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Leusch FDL, Allen H, De Silva NAL, Hodson R, Johnson M, Neale PA, Stewart M, Tremblay LA, Wilde T, Northcott GL. Effect-based monitoring of two rivers under urban and agricultural influence reveals a range of biological activities in sediment and water extracts. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119692. [PMID: 38039589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical contaminants, such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals and industrial compounds are ubiquitous in surface water and sediment in areas subject to human activity. While targeted chemical analysis is typically used for water and sediment quality monitoring, there is growing interest in applying effect-based methods with in vitro bioassays to capture the effects of all active contaminants in a sample. The current study evaluated the biological effects in surface water and sediment from two contrasting catchments in Aotearoa New Zealand, the highly urbanised Whau River catchment in Tāmaki Makaurau (Auckland) and the urban and mixed agricultural Koreti (New River) Estuary catchment. Two complementary passive sampling devices, Chemcatcher for polar chemicals and polyethylene (PED) for non-polar chemicals, were applied to capture a wide range of contaminants in water, while composite sediment samples were collected at each sampling site. Bioassays indicative of induction of xenobiotic metabolism, receptor-mediated effects, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and apical effects were applied to the water and sediment extracts. Most sediment extracts induced moderate to strong estrogenic and aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) activity, along with moderate toxicity to bacteria. The water extracts showed similar patterns to the sediment extracts, but with lower activity. Generally, the polar Chemcatcher extracts showed greater estrogenic activity, photosynthesis inhibition and algal growth inhibition than the non-polar PED extracts, though the PED extracts showed greater AhR activity. The observed effects in the water extracts were compared to available ecological effect-based trigger values (EBT) to evaluate the potential risk. For the polar extracts, most sites in both catchments exceeded the EBT for estrogenicity, with many sites exceeding the EBTs for AhR activity and photosynthesis inhibition. Of the wide range of endpoints considered, estrogenic activity, AhR activity and herbicidal activity appear to be the primary risk drivers in both the Whau and Koreti Estuary catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
| | - Hamish Allen
- Research and Evaluation Unit, Auckland Council, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | | | - Roger Hodson
- Environment Southland Regional Council, Invercargill, 9810, New Zealand; Riverscape Enhancement Consulting, Invercargill, 9840, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Johnson
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Peta A Neale
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | | | - Louis A Tremblay
- Cawthron Institute, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Taylor Wilde
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4222, Australia
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Moran IL, Tidwell L, Barton M, Kile M, Miller P, Rohlman D, Seguinot-Medina S, Ungwiluk B, Waghiyi V, Anderson K. Diffusive fluxes of persistent organic pollutants between Arctic atmosphere, surface waters and sediments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 892:164566. [PMID: 37270011 PMCID: PMC10330832 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Arctic communities are disproportionately exposed to pollutants from sources including global atmospheric transport and formerly used defense sites (FUDS). The effects of climate change and increasing development in the Arctic have the potential to exacerbate this problem. Yupik People of Sivuqaq, or St Lawrence Island, Alaska are one such community with documented exposures to pollutants from FUDS, and their traditional lipid-rich foods such as blubber and rendered oils of marine mammals. Troutman Lake, adjacent to the Yupik community of Gambell, Alaska, was used as a disposal site during the decommission of the adjacent FUDS, leading to community concern about exposure to military pollution and intrusion from historic local dump sites. In collaboration with a local community group, this study utilized passive sampling devices deployed in Troutman Lake. Air, water and sediment deployed samplers were analyzed for unsubstituted and alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), brominated and organophosphate flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PAH concentrations were low and comparable to other remote/rural locations. PAHs were generally in deposition from the overlying atmosphere into Troutman Lake. Of the flame retardants, brominated diphenyl ether-47 was detected in all surface water samplers while triphenyl phosphate was detected in all environmental compartments. Both were at concentrations equivalent or lower than other remote locations. Of particular interest, we measured higher atmospheric concentrations of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) (0.75-2.8 ng/m3) than previously reported in the literature for remote Arctic sites (<0.017-0.56 ng/m3). TCEP was found to be in deposition to Troutman Lake at magnitudes from 290 to 1300 ng/m2/day. No PCBs were detected in this study. Our findings demonstrate the relevance of both modern and legacy chemicals from local and global sources. These results help us to understand the fate of anthropogenic contaminants in dynamic Arctic systems providing valuable data for communities, policy makers and scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian L Moran
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lane Tidwell
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Michael Barton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Molly Kile
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Pamela Miller
- Alaska Community Action on Toxics, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Diana Rohlman
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Vi Waghiyi
- Alaska Community Action on Toxics, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Kim Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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3
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Lohmann R, Vrana B, Muir D, Smedes F, Sobotka J, Zeng EY, Bao LJ, Allan IJ, Astrahan P, Barra RO, Bidleman T, Dykyi E, Estoppey N, Fillmann G, Greenwood N, Helm PA, Jantunen L, Kaserzon S, Macías JV, Maruya KA, Molina F, Newman B, Prats RM, Tsapakis M, Tysklind M, van Drooge BL, Veal CJ, Wong CS. Passive-Sampler-Derived PCB and OCP Concentrations in the Waters of the World─First Results from the AQUA-GAPS/MONET Network. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37294896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are recognized as pollutants of global concern, but so far, information on the trends of legacy POPs in the waters of the world has been missing due to logistical, analytical, and financial reasons. Passive samplers have emerged as an attractive alternative to active water sampling methods as they accumulate POPs, represent time-weighted average concentrations, and can easily be shipped and deployed. As part of the AQUA-GAPS/MONET, passive samplers were deployed at 40 globally distributed sites between 2016 and 2020, for a total of 21 freshwater and 40 marine deployments. Results from silicone passive samplers showed α-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and γ-HCH displaying the greatest concentrations in the northern latitudes/Arctic Ocean, in stark contrast to the more persistent penta (PeCB)- and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which approached equilibrium across sampling sites. Geospatial patterns of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) aqueous concentrations closely matched original estimates of production and use, implying limited global transport. Positive correlations between log-transformed concentrations of Σ7PCB, ΣDDTs, Σendosulfan, and Σchlordane, but not ΣHCH, and the log of population density (p < 0.05) within 5 and 10 km of the sampling sites also supported limited transport from used sites. These results help to understand the extent of global distribution, and eventually time-trends, of organic pollutants in aquatic systems, such as across freshwaters and oceans. Future deployments will aim to establish time-trends at selected sites while adding to the geographical coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, United States
| | - Branislav Vrana
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Derek Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, L7S 1A1 Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Foppe Smedes
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromír Sobotka
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, 511443 Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, 511443 Guangzhou, China
| | - Ian J Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Peleg Astrahan
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Kinneret Lake Laboratory, 3109701 Haifa, Israel
| | - Ricardo O Barra
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and EULA Chile Centre, University of Concepción, 4070386 Concepción, Chile
| | - Terry Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Evgen Dykyi
- National Antarctic Scientific Center, Taras Shevchenko Boulevard 16, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nicolas Estoppey
- School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne, Batochime Building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box. 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (IO-FURG), Av. Itália s/n, Campus Carreiros, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Naomi Greenwood
- Centre of Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, NR33 0HT Lowestoft, U.K
| | - Paul A Helm
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, M9P 3V6 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liisa Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 6248 Eighth Line, Egbert, Ontario L0L1N0, Canada
| | - Sarit Kaserzon
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - J Vinicio Macías
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Fracc. Playitas, 22860 Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Keith A Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, 3535 Harbor Blvd., Suite 110, Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
| | - Francisco Molina
- Environmental School, Faculty of Engineering, University of Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, 050010 Medellín, Colombia
| | - Brent Newman
- Coastal Systems Research Group, CSIR, P.O. Box 59081, Umbilo, 4075 Durban, South Africa
- Nelson Mandela University, P.O. Box 77000, 6031 Port Elizabeth, South Africa
| | - Raimon M Prats
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manolis Tsapakis
- Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, PO Box 2214, GR-71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cameron J Veal
- Seqwater, 117 Brisbane Road, 4305 Ipswich, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charles S Wong
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, 3535 Harbor Blvd., Suite 110, Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
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Liu Z, Sun X, Xu Y. Recalibrating polyparameter linear free energy relationships and reanalyzing mechanisms for partition of nonionic organic compounds to low-density polyethylene passive sampler. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1700:464039. [PMID: 37182512 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium passive sampling techniques based on the low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film are increasingly used for determining the concentration of contaminants in water and air. Reliable models capable of predicting LDPE-water and LDPE-air partition coefficients (KiLDPEw and KiLDPEa) would be very useful. In previous studies, polyparameter linear free energy relationships (PP-LFERs) based on Abraham's solute descriptors were calibrated for LDPE-water and LDPE-air systems. Unfortunately, a portion of unreliable partition coefficients and solute descriptors were included in the calibration sets of these previous studies, leading to unexpected system parameters and predictive performance in the regression results. In this study, more reliable PP-LFERs were recalibrated for LDPE-water and LDPE-air systems (20‒25 °C) using carefully collected reliable partition coefficients and solute descriptors of various polar and nonpolar compounds (over one hundred and with low redundancy) from the literature, as well as the robust regression method. The PP-LFERs performed well with root-mean-square errors of 0.15-0.25 log units and successfully predicted KiLDPEw and KiLDPEa values spanning over 10 orders of magnitude for compounds with reliable descriptors. The partitioning mechanisms of compounds to LDPE were also reanalyzed and compared in detail with n-alkanes (C6-C16). Generally, LDPE is more prone to form dispersion interactions with solutes than n-alkanes, while it is more difficult to form cavities in LDPE. In addition, the crystallinity of LDPE is not the sole reason for the distinct constant terms presenting in PP-LFERs for LDPE-water and n-hexadecane-water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheming Liu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangfei Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Municipal Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Prats RM, van Drooge BL, Fernández P, Grimalt JO. Passive water sampling and air-water diffusive exchange of long-range transported semi-volatile organic pollutants in high-mountain lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160509. [PMID: 36436648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of legacy and currently emitted organic pollutants were determined in the freely dissolved phase of water from six high-mountain lakes in the Pyrenees (1619-2453 m) by passive water sampling. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and silicone rubber (SR) sheets were exposed for three consecutive periods lasting each one year between 2017 and 2020 for the study of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other organochlorine compounds (e.g., hexachlorobenzene, HCB). HCB concentrations (1.0-14 pg L-1) remained essentially the same as those measured with pumping systems over two decades ago in the same area. ƩPAHs (35-920 pg L-1) were around half of those observed in the past, which agrees with reductions in European atmospheric emissions. ƩPCB concentrations (1.2-2.2 pg L-1) were substantially lower, although unexpectedly large differences could be due to comparing yearly averages from the present study to seasonally variable (i.e., affected by snowmelt, stratification, and colloidal organic matter) episodic pumping measurements from previous studies. ƩOPEs (139-2849 pg L-1) were measured for the first time in this area and were found at high concentrations in some sites. Concentrations of most compounds obtained with LDPE and SR samplers agreed with each other by ratios generally lower than three or four times, except for a few PAHs and OPEs. Diffusive exchange flux calculations between the atmospheric gas phase and the freely dissolved water phase revealed net deposition of pollutants from air to water, except for some OPEs and PCBs presenting equilibrium conditions, and HCB with volatilization fluxes. Atmospheric degradation fluxes of PAHs and OPEs pointed at competing removal mechanisms that support the air-to-water direction of their diffusive exchange, while PCBs and organochlorines were not affected by photodegradation. In their current state, these remote lakes accumulate many emerging and legacy pollutants subject to long-range atmospheric transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimon M Prats
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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6
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Sohail M, Ali Musstjab Akber Shah Eqani S, Bokhari H, Zaffar Hashmi M, Ali N, Alamdar A, Podgorski JE, Adelman D, Lohmann R. Freely dissolved organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) along the Indus River Pakistan: spatial pattern and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:65670-65683. [PMID: 35499728 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Freely dissolved OCPs and PCBs were measured by using polyethylene passive samplers at 15 sites during 2014 throughout the stretch of the Indus River to investigate the spatial pattern and risk assess. Levels (pg/L) of dissolved ∑OCPs and ∑PCBs ranged from 34 to 1600 and from 3 to 230. Among the detected OCPs, dissolved DDTs (p,p'-DDE, followed by p,p'-DDT) predominated with levels of 0.48 to 220 pg/L. The order of occurrence for other studied OCPs was as follows: HCB, endosulfans, chlordanes, and HCHs. Spatially, dissolved (pg/L) ∑OCPs varied (p < 0.05) as the following: surface water of the alluvial riverine zone (ARZ) showed the highest levels (114) followed by the frozen mountain zone (FMZ) (52.9), low-lying zone (LLZ) (28.73), and wet mountain zone (WMZ) (14.43), respectively. However, our zone-wise PCB data did not exhibit significant differences (p > 0.05). Principal component analysis/multilinear regression results showed pesticide usage in the crop/orchard fields and health sector, electric and electronic materials, and widespread industrial activities as the main source of OCPs and PCBs along the Indus River. Our results showed that OCPs and PCBs contaminated water intake, playing an important role towards the considerable cancer/non-cancer risk (HI and CR values) along the Indus River Flood-Plain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail
- Ecohealth and Environmental Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- Department of Zoology, University of Central Punjab, Sargodha Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | | | - Habib Bokhari
- Ecohealth and Environmental Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi
- Ecohealth and Environmental Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Ali
- Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ambreen Alamdar
- Ecohealth and Environmental Lab, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Joel E Podgorski
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Dave Adelman
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA
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7
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Sobotka J, Smedes F, Vrana B. Performance comparison of silicone and low-density polyethylene as passive samplers in a global monitoring network for aquatic organic contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 302:119050. [PMID: 35218918 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Contamination with hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) such as persistent organic pollutants negatively affects global water quality. Accurate and globally comparable monitoring data are required to understand better the HOCs distribution and environmental fate. We present the first results of a proof-of-concept global monitoring campaign, the Aquatic Global Passive Sampling initiative (AQUA-GAPS), performed between 2016 and 2020, for assessing trends of freely dissolved HOC concentrations in global surface waters. One of the pilot campaign aims was to compare performance characteristics of silicone (SSP) and low-density polyethylene (PE) sheets co-deployed in parallel under identical conditions, i.e. at the same site, using the same deployment design, and for an equal period. Individual exposures lasted between 36 and 400 days, and samples were collected from 22 freshwater and 40 marine locations. The sampler inter-comparability is based on a rationale of common underlying principles, i.e. HOC diffusion through a water boundary layer (WBL) and absorption by the polymer. In the integrative uptake phase, equal surface-specific uptake in both samplers was observed for HOCs with a molecular volume less than 300 Å3. For those HOCs, transport in the WBL controls the uptake as mass transfer in the polymer is over 20-times faster. In such a case, sampled HOC mass can be converted into aqueous concentrations using available models derived for WBL-controlled sampling using performance reference compounds. In contrast, for larger molecules, surface-specific uptake to PE was lower than to SSP. Diffusion in PE is slower than in SSP, and it is likely that for large molecules, diffusion in PE limits the transport from water to the sampler, complicating the interpretation. Although both samplers provided mostly well comparable results, we recommend, based on simpler practical handling, simpler data interpretation, and better availability of reliable polymer-water partition coefficients, silicone-based samplers for future operation in the worldwide monitoring programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromír Sobotka
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Foppe Smedes
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Branislav Vrana
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic.
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8
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Jiang AZ, Nian F, Chen H, McBean EA. Passive Samplers, an Important Tool for Continuous Monitoring of the COVID-19 Pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:32326-32334. [PMID: 35137317 PMCID: PMC9072756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The global pandemic caused by COVID-19 has resulted in major costs around the world, costs with dimensions in every aspect, from peoples' daily living to the global economy. As the pandemic progresses, the virus evolves, and more vaccines become available, and the 'battle against the virus' continues. As part of the battle, Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) technologies are being widely deployed in essential roles for SARS-CoV-2 detection and monitoring. While focusing on demonstrating the advantages of passive samplers as a tool in WBE, this review provides a holistic view of the current WBE applications in monitoring SARS-CoV-2 with the integration of the most up-to-date data. A novel scenario example based on a recent Nanjing (China) outbreak in July 2021 is used to illustrate the potential benefits of using passive samplers to monitor COVID-19 and to facilitate effective control of future major outbreaks. The presented contents and how the application of passive samplers indicates that this technology can be beneficial at different levels, varying from building to community to regional. Countries and regions that have the pandemic well under control or have low positive case occurrences have the potential to significantly benefit from deploying passive samplers as a measure to identify and suppress outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Z. Jiang
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Fulin Nian
- Department of Digestive, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Affiliated Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Shanghai, 201399 China
| | - Han Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering/Sino-Canada Joint R&D Centre for Water and Environmental Safety, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Edward A. McBean
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, N1G 2W1 Canada
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9
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Assessment of PCBs in Surface Waters at Ultratrace Levels: Traditional Approaches and Biomonitoring (Lake Baikal, Russia). APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12042145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the results of the assessment of PCB concentrations in surface waters at ultratrace level of concentrations. The assessment of PCB concentrations is based on data from monitoring PCBs in Baikal water within the conventional approach as well as from biomonitoring of PCBs using Baikal omul, Coregonus migratorius, Georgi, 1775 (C. migratorius), as a bioindicator. The time cycle of the monitoring covered the period from 2014 to 2021. The concentrations of PCBs in the water were estimated from the concentrations of seven indicator congeners: 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180, and from congeners of dioxin-like (dl) PCBs in the tissues of C. migratorius. The average value and the statistically significant range of the detected total concentrations (Ʃ7PCBs) in Baikal water were 0.30 and 0.26–0.34 ng/L, respectively. In the tissues of C. migratorius, the average value and the range of Ʃ7PCB concentrations were 5.6 and 4.9–6.3 ng/g (ww), respectively, and for dl-PCBs, 1.5 and 1.3–1.7 ng/g (ww), respectively. The total toxicity equivalent of the detected dl-PCBs was in the WHO-TEQ (2005) range from 0.03 to 0.06 pg/g (ww). The concentrations of Ʃ7PCBs in Baikal water and dl-PCBs in the tissues of C. migratorius corresponded to the concentration levels in the European alpine lakes and the tissues of S. trutta fish inhabiting these lakes.
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10
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Bonifacio PSP, Metillo EB, Romano EF. Microplastic in Sediments and Ingestion Rates in Three Edible Bivalve Mollusc Species in a Southern Philippine Estuary. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2022; 233:455. [PMID: 36373016 PMCID: PMC9638238 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-022-05926-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Plastics are now a major environmental concern worldwide with their widespread contamination and accumulation. Microplastic particle (< 5 mm) is an emerging pollution issue as it is being detected worldwide in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, but relatively little is known in tropical regions. This study determined the (1) abundance of microplastics in sediment and (2) in situ and laboratory ingestion rates of microplastics in three scarcely studied tropical bivalve mollusc species (Donax sp., Meretrix meretrix, and Katelysia hiantina) in Panguil Bay, Southern Philippines. A total of 2258 microplastic particles (62.72 ± 18.31 items/m2) were found on the sediment samples. Filament/fiber is the most abundant type of microplastic in terms of morphology, while black and blue are the dominant colors of microplastic particles. There were 1495 microplastic particles (4.15 ± 3.37 particles/clam) present in the clam tissues, of which polypropylene (PP) and rayon (RY) polymers are the most common, whereas K. hiantina (707 particles) showed the highest amount of microplastics. The number of ATR-FTIR-confirmed polymer types in the wild clams is greater than that in the sediments. The study reveals abundant microplastics in sediments and in the three species of bivalve individuals from the wild. All clams ingested low-density polyethylene (LDPE) microplastic particles in the laboratory. The mean number of LDPE microplastic particles ingested by clams is 4.62 ± 2.40 particles/clam/7days, with the highest value observed in K. hiantina. Additionally, Donax sp., M. meretrix, and K. hiantina could ingest high densities of 40-60-μm microplastic particles. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11270-022-05926-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. S. P. Bonifacio
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Western Mindanao State University, 7000 Zamboanga City, Philippines
| | - E. B. Metillo
- Department of Marine Science, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, 9200 Iligan City, Philippines
| | - E. F. Romano
- Chemistry Department, College of Arts and Sciences, Negros Oriental State University, 6200 Dumaguete City, Philippines
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11
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Qiu XW, Pei J, Wu CC, Song L, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. Determination of low-density polyethylene-water partition coefficients for novel halogenated flame retardants with the large volume model and co-solvent model. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130235. [PMID: 33794435 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The partition coefficient (Kpew) of an analyte between low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film and water is a critical parameter for measuring freely dissolved concentrations of the analyte with PE passive sampling devices. Measuring log Kpew for super hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) have been proven extremely difficult. The present study developed a large volume model for measuring log Kpew of super HOCs, i.e., novel halogenated flame retardants (NHFRs). Results showed that the measured log Kpew values of selected PAHs and PCBs obtained by the large volume model were in line with those from the co-solvent model and the literature data within less 0.3 log units of difference, while those of NHFRs (6.27-7.34) except for hexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO) and Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were significantly lower than those (6.51-8.89) from the co-solvent model. A curvilinear relationship was observed between log Kpew and log Kow of all target compounds, with the turning point at log Kow = ∼8.0 in the large volume model, but that was not found for the co-solvent model. These can be attributed to the large molecular volumes (> 450 Å3) for NHFRs, which require high Gibbs free energy to penetrate into the inside structures of LDPE in the large volume model. However, the solvent swelling effects in the co-solvent model needs to be investigated. Therefore, the large volume model is robust to determine the Kpew values of super HOCs for facilitating the application of aquatic passive sampling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia-Wen Qiu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jie Pei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Lin Song
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
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12
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Norland S, Vorkamp K, Bogevik AS, Koelmans AA, Diepens NJ, Burgerhout E, Hansen ØJ, Puvanendran V, Rønnestad I. Assessing microplastic as a vector for chemical entry into fish larvae using a novel tube-feeding approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:129144. [PMID: 33293050 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A tube-feeding model for administering microplastic (MP, Ø = 30 μm) spheres to fish larvae was employed to quantify the uptake of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) into the larval body through a single administration of MP. Polychlorinated biphenyl-153 (PCB-153) was used as a representative HOC that can be sorbed to MP in the sea. Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) larvae (34-51 days post-hatching) were selected as the animal model. The herring larvae were tube-fed a single load of up to 200 polystyrene or polyethylene MP spheres spiked with 14C-labelled PCB-153, and the control larvae were tube-fed an isotonic solution without MP. At the time of sampling (24 h post feeding), some larvae had evacuated all MP spheres from the gut, while others still had MP remaining in the gut. In larvae with a significant number of MP spheres still present in the gut, whole-body scintillation counting (including the MP in the gut lumen) showed elevated levels of the tracer compared to those in the control fish larvae. For larvae in which all or almost all MP had been evacuated by the time of sampling, the tracer levels of the whole body were not significantly different compared to those for the control fish larvae. These data indicate that there was no significant transfer of PCB-153 from contaminated MP into fish larvae within a gut-transit time of <24 h. This study suggests that the vector role of MP in HOC uptake and absorption may be minor compared to that of other HOC uptake pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissel Norland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Roskilde, Denmark.
| | | | - Albert A Koelmans
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Noël J Diepens
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | - Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway.
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13
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Die Q, Lu A, Li C, Li H, Kong H, Li B. Occurrence of dioxin-like POPs in soils from urban green space in a metropolis, North China: implication to human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:5587-5597. [PMID: 32974823 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Urban green space is a special space for urban life and natural contact and has an important impact on human health. However, little information is available on dioxin-like persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the soils from the specific areas. We measured the concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the soils from urban green space in a metropolis, North China, and found total concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PCNs in the range of 11.5-91.4, 14.7-444, and 82.5-848 pg/g, respectively. It was worth to notice that the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in public park soil from urban center were significantly higher than those in the road greenbelts and resident lawns (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.004). The source analysis indicated that sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants were important sources of PCNs and PCDD/Fs in urban green land soils, and atmospheric deposition from municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) also play an important role in PCDD/F sources. The rough exposure risk evaluation showed that the residents were at a safe level with the daily doses being 0.172-3.144 fg/kg BW/day for children and 0.022-0.406 fg/kg BW/day for adult. Due to the complex and variable sources of PCDD/Fs in urban areas, dioxin-like POPs in urban green land should be given more attention to weaken human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqi Die
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Anxiang Lu
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Haifeng Li
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Hongling Kong
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Bingru Li
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing, 100097, China
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14
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Zhu T, Chen W, Singh RP, Cui Y. Versatile in silico modeling of partition coefficients of organic compounds in polydimethylsiloxane using linear and nonlinear methods. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 399:123012. [PMID: 32544766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental fate, behavior and effects of hazardous organic compounds have recently received great attention in diverse environmental phases, including water, atmosphere, soil and sediment. Considering polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fibers were validated for the wide application in the determination of partition behavior in passive sampling, in this work, several in silico models were established to predict PDMS-water (KPDMS-w), PDMS-air (KPDMS-a) and PDMS-seawater partition coefficients (KPDMS-sw) of diverse chemicals. This is an attempt to combine conventional linear method and popular nonlinear algorithm for the estimation of partition coefficients between PDMS and different environmental media. All of the developed models showed satisfactory goodness-of-fit with high adjusted correlation coefficient (R2adj) and were validated to be robust, stable and predictable by various internal and external validation techniques, deriving a wide series of statistical checks. Moreover, it was found that hydrophobicity, polarizability, charge distribution and molecular size of compounds contributed significantly to the model development by interpreting the selected descriptors. Based on the broad applicability domains (ADs), the current study provides suitable tools to fill the experimental data gap for other compounds and to help researchers better understand the mechanistic basis of adsorption behavior of PDMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyi Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Yanran Cui
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, WA 99354, United States
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15
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Wu L, Wang R, Huang CL, Wu CC, Wong CS, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. Impact of passive sampler protection apparatus on sediment porewater profiles of hydrophobic organic compounds. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126534. [PMID: 32224359 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling techniques have been widely used to determine the dissolved concentration profiles of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in sediment porewater. However, the effects of having a protection for the passive sampler on profiling HOCs concentrations in sediment porewater, especially in deep sediment, have remained unclear. To address this issue, low density polyethylene passive samplers with and without protectors, which consisted of glass fiber filter and porous stainless steel shield, were simultaneously deployed in sediment of the Dongjiang River, South China. The results showed that the protectors retarded the dissipation of performance reference compounds (PRCs) from the sampler by a factor of 2-9. The protectors seemed to exert a negligible effect on the measured concentrations of PAHs, BDE-47, and BDE-99 in surficial sediment porewater (0-14 cm depth) from both samplers. However, the sediment porewater concentration profiles of PAHs and BDE-47 from the sampler with protectors were in agreement with those normalized by dry weight in deep sediment (16-34 cm depth), indicating that a diffusion layer established by the protectors may minimize the probability of local depletion of the target analytes in deep sediment. In addition, the log Koc values of PAHs, BDE-47, and BDE-99 exhibited a slight increasing trend with sediment depth. This finding suggested that in situ passive sampling techniques could be a feasible tool in determining the site-specific log Koc values of HOCs at different sediment depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Chun-Li Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Charles S Wong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, 92626, USA
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
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16
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Taylor AC, Fones GR, Vrana B, Mills GA. Applications for Passive Sampling of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Water—A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 51:20-54. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1675043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Taylor
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Gary R. Fones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Branislav Vrana
- Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Graham A. Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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17
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Significance of interactions between microplastics and POPs in the marine environment: A critical overview. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Ma X, Wang Y, Gao W, Wang Y, Wang Z, Yao Z, Jiang G. Air-Seawater Gas Exchange and Dry Deposition of Chlorinated Paraffins in a Typical Inner Sea (Liaodong Bay), North China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7729-7735. [PMID: 29939722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a group of new persistent organic pollutants, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium-chain CP (MCCPs) have attracted extensive worldwide interest in recent years. However, the data regarding to the environmental behavior, especially in atmospheric transfer and air-seawater exchange, are still sparse. In this study, seasonal marine boundary layer air and seawater samples were collected from Chinese Bohai sea and a fugacity model was built to evaluate the air-seawater diffusion and deposition flux of CPs. Generally, the total CP levels in atmosphere and seawater samples in summer were higher than those in spring, and CPs existed mostly in the gaseous phase in air and the dissolved phase in seawater. For SCCPs, C10 and C11 components were the most abundant homologue groups. For MCCPs, the C14 homologue dominated in the particle phase of atmosphere and particulate phase of seawater. The logarithmic fugacity ratios (log fa/ fw) of higher chlorinated congeners (Cl8 to Cl10: 0.71 to 1.32 in May and 1.38 to 2.29 in August) indicated that net deposition was the predominant process, whereas lower chlorinated congeners, especially Cl5 homologue groups in August, showed a trend of net volitization (log fa/ fw < -0.5). The results of diffusion and dry deposition fluxes indicated that air-seawater gas exchange of CPs was significantly higher than dry deposition in the sampling areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas , National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan 430056 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas , National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Ziwei Yao
- State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas , National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
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19
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Hong B, Zhang L, Zheng J, Sullivan MB, You X, Kriegel R, Moffitt R. Fast estimation of sorption of organic compounds in polymeric packaging materials. Food Packag Shelf Life 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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20
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Harman C, Grung M, Djedjibegovic J, Marjanovic A, Fjeld E, Braaten HFV, Sober M, Larssen T, Ranneklev SB. The organic pollutant status of rivers in Bosnia and Herzegovina as determined by a combination of active and passive sampling methods. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:283. [PMID: 29656324 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6667-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
There is an overall lack of data concerning the pollution status of Bosnia Herzegovina, which is confounded by fragmented national environmental management. The present study aimed to provide some initial data for concentrations of priority substances in two major Bosnian Rivers, using two types of passive sampler (PS) as well as by using high volume water sampling (HVWS). Overall, concentrations of most persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and legacy pesticides, were shown to be low. However, around the town of Doboj on the Bosna River, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) breached European standards for several compounds and reached 67 ng L-1 for freely dissolved concentrations and 250 ng L-1 for total concentrations. In general, contamination was lower in the Neretva River compared to the Bosna, although for brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), results suggested an active source of PBDEs at one location based on the ratio of congeners 47 and 99. Direct comparisons between the different sampling techniques used are not straightforward, but similar patterns of PAH contamination were shown by HVWS and PS in the Bosna River. There are both scientific and practical considerations when choosing which type of sampling technique to apply, and this should be decided based on the goals of each individual study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Harman
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research (CIENS), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Merete Grung
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research (CIENS), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Eirik Fjeld
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research (CIENS), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Fredrik Veiteberg Braaten
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research (CIENS), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Miroslav Sober
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Thorjørn Larssen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research (CIENS), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Brit Ranneklev
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo Centre for Interdisciplinary Environmental and Social Research (CIENS), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Jooshani S, Asgarpour Khansary M, Marjani A, Shirazian S, Shang J. Contaminant uptake by polymeric passive samplers: A modeling study with experimental validation. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Terzopoulou E, Voutsa D. Study of persistent toxic pollutants in a river basin-ecotoxicological risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:625-638. [PMID: 28382548 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1795-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a complementary approach for the evaluation of water quality in a river basin by employing active and passive sampling. Persistent toxic pollutants representing three classes: organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were studied in grab water samples, in passive samplers/SemiPermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) and in fish tissues collected along the Strymonas River, northern Greece at three sampling campaigns during the year 2013. Almost all the target compounds were detected in the study river of Strymonas, northern Greece at the periods of high rainfall intensity and/or low flow-rate. The most frequently detected compounds were 1,2-benzanthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate, endrin aldehyde, fluorene, methoxychlor, polychlorinated biphenyl PCB 28, PCB 180 and pyrene. The family of DDT compounds and aldrin were also occasionally detected. Agricultural run-off and waste effluents are the main sources of hydrophobic organic compounds in the river basin. The use of SPMDs allowed the detection of more micropollutants than active sampling (31 vs. 16, respectively). Results showed relatively low risk however the potential risk associated with micropollutants such as 1,2-benzanthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, p,p-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), endosulfan II, methoxychlor, PCB 180 and pyrene should not be neglected. Performing risk assessment based on passive sampling, more information was obtained about temporal and spatial variation. SPMDs could be applied as a pre-evaluation before chemical monitoring in biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Terzopoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
- Veterinary Laboratory of Serres, Terma Omonoias, Serres, 62110, Greece
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
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23
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Lohmann R. Microplastics are not important for the cycling and bioaccumulation of organic pollutants in the oceans-but should microplastics be considered POPs themselves? INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2017; 13:460-465. [PMID: 28440937 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of microplastic particles in the cycling and bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is discussed. Five common concepts, sometimes misconceptions, about the role of microplastics are reviewed. While there is ample evidence that microplastics accumulate high concentrations of POPs, this does not result in microplastics being important for the global dispersion of POPs. Similarly, there is scant evidence that microplastics are an important transfer vector of POPs into animals, but possibly for plastic additives (flame retardants). Last, listing microplastics as POPs could help reduce their environmental impact. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:460-465. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
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Lohmann R, Muir D, Zeng EY, Bao LJ, Allan IJ, Arinaitwe K, Booij K, Helm P, Kaserzon S, Mueller JF, Shibata Y, Smedes F, Tsapakis M, Wong CS, You J. Aquatic Global Passive Sampling (AQUA-GAPS) Revisited: First Steps toward a Network of Networks for Monitoring Organic Contaminants in the Aquatic Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1060-1067. [PMID: 27983810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic contaminants, in particular persistent organic pollutants (POPs), adversely affect water quality and aquatic food webs across the globe. As of now, there is no globally consistent information available on concentrations of dissolved POPs in water bodies. The advance of passive sampling techniques has made it possible to establish a global monitoring program for these compounds in the waters of the world, which we call the Aquatic Global Passive Sampling (AQUA-GAPS) network. A recent expert meeting discussed the background, motivations, and strategic approaches of AQUA-GAPS, and its implementation as a network of networks for monitoring organic contaminants (e.g., POPs and others contaminants of concern). Initially, AQUA-GAPS will demonstrate its operating principle via two proof-of-concept studies focused on the detection of legacy and emerging POPs in freshwater and coastal marine sites using both polyethylene and silicone passive samplers. AQUA-GAPS is set up as a decentralized network, which is open to other participants from around the world to participate in deployments and to initiate new studies. In particular, participants are sought to initiate deployments and studies investigating the presence of legacy and emerging POPs in Africa, Central, and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, United States
| | - Derek Muir
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario Canada L7S 1A1
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ian J Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Gaustadalleen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kenneth Arinaitwe
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University , P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kees Booij
- PaSOC, Greate Pierwei 25, 8821 LV Kimswerd, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Helm
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, Ontario Canada M9P 3 V6
| | - Sarit Kaserzon
- The Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- The Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Yasuyuki Shibata
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies , 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University , Kamenice 5/573, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Manolis Tsapakis
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography , Gournes, Crete Greece
| | - Charles S Wong
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
- Richardson College for the Environment, University of Winnipeg , Winnipeg Manitoba R3B 2E9 Canada
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
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25
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Roggo C, van der Meer JR. Miniaturized and integrated whole cell living bacterial sensors in field applicable autonomous devices. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 45:24-33. [PMID: 28088093 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Live-cell based bioreporters are increasingly being deployed in microstructures, which facilitates their handling and permits the development of instruments that could perform autonomous environmental monitoring. Here we review recent developments of on-chip integration of live-cell bioreporters, the coupling of their reporter signal to the devices, their longer term preservation and multi-analyte capacity. We show examples of instruments that have attempted to fully integrate bioreporters as their sensing elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Roggo
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Asgarpour Khansary M, Shirazian S, Asadollahzadeh M. Polymer-water partition coefficients in polymeric passive samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:2627-2631. [PMID: 27830413 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Passive samplers are of the most applied methods and tools for measuring concentration of hydrophobic organic compounds in water (c 1W ) in which the polymer-water partition coefficients (D) are of fundamental importance for reliability of measurements. Due to the cost and time associated with the experimental researches, development of a predictive method for estimation and evaluation of performance of polymeric passive samplers for various hydrophobic organic compounds is highly needed and valuable. For this purpose, in this work, following the fundamental chemical thermodynamic equations governing the concerned local equilibrium, successful attempts were made to establish a theoretical model of polymer-water partition coefficients. Flory-Huggins model based on the Hansen solubility parameters was used for calculation of activity coefficients. The method was examined for reliability of calculations using collected data of three polymeric passive samplers and ten compounds. A regression model of form ln(D) = 0.707ln(c 1p ) - 2.7391 with an R 2 = 0.9744 was obtained to relate the polymer-water partition coefficients (D) and concentration of hydrophobic organic compounds in passive sampler (c 1p ). It was also found that polymer-water partition coefficients are related to the concentration of hydrophobic organic compounds in water (c 1W ) as ln(D) = 2.412ln(c 1p ) - 9.348. Based on the results, the tie lines of concentration for hydrophobic organic compounds in passive sampler (c 1p ) and concentration of hydrophobic organic compounds in water (c 1W ) are in the form of ln(c 1W ) = 0.293ln(c 1p ) + 2.734. The composition of water sample and the interaction parameters of dissolved compound-water and dissolved compound-polymer, temperature, etc. actively influence the values of partition coefficient. The discrepancy observed over experimental data can be simply justified based on the local condition of sampling sites which alter these effective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Shirazian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Mehdi Asadollahzadeh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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27
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Mai C, Theobald N, Hühnerfuss H, Lammel G. Persistent organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in air of the North Sea region and air-sea exchange. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:23648-23661. [PMID: 27617333 PMCID: PMC5110590 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were studied to determine occurrence, levels and spatial distribution in the marine atmosphere and surface seawater during cruises in the German Bight and the wider North Sea in spring and summer 2009-2010. In general, the concentrations found in air are similar to, or below, the levels at coastal or near-coastal sites in Europe. Hexachlorobenzene and α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) were close to phase equilibrium, whereas net atmospheric deposition was observed for γ-HCH. The results suggest that declining trends of HCH in seawater have been continuing for γ-HCH but have somewhat levelled off for α-HCH. Dieldrin displayed a close to phase equilibrium in nearly all the sampling sites, except in the central southwestern part of the North Sea. Here atmospheric deposition dominates the air-sea exchange. This region, close to the English coast, showed remarkably increased surface seawater concentrations. This observation depended neither on riverine input nor on the elevated abundances of dieldrin in the air masses of central England. A net depositional flux of p,p'-DDE into the North Sea was indicated by both its abundance in the marine atmosphere and the changes in metabolite pattern observed in the surface water from the coast towards the open sea. The long-term trends show that the atmospheric concentrations of DDT and its metabolites are not declining. Riverine input is a major source of PCBs in the German Bight and the wider North Sea. Atmospheric deposition of the lower molecular weight PCBs (PCB28 and PCB52) was indicated as a major source for surface seawater pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Mai
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 78, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Theobald
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 78, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heinrich Hühnerfuss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Estoppey N, Schopfer A, Fong C, Delémont O, De Alencastro LF, Esseiva P. An in-situ assessment of low-density polyethylene and silicone rubber passive samplers using methods with and without performance reference compounds in the context of investigation of polychlorinated biphenyl sources in rivers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:794-803. [PMID: 27528480 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study firstly aims to assess the field performances of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and silicone rubber (SR) samplers for the monitoring of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water regarding the uptake, the sampling rate (RS) estimated by using performance reference compounds (PRCs) and the time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations. The second aim is to evaluate the efficiency of these samplers to investigate PCB sources (localization and imputation steps) using methods with and without PRCs to correct for the impact of water velocity on the uptake. Samplers spiked with PRCs were deployed in the outfalls of two PCB sources and at 8 river sites situated upstream and downstream of the outfalls. After 6weeks, the uptake of PCBs in the linear phase was equivalent in LDPE and SR but 5 times lower in LDPE for PCBs approaching equilibrium. PRC-based RS and water velocity (0.08 to 1.21ms-1) were well correlated in river (LDPE: R2=0.91, SR: R2=0.96) but not in outfalls (higher turbulences and potential release of PRCs to air). TWA concentrations obtained with SR were slightly higher than those obtained with LDPE (factor 1.4 to 2.6 in river) likely because of uncertainty in sampler-water partition coefficient values. Concentrations obtained through filtration and extraction of water samples (203L) were 1.6 and 5.1 times higher than TWA concentrations obtained with SR and LDPE samplers, respectively. PCB sources could efficiently be localized when PRCs were used (increases of PCB loads in river) but the impact of high differences of water velocity was overcorrected (leading sometimes to false positives and negatives). Increases of PCB loads in the river could not be entirely imputed to the investigated sources (underestimation of PCBs contributing to the load increases). A method without PRCs (relationship between uptake and water velocity) appeared to be a good complementary method for LDPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Estoppey
- School of Criminal Sciences, University of Lausanne, Batochime building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Adrien Schopfer
- School of Criminal Sciences, University of Lausanne, Batochime building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Camille Fong
- Central Environmental Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Delémont
- School of Criminal Sciences, University of Lausanne, Batochime building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luiz F De Alencastro
- Central Environmental Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Esseiva
- School of Criminal Sciences, University of Lausanne, Batochime building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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McDonough CA, Helm PA, Muir D, Puggioni G, Lohmann R. Polycyclic Musks in the Air and Water of the Lower Great Lakes: Spatial Distribution and Volatilization from Surface Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11575-11583. [PMID: 27679873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic musks (PCMs) are synthetic fragrance compounds used in personal care products and household cleaners. Previous studies have indicated that PCMs are introduced to aquatic environments via wastewater and river discharge. Polyethylene passive samplers (PEs) were deployed in air and water during winter 2011 and summer 2012 to investigate the role of population centers as sources of these contaminants to the Great Lakes and determine whether the lakes were acting as sources of PCMs via volatilization. Average gaseous Σ5PCM ranged from below detection limits (<DL) to 3.2 ng/m3 on the western shoreline of Lake Erie in Toledo. Average dissolved Σ5PCM ranged from <DL to 2.6 ng/L on the southern shore of Lake Ontario near the mouth of the Oswego River. Significant correlations were observed between population density and Σ5PCM in both air and water, with strongest correlations within a 25 and 40 km radius, respectively. At sites where HHCB was detected it was generally volatilizing, while the direction of AHTN air-water exchange was variable. Volatilization fluxes of HHCB ranged from 11 ± 6 to 341 ± 127 ng/m2/day, while air-water exchange fluxes of AHTN ranged from -3 ± 2 to 28 ± 10 ng/m2/day. Extrapolation of average air-water exchange flux values over the surface area of the lakes' coastal boundary zone suggested volatilization may be responsible for the loss of 64-213 kg/year of dissolved Σ5PCM from the lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A McDonough
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
| | - Paul A Helm
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change , 125 Resources Road, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6 Canada
| | - Derek Muir
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment Canada , 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1 Canada
| | - Gavino Puggioni
- University of Rhode Island , 45 Upper College Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
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30
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Liu Y, Wang S, McDonough CA, Khairy M, Muir D, Lohmann R. Estimation of Uncertainty in Air-Water Exchange Flux and Gross Volatilization Loss of PCBs: A Case Study Based on Passive Sampling in the Lower Great Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10894-10902. [PMID: 27623269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Compared with dry and wet deposition fluxes, air-water exchange flux cannot be directly measured experimentally. Its model-based calculation contains considerable uncertainty because of the uncertainties in input parameters. To capture the inherent variability of air-water exchange flux of PCBs across the lower Great Lakes and to calculate their annual gross volatilization loss, 57 pairs of air and water samples from 19 sites across Lakes Erie and Ontario were collected using passive sampling technology during 2011-2012. Error propagation analysis and Monte Carlo simulation were applied to estimate uncertainty in the air-water exchange fluxes. Results from both methods were similar, but error propagation analysis estimated a smaller uncertainty than Monte Carlo simulation in cases of net deposition. Maximum likelihood estimations (MLE) of wind speed and air temperature were recommended to quantify the site-specific air-water exchange flux. An assumed 30-40% of relative uncertainty in overall air-water mass transfer velocity was confirmed. MLEs of volatilization fluxes of total PCBs across Lakes Erie and Ontario were 0.78 and 0.53 ng m-2 day-1, respectively, and gross volatilization losses of total PCBs over the whole lakes were 74 kg year-1 for Lake Erie and 63 kg year-1 for Lake Ontario. Mass balance analysis across Lake Ontario indicated that volatilization was the uppermost loss process of aqueous PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, China
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, United States
| | - Siyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Carrie A McDonough
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, United States
| | - Mohammed Khairy
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University , 21511 Moharam Bek, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Derek Muir
- Environment Canada, Atmosphere, Water, and Soil Contaminant Dynamics, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, United States
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van der Meer JR. Towards improved biomonitoring tools for an intensified sustainable multi-use environment. Microb Biotechnol 2016; 9:658-65. [PMID: 27468753 PMCID: PMC4993185 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of our environment for multiple contrasting activities (e.g. fisheries, tourism) will have to be accompanied by improved monitoring of environmental quality, to avoid transboundary conflicts and ensure long-term sustainable intensified usage. Biomonitoring approaches are appropriate for this, since they can integrate biological effects of environmental exposure rather than measure individual compound concentrations. Recent advances in biomonitoring concepts and tools focus on single-cell assays and purified biological components that can be miniaturized and integrated in automated systems. Despite these advances, we are still very far from being able to deploy bioassays routinely in environmental monitoring, mostly because of lack of experience in interpreting responses and insufficient robustness of the biosensors for their environmental application. Further future challenges include broadening the spectrum of detectable compounds by biosensors, accelerate response times and combining sample pretreatment strategies with bioassays.
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Sun C, Soltwedel T, Bauerfeind E, Adelman DA, Lohmann R. Depth Profiles of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the North and Tropical Atlantic Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6172-6179. [PMID: 27174500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Little is known of the distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the deep ocean. Polyethylene passive samplers were used to detect the vertical distribution of truly dissolved POPs at two sites in the Atlantic Ocean. Samplers were deployed at five depths covering 26-2535 m in the northern Atlantic and Tropical Atlantic, in approximately one year deployments. Samplers of different thickness were used to determine the state of equilibrium POPs reached in the passive samplers. Concentrations of POPs detected in the North Atlantic near the surface (e.g., sum of 14 polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs: 0.84 pg L(-1)) were similar to previous measurements. At both sites, PCB concentrations showed subsurface maxima (tropical Atlantic Ocean -800 m, North Atlantic -500 m). Currents seemed more important in moving POPs to deeper water masses than the biological pump. The ratio of PCB concentrations in near surface waters (excluding PCB-28) between the two sites was inversely correlated with congeners' subcooled liquid vapor pressure, in support of the latitudinal fractionation. The results presented here implied a significant amount of HCB is stored in the Atlantic Ocean (4.8-26% of the global HCB environmental burdens), contrasting traditional beliefs that POPs do not reach the deep ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoxin Sun
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , South Ferry Road, Narragansett, 02882 Rhode Island, United States
| | - Thomas Soltwedel
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung , Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Eduard Bauerfeind
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung , Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Dave A Adelman
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , South Ferry Road, Narragansett, 02882 Rhode Island, United States
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , South Ferry Road, Narragansett, 02882 Rhode Island, United States
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Yao Y, Meng XZ, Wu CC, Bao LJ, Wang F, Wu FC, Zeng EY. Tracking human footprints in Antarctica through passive sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in inland lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:412-419. [PMID: 26946176 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Freely dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were monitored in seven inland lakes of Antarctica by a polyethylene (PE)-based passive sampling technique, with the objective of tracking human footprints. The measured concentrations of PAHs were in the range of 14-360 ng L(-1) with the highest values concentrated around the Russian Progress II Station, indicating the significance of human activities to the loading of PAHs in Antarctica. The concentrations of PAHs in the inland lakes were in the upper part of the PAHs levels in aquatic environments from remote and background regions across the globe. The composition profiles of PAHs indicated that PAHs in the inland lakes were derived mainly from local oil spills, which was corroborated by a large number of fuel spillage reports from ship and plane crash incidents in Antarctica during recent years. Clearly, local human activities, rather than long-range transport, are the dominant sources of PAH contamination to the inland lakes. Finally, the present study demonstrates the efficacy of PE-based passive samplers for investigating PAHs in the aquatic environment of Antarctica under complex field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Feng-Chang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Allan IJ, Christensen G, Bæk K, Evenset A. Photodegradation of PAHs in passive water samplers. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 105:249-254. [PMID: 26876557 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Losses of deuterated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) used as performance reference compounds (PRCs) in semipermeable membrane devices deployed at fifteen coastal sampling sites near Harstad harbour in Northern Norway were used to investigate photodegradation of these photosensitive compounds. Unusual PRC dissipation profiles, especially for samplers exposed <5m below the water surface are indicative of photodegradation. A strong correlation between loss rates for d12-chrysene and d12-benzo[e]pyrene with consistently higher losses of the latter was found. The observed photodegradation rates may be sufficiently high to impact PAH masses absorbed by a factor of two. This study demonstrates that photodegradation during exposure of passive water samplers needs to be taken into account, particularly with deployments close to the water surface, when using SPMD canisters, or when sampling in the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Kine Bæk
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anita Evenset
- Akvaplan-NIVA, Fram Centre, P.O. Box 6606, Langnes, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
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35
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Meire RO, Khairy M, Targino AC, Galvão PMA, Torres JPM, Malm O, Lohmann R. Use of passive samplers to detect organochlorine pesticides in air and water at wetland mountain region sites (S-SE Brazil). CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:2175-82. [PMID: 26595311 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) passive samplers were deployed in upland surface waters and the overlying atmosphere during May and June 2012, to determine the transport and trends of freely dissolved and gaseous organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) along altitudinal gradients in mountain regions in south and southeast Brazil. Gaseous OCP concentrations were dominated by hexachlorobenzene (3.0-29 pg m(-3)) and endosulfans (Ʃ = α-endosulfan + β-endosulfan + endosulfan sulphate, 170-260 pg m(-3)), whereas freely dissolved endosulfans were significantly higher than all other OCPs (p < 0.001). The presence of some target pesticides at the highest elevation sites indicated their efficient high-altitude transport from regional sources. Air-water exchange gradients indicated net deposition of most volatile and recently banned OCPs (e.g., HCB, endosulfan) over Brazilian mountains. Moreover, the exposure of these sites to large-scale continental airflows with varying source contributions may partly explain the atmospheric deposition of selected OCPs over upland freshwaters at tropical and subtropical mountains sites in Brazil. These findings, coupled with LDPE passive air and water sampling measurements, point out the potential inputs from distant sources of semi-volatile chemicals to the two high-altitude sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ornellas Meire
- Biophysics Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, CCS, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Mohammed Khairy
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, South Ferry Rd., Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Programme in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. dos Pioneiros, 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Olaf Malm
- Biophysics Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, CCS, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, South Ferry Rd., Narragansett, RI, 02882, USA
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Mäenpää K, Leppänen MT, Figueiredo K, Mayer P, Gilbert D, Jahnke A, Gil-Allué C, Akkanen J, Nybom I, Herve S. Fate of polychlorinated biphenyls in a contaminated lake ecosystem: combining equilibrium passive sampling of sediment and water with total concentration measurements of biota. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:2463-2474. [PMID: 26053463 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium sampling devices can be applied to study and monitor the exposure and fate of hydrophobic organic chemicals on a thermodynamic basis. They can be used to determine freely dissolved concentrations and chemical activity ratios and to predict equilibrium partitioning concentrations of hydrophobic organic chemicals in biota lipids. The authors' aim was to assess the equilibrium status of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a contaminated lake ecosystem and along its discharge course using equilibrium sampling devices for measurements in sediment and water and by also analyzing biota. The authors used equilibrium sampling devices (silicone rubber and polyethylene [PE]) to determine freely dissolved concentrations and chemical activities of PCBs in the water column and sediment porewater and calculated for both phases the corresponding equilibrium concentrations and chemical activities in model lipids. Overall, the studied ecosystem appeared to be in disequilibrium for the studied phases: sediment, water, and biota. Chemical activities of PCBs were higher in sediment than in water, which implies that the sediment functioned as a partitioning source of PCBs and that net diffusion occurred from the sediment to the water column. Measured lipid-normalized PCB concentrations in biota were generally below equilibrium lipid concentrations relative to the sediment (CLip ⇌Sed ) or water (CLip ⇌W ), indicating that PCB levels in the organisms were below the maximum partitioning levels. The present study shows the application versatility of equilibrium sampling devices in the field and facilitates a thermodynamic understanding of exposure and fate of PCBs in a contaminated lake and its discharge course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmo Mäenpää
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Matti T Leppänen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
- Laboratory Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kaisa Figueiredo
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dorothea Gilbert
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carmen Gil-Allué
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Inna Nybom
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Sirpa Herve
- Laboratory Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Hong Y, Wetzel D, Pulster EL, Hull P, Reible D, Hwang HM, Ji P, Rifkin E, Bouwer E. Significant spatial variability of bioavailable PAHs in water column and sediment porewater in the Gulf of Mexico 1 year after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:646. [PMID: 26407860 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4867-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
One year after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill accident, semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and polyethylene devices (PEDs) were deployed in wetland areas and coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) to monitor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The measured PAH levels with the PEDs in coastal areas were 0.05-1.9 ng/L in water and 0.03-9.7 ng/L in sediment porewater. With the SPMDs, the measured PAH levels in wetlands (Barataria Bay) were 1.4-73 ng/L in water and 3.3-107 ng/L in porewater. The total PAH concentrations in the coastal areas were close to the reported baseline PAH concentrations in GOM; however, the total PAH concentrations in the wetland areas were one or two orders of magnitude higher than those reported in the coastal areas. In light of the significant spatial variability of PAHs in the Gulf's environments, baseline information on PAHs should be obtained in specific areas periodically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongseok Hong
- Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Ames Hall 313, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 712-714, Republic of Korea
- National Aquarium Conservation Center, Baltimore National Aquarium, 501 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Dana Wetzel
- Aquatic Toxicology Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL, 34236, USA
| | - Erin L Pulster
- Aquatic Toxicology Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL, 34236, USA
| | - Pete Hull
- Aquatic Toxicology Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL, 34236, USA
| | - Danny Reible
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Hyun-Min Hwang
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Texas Southern University, New Science Center 203A, 3100 Cleburne Street, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | - Pan Ji
- Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Ames Hall 313, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Erik Rifkin
- National Aquarium Conservation Center, Baltimore National Aquarium, 501 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Edward Bouwer
- Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Ames Hall 313, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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Burgess RM, Lohmann R, Schubauer-Berigan JP, Reitsma P, Perron MM, Lefkovitz L, Cantwell MG. Application of passive sampling for measuring dissolved concentrations of organic contaminants in the water column at three marine superfund sites. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:1720-33. [PMID: 26039657 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is an effort under way to encourage remedial project managers at contaminated sites to use passive sampling to collect freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree ) of hydrophobic organic contaminants to improve site assessments. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of passive sampling for measuring water column Cfree for several hydrophobic organic contaminants at 3 US Environmental Protection Agency Superfund sites. Sites investigated included New Bedford Harbor (New Bedford, MA, USA), Palos Verdes Shelf (Los Angeles, CA, USA), and Naval Station Newport (Newport, RI, USA); and the passive samplers evaluated were polyethylene, polydimethylsiloxane-coated solid-phase microextraction fibers, semipermeable membrane devices, and polyoxymethylene. In general, the different passive samplers demonstrated good agreement, with Cfree values varying by a factor of 2 to 3. Further, at New Bedford Harbor, where conventional water sample concentrations were also measured (i.e., grab samples), passive sampler-based Cfree values agreed within a factor of 2. These findings suggest that all of the samplers were experiencing and measuring similar Cfree during their respective deployments. Also, at New Bedford Harbor, a strong log-linear, correlative, and predictive relationship was found between polyethylene passive sampler accumulation and lipid-normalized blue mussel bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (r(2) = 0.92, p < 0.05). The present study demonstrates the utility of passive sampling for generating scientifically accurate water column Cfree values, which is critical for making informed environmental management decisions at contaminated sediment sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development/National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Joseph P Schubauer-Berigan
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development/National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Pamela Reitsma
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
- Narragansett Bay Commission, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Monique M Perron
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention/Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington DC, USA
| | - Lisa Lefkovitz
- Battelle, Duxbury Operations, Duxbury, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark G Cantwell
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development/National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
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Joyce AS, Pirogovsky MS, Adams RG, Lao W, Tsukada D, Cash CL, Haw JF, Maruya KA. Using performance reference compound-corrected polyethylene passive samplers and caged bivalves to measure hydrophobic contaminants of concern in urban coastal seawaters. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 127:10-17. [PMID: 25613644 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Low-density polyethylene (PE) passive samplers containing performance reference compounds (PRCs) were deployed at multiple depths in two urban coastal marine locations to estimate dissolved concentrations of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs), including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, and polybrominated flame retardants. PE samplers pre-loaded with PRCs were deployed at the surface, mid-column, and near bottom at sites representing the nearshore continental shelf off southern California (Santa Monica Bay, USA) and a mega commercial port (Los Angeles Harbor). After correcting for fractional equilibration using PRCs, concentrations ranged up to 100 pg L(-1) for PCBs and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 500 pg L(-1) for DDMU and 300 pg L(-1) for DDNU, and to 1000 pg L(-1) for p,p'-DDE. Seawater concentrations of DDTs and PCBs increased with depth, suggesting that bed sediments serve as the source of water column HOCs in Santa Monica Bay. In contrast, no discernable pattern between surface and near-bottom concentrations in Los Angeles Harbor was observed, which were also several-fold lower (DDTs: 45-300 pg L(-1), PCBs: 5-50 pg L(-1)) than those in Santa Monica Bay (DDTs: 2-1100 pg L(-1), PCBs: 2-250 pg L(-1)). Accumulation by mussels co-deployed with the PE samplers at select sites was strongly correlated with PE-estimated seawater concentrations, providing further evidence that these samplers are a viable alternative for monitoring of HOC exposure. Fractional equilibration observed with the PRCs increased with decreasing PRC molar volume indicating the importance of target compound physicochemical properties when estimating water column concentrations using passive samplers in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Joyce
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Rachel G Adams
- Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Wenjian Lao
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, United States
| | - David Tsukada
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, United States
| | - Curtis L Cash
- City of Los Angeles Environmental Monitoring Division, Playa del Rey, CA, United States
| | - James F Haw
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Keith A Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, United States
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Booij K, van Bommel R, van Aken HM, van Haren H, Brummer GJA, Ridderinkhof H. Passive sampling of nonpolar contaminants at three deep-ocean sites. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 195:101-108. [PMID: 25201227 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, hexachlorobenzene, and DDE were determined by passive sampling (semipermeable membrane devices) with exposure times of 1-1.5 years at 0.1-5 km depth in the Irminger Sea, the Canary Basin (both North Atlantic Ocean), and the Mozambique Channel (Indian Ocean). The dissipation of performance reference compounds revealed a pronounced effect of hydrostatic pressure on the sampler-water partition coefficients. Concentrations in the Irminger Sea were uniform over the entire water column (0.1-3 km). At the Canary Basin site, concentrations were 2-25 times lower near the bottom (5 km) than at 1.4 km. Concentrations in the Mozambique Channel (0.6-2.5 km) were lower than at the other two locations, and showed a near-bottom maximum. The data suggest that advection of surface waters down to a depth of about 1 km is an important mechanism of contaminant transport into the deep ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kees Booij
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Texel, The Netherlands.
| | - Ronald van Bommel
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik M van Aken
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Haren
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan A Brummer
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Ridderinkhof
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Texel, The Netherlands
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Estoppey N, Schopfer A, Omlin J, Esseiva P, Vermeirssen ELM, Delémont O, De Alencastro LF. Effect of water velocity on the uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by silicone rubber (SR) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) passive samplers: an assessment of the efficiency of performance reference compounds (PRCs) in river-like flow conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 499:319-26. [PMID: 25201819 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
One aim of this study is to determine the impact of water velocity on the uptake of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (iPCBs) by silicone rubber (SR) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) passive samplers. A second aim is to assess the efficiency of performance reference compounds (PRCs) to correct for the impact of water velocity. SR and LDPE samplers were spiked with 11 or 12 PRCs and exposed for 6 weeks to four different velocities (in the range of 1.6 to 37.7 cm s(-1)) in river-like flow conditions using a channel system supplied with river water. A relationship between velocity and the uptake was found for each iPCB and enables to determine expected changes in the uptake due to velocity variations. For both samplers, velocity increases from 2 to 10 cm s(-1), 30 cm s(-1) (interpolated data) and 100 cm s(-1) (extrapolated data) lead to increases of the uptake which do not exceed a factor of 2, 3 and 4.5, respectively. Results also showed that the influence of velocity decreased with increasing the octanol-water coefficient partition (log K(ow)) of iPCBs when SR is used whereas the opposite effect was observed for LDPE. Time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of iPCBs in water were calculated from iPCB uptake and PRC release. These calculations were performed using either a single PRC or all the PRCs. The efficiency of PRCs to correct the impact of velocity was assessed by comparing the TWA concentrations obtained at the four tested velocities. For SR, a good agreement was found among the four TWA concentrations with both methods (average RSD<10%). Also for LDPE, PRCs offered a good correction of the impact of water velocity (average RSD of about 10 to 20%). These results contribute to the process of acceptance of passive sampling in routine regulatory monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Estoppey
- School of Criminal Sciences, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Adrien Schopfer
- School of Criminal Sciences, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Omlin
- Central Environmental Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Esseiva
- School of Criminal Sciences, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Olivier Delémont
- School of Criminal Sciences, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luiz F De Alencastro
- Central Environmental Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Fernandez LA, Lao W, Maruya KA, Burgess RM. Calculating the diffusive flux of persistent organic pollutants between sediments and the water column on the Palos Verdes shelf superfund site using polymeric passive samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:3925-34. [PMID: 24564763 DOI: 10.1021/es404475c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Passive samplers were deployed to the seafloor at a marine Superfund site on the Palos Verdes Shelf, California, USA, and used to determine water concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the surface sediments and near-bottom water. A model of Fickian diffusion across a thin water boundary layer at the sediment-water interface was used to calculate flux of contaminants due to molecular diffusion. Concentrations at four stations were used to calculate the flux of DDE, DDD, DDMU, and selected PCB congeners from sediments to the water column. Three passive sampling materials were compared: PE strips, POM strips, and SPME fibers. Performance reference compounds (PRCs) were used with PE and POM to correct for incomplete equilibration, and the resulting POP concentrations, determined by each material, agreed within 1 order of magnitude. SPME fibers, without PRC corrections, produced values that were generally much lower (1 to 2 orders of magnitude) than those measured using PE and POM, indicating that SPME may not have been fully equilibrated with waters being sampled. In addition, diffusive fluxes measured using PE strips at stations outside of a pilot remedial sand cap area were similar to those measured at a station inside the capped area: 240 to 260 ng cm(-2) y(-1) for p,p'-DDE. The largest diffusive fluxes of POPs were calculated at station 8C, the site where the highest sediment concentrations have been measured in the past, 1100 ng cm(-2) y(-1) for p,p'-DDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta A Fernandez
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
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Parkerton TF, Maruya KA. Passive sampling in contaminated sediment assessment: building consensus to improve decision making. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2014; 10:163-6. [PMID: 24142815 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated sediments pose an ongoing, pervasive, global challenge to environmental managers, because sediments can reflect a legacy of pollution that can impair the beneficial uses of water bodies. A formidable challenge in assessing the risks of contaminated sediments has been the elucidation and measurement of contaminant bioavailability, expressed as the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree ) in interstitial water, which serves as a surrogate measure of the substances' chemical activity. Recent advances in passive sampling methods (PSMs) enable Cfree of sediment-associated contaminants to be quantified at trace levels, thereby overcoming current limitations of predictive models. As a result, PSMs afford the opportunity for a paradigm shift from traditional practice that can effectively reduce uncertainty in risk assessment and bolster confidence in the science used to support management of contaminated sediments. This paper provides a brief overview of the 5 subsequent papers in this series that review literature on PSM use in sediments for both organic and metal(loid) contaminants, outline the technical rationale for using PSMs as a preferred basis for risk assessment over conventional chemical analyses, describe practical considerations for and uncertainties associated with laboratory and field deployment of PSMs, discuss management application of PSMs, including illustrative case studies in which PSMs have been used in decision making, and highlight future research and communication needs.
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Chen Y, Geurts M, Sjollema SB, Kramer NI, Hermens JLM, Droge STJ. Acute toxicity of the cationic surfactant C12-benzalkonium in different bioassays: how test design affects bioavailability and effect concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:606-15. [PMID: 24273010 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Using an ion-exchange-based solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method, the freely dissolved concentrations of C12-benzalkonium were measured in different toxicity assays, including 1) immobilization of Daphnia magna in the presence or absence of dissolved humic acid; 2) mortality of Lumbriculus variegatus in the presence or absence of a suspension of Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) sediment; 3) photosystem II inhibition of green algae Chlorella vulgaris; and 4) viability of in vitro rainbow trout gill cell line (RTgill-W1) in the presence or absence of serum proteins. Furthermore, the loss from chemical adsorption to the different test vessels used in these tests was also determined. The C12-benzalkonium sorption isotherms to the different sorbent phases were established as well. Our results show that the freely dissolved concentration is a better indicator of the actual exposure concentration than the nominal or total concentration in most test assays. Daphnia was the most sensitive species to C12-benzalkonium. The acute Daphnia and Lumbriculus tests both showed no enhanced toxicity from possible ingestion of sorbed C12-benzalkonium in comparison with water-only exposure, which is in accordance with the equilibrium partitioning theory. Moreover, the present study demonstrates that commonly used sorbent phases can strongly affect bioavailability and observed effect concentrations for C12-benzalkonium. Even stronger effects of decreased actual exposure concentrations resulting from sorption to test vessels, cells, and sorbent phases can be expected for more hydrophobic cationic surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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Jacquet R, Miège C, Smedes F, Tixier C, Tronczynski J, Togola A, Berho C, Valor I, Llorca J, Barillon B, Marchand P, Coquery M. Comparison of five integrative samplers in laboratory for the monitoring of indicator and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in water. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 98:18-27. [PMID: 24200044 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating and comparing five integrative samplers for the monitoring of indicator and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water: semi-permeable membrane device (SPMD), silicone rubber, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) strip, Chemcatcher and a continuous-flow integrative sampler (CFIS). These samplers were spiked with performance reference compounds (PRCs) and then simultaneously exposed under constant agitation and temperature in a 200 L stainless steel tank for periods ranging from one day to three months. A constant PCB concentration of about 1 ng·L(-1) was achieved by immersing a large amount of silicone rubber sheets ("dosing sheets") spiked with the target PCBs. The uptake of PCBs in the five samplers showed overall good repeatability and their accumulation was linear with time. The samplers SPMD, silicone rubber and LDPE strip were the most promising in terms of achieving low limits of quantification. Time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of PCBs in water were estimated from uptake of PCBs using the sampling rates calculated from the release of PRCs. Except for Chemcatcher, a good agreement was found between the different samplers and TWA concentrations ranged between 0.4 and 2.8 times the nominal water concentration. Finally, the influence of calculation methods (sampler-water partition coefficients, selected PRCs, models) on final TWA concentrations was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Jacquet
- Irstea, U.R. MALY, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Cécile Miège
- Irstea, U.R. MALY, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Deltares, PO Box 85467, 3508 AL, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Masaryk University, RECETOX, Kamenice 126/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Céline Tixier
- Ifremer, RBE-BE-LBCO, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Jacek Tronczynski
- Ifremer, RBE-BE-LBCO, rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Anne Togola
- BRGM, Monitoring and Analysis Division, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orléans, France
| | - Catherine Berho
- BRGM, Monitoring and Analysis Division, 3 Avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orléans, France
| | - Ignacio Valor
- LABAQUA, c/Dracma 16-18, Poligono Industrial Las Atalayas, 03114 Alicante, Spain
| | - Julio Llorca
- LABAQUA, c/Dracma 16-18, Poligono Industrial Las Atalayas, 03114 Alicante, Spain
| | - Bruno Barillon
- Suez Environnement CIRSEE, 38 rue du Président Wilson, 78230 Le Peck, France
| | - P Marchand
- LUNAM University, ONIRIS, LABERCA, Atlanpôle -La Chantrerie, BP 50707, Nantes 44307, France
| | - Marina Coquery
- Irstea, U.R. MALY, 5 rue de la Doua, CS70077, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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47
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Anderson KA, Seck D, Hobbie KA, Traore AN, McCartney MA, Ndaye A, Forsberg ND, Haigh TA, Sower GJ. Passive sampling devices enable capacity building and characterization of bioavailable pesticide along the Niger, Senegal and Bani Rivers of Africa. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130110. [PMID: 24535398 PMCID: PMC3928895 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is difficult to assess pollution in remote areas of less-developed regions owing to the limited availability of energy, equipment, technology, trained personnel and other key resources. Passive sampling devices (PSDs) are technologically simple analytical tools that sequester and concentrate bioavailable organic contaminants from the environment. Scientists from Oregon State University and the Centre Régional de Recherches en Ecotoxicologie et de Sécurité Environnementale (CERES) in Senegal developed a partnership to build capacity at CERES and to develop a pesticide-monitoring project using PSDs. This engagement resulted in the development of a dynamic training process applicable to capacity-building programmes. The project culminated in a field and laboratory study where paired PSD samples were simultaneously analysed in African and US laboratories with quality control evaluation and traceability. The joint study included sampling from 63 sites across six western African countries, generating a 9000 data point pesticide database with virtual access to all study participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Anderson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology Department, Oregon State University, , ALS 1007, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Choi Y, Cho YM, Luthy RG. Polyethylene-water partitioning coefficients for parent- and alkylated-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:6943-50. [PMID: 23488618 DOI: 10.1021/es304566v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report polyethylene (PE)-water partitioning coefficients (K(PE)) for 17 parent-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 22 alkylated-PAHs, 3 perdeuterated parent-PAHs, and 100 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners or coeluting congener groups. The K(PE) values for compounds in the same homologue group are within 0.2 log units for alkylated-PAHs but span up to an order of magnitude for PCBs, due to the greater contribution of the position of the substituents (i.e., chlorines for PCBs and alkyl groups for alkylated-PAHs) to the molecular structure. The K(PE) values in deionized water for parent- and alkylated-PAHs show a good correlation with a regression model employing the number of aromatic carbons (C(AR)) and aliphatic carbons (C(AL)) in each compound: log K(PE) = -0.241 + 0.313 C(AR) + 0.461 C(AL). The regression model is useful for the assessment of freely dissolved aqueous concentrations of alkylated-PAHs, which comprise a significant fraction of the total in petroleum-derived PAHs and in some pyrogenic PAH mixtures. For PCBs, experimentally determined octanol-water partitioning coefficients are the best predictor of the K(PE) values among the molecular parameters studied. The effect of salinity up to 20 or 30 parts per thousand is found to be relatively insignificant on K(PE) values for PAHs or PCBs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongju Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4020, United States
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50
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Schwientek M, Rügner H, Beckingham B, Kuch B, Grathwohl P. Integrated monitoring of particle associated transport of PAHs in contrasting catchments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 172:155-162. [PMID: 23063990 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Water quality of rivers depends often on the degree of urbanization and the population density in the catchment. This study shows results of a monitoring campaign of total concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and suspended particles in water samples in adjacent catchments in Southern Germany with similar geology and climate but different degrees of urbanization. Defined linear relationships between total concentrations of PAHs in water and the amount of suspended solids were obtained indicating predominance of particle-facilitated transport. The slopes of these regressions correspond to the average contamination of suspended particles (C(sus)) and thus comprise a very robust measure of sediment pollution in a river. For the first time, we can show that C(sus) is distinct in the different catchments and correlates to the degree of urbanization represented by the number of inhabitants per total flux of suspended particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schwientek
- Water & Earth System Science Competence Cluster, Keplerstr. 17, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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