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Kalmode H, Ravikumar O, Paymode DJ, Bachert J, Burns JM, Stringham RW, Aleshire SL, Nelson RC. A Tandem Ring Closure and Nitrobenzene Reduction with Sulfide Provides an Improved Route to an Important Intermediate for the Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Candidate Sutezolid. Org Process Res Dev 2024; 28:1195-1204. [PMID: 38660380 PMCID: PMC11036509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.4c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Sutezolid is an in-development thiomorpholine derivative of the FDA-approved tuberculosis (TB) treatment linezolid. Current synthetic routes for preparing sutezolid start with thiomorpholine as a key structural building block; unfortunately, this material was identified as a major cost driver for the API, which will limit the potential uptake of this treatment in lower income regions. In this work, an alternative, lower-cost synthetic strategy to a known p-phenylenediamine intermediate to sutezolid has been demonstrated. The key step in this process is the construction of the thiomorpholine ring by a nucleophilic sulfide ring closure on an activated bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-functionalized aniline, which was in turn made by reaction of 3,4-difluoronitrobenzene and diethanolamine. This sulfide treatment has the added benefit of affecting a Zinin reduction of the nitro functional group, which alleviates the need for the transition metal reduction used in previous routes. After optimization, this key reaction was able to provide the desired aniline intermediate in yields between 65 and 80% and, after a standard charcoal treatment, purity of >94%. Initial demonstrations of the full 3-step strategy were successfully conducted on scales up to 100 g with overall yields of 53-68%. This preliminary work will serve as the foundation for a broader low-cost redesign of the sutezolid synthetic process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John Bachert
- Medicines for All Institute, 737 N Fifth St., Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Justina M. Burns
- Medicines for All Institute, 737 N Fifth St., Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Rodger W. Stringham
- Medicines for All Institute, 737 N Fifth St., Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Sarah L. Aleshire
- Medicines for All Institute, 737 N Fifth St., Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Ryan C. Nelson
- Medicines for All Institute, 737 N Fifth St., Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
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2
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Tender GS, Bertozzi CR. Bringing enzymes to the proximity party. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:986-1002. [PMID: 38033727 PMCID: PMC10685825 DOI: 10.1039/d3cb00084b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are used to treat a wide variety of human diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders, clotting disorders, and cancers. While enzyme therapeutics catalyze highly specific reactions, they often suffer from a lack of cellular or tissue selectivity. Targeting an enzyme to specific disease-driving cells and tissues can mitigate off-target toxicities and provide novel therapeutic avenues to treat otherwise intractable diseases. Targeted enzymes have been used to treat cancer, in which the enzyme is either carefully selected or engineered to reduce on-target off-tumor toxicity, or to treat lysosomal storage disorders in cell types that are not addressed by standard enzyme replacement therapies. In this review, we discuss the different targeted enzyme modalities and comment on the future of these approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle S Tender
- Stanford University, Department of Chemistry and Sarafan ChEM-H Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Stanford University, Department of Chemistry and Sarafan ChEM-H Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Stanford CA 94305 USA
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3
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Moradbeygi F, Ghasemi Y, Farmani AR, Hemmati S. Glucarpidase (carboxypeptidase G2): Biotechnological production, clinical application as a methotrexate antidote, and placement in targeted cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115292. [PMID: 37579696 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients receiving high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) for malignancies are exposed to diverse complications, including nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, mucositis, myelotoxicity, neurological symptoms, and death. Glucarpidase is a recombinant carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) that converts MTX into nontoxic metabolites. In this study, the role of vector type, gene optimization, orientation, and host on the expression of CPG2 is investigated. The effectiveness of various therapeutic regimens containing glucarpidase is classified and perspectives on the dose adjustment based on precision medicine are provided. Conjugation with cell-penetrating peptides, human serum albumin, and polymers such as PEG and dextran for delivery, higher stability, and production of the biobetter variants of CPG2 is highlighted. Conjugation of CPG2 to F(ab՜)2 or scFv antibody fragments against tumor-specific antigens and the corresponding prodrugs for tumor-targeted drug delivery using the antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) is communicated. Trials to reduce the off-target effects and the possibility of repeated ADEPT cycles by adding pro-domains sensitive to tumor-overexpressed proteases, antiCPG2 antibodies, CPG2 mutants with immune-system-unrecognizable epitopes, and protective polymers are reported. Intracellular cpg2 gene expression by gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) and the concerns regarding the safety and transfection efficacy of the GDEPT vectors are described. A novel bifunctional platform using engineered CAR-T cell micropharmacies, known as Synthetic Enzyme-Armed KillER (SEAKER) cells, expressing CPG2 to activate prodrugs at the tumor niche is introduced. Taken together, integrated data in this review and recruiting combinatorial strategies in novel drug delivery systems define the future directions of ADEPT, GDEPT, and SEAKER cell therapy and the placement of CPG2 therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moradbeygi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Farmani
- Tissue Engineering Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Shiva Hemmati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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4
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Gardner TJ, Lee JP, Bourne CM, Wijewarnasuriya D, Kinarivala N, Kurtz KG, Corless BC, Dacek MM, Chang AY, Mo G, Nguyen KM, Brentjens RJ, Tan DS, Scheinberg DA. Engineering CAR-T cells to activate small-molecule drugs in situ. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:216-225. [PMID: 34969970 PMCID: PMC9152922 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00932-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells represent a major breakthrough in cancer therapy, wherein a patient's own T cells are engineered to recognize a tumor antigen, resulting in activation of a local cytotoxic immune response. However, CAR-T cell therapies are currently limited to the treatment of B cell cancers and their effectiveness is hindered by resistance from antigen-negative tumor cells, immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment, eventual exhaustion of T cell immunologic functions and frequent severe toxicities. To overcome these problems, we have developed a novel class of CAR-T cells engineered to express an enzyme that activates a systemically administered small-molecule prodrug in situ at a tumor site. We show that these synthetic enzyme-armed killer (SEAKER) cells exhibit enhanced anticancer activity with small-molecule prodrugs, both in vitro and in vivo in mouse tumor models. This modular platform enables combined targeting of cellular and small-molecule therapies to treat cancers and potentially a variety of other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Peter Lee
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute,,Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology
| | - Christopher M. Bourne
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute,,Immunology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, and
| | - Dinali Wijewarnasuriya
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Hospital,,BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | | | - Keifer G. Kurtz
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute,,Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Broderick C. Corless
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute,,Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Megan M. Dacek
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute,,Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Aaron Y. Chang
- BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - George Mo
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute
| | | | - Renier J. Brentjens
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Hospital,,Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Derek S. Tan
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute,,Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology,,Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences,,Tri-Institutional Research Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA, Corresponding authors. ,
| | - David A. Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute,,Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology,,Department of Medicine, Memorial Hospital,,Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences,, Corresponding authors. ,
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5
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Al-Mansoori L, Bashraheel SS, Qahtani ADA, O'Connor CD, Elsinga P, Goda SK. In vitro studies on CNGRC-CPG2 fusion proteins for ligand-directed enzyme prodrug therapy for targeted cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2020; 11:619-633. [PMID: 32110281 PMCID: PMC7021235 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The sequence asparagine-glycine arginine (NGR), flanked by Cysteine (Cys) residues so as to form a disulfide-bridge (CNGRC), has previously been found to target and bind specifically to aminopeptidase N (APN), which is highly expressed on the surface of tumor cells. The goal of this study was to develop and evaluate the potential of fusion proteins carrying the CNGRC sequence linked to the enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) for targeted cancer therapy. We refer to this strategy as ligand-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (LDEPT). We constructed two forms of the CNGRC-CPG2 fusions, containing one or two copies of the cyclic NGR motif and designated CNGRC-CPG2 (X-CPG2) and CNGRC-CPG2-CNGRC (X-CPG2-X), respectively. In vitro binding assays of the purified constructs showed that both X-CPG2 and X-CPG2-X bound with high affinity to cancer cells expressing high levels of APN, compared to their binding to cells expressing low levels of APN. Further in vitro studies of the constructs to assess the therapeutic potential of LDEPT were carried out using cells expressing high and low levels of APN. Using methotrexate, it was demonstrated that cancer cell survival was significantly higher in the presence of the fusion proteins, due to the hydrolysis of this cytotoxic drug by CPG2. Conversely, when the prodrug ZD2767P was used, cancer cell killing was higher in the presence of the fused CPG2 constructs than in their absence, which is consistent with CPG2-mediated release of the cytotoxic drug from the prodrug. Furthermore, the doubly-fused CPG2 construct (X-CPG2-X) was significantly more effective than the singly-fused construct (X-CPG2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Al-Mansoori
- Qatar University, Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Protein Engineering Unit, Life and Science Research Department, Anti-Doping Lab-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara S Bashraheel
- Protein Engineering Unit, Life and Science Research Department, Anti-Doping Lab-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alanod D Al Qahtani
- Protein Engineering Unit, Life and Science Research Department, Anti-Doping Lab-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - C David O'Connor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Science and Education Innovation District, Suzhou, China
| | - Philip Elsinga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sayed K Goda
- Cairo University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Giza, Egypt
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6
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Therapeutic journery of nitrogen mustard as alkylating anticancer agents: Historic to future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 151:401-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Sharma SK, Bagshawe KD. Antibody Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (ADEPT): Trials and tribulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 118:2-7. [PMID: 28916498 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy has the potential to be an effective therapy for most common solid cancers. Clinical studies with CPG2 system have shown the feasibility of this approach. The key limitation has been immunogenicity of the enzyme. Technologies now exist to eliminate this problem. Non-immunogenic enzymes in combination with prodrugs that generate potent cytotoxic drugs can provide a powerful approach to cancer therapy. ADEPT has the potential to be non -toxic to normal tissue and can therefore be combined with other modalities including immunotherapy for greater clinical benefit.
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Sharma SK, Bagshawe KD. Translating antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) and prospects for combination. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 17:1-13. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1247802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Surinder K. Sharma
- Research Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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Abstract
The carbamate group is a key structural motif in many approved drugs and prodrugs. There is an increasing use of carbamates in medicinal chemistry and many derivatives are specifically designed to make drug-target interactions through their carbamate moiety. In this Perspective, we present properties and stabilities of carbamates, reagents and chemical methodologies for the synthesis of carbamates, and recent applications of carbamates in drug design and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- Department of Chemistry and
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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10
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11
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Development of triazene prodrugs for ADEPT strategy: new insights into drug delivery system based on carboxypeptidase G2 activation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6903-8. [PMID: 23041157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Six novel urea triazene prodrugs have been synthesized to apply in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). The chemical and plasmatic stability of l-glutamate triazene prodrugs were evaluated and the chemical reactivity was mainly attributed to an intramolecular catalysis promoted by the neighbouring carboxylate group of the glutamic moiety. These prodrugs showed an elevated binding to plasma proteins. The L-glutamate triazenes were evaluated as prodrugs of the alkylating agent's monomethyltriazenes, by activation of the bacterial enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2). The synthesized prodrugs have been shown to be good substrates for CPG2, and therefore new candidates for ADEPT strategy.
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12
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Yang YH, Aloysius H, Inoyama D, Chen Y, Hu LQ. Enzyme-mediated hydrolytic activation of prodrugs. Acta Pharm Sin B 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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13
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Andrady C, Sharma SK, Chester KA. Antibody-enzyme fusion proteins for cancer therapy. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:193-211. [PMID: 21322759 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in biomolecular technology have allowed the development of genetically fused antibody-enzymes. Antibody-enzyme fusion proteins have been used to target tumors for cancer therapy in two ways. In one system, an antibody-enzyme is pretargeted to the tumor followed by administration of an inactive prodrug that is converted to its active form by the pretargeted enzyme. This system has been described as antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. The other system uses antibody-enzyme fusion proteins as direct therapeutics, where the enzyme is toxic in its own right. The key feature in this approach is that the antibody is used to internalize the toxic enzyme into the tumor cell, which activates cell-death processes. This antibody-enzyme system has been largely applied to deliver ribonucleases. This article addresses these two antibody-enzyme targeting strategies for cancer therapy from concept to (pre)clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carima Andrady
- Cancer Research UK Targeting & Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E6BT, UK.
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Abstract
During the development cycle of a new antibody therapy, the therapeutic agent will be tested on subsequently more biologically complex models. New experiments' designs are based upon data gathered from prior models. New researchers who inherit the data and researchers from groups with different cultures or expertise are often called upon to interpret these data. Experiments which are not recorded consistently or employ ambiguous terminology can make interpreting these results difficult. The researcher who had originally collected the data may not be at hand to correct any misunderstanding or offer clarification and data can be unknowingly misused. This introduces an element of risk into the therapy development process. We have developed a reporting guideline for recording therapy experiments. This guideline consists of a checklist of data to be recorded from antibody therapy experiments performed in molecular, cellular, animal and clinical model.
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Niculescu-Duvaz D, Negoita-Giras G, Niculescu-Duvaz I, Hedley D, Springer CJ. Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapies. PRODRUGS AND TARGETED DELIVERY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527633166.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Tyssen D, Henderson SA, Johnson A, Sterjovski J, Moore K, La J, Zanin M, Sonza S, Karellas P, Giannis MP, Krippner G, Wesselingh S, McCarthy T, Gorry PR, Ramsland PA, Cone R, Paull JRA, Lewis GR, Tachedjian G. Structure activity relationship of dendrimer microbicides with dual action antiviral activity. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12309. [PMID: 20808791 PMCID: PMC2925893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical microbicides, used by women to prevent the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections are urgently required. Dendrimers are highly branched nanoparticles being developed as microbicides. However, the anti-HIV and HSV structure-activity relationship of dendrimers comprising benzyhydryl amide cores and lysine branches, and a comprehensive analysis of their broad-spectrum anti-HIV activity and mechanism of action have not been published. METHODS AND FINDINGS Dendrimers with optimized activity against HIV-1 and HSV-2 were identified with respect to the number of lysine branches (generations) and surface groups. Antiviral activity was determined in cell culture assays. Time-of-addition assays were performed to determine dendrimer mechanism of action. In vivo toxicity and HSV-2 inhibitory activity were evaluated in the mouse HSV-2 susceptibility model. Surface groups imparting the most potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 and HSV-2 were naphthalene disulfonic acid (DNAA) and 3,5-disulfobenzoic acid exhibiting the greatest anionic charge and hydrophobicity of the seven surface groups tested. Their anti-HIV-1 activity did not appreciably increase beyond a second-generation dendrimer while dendrimers larger than two generations were required for potent anti-HSV-2 activity. Second (SPL7115) and fourth generation (SPL7013) DNAA dendrimers demonstrated broad-spectrum anti-HIV activity. However, SPL7013 was more active against HSV and blocking HIV-1 envelope mediated cell-to-cell fusion. SPL7013 and SPL7115 inhibited viral entry with similar potency against CXCR4-(X4) and CCR5-using (R5) HIV-1 strains. SPL7013 was not toxic and provided at least 12 h protection against HSV-2 in the mouse vagina. CONCLUSIONS Dendrimers can be engineered with optimized potency against HIV and HSV representing a unique platform for the controlled synthesis of chemically defined multivalent agents as viral entry inhibitors. SPL7013 is formulated as VivaGel(R) and is currently in clinical development to provide protection against HIV and HSV. SPL7013 could also be combined with other microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tyssen
- Centres for Virology and Immunology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Adam Johnson
- Centres for Virology and Immunology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jasminka Sterjovski
- Centres for Virology and Immunology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katie Moore
- Centres for Virology and Immunology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer La
- Centres for Virology and Immunology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Zanin
- Centres for Virology and Immunology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Secondo Sonza
- Centres for Virology and Immunology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Guy Krippner
- Starpharma Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steve Wesselingh
- Centres for Virology and Immunology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tom McCarthy
- Starpharma Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gorry
- Centres for Virology and Immunology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul A. Ramsland
- Centres for Virology and Immunology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Cone
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - Gilda Tachedjian
- Centres for Virology and Immunology, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Kakadiya R, Dong H, Kumar A, Narsinh D, Zhang X, Chou TC, Lee TC, Shah A, Su TL. Potent DNA-directed alkylating agents: Synthesis and biological activity of phenyl N-mustard–quinoline conjugates having a urea or hydrazinecarboxamide linker. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:2285-2299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Imaging in targeted delivery of therapy to cancer. Target Oncol 2009; 4:201-17. [PMID: 19838639 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-009-0119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We review the current status of imaging as applied to targeted therapy with particular focus on antibody-based therapeutics. Antibodies have high tumor specificity and can be engineered to optimize delivery to, and retention within, the tumor. Whole antibodies can activate natural immune effector mechanisms and can be conjugated to beta- and alpha-emitting radionuclides, toxins, enzymes, and nanoparticles for enhanced therapeutic effect. Imaging is central to the development of these agents and is used for patient selection, performing dosimetry and assessment of response. gamma- and positron-emitting radionuclides may be used to image the distribution of antibody-targeted therapeutics While some radionuclides such as iodine-131 emit both beta and gamma radiation and are therefore suitable for both imaging and therapy, others are more suited to imaging or therapy alone. Hence for radionuclide therapy of neuroendocrine tumors, patients can be selected for therapy on the basis of gamma-emitting indium-111-octreotide imaging and treated with beta-emitting yttrium-90-octreotate. Positron-emitting radionuclides can give greater sensitivity that gamma-emitters but only a single radionuclide can be imaged at one time and the range of radionuclides is more limited. The multiple options for antibody-based therapeutic molecules, imaging technologies and therapeutic scenarios mean that very large amounts of diverse data are being acquired. This can be most effectively shared and progress accelerated by use of common data standards for imaging, biological, and clinical data.
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Kapuriya N, Kapuriya K, Dong H, Zhang X, Chou TC, Chen YT, Lee TC, Lee WC, Tsai TH, Naliapara Y, Su TL. Novel DNA-directed alkylating agents: Design, synthesis and potent antitumor effect of phenyl N-mustard-9-anilinoacridine conjugates via a carbamate or carbonate linker. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1264-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Tan PH, Lota AS. Interaction of current cancer treatments and the immune system: implications for breast cancer therapeutics. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009; 9:2639-60. [PMID: 18803451 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.9.15.2639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer may account for the current improvement in the mortality of breast cancer. However, achieving a complete 'cure' is the holy grail of cancer medicine and, in many cases, cancer patients still succumb to their ultimate fate. There is therefore a need to devise innovative therapies to overcome this problem. To this end, many emerging therapies utilizing the immune system to eradicate the residues of disease have been described in the preclinical and clinical arenas. However, there is very little work examining the impact of immunotherapy on the existing natural immunity. The relationship between antitumor immunity, in the form of immunotherapy (either passive or active), and current strategies of treatment also needs to be explored. If we are to improve the success of cancer treatment, we must understand how current therapies interact with the immune system and with the emerging immunotherapies. For breast-cancer treatment to be successful, therapeutics should be tailored towards antitumor immunity; they should also avoid tumor-specific tolerance. The sources of information used to prepare this paper were obtained through published work on Pubmed/Medline and materials published on the US/UK governmental agencies' websites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng H Tan
- University of Oxford, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Nuffield Department of Surgery, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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Pedone E, Searle F, Brocchini S. Diethylstilbestrol glutamate as a potential substrate for ADEPT. J Drug Target 2008; 14:437-43. [PMID: 17092843 DOI: 10.1080/10611860600834573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The combination of systemic toxicity, water insolubility and a labile chemical structure has limited the clinical use of diethylstilbestrol (DES) 1 for the treatment of prostate cancer. To determine if DES could potentially be a prodrug substrate for the pre-targeting strategy known as antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT), the DES-glutamate 5 was prepared. The synthesis required the activation of the bis-t-butyl glutamate ester 2 to the isocyanate 3 followed by addition of DES 1. The desired DES-glutamate 5 was water-soluble and upon incubation with carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) underwent carbamate cleavage to give DES 1. A control reaction in the absence of CPG2 demonstrated that the enzyme was necessary for rapid glutamate cleavage to give DES 1. HPLC analysis was required to follow the reaction of DES-glutamate 5 with CPG2. These preliminary results suggest that it may be possible to examine an ADEPT strategy for DES provided enzymatic kinetics can be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pedone
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39, Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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Friedlos F, Lehouritis P, Ogilvie L, Hedley D, Davies L, Bermudes D, King I, Martin J, Marais R, Springer CJ. Attenuated Salmonella Targets Prodrug Activating Enzyme Carboxypeptidase G2 to Mouse Melanoma and Human Breast and Colon Carcinomas for Effective Suicide Gene Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4259-66. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Synthesis and biological activity of stable and potent antitumor agents, aniline nitrogen mustards linked to 9-anilinoacridines via a urea linkage. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:5413-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Niculescu-Duvaz I, Springer C. Section Review: Biologicals & Immunologicals: Development of prodrugs for ADEPT (antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy). Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.5.3.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Schepelmann S, Ogilvie LM, Hedley D, Friedlos F, Martin J, Scanlon I, Chen P, Marais R, Springer CJ. Suicide gene therapy of human colon carcinoma xenografts using an armed oncolytic adenovirus expressing carboxypeptidase G2. Cancer Res 2007; 67:4949-55. [PMID: 17510425 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have designed a targeted systemic suicide gene therapy that combines the advantages of tumor-selective gene expression, using the human telomerase promoter (hTERT), with the beneficial effects of an oncolytic adenovirus to deliver the gene for the prodrug-activating enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) to tumors. Following delivery of the vector (AdV.hTERT-CPG2) and expression of CPG2 in cancer cells, the prodrug ZD2767P was administered for conversion by CPG2 to a cytotoxic drug. This system is sometimes termed gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT). Here, we have shown that it is applicable to 10 human colorectal carcinoma cell lines with a direct correlation between viral toxicity and CPG2 production. SW620 xenografts were selected for analysis and were significantly reduced or eradicated after a single administration of AdV.hTERT-CPG2 followed by a prodrug course. The oncolytic effect of adenovirus alone did not result in DNA cross-links or apoptosis, whereas DNA cross-links and apoptosis occurred following prodrug administration, showing the combined beneficial effects of the GDEPT system. The apoptotic regions extended beyond the areas of CPG2 expression in the tumors, indicative of significant bystander effects in vivo. Higher concentrations of vector particles and CPG2 were found in the AdV.hTERT-CPG2 plus prodrug-treated tumors compared with the virus alone, showing an unexpected beneficial and cooperative effect between the vector and GDEPT. This is the first time that a tumor-selective GDEPT vector has been shown to be effective in colorectal carcinoma and that apoptosis and significant bystander effects have been identified as the mechanisms of cytotoxicity within the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Schepelmann
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Centres for Cancer Therapeutics, London, United Kingdom
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Mayer A, Francis RJ, Sharma SK, Tolner B, Springer CJ, Martin J, Boxer GM, Bell J, Green AJ, Hartley JA, Cruickshank C, Wren J, Chester KA, Begent RHJ. A phase I study of single administration of antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy with the recombinant anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibody-enzyme fusion protein MFECP1 and a bis-iodo phenol mustard prodrug. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 12:6509-16. [PMID: 17085666 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy is a two-stage treatment whereby a tumor-targeted antibody-enzyme complex localizes in tumor for selective conversion of prodrug. The purpose of this study was to establish optimal variables for single administration of MFECP1, a recombinant antibody-enzyme fusion protein of an anti-carcinoembryonic antigen single-chain Fv antibody and the bacterial enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 followed by a bis-iodo phenol mustard prodrug. MFECP1 is manufactured in mannosylated form to facilitate normal tissue elimination. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Pharmacokinetic, biodistribution, and tumor localization studies were used to test the hypothesis that MFECP1 localizes in tumor and clears from normal tissue via the liver. Firstly, safety of MFECP1 and a blood concentration of MFECP1 that would avoid systemic prodrug activation were tested. Secondly, dose escalation of prodrug was done. Thirdly, the dose of MFECP1 and timing of prodrug administration were optimized. RESULTS MFECP1 was safe and well tolerated, cleared rapidly via the liver, and was less immunogenic than previously used products. Eighty-fold dose escalation from the starting dose of prodrug was carried out before dose-limiting toxicity occurred. Confirmation of the presence of enzyme in tumor and DNA interstrand cross-links indicating prodrug activation were obtained for the optimal dose and time point. A total of 28 of 31 patients was evaluable for response, the best response being a 10% reduction of tumor diameter, and 11 of 28 patients had stable disease. CONCLUSIONS Optimal conditions for effective therapy were established. A study testing repeat treatment is currently being undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Mayer
- Department of Oncology, Hampstead Campus, University College London, UK.
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Abstract
Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy was conceived as a means of restricting the action of cytotoxic drugs to tumor sites. Since antigenic targets were a central component of the approach, colonic cancer, with its virtually universal expression of carcinoembryonic antigen at the cellular level, presented an obvious starting point. The principle of antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy is to use an antibody directed at a tumor-associated antigen to vector an enzyme to tumor sites. The enzyme should be retained at tumor sites after it has cleared from blood and normal tissues. A nontoxic prodrug, a substrate for the enzyme, is then given and, by cleaving an inactivating component from the prodrug, a potent cytotoxic agent is generated. One of the potential advantages of such a system is that a small cytotoxic agent, generated within a tumor site, is much more diffusible than a large antibody molecule. Moreover, failure to express the target antigen by cancer cells does not protect them from the bystander action of the cytotoxic agent. This review will primarily consider the studies of the London group since this is the only group that has so far reported clinical trials and it is only through clinical trials that the requirements of a successful antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy system can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Bagshawe
- Imperial College London, Department of Medical Oncology, Charing Cross Campus, Fulham Palace Road, London W6 8RF, UK.
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Abstract
Antibody therapies have become an important component in the management of malignant disease. Recombinant technology offers enormous opportunities to tailor antibodies to meet clinical requirements. This includes the reduction of immunogenicity and the development of smaller antibody fragments that can be incorporated into fusion proteins. Antibodies can block tumour growth factors or their receptors, activate immunological attack on the tumour, or be used to deliver payloads such as radioisotopes, cytotoxic drugs or toxins. Pretargeting includes streptavidin/biotin systems and antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). ADEPT uses an antibody-enzyme complex to deliver a prodrug-activating enzyme to tumours for selective prodrug conversion at the tumour site. New antibody targets, refined antibodies, antibody fusion proteins, combination therapies and the use of antibodies as adjuvant therapy are important topics in the development of antibody therapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Wilkins
- Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London (Hampstead Campus), Department of Oncology, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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Bagshawe KD, Sharma SK, Begent RHJ. Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) for cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 4:1777-89. [PMID: 15500406 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.4.11.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) aims to restrict the cytotoxic action to tumour sites. The obstacles to achieve this were recognised at the outset, but time and experience have given these better definition. The development of fusion proteins has provided the means of making consistent antibody-enzyme constructs on an adequate scale, and glycosylation has provided the means to control the clearance of enzyme from non-tumour sites. Human enzymes have yet to be tested in a clinical setting, and there are pointers indicating that the immunological response to foreign enzymes can be overcome. The relatively small number of purpose-designed prodrugs tested so far leaves this an area ripe for further development. The ongoing iterative process between preclinical and clinical studies is critical to achieving the objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Bagshawe
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free & University College Medical School, University College London, UK
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Niculescu-Duvaz D, Scanlon I, Niculescu-Duvaz I, Springer CJ. A higher yielding synthesis of the clinical prodrug ZD2767P using di-protected 4-[N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]phenyl chloroformate. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Davies LC, Friedlos F, Hedley D, Martin J, Ogilvie LM, Scanlon IJ, Springer CJ. Novel fluorinated prodrugs for activation by carboxypeptidase G2 showing good in vivo antitumor activity in gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5321-8. [PMID: 16078849 DOI: 10.1021/jm0502182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen novel polyfluorinated benzoic acid mustards have been synthesized for use in gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT). Eight of these were benzoic acid L-glutamate mustards for evaluation as prodrugs and the other eight were the active drugs formed by the action of the bacterial enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2). All of the di- and trifluorinated prodrugs were efficiently cleaved by the enzyme. In contrast, the tetrafluorinated prodrugs were found to be competitive inhibitors of CPG2, the first such inhibitors to have been described. The di- and trifluorinated prodrugs were differentially cytotoxic to human breast carcinoma cells (MDA MB 361) expressing CPG2, compared to control cells that did not express the enzyme. The difluorinated prodrug {4-[bis(2-bromoethyl)amino]-3,5-difluorobenzoyl}-L-glutamic acid and its iodoethylamino analogue were effective substrates for the enzyme and showed excellent therapeutic activity in CPG2-expressing MDA MB 361 xenografts, either curing or greatly inhibiting tumor growth and extending the life of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence C Davies
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at the Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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Schepelmann S, Hallenbeck P, Ogilvie LM, Hedley D, Friedlos F, Martin J, Scanlon I, Hay C, Hawkins LK, Marais R, Springer CJ. Systemic Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using a Targeted Adenovirus Armed with Carboxypeptidase G2. Cancer Res 2005; 65:5003-8. [PMID: 15958540 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the fifth most common cancer worldwide, and there is no effective therapy for unresectable disease. We have developed a targeted systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. The gene for a foreign enzyme is selectively expressed in the tumor cells and a nontoxic prodrug is then given, which is activated to a potent cytotoxic drug by the tumor-localized enzyme. This approach is termed gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT). Adenoviruses have been used to target cancer cells, have an intrinsic tropism for liver, and are efficient gene vectors. Oncolytic adenoviruses produce clinical benefits, particularly in combination with conventional anticancer agents and are well tolerated. We rationalized that such adenoviruses, if their expression were restricted to telomerase-positive cancer cells, would make excellent gene vectors for GDEPT therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Here we use an oncolytic adenovirus to deliver the prodrug-activating enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) to tumors in a single systemic administration. The adenovirus replicated and produced high levels of CPG2 in two different hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts (Hep3B and HepG2) but not other tissues. GDEPT enhanced the adenovirus-alone therapy to elicit tumor regressions in the hepatocellular carcinoma models. This is the first time that CPG2 has been targeted and expressed intracellularly to effect significant therapy, showing that the combined approach holds enormous potential as a tumor-selective therapy for the systemic treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Schepelmann
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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Sharma SK, Pedley RB, Bhatia J, Boxer GM, El-Emir E, Qureshi U, Tolner B, Lowe H, Michael NP, Minton N, Begent RHJ, Chester KA. Sustained Tumor Regression of Human Colorectal Cancer Xenografts Using a Multifunctional Mannosylated Fusion Protein in Antibody-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.814.11.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) requires highly selective antibody-mediated delivery of enzyme to tumor. MFE-CP, a multifunctional genetic fusion protein of antibody and enzyme, was designed to achieve this by two mechanisms. First by using a high affinity and high specificity single chain Fv antibody directed to carcinoembryonic antigen. Second by rapid removal of antibody-enzyme from normal tissues by virtue of post-translational mannosylation. The purpose of this paper is to investigate these dual functions in an animal model of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicity, and efficacy.
Experimental Design: MFE-CP was expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris and purified via an engineered hexahistidine tag. Biodistribution and therapeutic effect of a single ADEPT cycle (1,000 units/kg MFE-CP followed by 70 mg/kg ZD2767P prodrug at 6, 7, and 8 hours) and multiple ADEPT cycles (9-10 cycles within 21-24 days) was studied in established human colon carcinoma xenografts, LS174T, and SW1222.
Results: Selective localization of functional enzyme in tumors and rapid clearance from plasma was observed within 6 hours, resulting in tumor to plasma ratios of 1,400:1 and 339:1, respectively for the LS174T and SW1222 models. A single ADEPT cycle produced reproducible tumor growth delay in both models. Multiple ADEPT cycles significantly enhanced the therapeutic effect of a single cycle in the LS174T xenografts (P = 0.001) and produced regressions in the SW1222 xenografts (P = 0.0001), with minimal toxicity.
Conclusions: MFE-CP fusion protein, in combination with ZD2767P, provides a new and successful ADEPT system, which offers the potential for multiple cycles and antitumor efficacy. These results provide a basis for the next stage in clinical development of ADEPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder K. Sharma
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - R. Barbara Pedley
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeetendra Bhatia
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey M. Boxer
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ethaar El-Emir
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Uzma Qureshi
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Berend Tolner
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Lowe
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - N. Paul Michael
- 2Center for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nigel Minton
- 3Institute of Infections, Immunity and Inflammation, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard H. J. Begent
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry A. Chester
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Malik N, Luthra SKSK, Burke P, Price PMPM, Aboagye EOEO, Latigo J, Zhao Y, Brady F. Radiosynthesis of 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-[(11)C]ethyl)amino]-phenoxycarbonyl-l-glutamic acid a half mustard prodrug as a potential probe for imaging antibody- and gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy with positron emission tomography. Appl Radiat Isot 2004; 60:825-34. [PMID: 15110346 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 01/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The potential antibody directed prodrug therapy half-mustard prodrug 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-ethyl)amino]-phenoxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid was synthesised by reductive alkylation of 4-[(2-chloroethyl)amino]-phenoxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid using acetaldehyde. 4-[(2-chloroethyl)[(11)C](2-ethyl)amino]phenoxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid was synthesized with 18-22% decay corrected radiochemical yield in 45 min from EOB by reductive alkylation of 4-[(2-chloroethyl)amino]-phenoxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid using [(11)C]acetaldehyde. [(11)C]Acetaldehyde was prepared in 60% decay corrected radiochemical yield by oxidation of [(11)C]ethanol over heated copper oxide. The radiosynthesis of [(11)C]ethanol was re-examined and optimized. 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-ethyl)amino]-phenoxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid was found to have affinity for carboxypeptidase G2; the K(m) and V(max) were 99.4-115.9 microM (n=3) and 3.6-5.0 microM/min, respectively, at a carboxypeptidase G2 concentration of 0.0247 U/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazreen Malik
- Hammersmith Imanet, Cyclotron Building, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Niculescu-Duvaz I, Scanlon I, Niculescu-Duvaz D, Friedlos F, Martin J, Marais R, Springer CJ. Significant Differences in Biological Parameters between Prodrugs Cleavable by Carboxypeptidase G2 That Generate 3,5-Difluoro-phenol and -aniline Nitrogen Mustards in Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy Systems. J Med Chem 2004; 47:2651-8. [PMID: 15115406 DOI: 10.1021/jm030966w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nine new nitrogen mustard compounds derived from 2,6-difluoro-4-hydroxy- (3a-e) and 2,6-difluoro-4-amino- (4a-d) aniline were synthesized as potential prodrugs. They were designed to be activated to their corresponding 3,5-difluorophenol and -aniline (4)-nitrogen mustards by the enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) in gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) models. The compounds were tested for cytotoxicity in the MDA MB-361 breast adenocarcinoma. The cell line was engineered to express stably either CPG2 tethered to the cell surface stCPG2-(Q)3 or beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) as control. The cytotoxicity differentials were calculated between CPG 2-expressing and -nonexpressing cells and yielded different results for the two series of prodrugs despite their structural similarities. While the phenol compounds are ineffective as prodrugs, their aniline counterparts exhibit outstanding activity in the tumor cell lines expressing CPG2. [3,5-Difluoro-4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]carbamoyl-l-glutamic acid gave a differential of >227 in MDA MB361 cells as compared with 19 exhibited by 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-mesyloxyethyl)amino]benzoyl-l-glutamic acid, 1a, which has been in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Niculescu-Duvaz
- Cancer Research-UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at the Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
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Spooner RA, Friedlos F, Maycroft K, Stribbling SM, Roussel J, Brueggen J, Stolz B, O'Reilly T, Wood J, Matter A, Marais R, Springer CJ. A novel vascular endothelial growth factor-directed therapy that selectively activates cytotoxic prodrugs. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:1622-30. [PMID: 12771932 PMCID: PMC2377106 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We have generated fusion proteins between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the bacterial enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) that can activate the prodrug 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-mesyloxyethyl)amino]benzoyl-L-glutamic acid (CMDA). Three asparagine residues of CPG2 were mutated to glutamine (CPG2(Q)3) to prevent glycosylation during secretion, and truncations of VEGF(165) were fused to either the C- or N-terminal of CPG2. The K(m) of the fusion proteins (37.5 microM) was similar to that of secreted CPG2(Q)3 (29.5 microM) but greater than that of wild-type CPG2 (8 microM). The affinity of the fusion proteins for VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) (K(d)=0.5-1.1 nM) was similar to that of [(125)I]VEGF (K(d)=0.5 nM) (ELISA) or slightly higher (K(d)=1.3-9.6 nM) (competitive RIA). One protein, VEGF(115)-CPG2(Q)3-H(6), possessed 140% of the enzymic activity of secreted CPG2(Q)3, and had a faster half-maximal binding time for VEGFR2 (77 s), than the other candidates (330 s). In vitro, VEGF(115)-CPG2(Q)3-H(6) targeted CMDA cytotoxicity only towards VEGFR-expressing cells. The plasma half-life of VEGF(115)-CPG2(Q)3-H(6) in vivo was 3 h, comparable to equivalent values observed in ADEPT. We conclude that enzyme prodrug therapy using VEGF as a targeting moiety represents a promising novel antitumour therapy, with VEGF(115)-CPG2(Q)3-H(6) being a lead candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Spooner
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at the Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology at the Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - F Friedlos
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at the Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - K Maycroft
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology at the Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - S M Stribbling
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at the Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - J Roussel
- Novartis Pharmaceutical AG, Pharmaceutical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Brueggen
- Novartis Pharmaceutical AG, Pharmaceutical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Stolz
- Novartis Pharmaceutical AG, Pharmaceutical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - T O'Reilly
- Novartis Pharmaceutical AG, Pharmaceutical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Wood
- Novartis Pharmaceutical AG, Pharmaceutical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Matter
- Novartis Pharmaceutical AG, Pharmaceutical Research, CH-4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Marais
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology at the Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - C J Springer
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at the Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- Cancer Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at the Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK. E-mail:
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38
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Niculescu-Duvaz D, Niculescu-Duvaz I, Friedlos F, Martin J, Lehouritis P, Marais R, Springer CJ. Self-immolative nitrogen mustards prodrugs cleavable by carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) showing large cytotoxicity differentials in GDEPT. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1690-705. [PMID: 12699387 DOI: 10.1021/jm020462i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen novel potential self-immolative prodrugs and their corresponding drugs have been synthesized for gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) with carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) as the activating enzyme. The compounds are derived from o- and p-amino and p-methylamino aniline nitrogen mustards. Their aqueous stability, kinetics of drug release by CPG2, and cytotoxicity in the colon carcinoma cell line WiDr, expressing either surface-tethered CPG2 (stCPG2(Q)3) or control beta-galactosidase, are assessed. The effect of various structural features on stability, kinetics of activation, and biological activity is discussed. The p-methylamino prodrugs are the most stable compounds from this series, with the largest cytotoxicity differentials between CPG2-expressing and nonexpressing cells. The most potent compounds in all series are prodrugs of bis-iodo nitrogen mustards. 4-[N-[4'-Bis(2' '-iodoethyl)aminophenyl]-N'-methylcarbamoyloxymethyl]phenylcarbamoyl-l-glutamic acid, compound 39b, is 124-fold more cytotoxic to WiDr cells expressing CPG2 than to cells expressing beta-galactosidase. An additional six compounds show better cytotoxicity differential than the published N-[4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-mesyloxyethyl)amino]benzoyl]-l-glutamic acid (CMDA) prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Niculescu-Duvaz
- CR-UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics at the Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
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39
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Francis RJ, Sharma SK, Springer C, Green AJ, Hope-Stone LD, Sena L, Martin J, Adamson KL, Robbins A, Gumbrell L, O'Malley D, Tsiompanou E, Shahbakhti H, Webley S, Hochhauser D, Hilson AJ, Blakey D, Begent RHJ. A phase I trial of antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma or other CEA producing tumours. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:600-7. [PMID: 12237768 PMCID: PMC2364249 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2002] [Revised: 05/31/2002] [Accepted: 07/03/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy is a targeted therapy in which a prodrug is activated selectively at the tumour site by an enzyme, which has been targeted to the tumour by an antibody (antibody-enzyme conjugate). Previous clinical trials have shown evidence of tumour response, however, the activated drug had a long half-life, which resulted in dose-limiting myelosuppression. Also, the targeting system, although giving high tumour to blood ratios of antibody-enzyme conjugate (10 000 : 1) required administration of a clearing antibody in addition to the antibody-enzyme conjugate. The purpose of this current study therefore was to attempt tumour targeting of the antibody-enzyme conjugate without the clearing antibody, and to investigate a new prodrug (bis-iodo phenol mustard, ZD2767P) whose activated form is highly potent and has a short half-life. Twenty-seven patients were treated with antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy using A5CP antibody-enzyme conjugate and ZD2767P prodrug, in a dose-escalating phase I trial. The maximum tolerated dose of ZD2767P was reached at 15.5 mg m(-2)x three administrations with a serum carboxypeptidase G2 level of 0.05 U ml(-1). Myelosuppression limited dose escalation. Other toxicities were mild. Patients' quality of life was not adversely affected during the trial as assessed by the measures used. There were no clinical or radiological responses seen in the study, but three patients had stable disease at day 56. Human anti-mouse antibody and human anti-carboxypeptidase G2 antibody were produced in response to the antibody enzyme conjugate (A5CP). The antibody-enzyme conjugate localisation data (carboxypeptidase G2 enzyme levels by HPLC on tumour and normal tissue samples, and gamma camera analysis of I-131 radiolabelled conjugate) are consistent with inadequate tumour localisation (median tumour: normal tissue ratios of antibody-enzyme conjugate of less than 1). A clearance system is therefore desirable with this antibody-enzyme conjugate or a more efficient targeting system is required. ZD2767P was shown to clear rapidly from the circulation and activated drug was not measurable in the blood. ZD2767P has potential for use in future antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Francis
- Cancer Research UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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40
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Monks NR, Blakey DC, East SJ, Dowell RI, Calvete JA, Curtin NJ, Arris CE, Newell DR. DNA interstrand cross-linking and TP53 status as determinants of tumour cell sensitivity in vitro to the antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy ZD2767. Eur J Cancer 2002; 38:1543-52. [PMID: 12110502 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(02)00111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellular determinants of sensitivity to the bifunctional alkylating agent 4-[N,N-bis(2-iodoethyl)amino]phenol (ZD2767D), the active drug produced by ZD2767 antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT), were studied. The prodrug 4-[N,N-bis(2-iodoethyl)amino]phenoxycarbonyl L-glutamic acid (ZD2767P)+activating enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) displayed growth inhibitory activity (IC(50) 0.04-2.2 microM) in colorectal tumour and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, and was more potent than a monofunctional ZD2767D analogue (colorectal cell lines-IC(50) 18-38 microM), synthesized for the first time. ZD2767P + CPG2 rapidly formed DNA-DNA interstrand cross-links (maximal at 10 min), and semi-quantitative analyses indicate that levels were similar in 3 of 4 cell lines studied (25-75 rad equivalents) at equitoxic (10 x IC(50)/LC(50)) concentrations. In matched HCT116 TP53 functional/non-functional cell lines, there was no significant difference in the sensitivity to ZD2767P+CPG2. Together, these results suggest that cellular sensitivity to ZD2767P+CPG2 is, in part, related to the levels of interstrand crosslinks, but that TP53 status does not markedly effect chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel R Monks
- Cancer Research Unit, University of Newcastle, Framlington Place, NE2 4HH, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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41
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Lee HJ, Cooperwood JS, You Z, Ko DH. Prodrug and antedrug: two diametrical approaches in designing safer drugs. Arch Pharm Res 2002; 25:111-36. [PMID: 12009024 DOI: 10.1007/bf02976552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The prodrug and antedrug concepts, which were developed to overcome the physical and pharmacological shortcomings of various therapeutic classes of agents, employ diametrically different metabolic transformations. The prodrug undergoes a predictable metabolic activation prior to exhibiting its pharmacological effects in a target tissue while the antedrug undergoes metabolic deactivation in the systemic circulation upon leaving a target tissue. An increased therapeutic index is the aspiration for both approaches in designing as well as evaluation criteria. The recent research endeavors of prodrugs include the gene-directed and antibody-directed enzymatic activation of a molecule in a targeted tissue, organ specific delivery, improved bioavailabilities of nucleosides and cellular penetration of nucleotides. As for antedrugs, emphasis in research has been based upon the design and synthesis of systemically inactive molecule by incorporating a metabolically labile functional group into an active molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee 32307, USA.
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Senter PD, Springer CJ. Selective activation of anticancer prodrugs by monoclonal antibody-enzyme conjugates. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 53:247-64. [PMID: 11744170 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A great deal of interest has surrounded the activities of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and mAb-drug, toxin and radionuclide conjugates for the treatment of human cancers. In the last few years, a number of new mAb-based reagents have been clinically approved (Rituxan, Herceptin, and Panorex), and several others are now in advanced clinical trials. Successful therapeutic treatment of solid tumors with drug conjugates of such macromolecules must overcome the barriers to penetration within tumor masses, antigen heterogeneity, conjugated drug potency, and efficient drug release from the mAbs inside tumor cells. An alternative strategy for drug delivery involves a two-step approach to cancer therapy in which mAbs are used to localize enzymes to tumor cell surface antigens. Once the conjugate binds to the cancer cells and clears from the systemic circulation, antitumor prodrugs are administered that are catalytically converted to active drugs by the targeted enzyme. The drugs thus released are capable of penetrating within the tumor mass and eliminating both cells that have and have not bound the mAb-enzyme conjugate. Significant therapeutic effects have been obtained using a broad range of enzymes along with prodrugs that are derived from both approved anticancer drugs and highly potent experimental agents. This review focuses on the activities of several mAb-enzyme/prodrug combinations, with an emphasis on those that have provided mechanistic insight, clinical activity, novel protein constructs, and the potential for reduced immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Senter
- Seattle Genetics, 21823 30th Dr. SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA.
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43
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Monks NR, Blakey DC, Curtin NJ, East SJ, Heuze A, Newell DR. Induction of apoptosis by the ADEPT agent ZD2767: comparison with the classical nitrogen mustard chlorambucil and a monofunctional ZD2767 analogue. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:764-71. [PMID: 11531265 PMCID: PMC2364118 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ZD2767P is a phenol mustard glutamate prodrug which is currently being developed for Antibody Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (ADEPT). In ZD2767 ADEPT an active bi-functional alkylating drug, ZD2767D (4-[N,N-bis(2-iodoethyl)amino]phenol), is generated following cleavage of ZD2767P by the bacterial enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) which is targeted to the tumour by conjugation to the F(ab')(2)fragment of the anti-CEA antibody A5B7. The aim of the studies described here was to identify the mode of cell death induced by ZD2767P + CPG2 in comparison to the established nitrogen mustard chlorambucil. The contribution of bifunctional and monofunctional ZD2767 DNA lesions to cell death induction was investigated using a monofunctional ZD2767D analogue. Apoptosis in LoVo tumour cells was studied by three different methods (nuclear morphology, annexin V staining and TUNEL). Levels of apoptosis detected using the three assays were similar, and each drug treatment produced apoptosis at levels above those in control cells at concentrations which resulted in tumour cell growth inhibition. The bi-functional compounds, ZD2767P + CPG2 and chlorambucil, induced apoptosis in a concentration and time dependent manner, with equitoxic concentrations producing equivalent levels of apoptosis. In contrast, the mono-functional ZD2767D analogue at 100 microM resulted in the maximal level of apoptosis at 25 h with no further increase over the following 72 h. These studies have demonstrated that apoptosis is the mechanism of cell death induced by the ZD2767 ADEPT system, and that levels of apoptosis produced by ZD2767 are similar to those observed at equitoxic concentrations of the classical nitrogen mustard chlorambucil. The mono-functional ZD2767 analogue also induced apoptosis, but with a different time course and characteristics. In conjunction with previous data, these studies have shown that the potent activity of ZD2767 can be attributed to the ability of the compound to induce bifunctional DNA lesions and engage apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Monks
- Cancer Research Unit, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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44
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Webley SD, Francis RJ, Pedley RB, Sharma SK, Begent RH, Hartley JA, Hochhauser D. Measurement of the critical DNA lesions produced by antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) in vitro, in vivo and in clinical material. Br J Cancer 2001; 84:1671-6. [PMID: 11401322 PMCID: PMC2363686 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) system against CEA-positive tumours is currently in phase I clinical trials. It consists of a prodrug, 4-[N,N-bis(2-iodoethyl) amino] phenoxycarbonyl L -glutamic acid (ZD2767P) and a conjugate of the F(ab')(2) anti-CEA antibody A5B7 and the bacterial enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2). ZD2767P is converted by antibody-targeted CPG2 into an active bifunctional alkylating drug (ZD2767) at the tumour site. The IC(50) value of the prodrug against the human colorectal tumour LS174T cell line was 55 +/- 9 microM following a 1 h exposure. In contrast, co-incubation of ZD2767P with CPG2 resulted in 229-fold increase in activity. Using a modified comet assay, DNA interstrand cross links (ISC) were detected within 1 h of ZD2767P + CPG2 treatment and were repaired by 24 h. A clear dose-response was seen between the level of ISC, growth inhibition and ZD2767 concentration. Administration of a therapeutic dose of ZD2767P 72 h after the F(ab')(2) A5B7 conjugate to mice bearing LS147T xenografts resulted in extensive ISC in the tumour after 1 h; repair was seen at 24 h. Tumour biopsies and peripheral lymphocytes were studied in 5 patients on the ADEPT phase I clinical trial. In 4 patients no ISC were detected. These patients also demonstrated poor localization of conjugate and no tumour response was seen. However a significant level of ISC was detected in one tumour biopsy, which also showed evidence of conjugate localization and clinical response. These studies demonstrate the application of the comet assay in the measurement of ISC in vitro and in clinical material and confirm that activation of ZD2767P results in the formation of DNA crosslinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Webley
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College School of Medicine, University College London for the Phase I and II Clinical Trials Committee of the Cancer Research Campaign, UK
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Khanum N, Luthra SK, Zhao Y, Aboagye E, Price PM, Burke P, Brady F. Carbon-11 labelling of a half mustard prodrug by reductive alkylation using [11C]acetaldehyde. A potential tracer for evaluation of adept or gdept using pet. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.25804401112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Monks NR, Calvete JA, Curtin NJ, Blakey DC, East SJ, Newell DR. Cellular glutathione as a determinant of the sensitivity of colorectal tumour cell-lines to ZD2767 antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). Br J Cancer 2000; 83:267-9. [PMID: 10901381 PMCID: PMC2363482 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ZD2767P, a nitrogen mustard glutamate prodrug, is currently being evaluated in Phase 1 clinical trials of antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT). There was no significant relationship between basal glutathione (GSH) concentration and sensitivity to ZD2767P + carboxpeptidase G2 (CPG2) in colorectal tumour cell-lines. Depletion of intracellular GSH using buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) resulted in only a modest potentiation of ZD2767P + CPG2 activity and hence BSO is unlikely to markedly enhance the activity of this ADEPT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Monks
- Cancer Research Unit, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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47
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Jordan AM, Khan TH, Osborn HM, Photiou A, Riley PA. Melanocyte-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (MDEPT): development of a targeted treatment for malignant melanoma. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:1775-80. [PMID: 10530924 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel prodrug rationally designed to function as a tyrosinase substrate has been synthesised to allow targeted treatment of malignant melanoma. This agent has been evaluated for tyrosinase-mediated drug release, and has been shown to act in the desired manner. Furthermore, differential cytotoxicity has been demonstrated in cell lines which express tyrosinase and those which do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, UK
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48
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Dubowchik GM, Walker MA. Receptor-mediated and enzyme-dependent targeting of cytotoxic anticancer drugs. Pharmacol Ther 1999; 83:67-123. [PMID: 10511457 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(99)00018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This review is a survey of various approaches to targeting cytotoxic anticancer drugs to tumors primarily through biomolecules expressed by cancer cells or associated vasculature and stroma. These include monoclonal antibody immunoconjugates; enzyme prodrug therapies, such as antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, and bacterial-directed enzyme prodrug therapy; and metabolism-based therapies that seek to exploit increased tumor expression of, e.g., proteases, low-density lipoprotein receptors, hormones, and adhesion molecules. Following a discussion of factors that positively and negatively affect drug delivery to solid tumors, we concentrate on a mechanistic understanding of selective drug release or generation at the tumor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Dubowchik
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT 06492-7660, USA.
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49
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Niculescu-Duvaz I, Niculescu-Duvaz D, Friedlos F, Spooner R, Martin J, Marais R, Springer CJ. Self-immolative anthracycline prodrugs for suicide gene therapy. J Med Chem 1999; 42:2485-9. [PMID: 10395490 DOI: 10.1021/jm980696v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Four novel potential prodrugs derived from daunorubicin (8, 10) and doxorubicin (12, 14) were designed and synthesized. They are self-immolative prodrugs for suicide gene therapy activation by the enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) subsequently releasing the corresponding anthracyclines, by a 1,6-elimination mechanism. A mammary carcinoma cell line (MDA MB 361) was engineered to express CPG2 intracellularly (CPG2) or extracellularly, tethered to the outer cell membrane (stCPG2(Q)3). The prodrugs derived from doxorubicin showed prodrug/drug cytotoxicity differentials of 21-fold (compound 12) and 23-fold (compound 14). Prodrug 12 underwent an 11-fold activation when assayed in the cell line expressing externally surface-tethered CPG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Niculescu-Duvaz
- CRC Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
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50
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Khan TH, Eno-Amooquaye EA, Searle F, Browne PJ, Osborn HM, Burke PJ. Novel inhibitors of carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2): potential use in antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. J Med Chem 1999; 42:951-6. [PMID: 10090777 DOI: 10.1021/jm990004i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of potent thiocarbamate inhibitors for carboxypeptidase G2 are described. The best thiocarbamate inhibitor N-(p-methoxybenzenethiocarbonyl)amino-L-glutamic acid 6d, chosen for preliminary investigations of in vitro antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT), abrogated the cytotoxicity of a combination of A5B7-carboxypeptidase G2 conjugate and prodrug PGP (N-p-{N,N-bis (2-chloroethyl)amino}phenoxycarbonyl-L-glutamate) toward LS174T cells. This is the first report of a small-molecule enzyme inhibitor proposed for use in conjunction with the ADEPT approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Khan
- Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Charing Cross Site, Medical Oncology, St. Dunstan's Road, London W6 8RF, UK
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