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Grundeis F, Ansems K, Dahms K, Thieme V, Metzendorf MI, Skoetz N, Benstoem C, Mikolajewska A, Griesel M, Fichtner F, Stegemann M. Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 1:CD014962. [PMID: 36695483 PMCID: PMC9875553 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014962.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remdesivir is an antiviral medicine approved for the treatment of mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This led to widespread implementation, although the available evidence remains inconsistent. This update aims to fill current knowledge gaps by identifying, describing, evaluating, and synthesising all evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of remdesivir on clinical outcomes in COVID-19. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of remdesivir and standard care compared to standard care plus/minus placebo on clinical outcomes in patients treated for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register (which comprises the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and medRxiv) as well as Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded and Emerging Sources Citation Index) and WHO COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease to identify completed and ongoing studies, without language restrictions. We conducted the searches on 31 May 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA We followed standard Cochrane methodology. We included RCTs evaluating remdesivir and standard care for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to standard care plus/minus placebo irrespective of disease severity, gender, ethnicity, or setting. We excluded studies that evaluated remdesivir for the treatment of other coronavirus diseases. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We followed standard Cochrane methodology. To assess risk of bias in included studies, we used the Cochrane RoB 2 tool for RCTs. We rated the certainty of evidence using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach for outcomes that were reported according to our prioritised categories: all-cause mortality, in-hospital mortality, clinical improvement (being alive and ready for discharge up to day 28) or worsening (new need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death up to day 28), quality of life, serious adverse events, and adverse events (any grade). We differentiated between non-hospitalised individuals with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection or mild COVID-19 and hospitalised individuals with moderate to severe COVID-19. MAIN RESULTS We included nine RCTs with 11,218 participants diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection and a mean age of 53.6 years, of whom 5982 participants were randomised to receive remdesivir. Most participants required low-flow oxygen at baseline. Studies were mainly conducted in high- and upper-middle-income countries. We identified two studies that are awaiting classification and five ongoing studies. Effects of remdesivir in hospitalised individuals with moderate to severe COVID-19 With moderate-certainty evidence, remdesivir probably makes little or no difference to all-cause mortality at up to day 28 (risk ratio (RR) 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 1.06; risk difference (RD) 8 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 21 fewer to 6 more; 4 studies, 7142 participants), day 60 (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.05; RD 35 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 73 fewer to 12 more; 1 study, 1281 participants), or in-hospital mortality at up to day 150 (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.03; RD 11 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 25 fewer to 5 more; 1 study, 8275 participants). Remdesivir probably increases the chance of clinical improvement at up to day 28 slightly (RR 1.11, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.17; RD 68 more per 1000, 95% CI 37 more to 105 more; 4 studies, 2514 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). It probably decreases the risk of clinical worsening within 28 days (hazard ratio (HR) 0.67, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.82; RD 135 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 198 fewer to 69 fewer; 2 studies, 1734 participants, moderate-certainty evidence). Remdesivir may make little or no difference to the rate of adverse events of any grade (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.18; RD 23 more per 1000, 95% CI 46 fewer to 104 more; 4 studies, 2498 participants; low-certainty evidence), or serious adverse events (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.07; RD 44 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 96 fewer to 19 more; 4 studies, 2498 participants; low-certainty evidence). We considered risk of bias to be low, with some concerns for mortality and clinical course. We had some concerns for safety outcomes because participants who had died did not contribute information. Without adjustment, this leads to an uncertain amount of missing values and the potential for bias due to missing data. Effects of remdesivir in non-hospitalised individuals with mild COVID-19 One of the nine RCTs was conducted in the outpatient setting and included symptomatic people with a risk of progression. No deaths occurred within the 28 days observation period. We are uncertain about clinical improvement due to very low-certainty evidence. Remdesivir probably decreases the risk of clinical worsening (hospitalisation) at up to day 28 (RR 0.28, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.75; RD 46 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 57 fewer to 16 fewer; 562 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). We did not find any data for quality of life. Remdesivir may decrease the rate of serious adverse events at up to 28 days (RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.70; RD 49 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 60 fewer to 20 fewer; 562 participants; low-certainty evidence), but it probably makes little or no difference to the risk of adverse events of any grade (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.10; RD 42 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 111 fewer to 46 more; 562 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). We considered risk of bias to be low for mortality, clinical improvement, and safety outcomes. We identified a high risk of bias for clinical worsening. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Based on the available evidence up to 31 May 2022, remdesivir probably has little or no effect on all-cause mortality or in-hospital mortality of individuals with moderate to severe COVID-19. The hospitalisation rate was reduced with remdesivir in one study including participants with mild to moderate COVID-19. It may be beneficial in the clinical course for both hospitalised and non-hospitalised patients, but certainty remains limited. The applicability of the evidence to current practice may be limited by the recruitment of participants from mostly unvaccinated populations exposed to early variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus at the time the studies were undertaken. Future studies should provide additional data on the efficacy and safety of remdesivir for defined core outcomes in COVID-19 research, especially for different population subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Grundeis
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kelly Ansems
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Intermediate Care, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karolina Dahms
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Intermediate Care, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Volker Thieme
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria-Inti Metzendorf
- Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Carina Benstoem
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Intermediate Care, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Agata Mikolajewska
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS), Strategy and Incident Response, Clinical Management and Infection Control, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirko Griesel
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Falk Fichtner
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Miriam Stegemann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Taibe NS, Kord MA, Badawy MA, Shytaj IL, Elhefnawi MM. Progress, pitfalls, and path forward of drug repurposing for COVID-19 treatment. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2022; 16:17534666221132736. [PMID: 36282077 PMCID: PMC9597285 DOI: 10.1177/17534666221132736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
On 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic a public health emergency of international concern. The viral outbreak led in turn to an exponential growth of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases, that is, a multiorgan disease that has led to more than 6.3 million deaths worldwide, as of June 2022. There are currently few effective drugs approved for treatment of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 patients. Many of the compounds tested so far have been selected through a drug repurposing approach, that is, by identifying novel indications for drugs already approved for other conditions. We here present an up-to-date review of the main Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs repurposed against SARS-CoV-2 infection, discussing their mechanism of action and their most important preclinical and clinical results. Reviewed compounds were chosen to privilege those that have been approved for use in SARS-CoV-2 patients or that have completed phase III clinical trials. Moreover, we also summarize the evidence on some novel and promising repurposed drugs in the pipeline. Finally, we discuss the current stage and possible steps toward the development of broadly effective drug combinations to suppress the onset or progression of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Samir Taibe
- Biotechnology-Biomolecular Chemistry Program, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maimona A. Kord
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Samineni R, Eda V, Rao P, Sen S, Oruganti S. Grignard Reagents as Niche Bases in the Synthesis of Pharmaceutically Relevant Molecules. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Samineni
- Center for Innovation in Molecular and Pharmaceutical Sciences (CIMPS) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Vishnuvardhana Eda
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Pallavi Rao
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Saikat Sen
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
| | - Srinivas Oruganti
- Center for Process Research and Innovation (CPRI) Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences University of Hyderabad campus, Gachibowli Hyderabad 500046 India
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Ansems K, Grundeis F, Dahms K, Mikolajewska A, Thieme V, Piechotta V, Metzendorf MI, Stegemann M, Benstoem C, Fichtner F. Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 8:CD014962. [PMID: 34350582 PMCID: PMC8406992 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remdesivir is an antiviral medicine with properties to inhibit viral replication of SARS-CoV-2. Positive results from early studies attracted media attention and led to emergency use authorisation of remdesivir in COVID-19. A thorough understanding of the current evidence regarding the effects of remdesivir as a treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection based on randomised controlled trials (RCTs) is required. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of remdesivir compared to placebo or standard care alone on clinical outcomes in hospitalised patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, and to maintain the currency of the evidence using a living systematic review approach. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register (which comprises the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and medRxiv) as well as Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded and Emerging Sources Citation Index) and WHO COVID-19 Global literature on coronavirus disease to identify completed and ongoing studies without language restrictions. We conducted the searches on 16 April 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA We followed standard Cochrane methodology. We included RCTs evaluating remdesivir for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalised adults compared to placebo or standard care alone irrespective of disease severity, gender, ethnicity, or setting. We excluded studies that evaluated remdesivir for the treatment of other coronavirus diseases. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We followed standard Cochrane methodology. To assess risk of bias in included studies, we used the Cochrane RoB 2 tool for RCTs. We rated the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach for outcomes that were reported according to our prioritised categories: all-cause mortality at up to day 28, duration to liberation from invasive mechanical ventilation, duration to liberation from supplemental oxygen, new need for mechanical ventilation (high-flow oxygen or non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation), new need for invasive mechanical ventilation, new need for non-invasive mechanical ventilation or high-flow oxygen, new need for oxygen by mask or nasal prongs, quality of life, adverse events (any grade), and serious adverse events. MAIN RESULTS We included five RCTs with 7452 participants diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection and a mean age of 59 years, of whom 3886 participants were randomised to receive remdesivir. Most participants required low-flow oxygen (n=4409) or mechanical ventilation (n=1025) at baseline. We identified two ongoing studies, one was suspended due to a lack of COVID-19 patients to recruit. Risk of bias was considered to be of some concerns or high risk for clinical status and safety outcomes because participants who had died did not contribute information to these outcomes. Without adjustment, this leads to an uncertain amount of missing values and the potential for bias due to missing data. Effects of remdesivir in hospitalised individuals Remdesivir probably makes little or no difference to all-cause mortality at up to day 28 (risk ratio (RR) 0.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 1.06; risk difference (RD) 8 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 21 fewer to 7 more; 4 studies, 7142 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Considering the initial severity of condition, only one study showed a beneficial effect of remdesivir in patients who received low-flow oxygen at baseline (RR 0.32, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.66, 435 participants), but conflicting results exists from another study, and we were unable to validly assess this observations due to limited availability of comparable data. Remdesivir may have little or no effect on the duration to liberation from invasive mechanical ventilation (2 studies, 1298 participants, data not pooled, low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether remdesivir increases or decreases the chance of clinical improvement in terms of duration to liberation from supplemental oxygen at up to day 28 (3 studies, 1691 participants, data not pooled, very low-certainty evidence). We are very uncertain whether remdesivir decreases or increases the risk of clinical worsening in terms of new need for mechanical ventilation at up to day 28 (high-flow oxygen or non-invasive ventilation or invasive mechanical ventilation) (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.24; RD 29 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 68 fewer to 32 more; 3 studies, 6696 participants; very low-certainty evidence); new need for non-invasive mechanical ventilation or high-flow oxygen (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.98; RD 72 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 118 fewer to 5 fewer; 1 study, 573 participants; very low-certainty evidence); and new need for oxygen by mask or nasal prongs (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.22; RD 84 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 204 fewer to 98 more; 1 study, 138 participants; very low-certainty evidence). The evidence suggests that remdesivir may decrease the risk of clinical worsening in terms of new need for invasive mechanical ventilation (67 fewer participants amongst 1000 participants; RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.77; 2 studies, 1159 participants; low-certainty evidence). None of the included studies reported quality of life. Remdesivir probably decreases the serious adverse events rate at up to 28 days (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.90; RD 63 fewer per 1000, 95% CI 94 fewer to 25 fewer; 3 studies, 1674 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). We are very uncertain whether remdesivir increases or decreases adverse events rate (any grade) (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.27; RD 29 more per 1000, 95% CI 82 fewer to 158 more; 3 studies, 1674 participants; very low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Based on the currently available evidence, we are moderately certain that remdesivir probably has little or no effect on all-cause mortality at up to day 28 in hospitalised adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We are uncertain about the effects of remdesivir on clinical improvement and worsening. There were insufficient data available to validly examine the effect of remdesivir on mortality in subgroups depending on the extent of respiratory support at baseline. Future studies should provide additional data on efficacy and safety of remdesivir for defined core outcomes in COVID-19 research, especially for different population subgroups. This could allow us to draw more reliable conclusions on the potential benefits and harms of remdesivir in future updates of this review. Due to the living approach of this work, we will update the review periodically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Ansems
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felicitas Grundeis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karolina Dahms
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Agata Mikolajewska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Thieme
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vanessa Piechotta
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria-Inti Metzendorf
- Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group, Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Miriam Stegemann
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carina Benstoem
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Falk Fichtner
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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Serpi M, Pertusati F. An overview of ProTide technology and its implications to drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1149-1161. [PMID: 33985395 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1922385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The ProTide technology is a phosphate (or phosphonate) prodrug method devised to deliver nucleoside monophosphate (or monophosphonate) intracellularly bypassing the key challenges of antiviral and anticancer nucleoside analogs. Three new antiviral drugs, exploiting this technology, have been approved by the FDA while others are in clinical studies as anticancer agents.Areas covered: The authors describe the origin and development of this technology and its incredible success in transforming the drug discovery of antiviral and anticancer nucleoside analogues. As evidence, discussion on the antiviral ProTides on the market, and those currently in clinical development are included. The authors focus on how the proven capacity of this technology to generate new drug candidates has stimulated its application to non-nucleoside-based molecules.Expert opinion: The ProTide approach has been extremely successful in delivering blockbuster antiviral medicines and it seems highly promising in oncology. Its application to non-nucleoside-based small molecules is recently emerging and proving effective in other therapeutic areas. However, investigations to explain the lack of activity of certain ProTide series and comprehensive structure activity relationship studies to identify the appropriate phosphoramidate motifs depending on the parent molecule are in our opinion mandatory for the future development of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of (1,4-Disubstituted-1,2,3-Triazol)-( E)-2-Methyl-but-2-Enyl Nucleoside Phosphonate Prodrugs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051493. [PMID: 33803417 PMCID: PMC7967160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of hitherto unknown (1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazol)-(E)-2-methyl-but-2-enyl nucleosides phosphonate prodrugs bearing 4-substituted-1,2,3-triazoles were prepared in a straight approach through an olefin acyclic cross metathesis as the key synthetic step. All novel compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activities against HBV, HIV and SARS-CoV-2. Among these molecules, only compound 15j, a hexadecyloxypropyl (HDP)/(isopropyloxycarbonyl-oxymethyl)-ester (POC) prodrug, showed activity against HBV in Huh7 cell cultures with 62% inhibition at 10 μM, without significant cytotoxicity (IC50 = 66.4 μM in HepG2 cells, IC50 = 43.1 μM in HepG2 cells) at 10 μM.
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Musiyak VV, Nizova IA, Chulakov EN, Sadretdinova LS, Tumashov AA, Levit GL, Krasnov VP. Stereochemical aspects in the synthesis of novel N-(purin-6-yl)dipeptides as potential antimycobacterial agents. Amino Acids 2021; 53:407-415. [PMID: 33599833 PMCID: PMC7889712 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-02958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of purine conjugates with natural amino acids is one of the promising directions in search for novel therapeutic agents, including antimycobacterial agents. The purpose of this study was to synthesize N-(purin-6-yl)dipeptides containing the terminal fragment of (S)-glutamic acid. To obtain the target compounds, two synthetic routes were tested. The first of them is based on coupling of N-(purin-6-yl)-(S)-amino acids to dimethyl (S)-glutamate in the presence of carbodiimide coupling agent followed by the removal of ester groups. However, it turned out that this coupling process was accompanied by racemization of the chiral center of N-(purin-6-yl)-α-amino acids and in all cases led to mixtures of (S,S)- and (R,S)-diastereomers (6:4). Individual (S,S)-diastereomers were obtained using an alternative approach based on the nucleophilic substitution of chlorine in 6-chloropurine or 2-amino-6-chloropurine with corresponding dipeptides as nucleophiles. The enantiomeric purity of the target compounds was confirmed by chiral HPLC. To test the assumption that racemization of the chiral center of N-(purin-6-yl)-α-amino acids occurs with the participation of nitrogen atoms of the imidazole ring via the stage of formation of a chirally labile intermediate, we obtained such structural analogs of N-(purin-6-yl)-(S)-alanine as N-(9-benzylpurin-6-yl)-(S)-alanine and N-(7-deazapurin-6-yl)-(S)-alanine. It was found that coupling of these compounds to dimethyl (S)-glutamate was also accompanied by racemization. This indicates that the imidazole fragment does not play a crucial role in this process. When testing the antimycobacterial activity of some of the obtained compounds, conjugates with moderate activity against the laboratory Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain (MIC 3.1–6.25 μg/mL) were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera V Musiyak
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Branch), 22/20, S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya St., Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russia
| | - Irina A Nizova
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Branch), 22/20, S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya St., Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russia
| | - Evgeny N Chulakov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Branch), 22/20, S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya St., Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russia
| | - Liliya Sh Sadretdinova
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Branch), 22/20, S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya St., Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russia
| | - Andrey A Tumashov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Branch), 22/20, S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya St., Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russia.,Ural Federal University, 19, Mira St., Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
| | - Galina L Levit
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Branch), 22/20, S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya St., Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russia
| | - Victor P Krasnov
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Branch), 22/20, S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya St., Ekaterinburg, 620108, Russia. .,Ural Federal University, 19, Mira St., Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia.
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Miao H, Chen X, Luan Y. Small Molecular Gemcitabine Prodrugs for Cancer Therapy. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5562-5582. [PMID: 31419928 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190816230650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gemcitabine as a pyrimidine nucleoside analog anticancer drug has high efficacy for a broad spectrum of solid tumors. Gemcitabine is activated within tumor cells by sequential phosphorylation carried out by deoxycytidine kinase to mono-, di-, and triphosphate nucleotides with the last one as the active form. But the instability, drug resistance and toxicity severely limited its utilization in clinics. In the field of medicinal chemistry, prodrugs have proven to be a very effective means for elevating drug stability and decrease undesirable side effects including the nucleoside anticancer drug such as gemcitabine. Many works have been accomplished in design and synthesis of gemcitabine prodrugs, majority of which were summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Miao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuehong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Yepeng Luan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
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Abstract
Patients and physicians worldwide are facing tremendous health care hazards that are caused by the ongoing severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Remdesivir (GS-5734) is the first approved treatment for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is a novel nucleoside analog with a broad antiviral activity spectrum among RNA viruses, including ebolavirus (EBOV) and the respiratory pathogens Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Patients and physicians worldwide are facing tremendous health care hazards that are caused by the ongoing severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Remdesivir (GS-5734) is the first approved treatment for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is a novel nucleoside analog with a broad antiviral activity spectrum among RNA viruses, including ebolavirus (EBOV) and the respiratory pathogens Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. First described in 2016, the drug was derived from an antiviral library of small molecules intended to target emerging pathogenic RNA viruses. In vivo, remdesivir showed therapeutic and prophylactic effects in animal models of EBOV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the substance failed in a clinical trial on ebolavirus disease (EVD), where it was inferior to investigational monoclonal antibodies in an interim analysis. As there was no placebo control in this study, no conclusions on its efficacy in EVD can be made. In contrast, data from a placebo-controlled trial show beneficial effects for patients with COVID-19. Remdesivir reduces the time to recovery of hospitalized patients who require supplemental oxygen and may have a positive impact on mortality outcomes while having a favorable safety profile. Although this is an important milestone in the fight against COVID-19, approval of this drug will not be sufficient to solve the public health issues caused by the ongoing pandemic. Further scientific efforts are needed to evaluate the full potential of nucleoside analogs as treatment or prophylaxis of viral respiratory infections and to develop effective antivirals that are orally bioavailable.
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Procházková E, Filo J, Cigáň M, Baszczyňski O. Sterically-Controlled Self-Immolation in Phosphoramidate Linkers Triggered by Light. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliška Procházková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2; 116 10 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Filo
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6; Bratislava 842 15 Slovakia
| | - Marek Cigáň
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University, Ilkovičova 6; Bratislava 842 15 Slovakia
| | - Ondřej Baszczyňski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8; 128 43 Prague Czech Republic
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11
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Yoon JS, Kim G, Jarhad DB, Kim HR, Shin YS, Qu S, Sahu PK, Kim HO, Lee HW, Wang SB, Kong YJ, Chang TS, Ogando NS, Kovacikova K, Snijder EJ, Posthuma CC, van Hemert MJ, Jeong LS. Design, Synthesis, and Anti-RNA Virus Activity of 6'-Fluorinated-Aristeromycin Analogues. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6346-6362. [PMID: 31244113 PMCID: PMC7075649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The 6'-fluorinated aristeromycins were designed as dual-target antiviral compounds aimed at inhibiting both the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and the host cell S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) hydrolase, which would indirectly target capping of viral RNA. The introduction of a fluorine at the 6'-position enhanced the inhibition of SAH hydrolase and the activity against RNA viruses. The adenosine and N6-methyladenosine analogues 2a-e showed potent inhibition against SAH hydrolase, while only the adenosine derivatives 2a-c exhibited potent antiviral activity against all tested RNA viruses such as Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus, chikungunya virus, and/or Zika virus. 6',6'-Difluoroaristeromycin (2c) showed the strongest antiviral effect for MERS-CoV, with a ∼2.5 log reduction in infectious progeny titer in viral load reduction assay. The phosphoramidate prodrug 3a also demonstrated potent broad-spectrum antiviral activity, possibly by inhibiting the viral RdRp. This study shows that 6'-fluorinated aristeromycins can serve as starting points for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral agents that target RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Seong Yoon
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742 , Korea
| | - Gyudong Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742 , Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development , Chonnam National University , Gwangju 500-757 , Korea
| | - Dnyandev B Jarhad
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742 , Korea
| | - Hong-Rae Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742 , Korea
| | - Young-Sup Shin
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742 , Korea
| | - Shuhao Qu
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742 , Korea.,College of Pharmaceutical Engineering , Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy , Zhengzhou , 450046 , China
| | | | - Hea Ok Kim
- Future Medicine Co., Ltd. , Seoul 06665 , Korea
| | | | - Su Bin Wang
- College of Pharmacy , Ewha Womans University , Seoul 120-750 , Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Kong
- College of Pharmacy , Ewha Womans University , Seoul 120-750 , Korea
| | - Tong-Shin Chang
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742 , Korea.,College of Pharmacy , Ewha Womans University , Seoul 120-750 , Korea
| | - Natacha S Ogando
- Department of Medical Microbiology , Leiden University Medical Center , Albinusdreef 2 , 2333ZA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Kristina Kovacikova
- Department of Medical Microbiology , Leiden University Medical Center , Albinusdreef 2 , 2333ZA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Snijder
- Department of Medical Microbiology , Leiden University Medical Center , Albinusdreef 2 , 2333ZA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Clara C Posthuma
- Department of Medical Microbiology , Leiden University Medical Center , Albinusdreef 2 , 2333ZA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J van Hemert
- Department of Medical Microbiology , Leiden University Medical Center , Albinusdreef 2 , 2333ZA Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742 , Korea
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12
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Abstract
Over the past few years, nucleosides have maintained a prominent role as one of the cornerstones of antiviral and anticancer therapeutics, and many approaches to nucleoside drug design have been pursued. One such approach involves flexibility in the sugar moiety of nucleosides, for example, in the highly successful anti-HIV and HBV drug tenofovir. In contrast, introduction of flexibility to the nucleobase scaffold has only more recently gained significance with the invention of our fleximers. The history, development, and some biological relevance for this innovative class of nucleosides are detailed herein.
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13
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Munier M, Tritsch D, Lièvremont D, Rohmer M, Grosdemange-Billiard C. Synthesis and biological evaluation of aryl phosphoramidate prodrugs of fosfoxacin and its derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2019; 89:103012. [PMID: 31174039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aryl phosphoramidate prodrugs of fosfoxacin derivatives 15a-b and 8a-b were synthesized and investigated for their ability to target bacteria. No growth inhibition was observed neither for Mycobacterium smegmatis nor for Escherichia coli on solid medium, demonstrating the absence of release of the active compounds in the bacterial cells. Investigation of the stability of the prodrugs and their multienzymatic cleavage in abiotic and biotic conditions showed that the use of aryl phosphoramidate prodrug approach to deliver non-nucleotides compounds is not obvious and might not be appropriate for an antimicrobial drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Munier
- Laboratoire Chimie et Biochimie de Molécules Bioactives - Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR 7177, Institut Le Bel, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Denis Tritsch
- Laboratoire Chimie et Biochimie de Molécules Bioactives - Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR 7177, Institut Le Bel, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Didier Lièvremont
- Laboratoire Chimie et Biochimie de Molécules Bioactives - Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR 7177, Institut Le Bel, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Rohmer
- Laboratoire Chimie et Biochimie de Molécules Bioactives - Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR 7177, Institut Le Bel, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Grosdemange-Billiard
- Laboratoire Chimie et Biochimie de Molécules Bioactives - Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR 7177, Institut Le Bel, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France.
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14
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Yates MK, Seley-Radtke KL. The evolution of antiviral nucleoside analogues: A review for chemists and non-chemists. Part II: Complex modifications to the nucleoside scaffold. Antiviral Res 2019; 162:5-21. [PMID: 30529089 PMCID: PMC6349489 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is the second of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside analogue antiviral drugs, written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, as well as chemists who may not be familiar with the field. As with the first paper, rather than providing a chronological account, we have chosen to examine particular examples of structural modifications made to nucleoside analogues that have proven fruitful as various antiviral, anticancer, and other therapeutics. The first review covered the more common, and in most cases, single modifications to the sugar and base moieties of the nucleoside scaffold. This paper focuses on more recent developments, especially nucleoside analogues that contain more than one modification to the nucleoside scaffold. We hope that these two articles will provide an informative historical perspective of some of the successfully designed analogues, as well as many candidate compounds that encountered obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Yates
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Slusarczyk M, Serpi M, Pertusati F. Phosphoramidates and phosphonamidates (ProTides) with antiviral activity. Antivir Chem Chemother 2018; 26:2040206618775243. [PMID: 29792071 PMCID: PMC5971382 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618775243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the first report on the nucleoside phosphoramidate (ProTide) prodrug approach in 1990 by Chris McGuigan, the extensive investigation of ProTide technology has begun in many laboratories. Designed with aim to overcome limitations and the key resistance mechanisms associated with nucleoside analogues used in the clinic (poor cellular uptake, poor conversion to the 5'-monophosphate form), the ProTide approach has been successfully applied to a vast number of nucleoside analogues with antiviral and anticancer activity. ProTides consist of a 5'-nucleoside monophosphate in which the two hydroxyl groups are masked with an amino acid ester and an aryloxy component which once in the cell is enzymatically metabolized to deliver free 5'-monophosphate, which is further transformed to the active 5'-triphosphate form of the nucleoside analogue. In this review, the seminal contribution of Chris McGuigan's research to this field is presented. His technology proved to be extremely successful in drug discovery and has led to two Food and Drug Administration-approved antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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16
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Walther R, Rautio J, Zelikin AN. Prodrugs in medicinal chemistry and enzyme prodrug therapies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 118:65-77. [PMID: 28676386 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prodrugs are cunning derivatives of therapeutic agents designed to improve the pharmacokinetics profile of the drug. Within a prodrug, pharmacological activity of the drug is masked and is recovered within the human body upon bioconversion of the prodrug, a process that is typically mediated by enzymes. This concept is highly successful and a significant fraction of marketed therapeutic formulations is based on prodrugs. An advanced subset of prodrugs can be engineered such as to achieve site-specific bioconversion of the prodrug - to comprise the highly advantageous "enzyme prodrug therapy", EPT. Design of prodrugs for EPT is similar to the prodrugs in general medicinal use in that the pharmacological activity of the drug is masked, but differs significantly in that site-specific bioconversion is a prime consideration, and the enzymes typically used for EPT are non-mammalian and/or with low systemic abundance in the human body. This review focuses on the design of prodrugs for EPT in terms of the choice of an enzyme and the corresponding prodrug for bioconversion. We also discuss the recent success of "self immolative linkers" which significantly empower and diversify the prodrug design, and present methodologies for the design of prodrugs with extended blood residence time. The review aims to be of specific interest for medicinal chemists, biomedical engineers, and pharmaceutical scientists.
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17
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Abstract
The ProTide technology is a prodrug approach developed for the efficient intracellular delivery of nucleoside analogue monophosphates and monophosphonates. In this approach, the hydroxyls of the monophosphate or monophosphonate groups are masked by an aromatic group and an amino acid ester moiety, which are enzymatically cleaved-off inside cells to release the free nucleoside monophosphate and monophosphonate species. Structurally, this represents the current end-point of an extensive medicinal chemistry endeavor that spans almost three decades. It started from the masking of nucleoside monophosphate and monophosphonate groups by simple alkyl groups and evolved into the sophisticated ProTide system as known today. This technology has been extensively employed in drug discovery, and it has already led to the discovery of two FDA-approved (antiviral) ProTides. In this work, we will review the development of the ProTide technology, its application in drug discovery, and its role in the improvement of drug delivery and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcef Mehellou
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Cardiff University , Redwood Building , Cardiff CF10 3NB , U.K
| | - Hardeep S Rattan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , U.K
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , Rega Institute for Medical Research , Herestraat 49 , 3000 Leuven , Belgium
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18
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You C, Wei B, Li X, Yang Y, Liu Y, Lv H, Zhang X. Rhodium-Catalyzed Desymmetrization by Hydroformylation of Cyclopentenes: Synthesis of Chiral Carbocyclic Nucleosides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6511-4. [PMID: 27086543 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cai You
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Biao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Xiuxiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Yusheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Yue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Hui Lv
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
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19
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You C, Wei B, Li X, Yang Y, Liu Y, Lv H, Zhang X. Rhodium-Catalyzed Desymmetrization by Hydroformylation of Cyclopentenes: Synthesis of Chiral Carbocyclic Nucleosides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cai You
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Biao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Xiuxiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Yusheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Yue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Hui Lv
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430072 China
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20
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Zhou L, Zhang H, Tao S, Ehteshami M, Cho JH, McBrayer TR, Tharnish P, Whitaker T, Amblard F, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Synthesis and Evaluation of 2,6-Modified Purine 2'-C-Methyl Ribonucleosides as Inhibitors of HCV Replication. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:17-22. [PMID: 26819659 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of 2,6-modified purine 2'-C-methylribonucleosides and their phosphoramidate prodrugs were synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of HCV RNA replication in Huh-7 cells and for cytotoxicity in various cell lines. Cellular pharmacology and HCV polymerase incorporation studies on the most potent and selective compound are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhu Zhou
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Hongwang Zhang
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Sijia Tao
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Maryam Ehteshami
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | - Philip Tharnish
- CoCrystal Pharma, Inc., Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
| | - Tony Whitaker
- CoCrystal Pharma, Inc., Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Steven J. Coats
- CoCrystal Pharma, Inc., Tucker, Georgia 30084, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of
Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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21
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Xu Z, Ramsay Shaw B. Synthesis, Hydrolysis, and Protonation-Promoted Intramolecular Reductive Breakdown of Potential NRTIs: Stavudine α-P-Borano-γ-P-N-L-tryptophanyltriphosphates. Molecules 2015; 20:18808-26. [PMID: 26501247 PMCID: PMC6332514 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201018808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus-modified prodrugs of dideoxynucleoside triphosphates (ddNTPs) have shown promise as pronucleotide strategies for improving antiviral activity compared to their parent dideoxynucleosides. Borane modified NTPs offer a promising choice as nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). However, the availability of α-P-borano-γ-P-substituted NTP analogs remains limited due to challenges with synthesis and purification. Here, we report the chemical synthesis and stability of a new potential class of NRTI prodrugs: stavudine (d4T) 5′-α-P-borano-γ-P-N-l-tryptophanyltriphosphates. One-pot synthesis of these compounds was achieved via a modified cyclic trimetaphosphate approach. Pure Rp and Sp diastereomers were obtained after HPLC separation. Based on LC-MS analysis, we report degradation pathways, half-lives (5–36 days) and mechanisms arising from structural differences to generate the corresponding borano tri- and di-phosphates, and H-phosphonate, via several parallel routes in buffer at physiologically relevant pH and temperature. Here, the major hydrolysis products, d4T α-P-boranotriphosphate Rp and Sp isomers, were isolated by HPLC and identified with spectral data. We first propose that one of the major degradation products, d4T H-phosphonate, is generated from the d4T pronucleotides via a protonation-promoted intramolecular reduction followed by a second step nucleophilic attack. This report could provide valuable information for pronucleotide-based drug design in terms of selective release of target nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Xu
- Shaw Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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22
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Chen Z, Jochmans D, Ku T, Paeshuyse J, Neyts J, Seley-Radtke KL. Bicyclic and Tricyclic "Expanded" Nucleobase Analogues of Sofosbuvir: New Scaffolds for Hepatitis C Therapies. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:357-66. [PMID: 27624884 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Given the impressive success of Gilead's Sofosbuvir, many laboratories, including ours, have explored the unique 2'-sugar modification (2'-Me, 2'-F) of nucleoside analogues in the hopes of exploiting the biological activity that this unique modification has imparted to the nucleoside scaffold. In that regard, we have combined our tricyclic "expanded" purine base motif with the 2'-Me, 2'-F sugar modification. Although the synthesis of these complex molecules proved to be nontrivial, with the best results coming from a linear approach, the overall strategy resulted in highly promising biological results for several of the target compounds, including their corresponding McGuigan ProTides. Modest activity against HCV was observed with inhibitory concentrations of as low as 20 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- Rega Institute, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Therese Ku
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Jan Paeshuyse
- Rega Institute, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katherine L. Seley-Radtke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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23
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Abstract
A substantial portion of metabolism involves transformation of phosphate esters, including pathways leading to nucleotides and oligonucleotides, carbohydrates, isoprenoids and steroids, and phosphorylated proteins. Because the natural substrates bear one or more negative charges, drugs that target these enzymes generally must be charged as well, but small charged molecules can have difficulty traversing the cell membrane by means other than endocytosis. The resulting dichotomy has stimulated a great deal of effort to develop effective prodrugs, compounds that carry little or no charge to enable them to transit biological membranes, but able to release the parent drug once inside the target cell. This chapter presents recent studies on advances in prodrug forms, along with representative examples of their application to marketed and developmental drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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24
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Dejmek M, Šála M, Hřebabecký H, Dračínský M, Procházková E, Chalupská D, Klíma M, Plačková P, Hájek M, Andrei G, Naesens L, Leyssen P, Neyts J, Balzarini J, Boura E, Nencka R. Norbornane-based nucleoside and nucleotide analogues locked in North conformation. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 23:184-91. [PMID: 25435471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis of novel conformationally locked nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives, which are structurally closely related to clinically used antivirals such as didanosine and abacavir. As a suitable conformationally rigid substitute of the sugar/pseudosugar ring allowing a permanent stabilization of the nucleoside in North conformation we employed bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (norbornane) substituted in the bridgehead position with a hydroxymethyl group and in the C-3 position with a nucleobase. Prepared nucleoside derivatives were also converted into appropriate phosphoramidate prodrugs (ProTides) in order to increase delivery of the compounds in the cells. All target compounds were evaluated in a broad antiviral and cytostatic assay panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Dejmek
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šála
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hubert Hřebabecký
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Procházková
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Chalupská
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Klíma
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Plačková
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Hájek
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Leyssen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evzen Boura
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Centre, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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25
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Pradere U, Garnier-Amblard E, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of nucleoside phosphate and phosphonate prodrugs. Chem Rev 2014; 114:9154-218. [PMID: 25144792 PMCID: PMC4173794 DOI: 10.1021/cr5002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Pradere
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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26
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Li C, Ma C, Zhang J, Qian N, Ding J, Qiao R, Zhao Y. Design and synthesis of novel distamycin-modified nucleoside analogues as HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Antiviral Res 2013; 102:54-60. [PMID: 24342709 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Design and synthesis of nucleoside analogues have persistently attracted extensive interest because of their potential application in the field of antiviral therapy, and its study also receives additional impetus for improvement in the ProTide technology. Previous studies have made great strides in the design and discovery of monophosphorylated nucleoside analogues as potential kinase-independent antiretrovirals. In this work, a series of nucleoside phosphoramidates modified by distamycin analogues was synthesized and evaluated as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in HIV-1-infected MT-4 and CEM cells, including variations in nucleoside, alkyl moiety, and the structure of distamycin analogues. These compounds exhibited modest potency with the EC50 value in the range of 1.3- to 6.5-fold lower than their corresponding parent drugs in MT-4 cells, which may be attributed to increasing intracellular availability due to the existence of distamycin analogue with favorable hydrophilic-lipophilic equilibrium. Meanwhile, the length of distamycin analogue was considered and assessed as an important factor that could affect antiviral activity and cytotoxicity. Enzymatic and metabolic stability studies have been performed in order to better understand the antiviral behavior of these compounds. The present work revealed the compounds to have a favorable and selective anti-HIV-1 activity in MT-4 and CEM cells, and helped to develop strategies for design and synthesis of effective monophosphorylated nucleoside analogues, which may be applied to antiretroviral research as NRTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Chunying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Ning Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jingjing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Renzhong Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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27
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Li S, Jia Y, Jacobson B, McCauley J, Kratzke R, Bitterman PB, Wagner CR. Treatment of breast and lung cancer cells with a N-7 benzyl guanosine monophosphate tryptamine phosphoramidate pronucleotide (4Ei-1) results in chemosensitization to gemcitabine and induced eIF4E proteasomal degradation. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:523-31. [PMID: 23289910 DOI: 10.1021/mp300699d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of cancer and fibrotic diseases has been shown to be highly dependent on disregulation of cap-dependent translation. Binding protein eIF4E to N(7)-methylated guanosine capped mRNA has been found to be the rate-limiting step governing translation initiation, and therefore represents an attractive target for drug discovery. Our group has found that 7-benzyl guanosine monophosphate (7Bn-GMP) is a potent antagonist of eIF4E cap binding (K(d) = 0.8 μM). Recent X-ray crystallographic studies have revealed that the cap-dependent pocket undergoes a unique structural change in order to accommodate the benzyl group. Unfortunately, 7Bn-GMP is not cell permeable. Recently, we have prepared a tryptamine phosphoramidate prodrug of 7Bn-GMP, 4Ei-1, and shown that it is a substrate for human histidine triad nucleotide binding protein (hHINT1) and inhibits eIF4E initiated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by Zebra fish embryo cells. To assess the intracellular uptake of 4Ei-1 and conversion to 7Bn-GMP by cancer cells, we developed a sensitive assay using LC-ESI-MS/MS for the intracellular quantitation of 4Ei-1 and 7Bn-GMP. When incubated with the breast cancer cell line MDA-231 or lung cancer cell lines H460, H383 and H2009, 4Ei-1 was found to be rapidly internalized and converted to 7Bn-GMP. Since oncogenic mRNAs are predicted to have the highest eIF4E requirement for translation, we carried out chemosensitization studies with 4Ei-1. The prodrug was found to chemosensitize both breast and lung cancer cells to nontoxic levels of gemcitabine. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the expressed levels of eIF4E were substantially reduced in cells treated with 4Ei-1 in a dose-dependent manner. The levels of eI4E could be restored by treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132. Taken together, our results demonstrate that 4Ei-1 is likely to inhibit translation initiation by eIF4E cap binding by both antagonizing eIF4E cap binding and initiating eIF4E proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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28
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Progress in the development of anti-hepatitis C virus nucleoside and nucleotide prodrugs. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:625-50. [PMID: 22458682 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for new anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapeutics continues as the current treatment, consisting of PEGylated IFN-α and ribavirin, is of limited efficacy, nonspecific and can cause significant side effects. Modified nucleoside analogues with improved efficacy and selectivity, may become the backbone of the future standard of care for anti-HCV therapies. Several families of modified nucleoside are known to inhibit HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a vital enzyme for viral replication. Ongoing efforts are focused on improvement of potency, selectivity and delivery of antiviral nucleoside analogues, with several recent promising advances into clinical trials. This review summarizes the current progress in the development of new anti-HCV nucleoside and nucleotide prodrugs.
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29
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Singh R, Vince R. 2-Azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-one: Chemical Profile of a Versatile Synthetic Building Block and its Impact on the Development of Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4642-86. [DOI: 10.1021/cr2004822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Singh
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street Southeast,
Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
| | - Robert Vince
- Center for Drug Design, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, 516 Delaware Street Southeast,
Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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30
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Alexandrova LA. 4′-C-nucleoside derivatives: Synthesis and antiviral properties. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011; 37:723-44. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162011060021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Cho JH, Amblard F, Coats SJ, Schinazi RF. Efficient synthesis of nucleoside aryloxy phosphoramidate prodrugs utilizing benzyloxycarbonyl protection. Tetrahedron 2011; 67:5487-5493. [PMID: 22993455 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for the synthesis of nucleoside phosphoramidates prodrugs (6a-f) has been developed that employs a simple protection/deprotection sequence of the nucleoside with benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz). The coupling reaction of Cbz-protected derivatives (5a-f) with phenyl-(ethoxy-L-alaninyl)-phosphorochloridate (7), followed by Cbz group removal by hydrogenolysis provided the phenyl phosphoramidate ProTides (6a-f) in excellent overall yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
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32
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Chang W, Bao D, Chun BK, Naduthambi D, Nagarathnam D, Rachakonda S, Reddy PG, Ross BS, Zhang HR, Bansal S, Espiritu CL, Keilman M, Lam AM, Niu C, Steuer HM, Furman PA, Otto MJ, Sofia MJ. Discovery of PSI-353661, a Novel Purine Nucleotide Prodrug for the Treatment of HCV Infection. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:130-5. [PMID: 24900291 DOI: 10.1021/ml100209f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus afflicts approximately 180 million people worldwide, and the development of direct acting antivirals may offer substantial benefit compared to the current standard of care. Accordingly, prodrugs of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylguanosine monophosphate analogues were prepared and evaluated for their anti-HCV efficacy and tolerability. These prodrugs demonstrated >1000 fold greater potency than the parent nucleoside in a cell-based replicon assay as a result of higher intracellular triphosphate levels. Further optimization led to the discovery of the clinical candidate PSI-353661, which has demonstrated strong in vitro inhibition against HCV without cytotoxicity and equipotent activity against both the wild type and the known S282T nucleoside/tide resistant replicon. PSI-353661 is currently in preclinical development for the treatment of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsuk Chang
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540-6608, United States
| | - Donghui Bao
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540-6608, United States
| | - Byoung-Kwon Chun
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540-6608, United States
| | - Devan Naduthambi
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540-6608, United States
| | - Dhanapalan Nagarathnam
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540-6608, United States
| | - Suguna Rachakonda
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540-6608, United States
| | - P. Ganapati Reddy
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540-6608, United States
| | - Bruce S. Ross
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540-6608, United States
| | - Hai-Ren Zhang
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540-6608, United States
| | - Shalini Bansal
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540-6608, United States
| | - Christine L. Espiritu
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540-6608, United States
| | - Meg Keilman
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540-6608, United States
| | - Angela M. Lam
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540-6608, United States
| | - Congrong Niu
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540-6608, United States
| | | | - Phillip A. Furman
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540-6608, United States
| | - Michael J. Otto
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540-6608, United States
| | - Michael J. Sofia
- Pharmasset, Inc., 303A College Road East, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540-6608, United States
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33
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Palladium(0)/indium iodide-mediated allylations of electrophiles generated from the hydrolysis of Eschenmoser's salt: One-pot preparation of diverse carbocyclic scaffolds. Tetrahedron Lett 2010; 51:3050-3052. [PMID: 20526464 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A formyl equivalent was generated in situ from Eschenmoser's salt in aqueous THF and was reacted with an allylindium species. Acylnitroso-derived hetero-Diels Alder adducts and related allyl acetates were shown to be substrates for Pd(0)/InI-mediated allylations of formaldehyde-related species to provide homoallylic alcohols. Hydroxymethyl groups were installed with regio- and diastereocontrol to provide relevant disubstituted carbocyclic scaffolds. Enantiopure anti-disubstituted cyclopentene products were prepared from a chiral allyl acetate.
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34
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Cesario C, Tardibono LP, Miller MJ. Syntheses of carbocyclic aminonucleosides and (-)-epi-4'-carbocyclic puromycin: Application of palladium(0)/indium iodide-allylations and tethered aminohydroxylations. Tetrahedron Lett 2010; 51:3053-3056. [PMID: 20640052 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Carbocyclic aminonucleosides and epi-4'-carbocyclic puromycin were prepared from an acylnitroso-derived hetero Diels-Alder cycloadduct. Pd(0)/InI-mediated allylations of a formyl species were used to install the 4'-hydroxymethyl group. A tethered aminohydroxylation strategy was employed to install the cis-2',3'-aminoalcohol moiety with complete regio- and diastereocontrol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Cesario
- The University of Notre Dame, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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35
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Vanpouille C, Lisco A, Derudas M, Saba E, Grivel JC, Brichacek B, Scrimieri F, Schinazi R, Schols D, McGuigan C, Balzarini J, Margolis L. A new class of dual-targeted antivirals: monophosphorylated acyclovir prodrug derivatives suppress both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and herpes simplex virus type 2. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:635-43. [PMID: 20085496 DOI: 10.1086/650343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) are responsible for 2 intersecting epidemics in which the disease caused by 1 virus facilitates the transmission of and pathogenesis by the other. Therefore, suppression of one virus infection will affect the other. Acyclovir, a common antiherpetic drug, was shown to directly suppress both viruses in coinfected tissues. However, both antiviral activities of acyclovir are dependent on phosphorylation by the nucleoside kinase activity of coinfecting human herpesviruses. METHODS We developed acyclovir ProTides, monophosphorylated acyclovir with the phosphate group masked by lipophilic groups to allow efficient cellular uptake, and investigated their antiviral potential in cell lines and in human tissues ex vivo. RESULTS Acyclovir ProTides suppressed both HIV-1 and HSV-2 at median effective concentrations in the submicromolar range in ex vivo lymphoid and cervicovaginal human tissues and at 3-12 micromol/L in CD4(+) T cells. Acyclovir ProTides retained activity against acyclovir-resistant HSV-2. CONCLUSIONS Acyclovir ProTides represent a new class of antivirals that suppress both HIV-1 and HSV-2 by directly and independently blocking the key replicative enzymes of both viruses. Further optimization of such compounds may lead to double-targeted antivirals that can prevent viral transmission and treat the 2 synergistic diseases caused by HIV-1 and HSV-2. To our knowledge, the acyclovir ProTides described here represent the first example of acyclic nucleoside monophosphate prodrugs being active against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Vanpouille
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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36
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Leisvuori A, Aiba Y, Lönnberg T, Poijärvi-Virta P, Blatt L, Beigelman L, Lönnberg H. Chemical and enzymatic stability of amino acid derived phosphoramidates of antiviral nucleoside 5'-monophosphates bearing a biodegradable protecting group. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2131-41. [PMID: 20401390 DOI: 10.1039/b924321f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin and 2'-O-methylcytidine 5'-phosphoramidates derived from L-alanine methyl ester bearing either an O-phenyl or a biodegradable O-[3-(acetyloxy)-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl] or O-[3-(acetyloxymethoxy)-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl] protecting group were prepared. The kinetics of the deprotection of these pro-drugs by porcine liver esterase and by a whole cell extract of human prostate carcinoma was studied by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The 3-(acetyloxymethoxy)-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl and 3-(acetyloxy)-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl groups were readily removed releasing the l-alanine methyl ester phosphoramidate nucleotide, the deprotection of the 3-(acetyloxymethoxy) derivative being approximately 20 times faster. The chemical stability of the 2'-O-methylcytidine pro-drugs was additionally determined over a pH range from 7.5 to 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Leisvuori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
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37
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Rondla R, Coats SJ, McBrayer TR, Grier J, Johns M, Tharnish PM, Whitaker T, Zhou L, Schinazi RF. Anti-hepatitis C virus activity of novel beta-d-2'-C-methyl-4'-azido pyrimidine nucleoside phosphoramidate prodrugs. Antivir Chem Chemother 2009; 20:99-106. [PMID: 19843980 DOI: 10.3851/imp1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2'-C-methyl and 4'-azido nucleosides have previously demonstrated inhibition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication by targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B. In an effort to discover new and more potent anti-HCV agents, we envisioned synthesizing nucleoside analogues by combining the 2'-C-methyl-moiety with the 4'-azido-moiety into one molecule. METHODS 2'-C-methyl-4'-azido pyrimidine nucleosides were synthesized by first converting 2'-C-methyl ribonucleosides to the corresponding 4'-exocyclic methylene nucleosides. Treatment with iodine azide, benzoylation of the 2'- and 3'-hydroxy groups, oxidative displacement of the 5'-iodo group with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, and debenzoylation gave the desired 2'-C-methyl-4'-azido uridine and thymidine analogues in good yield. Standard conversion of uridine to cytidine via the 4-triazole yielded 2'-C-methyl-4'-azido cytidine. In addition, 5'-phosphoramidate derivatives of 2'-C-methyl-4'-azido uridine and cytidine were synthesized to bypass the initial phosphorylation step. RESULTS The prepared nucleosides and their 5'-monophosphate prodrugs were evaluated for their ability to inhibit replication of the hepatitis C virus in a subgenomic replicon cell based assay. Cytotoxicity in Huh7 cells was determined simultaneously with anti-HCV activity by extraction and amplification of both HCV RNA and ribosomal RNA. Among the newly synthesized compounds, only the 5'-monophosphate nucleoside prodrugs had modest and selective anti-HCV activity. All prepared pyrimidine nucleosides and 5'-monophosphate nucleoside prodrugs displayed no evidence of cytotoxicity at high concentrations. CONCLUSIONS This work is the first example of both inactive uridine and cytidine analogues of a nucleoside being converted to active anti-HCV nucleosides via 5'-monophosphate prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramu Rondla
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
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38
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Ora M, Taherpour S, Linna R, Leisvuori A, Hietamäki E, Poijärvi-Virta P, Beigelman L, Lönnberg H. Biodegradable protections for nucleoside 5'-monophosphates: comparative study on the removal of O-acetyl and O-acetyloxymethyl protected 3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl groups. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4992-5001. [PMID: 19462989 DOI: 10.1021/jo9005987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of 3-acetyloxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl and 3-acetyloxymethoxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl groups as biodegradable phosphate protecting groups for nucleoside 5'-monophosphates has been studied in a HEPES buffer at pH 7.5. Enzymatic deacetylation with porcine carboxyesterase triggers the removal of the resulting 3-hydroxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl and 3-hydroxymethoxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl groups by retro-aldol condensation and consecutive half acetal hydrolysis and retro-aldol condensation, respectively. The kinetics of these multistep deprotection reactions have been followed by HPLC, using appropriately protected thymidine 5'-monophosphates as model compounds. The enzymatic deacetylation of the 3-acetyloxymethoxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl 5'-triester (2) is 25-fold faster than the deacetylation of its 3-acetyloxy-2,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)propyl-protected counterpart 1, and the difference in the deacetylation rates of the resulting diesters, 12b and 12a, is even greater. With 2, conversion to thymidine 5'-monophosphate (5'-TMP) is quantitative, while conversion of 1 to 5'-TMP is accompanied by formation of thymidine. Consistent with the preceding observations, quantitative release of 5'-TMP from 2 has been shown to take place in a whole cell extract of human prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Ora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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39
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Mehellou Y, De Clercq E. Twenty-Six Years of Anti-HIV Drug Discovery: Where Do We Stand and Where Do We Go? J Med Chem 2009; 53:521-38. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900492g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youcef Mehellou
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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40
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Gardelli C, Attenni B, Donghi M, Meppen M, Pacini B, Harper S, Di Marco A, Fiore F, Giuliano C, Pucci V, Laufer R, Gennari N, Marcucci I, Leone JF, Olsen DB, MacCoss M, Rowley M, Narjes F. Phosphoramidate Prodrugs of 2′-C-Methylcytidine for Therapy of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5394-407. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900447q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gardelli
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Barbara Attenni
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Monica Donghi
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Malte Meppen
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Barbara Pacini
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Steven Harper
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Annalise Di Marco
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fiore
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Claudio Giuliano
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Pucci
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Ralph Laufer
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Nadia Gennari
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Isabella Marcucci
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Joseph F. Leone
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - David B. Olsen
- Department of Antiviral Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Malcolm MacCoss
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Michael Rowley
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Frank Narjes
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti S.p.A. (IRBM-MRL Rome), Via Pontina Km 30,600, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
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41
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Peterson LW, McKenna CE. Prodrug approaches to improving the oral absorption of antiviral nucleotide analogues. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:405-20. [PMID: 19382883 DOI: 10.1517/17425240902824808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide analogues have been well accepted as therapeutic agents active against a number of viruses. However, their use as antiviral agents is limited by the need for phosphorylation by endogenous enzymes, and if the analogue is orally administered, by low bioavailability due to the presence of an ionizable diacid group. To circumvent these limitations, a number of prodrug approaches have been proposed. The ideal prodrug achieves delivery of a parent drug by attachment of a non-toxic moiety that is stable during transport and delivery, but is readily cleaved to release the parent drug once at the target. Here, a brief overview of several promising prodrug strategies currently under development is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larryn W Peterson
- University of Southern California, Department of Chemistry, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0744, USA.
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42
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Marcé P, Díaz Y, Matheu MI, Castillón S. Synthesis of D- and L-carbocyclic nucleosides via rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydroacylation as the key step. Org Lett 2008; 10:4735-8. [PMID: 18816138 DOI: 10.1021/ol801791g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
D- and L-carbocyclic nucleosides were obtained by a new procedure involving an enantioselective rhodium/duphos-catalyzed hydroacylation reaction as the key step. The 3-hydroxymethyl-cyclopentanol intermediate was obtained by stereoselective reduction of ketone and by dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Marcé
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel.lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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43
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Quadrelli P, Mella M, Assanelli G, Piccanello A. From 1,3-cyclohexadiene through nitrosocarbonyl chemistry, the synthesis of pyrimidine isoxazoline-carbocyclic nucleosides. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Hecker
- Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc., 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Mark D. Erion
- Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc., 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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45
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Quadrelli P, Mella M, Carosso S, Bovio B, Caramella P. A Straightforward Synthesis of Isoxazoline-Based Carbocyclic Nucleosides from 1,3-Cyclohexadiene through Nitrosocarbonyl Chemistry. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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46
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Kiss L, Forró E, Sillanpää R, Fülöp F. Diastereo- and Enantioselective Synthesis of Orthogonally Protected 2,4-Diaminocyclopentanecarboxylates: A Flip from β-Amino- to β,γ-Diaminocarboxylates. J Org Chem 2007; 72:8786-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jo701332v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loránd Kiss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group of Stereochemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, Hungary, and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, FIN-40351, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Enikó Forró
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group of Stereochemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, Hungary, and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, FIN-40351, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Reijo Sillanpää
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group of Stereochemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, Hungary, and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, FIN-40351, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group of Stereochemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, Hungary, and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, FIN-40351, Jyväskylä, Finland
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47
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Perrone P, Luoni GM, Kelleher MR, Daverio F, Angell A, Mulready S, Congiatu C, Rajyaguru S, Martin JA, Levêque V, Le Pogam S, Najera I, Klumpp K, Smith DB, McGuigan C. Application of the Phosphoramidate ProTide Approach to 4‘-Azidouridine Confers Sub-micromolar Potency versus Hepatitis C Virus on an Inactive Nucleoside. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1840-9. [PMID: 17367121 DOI: 10.1021/jm0613370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the application of our phosphoramidate ProTide technology to the ribonucleoside analogue 4'-azidouridine to generate novel antiviral agents for the inhibition of hepatitis C virus (HCV). 4'-Azidouridine did not inhibit HCV, although 4'-azidocytidine was a potent inhibitor of HCV replication under similar assay conditions. However 4'-azidouridine triphosphate was a potent inhibitor of RNA synthesis by HCV polymerase, raising the question as to whether our phosphoramidate ProTide approach could effectively deliver 4'-azidouridine monophosphate to HCV replicon cells and unleash the antiviral potential of the triphosphate. Twenty-two phosphoramidates were prepared, including variations in the aryl, ester, and amino acid regions. A number of compounds showed sub-micromolar inhibition of HCV in cell culture without detectable cytotoxicity. These results confirm that phosphoramidate ProTides can deliver monophosphates of ribonucleoside analogues and suggest a potential path to the generation of novel antiviral agents against HCV infection. The generic message is that ProTide synthesis from inactive parent nucleosides may be a warranted drug discovery strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plinio Perrone
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK
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