemical processes that affect their fate and transport within the agroecosystem. During short periods when the flowrate exceeded the 80(th) percentile for the year, over 70% of the total mass export of DRP and E1 occurred for the year in both the tile drain and ditch, demonstrating the importance of high-flow events. Therefore, best management practices must be effective during large flow events to substantially reduce transport to downstream locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Gall
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 232 Agricultural Engineering Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Purdue University, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Stephen A Sassman
- Purdue University, Department of Agronomy, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Linda S Lee
- Purdue University, Department of Agronomy, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chad T Jafvert
- Purdue University, Lyles School of Civil Engineering, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue University, Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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25
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Gutowski L, Olsson O, Leder C, Kümmerer K. A comparative assessment of the transformation products of S-metolachlor and its commercial product Mercantor Gold(®) and their fate in the aquatic environment by employing a combination of experimental and in silico methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 506-507:369-379. [PMID: 25460972 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Even appropriately used, pesticides can enter the surface and groundwater by several routes where photochemical degradation along with biotic processes contributes to their fate, resulting sometimes in the formation of stable transformation products (TPs). Yet, little is known about S-metolachlor (SM) transformation in the aquatic environment. Furthermore, commercial formulation of a pesticide might have different physical and biological properties compared to its pure grade. The present study assessed the biodegradability of the pure SM and its commercial product Mercantor Gold(®) (MG) by employing two OECD biodegradation (301D, F) tests. Photolysis in water was investigated by using a Xe lamp. Subsequently the biodegradability of the photolysis mixtures was examined. The primary elimination of SM was monitored and structures of its TPs were elucidated by HPLC-UV-MS/MS. Additionally, a set of in silico prediction programs was applied for supporting analytical results and toxicity assessment of SM and TPs. S-metolachlor and Mercantor Gold(®) were not biodegraded. HPLC-UV analysis showed higher elimination of SM in MG compared to pure SM during photolysis. A total of 10 photo-TPs of SM and MG were identified. According to MS data and in silico predictions, chemical structures were proposed for all found photo-TPs. Likewise for the parent compounds, no biodegradation has been observed for their photo-TPs. However, in the 301F test new bio-TPs have been generated from photo-TPs which were observed for the first time according to authors' best knowledge. The results suggest that the MG formulation does not affect the biodegradation process, but it influences the photolysis efficiency and potentially might result in faster formation of TPs in the environment. This study also demonstrates that photo-TPs can be further transformed into new products due to bacterial activity in the water phase. Moreover biotransformation might lead to an increased toxicity compared with the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Gutowski
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Leder
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, C13, DE-21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
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26
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Liu L, Helbling DE, Kohler HPE, Smets BF. A model framework to describe growth-linked biodegradation of trace-level pollutants in the presence of coincidental carbon substrates and microbes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13358-13366. [PMID: 25321868 DOI: 10.1021/es503491w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pollutants such as pesticides and their degradation products occur ubiquitously in natural aquatic environments at trace concentrations (μg L(-1) and lower). Microbial biodegradation processes have long been known to contribute to the attenuation of pesticides in contaminated environments. However, challenges remain in developing engineered remediation strategies for pesticide-contaminated environments because the fundamental processes that regulate growth-linked biodegradation of pesticides in natural environments remain poorly understood. In this research, we developed a model framework to describe growth-linked biodegradation of pesticides at trace concentrations. We used experimental data reported in the literature or novel simulations to explore three fundamental kinetic processes in isolation. We then combine these kinetic processes into a unified model framework. The three kinetic processes described were: the growth-linked biodegradation of micropollutant at environmentally relevant concentrations; the effect of coincidental assimilable organic carbon substrates; and the effect of coincidental microbes that compete for assimilable organic carbon substrates. We used Monod kinetic models to describe substrate utilization and microbial growth rates for specific pesticide and degrader pairs. We then extended the model to include terms for utilization of assimilable organic carbon substrates by the specific degrader and coincidental microbes, growth on assimilable organic carbon substrates by the specific degrader and coincidental microbes, and endogenous metabolism. The proposed model framework enables interpretation and description of a range of experimental observations on micropollutant biodegradation. The model provides a useful tool to identify environmental conditions with respect to the occurrence of assimilable organic carbon and coincidental microbes that may result in enhanced or reduced micropollutant biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical, University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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27
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Bahnmüller S, von Gunten U, Canonica S. Sunlight-induced transformation of sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole in surface waters and wastewater effluents. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 57:183-92. [PMID: 24721665 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sulfadiazine (SD) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) are widely used sulfonamide antibiotics, which are present as contaminants in surface waters and are known to undergo phototransformation. This kinetic study was conducted to identify the processes responsible for their phototransformation in sunlit surface waters. Water samples from the Thur River (Switzerland) and from a pilot wastewater treatment plant, as well as aqueous solutions of two well-characterized natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracts, namely Suwannee River and Pony Lake fulvic acids (SRFA, PLFA), were examined. Both sulfonamides were found to undergo direct and indirect phototransformation, with contributions of excited triplet states of DOM and of effluent organic matter (EfOM) and possibly of hydroxyl radical and other unidentified reactive species. Under simulated sunlight, SMX mainly reacted through direct phototransformation, with a certain contribution of indirect phototransformation occurring for a wastewater effluent. The behavior of SD was found to be more diverse. For river waters, wastewater effluents and PLFA solutions, indirect phototransformation was predominant, while for SRFA solutions direct phototransformation prevailed. The rates of phototransformation of SD were interpreted as the result of a complex interplay between the photosensitizing and the inhibitory effect of DOM/EfOM, with an additional component related to the nitrite ion as a source of photoproduced hydroxyl radical. For typical conditions found in surface waters comparable to the Thur River, phototransformation half-lives on the order of 3-13 d were estimated for the two studied sulfonamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bahnmüller
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Canonica
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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28
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Bodrato M, Vione D. APEX (Aqueous Photochemistry of Environmentally occurring Xenobiotics): a free software tool to predict the kinetics of photochemical processes in surface waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:732-40. [PMID: 24356583 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00541k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The APEX software predicts the photochemical transformation kinetics of xenobiotics in surface waters as a function of: photoreactivity parameters (direct photolysis quantum yield and second-order reaction rate constants with transient species, namely ˙OH, CO₃(-)˙, (1)O₂ and the triplet states of chromophoric dissolved organic matter, (3)CDOM*), water chemistry (nitrate, nitrite, bicarbonate, carbonate, bromide and dissolved organic carbon, DOC), and water depth (more specifically, the optical path length of sunlight in water). It applies to well-mixed surface water layers, including the epilimnion of stratified lakes, and the output data are average values over the considered water column. Based on intermediate formation yields from the parent compound via the different photochemical pathways, the software can also predict intermediate formation kinetics and overall yield. APEX is based on a photochemical model that has been validated against available field data of pollutant phototransformation, with good agreement between model predictions and field results. The APEX software makes allowance for different levels of knowledge of a photochemical system. For instance, the absorption spectrum of surface water can be used if known, or otherwise it can be modelled from the values of DOC. Also the direct photolysis quantum yield can be entered as a detailed wavelength trend, as a single value (constant or average), or it can be defined as a variable if unknown. APEX is based on the free software Octave. Additional applications are provided within APEX to assess the σ-level uncertainty of the results and the seasonal trend of photochemical processes.
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29
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Remucal CK. The role of indirect photochemical degradation in the environmental fate of pesticides: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2014; 16:628-53. [PMID: 24419250 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00549f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical degradation contributes to the environmental fate of many pesticides in surface waters. A better understanding of the role of direct and indirect photochemical degradation of pesticides is necessary in order to predict their environmental fate and persistence. This review includes all major pesticide classes and focuses on the importance of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as a sensitizer in indirect photodegradation within aquatic systems. Photochemical studies conducted under environmentally relevant conditions (i.e., aqueous solutions with irradiation wavelengths >290 nm) are included. Comparisons are made between observed photodegradation rates in pure or buffered water and in water containing DOM to assess the extent of pesticide susceptibility to DOM-sensitized indirect photolysis. When data is available, the role of specific reactive species in indirect photodegradation is described. While it is possible to assess the relative importance of direct and indirect photodegradation on a pesticide-by-pesticide basis in many cases, it is often difficult to make generalizations based on compound class. Knowledge gaps and inconstancies in the current body of literature are discussed and areas that require additional research are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina K Remucal
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 660 N. Park St., Madison, WI, USA.
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30
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McCarty GW, Hapeman CJ, Rice CP, Hively WD, McConnell LL, Sadeghi AM, Lang MW, Whitall DR, Bialek K, Downey P. Metolachlor metabolite (MESA) reveals agricultural nitrate-N fate and transport in Choptank River watershed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 473-474:473-482. [PMID: 24388901 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Over 50% of streams in the Chesapeake Bay watershed have been rated as poor or very poor based on the index of biological integrity. The Choptank River estuary, a Bay tributary on the eastern shore, is one such waterway, where corn and soybean production in upland areas of the watershed contribute significant loads of nutrients and sediment to streams. We adopted a novel approach utilizing the relationship between the concentration of nitrate-N and the stable, water-soluble herbicide degradation product MESA {2-[2-ethyl-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)-6-methylanilino]-2-oxoethanesulfonic acid} to distinguish between dilution and denitrification effects on the stream concentration of nitrate-N in agricultural subwatersheds. The ratio of mean nitrate-N concentration/(mean MESA concentration * 1000) for 15 subwatersheds was examined as a function of percent cropland on hydric soil. This inverse relationship (R(2)=0.65, p<0.001) takes into consideration not only dilution and denitrification of nitrate-N, but also the stream sampling bias of the croplands caused by extensive drainage ditch networks. MESA was also used to track nitrate-N concentrations within the estuary of the Choptank River. The relationship between nitrate-N and MESA concentrations in samples collected over three years was linear (0.95 ≤ R(2) ≤ 0.99) for all eight sampling dates except one where R(2)=0.90. This very strong correlation indicates that nitrate-N was conserved in much of the Choptank River estuary, that dilution alone is responsible for the changes in nitrate-N and MESA concentrations, and more importantly nitrate-N loads are not reduced in the estuary prior to entering the Chesapeake Bay. Thus, a critical need exists to minimize nutrient export from agricultural production fields and to identify specific conservation practices to address the hydrologic conditions within each subwatershed. In well drained areas, removal of residual N within the cropland is most critical, and practices such as cover crops which sequester the residual N should be strongly encouraged. In poorly drained areas where denitrification can occur, wetland restoration and controlled drained structures that minimize ditch flow should be used to maximize denitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W McCarty
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Cathleen J Hapeman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Clifford P Rice
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - W Dean Hively
- United States Geological Survey (USGS), Eastern Geographic Research Center, stationed at USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Laura L McConnell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Ali M Sadeghi
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Megan W Lang
- USDA Forest Service (USFS), Northern Research Station, stationed at USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - David R Whitall
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Krystyna Bialek
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Peter Downey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Fenner K, Canonica S, Wackett LP, Elsner M. Evaluating pesticide degradation in the environment: blind spots and emerging opportunities. Science 2013; 341:752-8. [PMID: 23950532 DOI: 10.1126/science.1236281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of global pesticide use come at the cost of their widespread occurrence in the environment. An array of abiotic and biotic transformations effectively removes pesticides from the environment, but may give rise to potentially hazardous transformation products. Despite a large body of pesticide degradation data from regulatory testing and decades of pesticide research, it remains difficult to anticipate the extent and pathways of pesticide degradation under specific field conditions. Here, we review the major scientific challenges in doing so and discuss emerging opportunities to identify pesticide degradation processes in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Fenner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dubendorf, Switzerland.
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Mathias FT, Romano RM, Sleiman HK, de Oliveira CA, Romano MA. Herbicide metolachlor causes changes in reproductive endocrinology of male wistar rats. ISRN TOXICOLOGY 2012; 2012:130846. [PMID: 23724293 PMCID: PMC3658572 DOI: 10.5402/2012/130846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
S-metolachlor is a chloroacetanilide herbicide widely used in the agriculture to control weeds and was demonstrated that it increases the activity of the aromatase enzyme in cell cultures, which may culminate as endocrine disruption action in vivo. To investigate this hypothesis, prepubertal Wistar male rats were exposed to metolachlor (5 or 50 mg/kg/day, NOEL for reproductive toxicity: 23.5-26.0 mg/kg/day) from PND23 (postnatal day) to PND53. During this period, the growth of the animals and the age and weight at puberty were recorded. In PND53, tissues were collected and the analysis of LH, FSH, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol serum concentrations, morphometric evaluation of the seminiferous epithelium, and weight of the testes and the seminal vesicle (undrained and drained) was performed (Statistical difference: P < 0.05). Metolachlor caused an increase in serum concentrations of testosterone, estradiol, and FSH and a reduction in DHT but did not alter the LH. There were also observed a higher amount of fluid in the seminal vesicles, precocious puberty, and changes in morphology of the seminiferous epithelium of treated animals. We demonstrated in this paper that prepubertal exposure to S-metolachlor caused changes in reproductive endocrinology of male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francielle Tatiane Mathias
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Centro-Oeste, R. Simeao Camargo Varela de Sa, 03, 85040-080 Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Renata Marino Romano
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hanan Kaled Sleiman
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Centro-Oeste, R. Simeao Camargo Varela de Sa, 03, 85040-080 Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alvarenga de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio Romano
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Centro-Oeste, R. Simeao Camargo Varela de Sa, 03, 85040-080 Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- *Marco Aurelio Romano:
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Escher BI, Fenner K. Recent advances in environmental risk assessment of transformation products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:3835-47. [PMID: 21473617 DOI: 10.1021/es1030799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
When micropollutants degrade in the environment, they may form persistent and toxic transformation products, which should be accounted for in the environmental risk assessment of the parent compounds. Transformation products have become a topic of interest not only with regard to their formation in the environment, but also during advanced water treatment processes, where disinfection byproducts can form from benign precursors. In addition, environmental risk assessment of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals requires inclusion of human metabolites as most pharmaceuticals are not excreted into wastewater in their original form, but are extensively metabolized. All three areas have developed their independent approaches to assess the risk associated with transformation product formation including hazard identification, exposure assessment, hazard assessment including dose-response characterization, and risk characterization. This review provides an overview and defines a link among those areas, emphasizing commonalities and encouraging a common approach. We distinguish among approaches to assess transformation products of individual pollutants that are undergoing a particular transformation process, e.g., biotransformation or (photo)oxidation, and approaches with the goal of prioritizing transformation products in terms of their contribution to environmental risk. We classify existing approaches for transformation product assessment in degradation studies as exposure- or effect-driven. In the exposure-driven approach, transformation products are identified and quantified by chemical analysis followed by effect assessment. In the effect-driven approach, a reaction mixture undergoes toxicity testing. If the decrease in toxicity parallels the decrease of parent compound concentration, the transformation products are considered to be irrelevant, and only when toxicity increases or the decrease is not proportional to the parent compound concentration are the TPs identified. For prioritization of transformation products in terms of their contribution to overall environmental risk, we integrate existing research into a coherent model-based, risk-driven framework. In the proposed framework, read-across from data of the parent compound to the transformation products is emphasized, but limitations to this approach are also discussed. Most prominently, we demonstrate how effect data for parent compounds can be used in combination with analysis of toxicophore structures and bioconcentration potential to facilitate transformation product effect assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate I Escher
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), Brisbane, Qld 4108, Australia.
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Kern S, Singer H, Hollender J, Schwarzenbach RP, Fenner K. Assessing exposure to transformation products of soil-applied organic contaminants in surface water: comparison of model predictions and field data. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:2833-2841. [PMID: 21370857 DOI: 10.1021/es102537b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Transformation products (TPs) of chemicals released to soil, for example, pesticides, are regularly detected in surface and groundwater with some TPs even dominating observed pesticide levels. Given the large number of TPs potentially formed in the environment, straightforward prioritization methods based on available data and simple, evaluative models are required to identify TPs with a high aquatic exposure potential. While different such methods exist, none of them has so far been systematically evaluated against field data. Using a dynamic multimedia, multispecies model for TP prioritization, we compared the predicted relative surface water exposure potential of pesticides and their TPs with experimental data for 16 pesticides and 46 TPs measured in a small river draining a Swiss agricultural catchment. Twenty TPs were determined quantitatively using solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS), whereas the remaining 26 TPs could only be detected qualitatively because of the lack of analytical reference standards. Accordingly, the two sets of TPs were used for quantitative and qualitative model evaluation, respectively. Quantitative comparison of predicted with measured surface water exposure ratios for 20 pairs of TPs and parent pesticides indicated agreement within a factor of 10, except for chloridazon-desphenyl and chloridazon-methyl-desphenyl. The latter two TPs were found to be present in elevated concentrations during baseflow conditions and in groundwater samples across Switzerland, pointing toward high concentrations in exfiltrating groundwater. A simple leaching relationship was shown to qualitatively agree with the observed baseflow concentrations and to thus be useful in identifying TPs for which the simple prioritization model might underestimate actual surface water concentrations. Application of the model to the 26 qualitatively analyzed TPs showed that most of those TPs categorized as exhibiting a high aquatic exposure potential could be confirmed to be present in the majority of water samples investigated. On the basis of these results, we propose a generally applicable, model-based approach to identify those TPs of soil-applied organic contaminants that exhibit a high aquatic exposure potential to prioritize them for higher-tier, experimental investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kern
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Richardson SD. Environmental Mass Spectrometry: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4742-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101102d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605
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Whitall D, Hively WD, Leight AK, Hapeman CJ, McConnell LL, Fisher T, Rice CP, Codling E, McCarty GW, Sadeghi AM, Gustafson A, Bialek K. Pollutant fate and spatio-temporal variability in the choptank river estuary: factors influencing water quality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:2096-2108. [PMID: 20171715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Restoration of the Chesapeake Bay, the largest estuary in the United States, is a national priority. Documentation of progress of this restoration effort is needed. A study was conducted to examine water quality in the Choptank River estuary, a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay that since 1998 has been classified as impaired waters under the Federal Clean Water Act. Multiple water quality parameters (salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a) and analyte concentrations (nutrients, herbicide and herbicide degradation products, arsenic, and copper) were measured at seven sampling stations in the Choptank River estuary. Samples were collected under base flow conditions in the basin on thirteen dates between March 2005 and April 2008. As commonly observed, results indicate that agriculture is a primary source of nitrate in the estuary and that both agriculture and wastewater treatment plants are important sources of phosphorus. Concentrations of copper in the lower estuary consistently exceeded both chronic and acute water quality criteria, possibly due to use of copper in antifouling boat paint. Concentrations of copper in the upstream watersheds were low, indicating that agriculture is not a significant source of copper loading to the estuary. Concentrations of herbicides (atrazine, simazine, and metolachlor) peaked during early-summer, indicating a rapid surface-transport delivery pathway from agricultural areas, while their degradation products (CIAT, CEAT, MESA, and MOA) appeared to be delivered via groundwater transport. Some in-river processing of CEAT occurred, whereas MESA was conservative. Observed concentrations of herbicide residues did not approach established levels of concern for aquatic organisms. Results of this study highlight the importance of continued implementation of best management practices to improve water quality in the estuary. This work provides a baseline against which to compare future changes in water quality and may be used to design future monitoring programs needed to assess restoration strategy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Whitall
- NOAA, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, N/SCI 1, SSMC4, 9110, 1305 East West Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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Götz CW, Stamm C, Fenner K, Singer H, Schärer M, Hollender J. Targeting aquatic microcontaminants for monitoring: exposure categorization and application to the Swiss situation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2010; 17:341-354. [PMID: 19475441 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-009-0167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE Aquatic microcontaminants (MCs) comprise diverse chemical classes, such as pesticides, biocides, pharmaceuticals, consumer products, and industrial chemicals. For water pollution control and the evaluation of water protection measures, it is crucial to screen for MCs. However, the selection and prioritization of which MCs to screen for is rather difficult and complex. Existing methods usually are strongly limited because of a lack of screening regulations or unavailability of required data. METHOD AND MODELS: Here, we present a simple exposure-based methodology that provides a systematic overview of a broad range of MCs according to their potential to occur in the water phase of surface waters. The method requires input of publicly available data only. Missing data are estimated with quantitative structure-property relationships. The presented substance categorization methodology is based on the chemicals' distribution behavior between different environmental media, degradation data, and input dynamics. RESULTS Seven different exposure categories are distinguished based on different compound properties and input dynamics. Ranking the defined exposure categories based on a chemical's potential to occur in the water phase of surface waters, exposure categories I and II contain chemicals with a very high potential, categories III and IV contain chemicals with a high potential, and categories V and VI contain chemicals with a moderate to low potential. Chemicals in category VII are not evaluated because of a lack of data. We illustrate and evaluate the methodology on the example of MCs in Swiss surface waters. Furthermore, a categorized list containing potentially water-relevant chemicals is provided. DISCUSSION Chemicals of categories I and III continuously enter surface waters and are thus likely to show relatively steady concentrations. Therefore, they are best suited for water monitoring programs requiring a relatively low sampling effort. Chemicals in categories II and IV have complex input dynamics. They are consequently more difficult to monitor. However, they should be considered if an overall picture is needed that includes contaminants from diffuse sources. CONCLUSIONS The presented methodology supports compound selection for (a) water quality guidance, (b) monitoring programs, and (c) further research on the chemical's ecotoxicology. The results from the developed categorization procedure are supported by data on consumption and observed concentrations in Swiss surface waters. The presented methodology is a tool to preselect potential hazardous substances based on exposure-based criteria for policy guidance and monitoring programs and a first important step for a detailed risk assessment for potential microcontaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Götz
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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