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Ntantu Nkinsa P, Fisher M, Muckle G, Guay M, Arbuckle TE, Fraser WD, Boylan K, Booij L, Walker M, Bouchard MF. Childhood exposure to pyrethroids and neurodevelopment in Canadian preschoolers. Neurotoxicology 2023; 99:120-128. [PMID: 37802189 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrethroid insecticides are used both residentially and agriculturally and their toxicity targets the nervous system of insects. They might also interfere with development and function of the human brain. A few epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to pyrethroids may be associated with neurobehavioral problems in children but there is little data on potential associations with cognitive outcomes. Furthermore, many studies showed that the neurotoxic effects of several pesticides are modified by sex, hence, considerations of potential sex-differences are important to investigate. OBJECTIVE To study the cross-sectional association between urinary levels of pyrethroid metabolites and neurodevelopment, including neurobehavioral and cognitive outcomes, in preschool-age children, and to examine whether sex might modify these associations. METHODS We used data from a follow-up examination of the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC), the MIREC Child Development study (MIREC-CD Plus) on children at age 3-4 years living in 6 Canadian cities. For each participant, we collected a urine sample for measurements of pyrethroids metabolites (cis-DBCA, cis-DCCA, trans-DCCA, 3-PBA, 4-F-3-PBA). We assessed neurodevelopment with the Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence-III (WPPSI-III) and two scales of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool (BRIEF-P). Parents reported children's behavior using the Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 (BASC-2) and the Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2). We examined associations between children's urinary pyrethroid metabolite concentrations and neurodevelopmental scores with multiple linear regression models, adjusting for confounders, in boys and girls separately. RESULTS The study included 179 children (mean age: 3.2 y, range 2.8-4.0). The detection frequencies were high for most pyrethroid metabolites (83-100%), but lower for 4-F-3-PBA (36%). Higher concentrations of cis-DBCA were significantly associated with lower verbal, performance and full-scale IQ scores in boys (e.g., for a 2-fold increase in cis-DBCA, β = -2.0; 95% CI: -3.4, -0.6 for full-scale IQ). In girls, the only metabolite associated with cognitive scores was 3-PBA, which was associated with lower verbal IQ scores (β = -1.3, 95% CI: -2.6, -0.1). For neurobehavioral outcomes in boys, there were associations between poorer BASC-2 Adaptive Skills scores with higher concentrations of cis-DCCA (β = -1.6, 95% CI: -2.3, -0.9), trans-DCCA (β = -1.5, 95% CI: -2.2, -0.8), 3-PBA (β = -1.7, 95% CI: -2.5, -0.9), and sum of pyrethroid metabolites (β = -1.8, 95% CI: -2.6, -0.9). In girls, we observed a significant association between higher concentration of cis-DCCA and better BASC-2 Adaptive Skills score (β = 1.0; 95% CI, 0.2, 1.8), but not with other urinary pyrethroids metabolites. Scores on the SRS-2 and BRIEF-P were not associated with pyrethroid metabolites. CONCLUSION There were associations between some pyrethroid pesticide metabolites and indicators of neurodevelopmental disorder, especially among boys. These associations are in agreement with previous studies and could suggest that exposure to pyrethroid pesticides represents a risk of potential toxicity for the cognitive development of children, and a risk for behavioral development. However, the cross-sectional nature of this study limits causal inferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ntantu Nkinsa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Mandy Fisher
- Population Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Gina Muckle
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec; École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
| | - Mireille Guay
- Population Studies Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Tye E Arbuckle
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - William D Fraser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Khrista Boylan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Linda Booij
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University & Douglas Mental Health University Institute; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Mark Walker
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Newborn Care, Div Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Maryse F Bouchard
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS) - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Québec, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
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Reed JE, Burns CJ, Pisa F. Literature landscape of neurodevelopment and pesticides: A scoping review of methodologies. GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 6:100121. [PMID: 37781166 PMCID: PMC10539886 DOI: 10.1016/j.gloepi.2023.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are highly tested and regulated chemicals. There is currently great interest in the role that pesticides may play in childhood neurodevelopment. The objective was to identify and describe the body of evidence and to assess the ability to synthesize effect estimates. The epidemiologic literature from 2011 to 2022 was searched for publications on the association between pesticide exposure and neurodevelopment, behavior, and/or cognition in children. We identified 114 publications, representing 67 unique studies. While organochlorine and other insecticides were the most common classes of pesticides studied, up to 159 different metabolites or active ingredients were reported. Nine pesticides or their metabolites were reported in >10 publications. Similarly, multiple assessment methods were administered across studies to evaluate outcomes in neurodevelopment at ages which ranged from birth to 18 years of age. This scoping review reveals the heterogeneity among published studies with respect to exposures and health outcomes, in the methods used to assess and classify them, and in combinations of the two. This limits the adequacy of the evidence to evaluate specific risk estimates for a particular exposure-outcome pair. Intentional coordination among researchers to increase consistency in methodologies would facilitate the synthesis of results across studies. Research opportunities also exist to validate assumptions in exposure and outcome assessment which are implicit in many of the studies reviewed. In conclusion, there are many ongoing epidemiologic studies with a focus on pesticides and neurodevelopment. The variety of exposures, exposure assessment methods and tests for each outcome can be overwhelming. Interdisciplinary collaboration is recommended to harmonize data collection and to enable meaningful interpretation of the study results across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol J. Burns
- Burns Epidemiology Consulting, LLC, Thompsonville, MI, USA
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Kuiper G, Young BN, WeMott S, Erlandson G, Martinez N, Mendoza J, Dooley G, Quinn C, Benka-Coker W, Magzamen S. Factors affecting urinary organophosphate pesticide metabolite levels among Californian agricultural community members. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163362. [PMID: 37059148 PMCID: PMC10247412 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are widely used in California for agricultural pest and weed control despite their well-documented adverse health effects among infants, children, and adults. We sought to identify factors affecting urinary OP metabolites among families living in high-exposure communities. Our study included 80 children and adults who lived within 61 m (200 ft) of agricultural fields in the Central Valley of California in January and June 2019, which are pesticide non-spraying and spraying seasons, respectively. We collected one urine sample per participant during each visit to measure dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites; these were coupled with in-person surveys to identify health, household, sociodemographic, pesticide exposure, and occupational risk factors. We used a data-driven, best subsets regression approach to identify key factors that influenced urinary DAPs. Participants were mostly Hispanic/Latino(a) (97.5 %), over half were female (57.5 %), and most households reported having a member who worked in agriculture (70.6 %). Among the 149 urine samples suitable for analysis, DAP metabolites were detected in 48.0 % and 40.5 % of samples during January and June, respectively. Total diethyl alkylphosphates (EDE) were only detected in 4.7 % (n = 7) of samples, but total dimethyl alkylphosphates (EDM) were detected in 41.6 % (n = 62) of samples. No differences were observed in urinary DAP levels by visit month or by occupational exposure to pesticides. Best subsets regression identified several individual- and household-level variables that influenced both urinary EDM and total DAPs: the number of years spent living at the current address, household use of chemical products to control mice/rodents, and seasonal employment status. Among adults only, we identified educational attainment (for total DAPs) and age category (for EDM) as significant factors. Our study found consistent urinary DAP metabolites among participants, regardless of spraying season, and identified potential mitigating factors that members of vulnerable populations can implement to protect their health against OP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kuiper
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Bonnie N Young
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Sherry WeMott
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Grant Erlandson
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Nayamin Martinez
- Central California Environmental Justice Network, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Jesus Mendoza
- Central California Environmental Justice Network, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Gregory Dooley
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Casey Quinn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Wande Benka-Coker
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA; Department of Environmental Studies, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA, USA
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Cui J, Wei Y, Jiang J, Xiao S, Liu X, Zhou Z, Liu D, Wang P. Bioaccumulation, metabolism and toxicological effects of chiral insecticide malathion and its metabolites in zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 318:137898. [PMID: 36702415 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation, metabolism, tissue-specific distribution and toxicity of the widely used organophosphorous pesticide malathion to zebrafish were investigated on an enantiomeric level for evaluating the environmental risks. The metabolites were also monitored and evaluated. Malathion was metabolized by zebrafish very fast with the half-life of 0.12 d and showed a middle accumulation capacity in zebrafish with bioaccumulation factor (BCF) of 12.9 after a 15-d exposure. Brain could enrich higher concentration of malathion than other tissues. The metabolites malaoxon, malathion/malaoxon monocarboxylic acid (DMA), malathion/malaoxon dicarboxylic acid (DCA), dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) and dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP) were found, in which DMTP and DCA were in higher level, indicating the metabolism was mainly induced by carboxylesterase degradation. The accumulation of malathion and malaoxon was stereoselective in zebrafish tissues, exhibiting S-enantiomer preferentially enriched. The acute toxicity test showed rac-malathion was low toxic to zebrafish, which was 1.2 and 1.6 folds more toxic than S-malathion and R-malathion respectively. Malaoxon was highly toxic to zebrafish and approximately 32 times more toxic than malathion. The toxicity of other metabolites was lower than malathion. Malathion could cause an apparent developmental toxicity to zebrafish embryo, including bradycardia, hatchability reduction and deformity, and abnormal movement patterns in zebrafish larva. Chronic toxicity indicated that malathion and malaoxon induced oxidative damage and neurotoxicity in the liver, brain and gill of zebrafish, and malaoxon exhibited a relatively high injury to the zebrafish brain. The results can provide information for the comprehensive assessment of the potential risk of malathion to aquatic organisms and highlight the necessity of consideration of stereoselectivity and metabolites when systemically evaluating pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingna Cui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yimu Wei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jiangong Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Shouchun Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xueke Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Donghui Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Peng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, No.2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Antonangeli LM, Kenzhebekova S, Colosio C. Neurobehavioral Effects of Low-Dose Chronic Exposure to Insecticides: A Review. TOXICS 2023; 11:192. [PMID: 36851066 PMCID: PMC9963921 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The modes of action of insecticides frequently involve a neurotoxic effect; therefore, the study of neurotoxic effects caused by long-term and low-dose insecticide exposure is of particular interest. This study looks at whether or not new studies conducted after 2009 and up to 2021 have provided new evidence for a better understanding of the actual neurobehavioral risk associated with long-term insecticide exposure. We selected and reviewed studies carried out on the neurobehavioral effects of neurotoxic insecticides (organophosphates and/or carbamates, pyrethroids, multiple or undefined insecticides, and organochlorines) considering occupational and non-occupational exposures. The articles were also scored and ranked based on seven parameters. Eighty-six studies were chosen for a final review process from among the 950 scientific papers identified. Twenty-six addressed occupational exposure and six environmental exposure. Among the latter group of studies, 17 focused on rural residents, to be assumed exposed because of living in rural areas, and 43 on the general population. Pending doubts have not been resolved in the last ten years due to the presence of contradictory and hardly comparable results and the fact that in most of the studies showing an evident neurobehavioral impairment the frequent presence of a previous episode of poisoning and hospitalization, with severe brain hypoxia, impaired the possibility of confirming the presence of a causal association with insecticide exposure. Interestingly, the most severely exposed groups, such as applicators who did not wear personal protective equipment, performed worse on neurobehavioral tests. As for residential exposure, there is sufficient evidence to suggest that prenatal OP exposure may increase the risk of ADHD in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saniya Kenzhebekova
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, International Centre for Rural Health of the Santi Paolo e Carlo ASST of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Colosio
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, International Centre for Rural Health of the Santi Paolo e Carlo ASST of Milan, 20142 Milano, Italy
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Yang F, Li Y, Xie Y, Yao W, Ren F. Diethyl phosphate disrupts hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis endocrine hormones via nuclear receptors GR and Nur77: Integration of evidences from in vivo, in vitro and in silico approaches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:157015. [PMID: 35777568 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plenty of population epidemiology and cohort studies have found dialkyl phosphates (DAPs) in the urine were related to endocrine hormone disorders. However, we did not know whether these effects were caused by parent organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) or metabolite DAPs, especially the non-specific metabolite diethyl phosphate (DEP), which was the metabolic end product of most widely used diethyl OPs. In this study, animal experiments (in vivo), cell experiments (in vitro), small molecule-protein binding interaction experiments and computer molecular simulations (in silico) were used to explore the disturbing effects and molecular mechanisms of DEP on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis endocrine hormones. The animal experiments showed that chronic DEP exposure significantly disturbed the serum contents of HPA axis hormones in adult male rats. The target genes of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in rat liver, including 11β-hsd1 and Pepck1 and PEPCK protein expressions, were down-regulated. Moreover, the gluconeogenic abilities of rats were impaired. However, it did not affect the expression of GR in the rat hypothalamus. These results indicated that the physiological functions of glucocorticoids and GR were damaged. Furthermore, spectroscopy experiments, cell experiments, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations also suggested that DEP can bind to nuclear receptors GR and Nur77, affecting their transcription factor functions, and the transcriptional expression levels of their downstream target genes were reduced. The biosynthesis and secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone and glucocorticoids were blocked. Therefore, DEP can inhibit the production and physiological functions of HPA axis endocrine hormones by disrupting these related proteins and antagonizing nuclear receptors. These results were considered to provide a theoretical basis for strictly controlling the residue limits of OPs and their metabolites in foods, agricultural products and the environment. They also revealed new targets for evaluating the toxicities and risks of pesticide metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangwei Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, and Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Binhu District, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, and Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Binhu District, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Binhu District, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Government, and Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
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Guo X, Wang H, Song Q, Li N, Liang Q, Su W, Liang M, Ding X, Sun C, Lowe S, Sun Y. Association between exposure to organophosphorus pesticides and the risk of diabetes among US Adults: Cross-sectional findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134471. [PMID: 35367493 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) are commonly used pesticides across the world, however there is little epidemiological evidence linking their exposure to diabetes. Hence, this study aimed at investigating the effect of OPP exposure on the prevalence of diabetes in American adults. METHODS Adults (≥20 years old) were eligible for this study from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Multivariate logistic regression model was employed to explore the associations of six main urinary OPPs metabolites with diabetes. Subgroup analyses were performed by age and gender. Combined effect of OPPs metabolites on the overall association with diabetes was evaluated by weighted quantile sum regression (WQS). Furthermore, Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model was implemented to explore joint effect of multiple OPPs metabolites on diabetes. RESULTS Ultimately, 6,593 adults were included in our analysis. Of them, 1,044 participants were determined as diabetes patients. The results of logistic regression shown that urinary OPPs metabolites concentrations, whether taken as continuous variables or quantiles, were in positive correlation with diabetes. Notably, the p for trend of diethylphosphate (DEP), a kind of OPPs metabolites, was less than 0.05 indicated that a linear trend may exist between levels of DEP and prevalence of diabetes among adults while this trend was not obversed in other OPPs metabolites. In the WQS model, combined exposure of OPPs metabolites had a significantly positive association with diabetes (OR: 1.057; 95% CI: 1.002, 1.114) and diethylphosphate (36.84%) made the largest contributor to the WQS index. The result of BKMR also suggested a positive trend of association between mixed OPPs metabolites and diabetes. CONCLUSION Our results add credibility to the argument that OPP exposure might trigger diabetes. Certainly, prospective data are required to corroborate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianwei Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Qiuxia Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Qiwei Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Wanying Su
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Mingming Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xiuxiu Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Chenyu Sun
- Internal Medicine, AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, 2900 N. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60657, USA
| | - Scott Lowe
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO, 64106, USA
| | - Yehuan Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, PR China; Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 238000, Anhui, PR China.
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Xu H, Bo Y. Associations between pyrethroid exposure and serum sex steroid hormones in adults: Findings from a nationally representative sample. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134591. [PMID: 35427660 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrethroids have been considered as potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals and have been shown to be associated with endocrine-related health outcomes. However, limited studies directly explored the link between pyrethroid exposure and sex hormones in the general population. OBJECTIVES To explore the associations between exposure to pyrethroids and serum sex steroid hormones in adults. METHODS We evaluated the cross-sectional associations in 1235 adults aged ≥20 years who had been assigned to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014. The urinary concentration of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) was applied as a biomarker of human pyrethroid exposure levels. Information on sex steroid hormones, including total testosterone (TT), estradiol (E2), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in serum were measured. Free androgen index (FAI) and the ratio of TT to E2 (TT/E2) were also calculated. The percent changes with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for a doubling of 3-PBA concentrations in the serum sex hormone levels were estimated using generalized linear regression models. RESULTS The overall median concentrations of creatinine-adjusted 3-PBA were 0.58 μg/g creatinine, and 90.0% of adults had a detectable level of 3-PBA. In females, every two-fold increase in 3-PBA was associated with 4.34% (95% CI: 1.58%, 7.18%) higher levels of TT and 4.05% (95% CI: 7.03%, 1.16%) higher levels of SHBG, respectively. In males, a doubling in 3-PBA was associated with 3.02% (95% CI: 1.21%, 4.86%) increase in SHBG but 1.85% (-3.59%, -0.07%) decrease in FAI, respectively. In addition, significant non-linear associations of 3-PBA with SHBG in both males and females and TT in females were observed. CONCLUSIONS Environmental pyrethroid exposure was associated with altered sex hormones in adults. This study provides important epidemiological evidence for the association of pyrethroids with endocrine disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Xu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310013, China.
| | - Yacong Bo
- School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
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Rousis NI, Gracia-Lor E, Hernández F, Poretti F, Santos MM, Zuccato E, Castiglioni S. Wastewater-based epidemiology as a novel tool to evaluate human exposure to pesticides: Triazines and organophosphates as case studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148618. [PMID: 34182454 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Production and application of pesticides have risen remarkably in the last few decades. Even if they provide many benefits, they can be hazardous for humans and ecosystems when they are not used cautiously. Human exposure to pesticides is well documented, but new approaches are needed to boost the available information. This work proposes a new application of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) to assess the exposure of the general population to organophosphate and triazine pesticides (pyrethroid pesticides have already been validated). Several human urinary metabolites tested as WBE biomarkers, were suitable. Untreated wastewater samples from different European countries were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomarker concentrations were converted to mass loads and used to back-calculate the local population's exposure to the parent pesticides, using specific correction factors developed in this study. Exposure to organophosphates and pyrethroids showed spatial and seasonal variations. Finally, pesticide exposure was estimated in twenty cities of ten European countries and compared with the acceptable daily intake, concluding that some populations might face health risks. The study confirms WBE as a suitable approach for assessing the average community exposure to pesticides and is a valuable complementary biomonitoring tool. WBE can provide valuable data for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos I Rousis
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy.
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Francesco Poretti
- Consorzio Depurazione Acque Lugano e Dintorni, Via Molinazzo 1, 6934 Bioggio, Switzerland
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - LA, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Group of Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants, FCUP, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
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10
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Zhao T, Hu K, Li J, Zhu Y, Liu A, Yao K, Liu S. Current insights into the microbial degradation for pyrethroids: strain safety, biochemical pathway, and genetic engineering. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 279:130542. [PMID: 33866100 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a biologically inspired insecticide, pyrethroids (PYRs) exert evident toxic side effects on non-target organisms. PYRs and their general toxic intermediate 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) have shown high detection rates/levels in human beings recently, for which diet was identified as the major exposure route. Microbial mineralization has emerged as a versatile strategy in addressing such escalating concern. Herein, PYRs and 3-PBA biodegradation with regards to strain safety, application and surfactant were summarized. Numerous PYRs-degrading microbes have been reported yet with a minority focused on 3-PBA. Most isolates were from contaminated sites while several microbial food cultures (MFCs) have been investigated. MFCs such as Bacillus spp. and Aspergillus spp. that dominate in PYRs-degrading microbial pools are applicable candidates for agricultural by-products detoxification during the postharvest process. Subsequently, we discussed committed degradation steps, wherein hydrolase responsible for PYRs ester linkage cleavage and oxygenase for 3-PBA diphenyl ether bond rupture play vital roles. Finally, comprehensive information of the key enzyme genes is outlined along with methodologies concerning gene cloning. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP) is competent for diphenyl ether scission. Newly-developed omics has become a feasible gene and enzyme mining technology. To achieve PYRs mineralization in feed and food commodities, the screening of MFCs rich in related enzymes and the construction of MFCs-derived genetically modified microbes (GMMs) exhibit great potential considering the safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianye Zhao
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Kaidi Hu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Jianlong Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Yuanting Zhu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Aiping Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Kai Yao
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
| | - Shuliang Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
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11
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Herrera-Moreno JF, Medina-Díaz IM, Bernal-Hernández YY, Barrón-Vivanco BS, González-Arias CA, Moreno-Godínez ME, Verdín-Betancourt FA, Sierra-Santoyo A, Rojas-García AE. Organophosphorus pesticide exposure biomarkers in a Mexican population. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:50825-50834. [PMID: 33970420 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The organophosphate (OP) pesticides are neurotoxic compounds widely used around the world. Evaluation of OP exposure in human studies is important for enabling adequate data analyses and drawing accurate conclusions. The aim of this study was to analyze OP exposure biomarkers and their relationships in a Mexican population with different exposure levels. Dialkylphosphates (DAP) were determined through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MSD); acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), arylesterase (AREase), basal paraoxonase 1 (PONase), and β-glucuronidase activities were detected using spectrophotometric methods. The albumin content was determined in a certified clinical laboratory. The DMTP metabolite was found in the highest concentration, and a negative and significant correlation between DAP and cholinesterase activity was observed. Our results suggested that BuChE is a considerably more sensitive biomarker than AChE. In addition, β-glucuronidase was positively correlated with albumin, BuChE, and PONase. In conclusion, our data strongly support the use of two or more biomarkers of exposure in human monitoring and the application of a strong and validated questionnaire.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Francisco Herrera-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Irma Martha Medina-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Yael Yvette Bernal-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Briscia Socorro Barrón-Vivanco
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Cyndia Azucena González-Arias
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Ma Elena Moreno-Godínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología y Salud Ambiental. Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Francisco Alberto Verdín-Betancourt
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Sierra-Santoyo
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
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12
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Zhang C, Wu X, Li D, Hu J, Wan D, Zhang Z, Hammock BD. Development of nanobody-based flow-through dot ELISA and lateral-flow immunoassay for rapid detection of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1757-1765. [PMID: 33861243 PMCID: PMC8442667 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a major metabolite of pyrethroid pesticides, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) can be an indicator of health risk and human exposure assessment. Based on nanobodies (Nbs), we have developed a rapid flow-through dot enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (dot ELISA) and gold nanoparticle (GNP) lateral-flow immunoassay for detecting 3-PBA. The limit of detection (LOD) values for detecting 3-PBA by flow-through dot ELISA and GNP lateral-flow immunoassay were 0.01 ng mL-1 and 0.1 ng mL-1, respectively. The samples (urine and lake water) with and without 3-PBA were detected by both nanobody-based flow-through dot ELISA and GNP lateral-flow immunoassay, as well as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for validation. There was good consistency between the results of the immunoassays. This demonstrated that the two developed nanobody-based immunoassays are suitable for rapid detection of 3-PBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhang
- School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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13
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Lehmler HJ, Simonsen D, Liu B, Bao W. Environmental exposure to pyrethroid pesticides in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults and children: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2012. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115489. [PMID: 33254662 PMCID: PMC7708675 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are an important class of insecticides, and thousands of tons of these compounds are used in the United States every year. This study characterized exposures to pyrethroids and assessed demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors that modulate pyrethroid exposure using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2012, a nationally representative survey of the non-institutionalized population of the United States. Urinary levels of commonly used biomarkers of pyrethroid exposure, including 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (F-PBA), and cis-dibromovinyl-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (DBCA), were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The detection rate of 3-PBA, a nonspecific metabolite of several pyrethroids, was 78.1% in adults (N = 5233) and 79.3% in children (N = 2295). The detection rates of all other pyrethroid metabolites were <10%. The median urinary level of 3-PBA in adults was 0.47 μg/L (interquartile range, 0.14-1.22 μg/L). For children, the median urinary level was 0.49 μg/L (interquartile range, 0.17-1.29 μg/L). Age, gender, family income-to-poverty ratio (PIR), levels of physical activity, alcohol intake, and body mass index were associated with 3-PBA levels in adults. In children, age, gender, race/ethnicity, and PIR were associated with 3-PBA levels. 3-PBA levels also differed significantly across NHANES cycles, with higher levels observed in NHANES 2011-2012. Geometric mean 3-PBA levels in U.S. adults were 0.41 μg/L in NHANES 2007-2008, 0.41 μg/L in NHANES 2009-2010, and 0.66 μg/L in NHANES 2011-2012. In U.S. children, geometric mean 3-PBA levels were 0.40 μg/L in NHANES 2007-2008, 0.46 μg/L in NHANES 2009-2010, and 0.70 μg/L in NHANES 2011-2012. These results demonstrate that pyrethroid exposures remain a current environmental health concern and lay the foundation for further preclinical and epidemiological studies assessing human health risks associated with pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
| | - Derek Simonsen
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Buyun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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14
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Etzel TM, Engel SM, Quirós-Alcalá L, Chen J, Barr DB, Wolff MS, Buckley JP. Prenatal maternal organophosphorus pesticide exposures, paraoxonase 1, and childhood adiposity in the Mount Sinai Children's Environmental Health Study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105858. [PMID: 32599353 PMCID: PMC7340581 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies suggest that organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) may be environmental obesogens. While prenatal OP exposures have been associated with altered infant glucose metabolism, associations with pediatric adiposity remain unknown. METHODS We summed concentrations of three dimethylphosphate (∑DMP) and three diethylphosphate (∑DEP) metabolites of OPs measured in third trimester spot urine samples collected from pregnant women enrolled in New York City, 1998-2002. We measured percent fat mass using bio-electrical impedance analysis and calculated age- and sex-standardized body mass index (BMI) z-scores from anthropometric measurements collected at approximately 4, 6, and 7-9 years of age (166 children, 333 observations). We assessed covariate-adjusted associations of OPs with repeated adiposity measures using linear mixed models and evaluated effect measure modification (EMM) by sex and paroxonase (PON) 1 -108C/T and Q192R polymorphisms measured in maternal peripheral blood samples. RESULTS The geometric mean urinary concentration of ∑DMP metabolites (29.9 nmol/L, IQR: 105.2 nmol/L) was higher than ∑DEP metabolites (8.8 nmol/L, IQR: 31.2 nmol/L). Adjusted associations were null, with differences in fat mass per 10-fold increase in prenatal ∑DMP and ∑DEP concentrations of 0.7% (95% CI: -0.6, 2.0) and 0.8% (95% CI: -0.4, 2.0), respectively. Maternal PON1-108C/T polymorphisms modified relationships of prenatal ∑DMP with percent fat mass (EMM p-value = 0.18) and ∑DEP with BMI z-scores (EMM p-value = 0.12). For example, ∑DMP was modestly associated with increased percent fat mass among children of mothers with the at-risk CT or TT genotype (β = 1.2%, 95% CI: -0.6, 3.0) but not among those whose mothers had the CC genotype (β = -0.4%, 95% CI: -2.4, 1.5). Associations were not modified by sex or maternal PON1 Q192R polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS We observed little evidence of a relationship between prenatal OP exposures and child adiposity, although there was some suggestion of increased risk among offspring of mothers who were slow OP metabolizers. Larger studies are warranted to further evaluate possible associations of prenatal OP exposures with child adiposity and differences by maternal PON1 genotype, which regulates OP metabolism and may increase susceptibility to exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M Etzel
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Stephanie M Engel
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | | | - Jia Chen
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Dana B Barr
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Mary S Wolff
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jessie P Buckley
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Pirard C, Remy S, Giusti A, Champon L, Charlier C. Assessment of children's exposure to currently used pesticides in wallonia, Belgium. Toxicol Lett 2020; 329:1-11. [PMID: 32371136 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In spring 2016, a study was carried out to characterize currently used pesticide (CUP) exposure among children living in Wallonia (Belgium). Pesticides were measured in both first morning urine voids of 258 children aged from 9 to 12 years and in ambient air collected close to the children's schools. Out of the 46 pesticides measured in the air, 19 were detected with frequencies varying between 11 % and 100 %, and mean levels ranging from <0.04 to 2.37 ng/m³. Only 3 parent pesticides were found in 1-10% of the urine samples, while all the metabolites analyzed were positively detected at least once. The captan metabolite (THPI) was quantified in 23.5 % of the samples, while 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (chlopryrifos metabolite) was detected in all urines with levels ranging from 0.36-38.96 μg/l. 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (t-DCCA) and diethylphosphate were the most abundant pyrethroid metabolites and dialkylphosphate measured. The air inhalation was demonstrated to be a minor route of exposure for the selected CUPs. Statistical regressions highlighted predictors of exposure for some pesticides such like consumption of grey bread, presence of carpets at home or indoor use of pesticides, although no clear source was identified for most of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pirard
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000 Liege, Belgium.
| | - Suzanne Remy
- Direction of Chronic Risks, Environment and Health Team, Scientific Institute of Public Service (ISSeP), Rue du Chera 200, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Giusti
- Direction of Chronic Risks, Environment and Health Team, Scientific Institute of Public Service (ISSeP), Rue du Chera 200, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Léa Champon
- Direction of Chronic Risks, Environment and Health Team, Scientific Institute of Public Service (ISSeP), Rue du Chera 200, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Corinne Charlier
- Laboratory of Clinical, Forensic and Environmental Toxicology, CHU of Liege, B35, 4000 Liege, Belgium
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16
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Bao W, Liu B, Simonsen DW, Lehmler HJ. Association Between Exposure to Pyrethroid Insecticides and Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in the General US Adult Population. JAMA Intern Med 2020; 180:367-374. [PMID: 31886824 PMCID: PMC6990752 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.6019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Widespread exposure to pyrethroid insecticides has been reported among the general population in the United States and worldwide. However, little is known about the association of pyrethroid exposure with long-term health outcomes in adults. OBJECTIVE To examine the association of pyrethroid exposure with all-cause and cause-specific mortality among adults in the United States. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The nationally representative cohort included 2116 adults aged 20 years and older who participated in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 1999 to 2002 and provided urine samples for pyrethroid metabolite measurements. Participants were linked to mortality data from the survey date through December 31, 2015. Data were analyzed from May to August 2019. EXPOSURES Urinary levels of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, a general pyrethroid metabolite and commonly used biomarker for pyrethroid exposure, were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray chemical ionization and tandem mass spectrometry. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. RESULTS This cohort study of 2116 adults comprised 1145 women (weighted proportion, 51.6%) and 971 men (weighted, 48.4%), with a weighted mean (SE) age of 42.6 (0.5) years; 958 participants (weighted, 68.4%) were of non-Hispanic white ancestry, 646 (weighted, 14.7%) of Hispanic ancestry, 419 (weighted, 11.3%) of non-Hispanic black ancestry, and 93 (weighted, 5.6%) of other ancestry. During a median of 14.4 years (range, 0.1-16.8 years) of observation, 246 deaths occurred, including 41 associated with cardiovascular disease and 52 associated with cancer. Participants with higher urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid levels were at a higher risk of death during the follow-up period, with death occurring in 8.5% (unweighted, 75 of 709), 10.2% (unweighted, 81 of 701), and 11.9% (unweighted, 90 of 706) of participants across increasing tertiles of urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid levels. After adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, dietary and lifestyle factors, body mass index, and urinary creatinine levels, the hazard ratios for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease mortality, and cancer mortality among participants with the highest tertile compared with those with the lowest tertile of urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid levels were 1.56 (95% CI, 1.08-2.26), 3.00 (95% CI, 1.02-8.80), and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.31-2.72), respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this nationally representative sample of US adults, environmental exposure to pyrethroid insecticides was associated with an increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. Further studies are needed to replicate the findings and determine the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bao
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Buyun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Derek W Simonsen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City
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17
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Yu L, Wang L, Zhao Y, Wang B. Identification and Dissipation of Omethoate and Its Main Metabolite DMP in Wheat Determined by UPLC-QTOF/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5891-5898. [PMID: 31059246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A study was carried out to evaluate the dissipation kinetics of field-applied omethoate during wheat storage. Both the identification and metabolic dynamics of omethoate metabolites were analyzed using UPLC-QTOF/MS. The presence of the metabolite dimethyl phosphate (DMP) was confirmed in wheat samples with applied omethoate. This might be because the group attached to the P atom of omethoate is replaced by a hydroxyl group through hydrolysis, thus leading to the formation of the specific metabolite DMP during wheat storage. Although the initial concentrations of DMP in different doses were considerably lower than those of omethoate, the half-life values of DMP were 11.87-31.50 days, which were close to the half-life of the parent omethoate (11.85-30.94 days). This indicates that potential health risks might be caused by dietary exposure to DMP and omethoate. Therefore, more importance should be given to the risk assessment for omethoate and its metabolite DMP in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Cereal Products (Beijing) , Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic , Beijing , 100081 , China
| | - Lina Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Cereal Products (Beijing) , Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic , Beijing , 100081 , China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Cereal Products (Beijing) , Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic , Beijing , 100081 , China
| | - Bujun Wang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Cereal Products (Beijing) , Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic , Beijing , 100081 , China
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18
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Hyland C, Bradman A, Gerona R, Patton S, Zakharevich I, Gunier RB, Klein K. Organic diet intervention significantly reduces urinary pesticide levels in U.S. children and adults. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:568-575. [PMID: 30765100 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous diet intervention studies indicate that an organic diet can reduce urinary pesticide metabolite excretion; however, they have largely focused on organophosphate (OP) pesticides. Knowledge gaps exist regarding the impact of an organic diet on exposure to other pesticides, including pyrethroids and neonicotinoids, which are increasing in use in the United States and globally. OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of an organic diet intervention on levels of insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides or their metabolites in urine collected from adults and children. METHODS We collected urine samples from four racially and geographically diverse families in the United States before and after an organic diet intervention (n = 16 participants and a total of 158 urine samples). RESULTS We observed significant reductions in urinary levels of thirteen pesticide metabolites and parent compounds representing OP, neonicotinoid, and pyrethroid insecticides and the herbicide 2,4-D following the introduction of an organic diet. The greatest reductions were observed for clothianidin (- 82.7%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: - 86.6%, - 77.6%; p < 0.01), malathion dicarboxylic acid (MDA), a metabolite of malathion (- 95.0%; 95% CI: - 97.0%, - 91.8%; p < 0.01), and 3,5,6-trichlor-2-pyridinol (TCPy), a metabolite of chlorpyrifos (- 60.7%; 95% CI: - 69.6%, - 49.2%; p < 0.01). Metabolites or parent compounds of the fungicides boscalid, iprodione, and thiabendazole and the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid were not detected among participants in our study. CONCLUSION An organic diet was associated with significant reductions in urinary excretion of several pesticide metabolites and parent compounds. This study adds to a growing body of literature indicating that an organic diet may reduce exposure to a range of pesticides in children and adults. Additional research is needed to evaluate dietary exposure to neonicotinoids, which are now the most widely used class of insecticides in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Hyland
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Roy Gerona
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Igor Zakharevich
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Robert B Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Kendra Klein
- Friends of the Earth U.S., 2150 Allston Way Suite 360, Berkeley, CA 94704, United States.
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19
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Huo J, Li Z, Wan D, Li D, Qi M, Barnych B, Vasylieva N, Zhang J, Hammock BD. Development of a Highly Sensitive Direct Competitive Fluorescence Enzyme Immunoassay Based on a Nanobody-Alkaline Phosphatase Fusion Protein for Detection of 3-Phenoxybenzoic Acid in Urine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11284-11290. [PMID: 30293433 PMCID: PMC6442738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) is a human urinary metabolite of many pyrethroid insecticides and can be used as a biomarker to monitor human exposure to these pesticides. A rapid and sensitive direct competitive fluorescence enzyme immunoassay (dc-FEIA) for detecting 3-PBA on the basis of a nanobody (Nb)-alkaline phosphatase (AP) fusion protein was developed. The anti-3-PBA Nb-AP fusion protein was expressed and purified. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and linear range of dc-FEIA were 0.082 and 0.015-0.447 ng/mL, respectively, with a detection limit of 0.011 ng/mL. The IC50 of dc-FEIA was improved by nearly ten times compared with those of one-step and three-step direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dc-ELISA). Spiked urine samples were detected by both dc-FEIA and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and the results showed good consistency between the two analysis methods, indicating the reliability of dc-FEIA based on the Nb-AP fusion protein for detecting 3-PBA in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Huo
- College of Plant Protection, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Zhenfeng Li
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Debin Wan
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Dongyang Li
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Plant Protection, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Bogdan Barnych
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Natalia Vasylieva
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jinlin Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, P. R. China
- Corresponding author (Tel: +86-0312-7528575; Fax: +86-0312-7528575; )
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Corresponding author (Tel: +86-0312-7528575; Fax: +86-0312-7528575; )
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Starr JM, Graham SE, Li W, Gemma AA, Morgan MK. Variability of pyrethroid concentrations on hard surface kitchen flooring in occupied housing. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:10.1111/ina.12471. [PMID: 29729038 PMCID: PMC6349515 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids are a class of neurotoxic insecticides, and some studies have used single-time wiping of hard surface flooring to estimate indoor pyrethroid concentrations. Considering that human activities may affect concentrations, knowledge of temporal variability is needed to reduce the uncertainty of exposure estimates that are calculated using wipe sampling of pyrethroids in occupied housing. During weeks one, two, and six of a 6-week study, two wipe samples of hard surface kitchen flooring were collected in each of 50 occupied residences and used to estimate the temporal variability of eight pyrethroids and six pyrethroid degradation products. Beginning 1 month prior to sample collection, the participants kept pesticide use diaries. All pyrethroids were widely distributed among the houses, and co-occurrence of multiple pyrethroids was common structured. Application diaries and detection frequencies appeared unconnected, but the applications were correlated with measurable changes in pyrethroid concentrations. In general, degradation products were detected less frequently and at lower concentrations than their parent pyrethroids. Estimates of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for individual pyrethroids ranged from 0.55 (bifenthrin) to 0.80 (deltamethrin), and two sampling events at each residence would have been sufficient to estimate the mean concentration of most pyrethroids with an ICC of 0.80.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Starr
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - S E Graham
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - W Li
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Grantee at the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - A A Gemma
- National Caucus and Center for Black Aged SEE Program at the National Exposure Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M K Morgan
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Radford SA, Panuwet P, Hunter RE, Barr DB, Ryan PB. Degradation of Organophosphorus and Pyrethroid Insecticides in Beverages: Implications for Risk Assessment. TOXICS 2018; 6:E11. [PMID: 29393904 PMCID: PMC5874784 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since urinary insecticide metabolites are commonly used as biomarkers of exposure, it is important that we quantify whether insecticides degrade in food and beverages in order to better perform risk assessment. This study was designed to quantify degradation of organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides in beverages. Purified water, white grape juice, orange juice, and red wine were fortified with 500 ng/mL diazinon, malathion, chlorpyrifos, permethrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, and deltamethrin, and aliquots were extracted several times over a 15-day storage period at 2.5 °C. Overall, statistically significant loss of at least one insecticide was observed in each matrix, and at least five out of seven insecticides demonstrated a statistically significant loss in all matrices except orange juice. An investigation of an alternative mechanism of insecticide loss-adsorption onto the glass surface of the storage jars-was carried out, which indicated that this mechanism of loss is insignificant. Results of this work suggest that insecticides degrade in these beverages, and this degradation may lead to pre-existing insecticide degradates in the beverages, suggesting that caution should be exercised when using urinary insecticide metabolites to assess exposure and risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Radford
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Laboratory for Exposure Assessment and Development for Environmental Research, Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Francis University, Loretto, PA 15940, USA.
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Laboratory for Exposure Assessment and Development for Environmental Research, Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Ronald E Hunter
- Laboratory for Exposure Assessment and Development for Environmental Research, Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Analytical Services Lab-Americas, The Coca-Cola Company, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA.
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Laboratory for Exposure Assessment and Development for Environmental Research, Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - P Barry Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Laboratory for Exposure Assessment and Development for Environmental Research, Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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22
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Tamaro CM, Smith MN, Workman T, Griffith WC, Thompson B, Faustman EM. Characterization of organophosphate pesticides in urine and home environment dust in an agricultural community. Biomarkers 2018; 23:174-187. [PMID: 29047308 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2017.1395080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Organophosphorus insecticides (OPs) have been used to control agricultural pests found in Washington state. Farmworkers (FW) have higher exposure to OP pesticides than non-farmworkers (NFW), and FW children may in turn have higher exposure than NFW children. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between the concentration in house dust of five OPs used commonly in pome fruit orchards and the concentration in urine of dialkylphosphate metabolites (DAP), in a cohort of Hispanic FW and NFW and their children. METHODS Parents and children participated in three data collection periods over the course of one year. Urine samples were evaluated for the DAPs characteristic of OP exposure, and dust from homes and vehicles was evaluated for intact OP residues. RESULTS Geometric mean (GM) concentrations of OPs in house and vehicle dust were higher in FW households than NFW households in all agricultural seasons. GM concentration of urinary DAPs was higher for children in FW households than NFW households. DISCUSSION Regression analysis found a positive association between OP residues in house dust and the children's urinary DAPs. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study is the first to report an association between pesticides in house dust and their biological metabolites in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Tamaro
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Marissa N Smith
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Tomomi Workman
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - William C Griffith
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Beti Thompson
- c Cancer Prevention Program , Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Elaine M Faustman
- a Institute for Risk Analysis and Risk Communication , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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Morgan MK, MacMillan DK, Zehr D, Sobus JR. Pyrethroid insecticides and their environmental degradates in repeated duplicate-diet solid food samples of 50 adults. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2018; 28:40-45. [PMID: 27966670 PMCID: PMC6084439 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2016.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has reported concurrent levels of pyrethroid insecticides and their environmental degradates in foods. These data raise concerns about using these same pyrethroid degradates found in the diet as urinary biomarkers of exposures in humans. The primary objective was to quantify levels of selected pyrethroids and their environmental degradates in duplicate-diet solid food samples of 50 adults over a six-week monitoring period. The study was conducted at the US EPA's Human Studies Facility in North Carolina and at participants' residences in 2009-2011. Participants collected duplicate-diet solid food samples on days 1 and 2 during weeks 1, 2, and 6 of the monitoring period. These samples were collected over three consecutive time periods each sampling day. A total of 782 food samples were homogenized and analyzed by LC/MS/MS for seven pyrethroids (bifenthrin, λ-cyhalothrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, cis-deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, and cis/trans-permethrin) and six pyrethroid degradates. Results showed that 49% and 2% of all the samples contained at least one target pyrethroid or pyrethroid degradate, respectively. Cis/trans-permethrin (20%) and bifenthrin (20%) were the most frequently detected pyrethroids. The results suggest that the pyrethroid degradates were likely not present in sufficient levels in the diet to substantially impact the adults' urinary biomarker concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha K Morgan
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Denise K MacMillan
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dan Zehr
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jon R Sobus
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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24
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Llop S, Murcia M, Iñiguez C, Roca M, González L, Yusà V, Rebagliato M, Ballester F. Distributions and determinants of urinary biomarkers of organophosphate pesticide exposure in a prospective Spanish birth cohort study. Environ Health 2017; 16:46. [PMID: 28514952 PMCID: PMC5436449 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPs) has been associated with impaired child development. Pesticide exposure determinants need to be studied in order to identify sources and pathways of pesticide exposure. The aim of this paper is to describe prenatal exposure to OPs and evaluate the associated factors in pregnant women. METHODS The study population consisted of pregnant women (n = 573) who participated in the INMA birth cohort study in Valencia (Spain, 2003-2006). OP metabolites were analyzed in maternal urine at the 32nd week of gestation using a liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry method. The analysis included non-specific (diethyl phosphate [DEP], diethyl thiophosphate [DETP], dimethyl thiophosphate [DMTP], dimethyl dithiophosphate [DMDTP]) and specific metabolites (2-diethylamino-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol [DEAMPY], 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine [IMPY], para-nitrophenol [PNP], and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol [TCPY]). Information about the sociodemographic, environmental, and dietary characteristics was obtained by questionnaire. The association between log-transformed OPs and covariates was analyzed using multivariable interval censored regression. RESULTS The detection frequencies were low, DMTP and TCPY being the most frequently detected metabolites (53.8% and 39.1%, respectively). All the OP metabolites were positively associated with maternal intake of fruits and vegetables. Other maternal characteristics related to the OPs were body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy and smoking habit during pregnancy. Women with lower BMI and those who did not smoke presented higher OP concentrations. Moreover, mothers who had a yard or garden with plants at home or who lived in an urban area were also more exposed to OPs. CONCLUSIONS The OP detection frequencies and the concentrations observed in our study population were low, compared with most of the previously published studies. Given the high vulnerability of the fetus to neurotoxicant exposure, further research on the determinants of the body burden of OPs during pregnancy would be necessary. The knowledge gained from such studies would enhance the effectiveness of public health control and future recommendations in order to reduce the risk to both the health of pregnant women and the health and development of their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Llop
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO−Universitat Jaume I−Universitat de València, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencia Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Avda. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario Murcia
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO−Universitat Jaume I−Universitat de València, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Iñiguez
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO−Universitat Jaume I−Universitat de València, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Roca
- Analytical Unit, Medical Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell, 106- Torre A, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Llúcia González
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO−Universitat Jaume I−Universitat de València, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Yusà
- Foundation for the Promotion of the Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencia Region, FISABIO-Public Health, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia Spain
| | - Marisa Rebagliato
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO−Universitat Jaume I−Universitat de València, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Ferran Ballester
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO−Universitat Jaume I−Universitat de València, Av. Catalunya 21, 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Morgan M, Jones P, Sobus J, Boyd Barr D. Predictors of Urinary 3-Phenoxybenzoic Acid Levels in 50 North Carolina Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13111172. [PMID: 27886113 PMCID: PMC5129381 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13111172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Limited data are available on the non-chemical stressors that impact adult exposures to pyrethroid insecticides based on urinary biomonitoring. The urinary metabolite, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), is commonly used to assess human exposure to a number of pyrethroids. In a further analysis of published study data, we quantified urinary 3-PBA levels of 50 adults over a single, 24-h sampling period and examined the associations between the biomarker measurements and selected non-chemical stressors (demographic, lifestyle, and dietary factors). A convenience sample of 50 adults was recruited in North Carolina in 2009-2011. Participants collected individual urine voids (up to 11) and filled out activity, food, and pesticide use diaries over a 24-h sampling period. Urine voids (n = 326) were analyzed for 3-PBA concentrations using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. 3-PBA was detected in 98% of the 24-h composited urine samples. The geometric mean urinary 3-PBA level was 1.68 ng/mL in adults. Time spent outside (p = 0.0006) was a highly significant predictor of natural log-transformed (ln) urinary 3-PBA levels, while consumption of coffee (p = 0.007) and breads (p = 0.019) and ln creatinine levels (p = 0.037) were significant predictors of urinary 3-PBA levels. In conclusion, we identified specific factors that substantially increased adult exposures to pyrethroids in their everyday environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha Morgan
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Paul Jones
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Jon Sobus
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Rousis NI, Zuccato E, Castiglioni S. Monitoring population exposure to pesticides based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry measurement of their urinary metabolites in urban wastewater: A novel biomonitoring approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:1349-57. [PMID: 27418516 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring studies have documented the high exposure of the population to pesticides which are widely used for crop protection, industrial and household purposes. This is the first study which has measured human urinary metabolites of pesticides in urban wastewater as biomarkers of population exposure. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to measure fifteen urinary metabolites selected from the major classes of pesticides. Raw wastewater samples were processed by solid phase extraction (SPE) or direct injection into the LC-MS/MS system. Recoveries ranged from 75 to 115% and the limits of quantification were 1-15ng/L for the SPE method and 40-800ng/L for direct injection. The method was employed for the analysis of 44 composite 24-h wastewater samples collected in seven Italian cities. Most of the target substances were detected at concentrations ranging from 1.1ng/L to 1.6μg/L. The highest concentrations were for some common metabolites of alkyl phosphates and pyrethroids and the specific metabolite of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol). The frequency of detection and abundance of most of the measured metabolites were in line with the profiles reported in urine biomonitoring studies. This method is therefore proposed as a novel "biomonitoring approach" for obtaining objective, direct information on the levels of exposure of a specific population to pesticides, and current research is addressed to validate the method identifying the most reliable biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos I Rousis
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Environmental Biomarkers Unit, Food Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Environmental Biomarkers Unit, Food Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Environmental Biomarkers Unit, Food Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy.
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Han Y, Liu S, Yang J, Zhong Z, Zou N, Song L, Zhang X, Li X, Pan C. Residue behavior and processing factors of eight pesticides during the production of sorghum distilled spirits. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Engel SM, Bradman A, Wolff MS, Rauh VA, Harley KG, Yang JH, Hoepner LA, Barr DB, Yolton K, Vedar MG, Xu Y, Hornung RW, Wetmur JG, Chen J, Holland NT, Perera FP, Whyatt RM, Lanphear BP, Eskenazi B. Prenatal Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure and Child Neurodevelopment at 24 Months: An Analysis of Four Birth Cohorts. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:822-30. [PMID: 26418669 PMCID: PMC4892910 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are used in agriculture worldwide. Residential use was common in the United States before 2001. OBJECTIVES We conducted a pooled analysis of four birth cohorts (children's centers; n = 936) to evaluate associations of prenatal exposure to OPs with child development at 24 months. METHODS Using general linear models, we computed site-specific and pooled estimates of the association of total dialkyl (ΣDAP), diethyl (ΣDEP), and dimethylphosphate (ΣDMP) metabolite concentrations in maternal prenatal urine with mental and psychomotor development indices (MDI/PDI) and evaluated heterogeneity by children's center, race/ethnicity, and PON1 genotype. RESULTS There was significant heterogeneity in the center-specific estimates of association for ΣDAP and ΣDMP and the MDI (p = 0.09, and p = 0.05, respectively), as well as heterogeneity in the race/ethnicity-specific estimates for ΣDAP (p = 0.06) and ΣDMP (p = 0.02) and the MDI. Strong MDI associations in the CHAMACOS population per 10-fold increase in ΣDAP (β = -4.17; 95% CI: -7.00, -1.33) and ΣDMP (β = -3.64; 95% CI: -5.97, -1.32) were influential, as were associations among Hispanics (β per 10-fold increase in ΣDAP = -2.91; 95% CI: -4.71, -1.12). We generally found stronger negative associations of ΣDAP and ΣDEP with the 24-month MDI for carriers of the 192Q PON1 allele, particularly among blacks and Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS Data pooling was complicated by center-related differences in subject characteristics, eligibility, and changes in regulations governing residential use of OPs during the study periods. Pooled summary estimates of prenatal exposure to OPs and neurodevelopment should be interpreted with caution because of significant heterogeneity in associations by center, race/ethnicity, and PON1 genotype. Subgroups with unique exposure profiles or susceptibilities may be at higher risk for adverse neurodevelopment following prenatal exposure. CITATION Engel SM, Bradman A, Wolff MS, Rauh VA, Harley KG, Yang JH, Hoepner LA, Barr DB, Yolton K, Vedar MG, Xu Y, Hornung RW, Wetmur JG, Chen J, Holland NT, Perera FP, Whyatt RM, Lanphear BP, Eskenazi B. 2016. Prenatal organophosphorus pesticide exposure and child neurodevelopment at 24 months: an analysis of four birth cohorts. Environ Health Perspect 124:822-830; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409474.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to S. M. Engel, Department of Epidemiology CB#7435, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435 USA. Telephone: (919) 966-7435. E-mail:
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Children’s Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mary S. Wolff
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Virginia A. Rauh
- Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kim G. Harley
- Center for Children’s Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Jenny H. Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lori A. Hoepner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Michelle G. Vedar
- Center for Children’s Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Yingying Xu
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard W. Hornung
- Division of General and Community Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - James G. Wetmur
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nina T. Holland
- Center for Children’s Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Frederica P. Perera
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robin M. Whyatt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Children’s Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Measurement of pyrethroids and their environmental degradation products in fresh fruits and vegetables using a modification of the quick easy cheap effective rugged safe (QuEChERS) method. Talanta 2016; 151:42-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Morgan MK, Sobus JR, Barr DB, Croghan CW, Chen FL, Walker R, Alston L, Andersen E, Clifton MS. Temporal variability of pyrethroid metabolite levels in bedtime, morning, and 24-h urine samples for 50 adults in North Carolina. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 144:81-91. [PMID: 26584066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used to control insects in both agricultural and residential settings worldwide. Few data are available on the temporal variability of pyrethroid metabolites in the urine of non-occupationally exposed adults. In this work, we describe the study design and sampling methodology for the Pilot Study to Estimate Human Exposures to Pyrethroids using an Exposure Reconstruction Approach (Ex-R study). Two major objectives were to quantify the concentrations of several pyrethroid metabolites in bedtime, first morning void (FMV), and 24-h urine samples as concentration (wet weight), specific-gravity (SG) corrected, creatinine (CR) corrected, and excretion rate values for 50 Ex-R adults over a six-week monitoring period and to determine if these correction approaches for urine dilution reduced the variability of the biomarker levels. The Ex-R study was conducted at the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Human Studies Facility in Chapel Hill, North Carolina USA and at participants' homes within a 40-mile radius of this facility. Recruitment of participants and field activities occurred between October 2009 and May 2011. Participants, ages 19-50 years old, provided daily food, activity, and pesticide-use diaries and collected their own urine samples (bedtime, FMV, and 24-h) during weeks 1, 2, and 6 of a six-week monitoring period. A total of 2503 urine samples were collected from the study participants. These samples were analyzed for the pyrethroid metabolites 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane carboxylic acid (cis/trans-DCCA), and 2-methyl-3-phenylbenzoic acid (MPA) using high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Only 3-PBA was frequently detected (>50%) in the adult urine samples. Median urinary 3-PBA levels were 0.88 ng/mL, 0.96 ng/mL-SG, 1.04 ng/mg, and 1.04 ng/min for concentration, SG-corrected, CR-corrected, and excretion rate values, respectively, across all urine samples. The results showed that median urinary 3-PBA concentrations were consistently the lowest in FMV samples (0.77 ng/mL, 0.68 ng/mL-SG, 0.68 ng/mg, and 0.58 ng/min) and the highest in 24-h samples (0.92 ng/mL, 1.06 ng/mL-SG, 1.18 ng/mg, and 1.19 ng/min) across all four methods. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) estimates for 3-PBA indicated poor reproducibility (<0.22) for all urine sample types and methods over a day, week, and six weeks. Correcting for urine sample dilution, based on either SG, CR or urine output, introduced additional measurement variability both between- and within-individuals. These results indicate that a single measure of urinary 3-PBA was not sufficient to characterize average exposure regardless of sample type, correction method, and time frame of collection. In addition, the study results can be used to inform the design of exposure characterization strategies in relevant environmental epidemiology studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha K Morgan
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Jon R Sobus
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carry W Croghan
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Fu-Lin Chen
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Richard Walker
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lillian Alston
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Erik Andersen
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Matthew S Clifton
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Raanan R, Balmes JR, Harley KG, Gunier RB, Magzamen S, Bradman A, Eskenazi B. Decreased lung function in 7-year-old children with early-life organophosphate exposure. Thorax 2015; 71:148-53. [PMID: 26634937 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate pesticides are heavily used in agriculture, and adverse associations with respiratory health in occupational settings have been reported. However, most of the evidence comes from studies where there were no biomarkers of exposure and no objective outcome measurement. Non-occupational chronic effects among residents living in agricultural communities are less well described. OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations between early-life organophosphate exposure and lung function of children living in an agricultural community. METHODS Participants were 279 children from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) longitudinal birth cohort. The area under the curve for organophosphate exposure was determined by urinary diethyl and dimethyl dialkylphosphate metabolites of organophosphate pesticides, which were measured five times during childhood (6-60 months). Spirometry was performed at age 7 years. Regression models controlled for maternal smoking during pregnancy, season of birth, particulate matter concentrations with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), breast feeding duration, mould and pets at home, distance of home from a highway, food insecurity, maternal education, season of spirometry, sex, height and technician. RESULTS Childhood diethyl, dimethyl and total dialkylphosphate concentrations were associated with significant decreases in lung function at age 7. Specifically, we found lower FEV1, (L/s) (ß=-0.16, 95% CI -0.30 to -0.02, p=0.03) and FVC (L) (ß=-0.17, 95% CI -0.34 to 0.01, p=0.06) per 10-fold increase of total dialkylphosphate levels. CONCLUSIONS Early-life organophosphate exposure as assessed by dialkylphosphate concentrations was adversely associated with 7-year-old children's lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Raanan
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - John R Balmes
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA Divison of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kim G Harley
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Robert B Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Sheryl Magzamen
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Asa Bradman
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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Sankaran G, Chen L, Chen Z, Liu Y, Lopez T, Ross J, Phagura S, Eastmond DA, Krieger RI. The Importance of Hand Exposures to Absorbed Dosage of Hand Harvesters. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:1369-1383. [PMID: 26580450 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1092900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fruit harvesters' primary pesticide exposure results from direct dermal and clothing contact with foliar residues. The transfer of pesticide residues from foliage to strawberry harvesters' hands and their subsequent dissipation under normal occupational conditions in the field was examined. The effectiveness of latex gloves as sampling dosimeters was evaluated and compared with bare-handed harvester exposures. After application of malathion and fenpropathrin insecticides on strawberry fields, resulting harvester exposures using four independent methods were studied. Between d 4 (preharvest interval, PHI) and d 7 after pesticide application, (1) dislodgeable foliar residues, (2) pesticide residues accumulating on the gloves, and (3) end-of-shift harvester hand-wash residues decreased by 90, 75, and 85%, respectively. In contrast, the 7-d decline in excreted urine metabolites was only 43% for gloved harvesters and 29% for barehanded ones. In addition, gloved harvesters displayed 23% lower biomonitored exposures than barehanded ones, demonstrating that latex gloves are an effective protective barrier against surface residues. Since malathion and its metabolites are readily excreted, data indicated that there were likely other sources of excreted malathion breakdown products present on foliar surfaces after dissipation of malathion itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Sankaran
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - Li Chen
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - Zhenshan Chen
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - Yu Liu
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - Terry Lopez
- b Turfgrass Research Project , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - John Ross
- c Gem Quality Risk, Inc. , Carmichael , California , USA
| | - Sajleen Phagura
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - David A Eastmond
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - Robert I Krieger
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
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Sankaran G, Lopez T, Ries S, Ross J, Vega H, Eastmond DA, Krieger RI. Latex Rubber Gloves as a Sampling Dosimeter Using a Novel Surrogate Sampling Device. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:1094-1104. [PMID: 26302432 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1037411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide exposure during harvesting of crops occurs primarily to the workers' hands. When harvesters wear latex rubber gloves for personal safety and hygiene harvesting reasons, gloves accumulate pesticide residues. Hence, characterization of the gloves' properties may be useful for pesticide exposure assessments. Controlled field studies were conducted using latex rubber gloves to define the factors that influence the transfer of pesticides to the glove and that would affect their use as a residue monitoring device. A novel sampling device called the Brinkman Contact Transfer Unit (BCTU) was constructed to study the glove characteristics and residue transfer and accumulation under controlled conditions on turf. The effectiveness of latex rubber gloves as sampling dosimeters was evaluated by measuring the transferable pesticide residues as a function of time. The validation of latex rubber gloves as a residue sampling dosimeter was performed by comparing pesticide transfer and dissipation from the gloves, with the turf transferable residues sampled using the validated California (CA) Roller, a standard measure of residue transfer. The observed correlation (Pearson's correlation coefficient R(2)) between the two methods was .84 for malathion and .96 for fenpropathrin, indicating that the BCTU is a useful, reliable surrogate tool for studying available residue transfer to latex rubber gloves under experimental conditions. Perhaps more importantly, these data demonstrate that latex gloves worn by workers may be useful quantifiable matrices for measuring pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Sankaran
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - Terry Lopez
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - Steve Ries
- b Turfgrass Research Project, University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - John Ross
- c Gem Quality Risk, Inc. , Carmichael , California , USA
| | - Helen Vega
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - David A Eastmond
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
| | - Robert I Krieger
- a Personal Chemical Exposure Program , University of California Riverside , Riverside , California , USA
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Reiss R, Chang ET, Richardson RJ, Goodman M. A review of epidemiologic studies of low-level exposures to organophosphorus insecticides in non-occupational populations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:531-641. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1043976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Raanan R, Harley KG, Balmes JR, Bradman A, Lipsett M, Eskenazi B. Early-life exposure to organophosphate pesticides and pediatric respiratory symptoms in the CHAMACOS cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:179-85. [PMID: 25369257 PMCID: PMC4314248 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although pesticide use is widespread, the possible effect of early-life exposure to organophosphate (OP) on pediatric respiratory health is not well described. OBJECTIVES We investigated the relationship between early-life exposure to OPs and respiratory outcomes. METHODS Participants included 359 mothers and children from the CHAMACOS birth cohort. Dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites of OP pesticides, specifically diethyl (DE) and dimethyl (DM) phosphate metabolites, were measured in urine from mothers twice during pregnancy (mean = 13 and 26 weeks gestation) and from children five times during childhood (0.5-5 years). Childhood DAP concentrations were estimated by the area under curve (AUC). Mothers reported their child's respiratory symptoms at 5 and 7 years of age. We used generalized estimating equations (GEE) to examine associations of prenatal and childhood DAP concentrations with repeated measures of respiratory symptoms and exercise-induced coughing at 5 and 7 years of age, adjusting for child's sex and age, maternal smoking during pregnancy, secondhand tobacco smoke, season of birth, PM2.5, breastfeeding, mold and cockroaches in home, and distance from highway. RESULTS Higher prenatal DAP concentrations, particularly DE, were nonsignificantly associated with respiratory symptoms in the previous 12 months at 5 or 7 years of age [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) per 10-fold increase = 1.44; 95% CI: 0.98, 2.12]. This association was strongest with total DAP and DE from the second half of pregnancy (aOR per 10-fold increase = 1.77; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.95; and 1.61; 95% CI: 1.08, 2.39, respectively). Childhood DAP, DE, and DM concentrations were associated with respiratory symptoms and exercise-induced coughing in the previous 12 months at 5 or 7 years of age (total DAPs: aOR per 10-fold increase = 2.53; 95% CI: 1.32, 4.86; and aOR = 5.40; 95% CI: 2.10, 13.91, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Early-life exposure to OP pesticides was associated with respiratory symptoms consistent with possible asthma in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Raanan
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health (CERCH), School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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Radford S, Panuwet P, Hunter R, Barr DB, Ryan PB. HPLC-MS/MS method for the measurement of insecticide degradates in baby food. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7085-7091. [PMID: 24910900 PMCID: PMC4216233 DOI: 10.1021/jf500779a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A solid phase extraction method was developed to isolate four insecticide degradates from baby food that were measured subsequently using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The degradates [parent insecticide] measured were malathion dicarboxylic acid [malathion], 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol [chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos methyl] (TCPy), cis/trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid [permethrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin], and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid [general pyrethroid]. All degradates produced recoveries between 80 and 120% except TCPy in fruit (122% recovery), and all relative standard deviations were <16%. Use of this method demonstrated that insecticide degradates were found in baby foods frequently purchased in the United States, supporting the need for this method. These data will assist in differentiating whether biomarker levels of insecticide metabolites are the result of exposures to the toxic insecticide or its preformed degradate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha
A. Radford
- Department of Chemistry and Analytical Exposure Science and Environmental
Health Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School
of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Saint Francis University, Loretto, Pennsylvania 15940, United States
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Department of Chemistry and Analytical Exposure Science and Environmental
Health Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School
of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ronald
E. Hunter
- Department of Chemistry and Analytical Exposure Science and Environmental
Health Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School
of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Department of Chemistry and Analytical Exposure Science and Environmental
Health Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School
of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - P. Barry Ryan
- Department of Chemistry and Analytical Exposure Science and Environmental
Health Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School
of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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Ross JH, Ginevan ME. Biomonitoring of exposure to organophosphate pesticides in New York City. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:A178. [PMID: 24984064 PMCID: PMC4080543 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1408444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John H Ross
- risksciences.net, LLC, Carmichael, California, USA
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Wielgomas B, Piskunowicz M. Biomonitoring of pyrethroid exposure among rural and urban populations in northern Poland. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:2547-2553. [PMID: 24156982 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine for the first time in Poland, levels of exposure to synthetic pyrethroids in preschool and school age children and their parents living in urban and rural areas. For this purpose concentrations of pyrethroid metabolites: 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), 2,2-dibromovinyl-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (Br2CA), cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (cis-Cl2CA) and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (trans-Cl2CA) were determined in 374 urine samples using a validated GC-MS method. All measured metabolites were detected more frequently and in higher concentrations in rural areas. 3-PBA was detected in 77.4% and 93.8% of samples from urban and rural areas, respectively. Its geometric mean (GM) concentration in rural population was higher than in urban (0.364 vs. 0.223 ng mL(-1) and 0.272 vs. 0.155 μg g(-1) creatinine, p<0.0001). Among remaining metabolites, only cis- and trans-Cl2CA were detected in more than 50.0% of samples in rural population. Average concentrations of 3-PBA in children were higher than in adults, both in urban and rural areas. Moderate to very strong positive correlations were noticed between concentrations of pairs of pyrethroid metabolites in urine samples. Significant, moderate correlations between the concentrations of particular metabolites in parents and their children were observed in the urban population (range: r=0.2911-0.3919 for non-adjusted and 0.3827-0.4693 for creatinine adjusted concentrations), while in rural areas there were no such relationship. Application of pesticide formulations on pets in the past 6 months was associated with increased 3-PBA urinary concentration. Further studies on pesticide exposure among children in rural areas are needed to identify and possibly reduce or eliminate the sources of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Wielgomas
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Chen L, Zhao T, Pan C, Ross J, Ginevan M, Vega H, Krieger R. Absorption and excretion of organophosphorous insecticide biomarkers of malathion in the rat: Implications for overestimation bias and exposure misclassification from environmental biomonitoring. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 65:287-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Krieger R, Chen L, Ginevan M, Watkins D, Cochran R, Driver J, Ross J. Implications of estimates of residential organophosphate exposure from dialkylphosphates (DAPs) and their relevance to risk. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 64:263-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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