1
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Keough D, Petrová M, King G, Kratochvíl M, Pohl R, Doleželová E, Zíková A, Guddat LW, Rejman D. Development of Prolinol Containing Inhibitors of Hypoxanthine-Guanine-Xanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase: Rational Structure-Based Drug Design. J Med Chem 2024; 67:7158-7175. [PMID: 38651522 PMCID: PMC11089518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Inhibition of hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity decreases the pool of 6-oxo and 6-amino purine nucleoside monophosphates required for DNA and RNA synthesis, resulting in a reduction in cell growth. Therefore, inhibitors of this enzyme have potential to control infections, caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, Trypanosoma brucei, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Helicobacter pylori. Five compounds synthesized here that contain a purine base covalently linked by a prolinol group to one or two phosphonate groups have Ki values ranging from 3 nM to >10 μM, depending on the structure of the inhibitor and the biological origin of the enzyme. X-ray crystal structures show that, on binding, these prolinol-containing inhibitors stimulated the movement of active site loops in the enzyme. Against TBr in cell culture, a prodrug exhibited an EC50 of 10 μM. Thus, these compounds are excellent candidates for further development as drug leads against infectious diseases as well as being potential anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne
T. Keough
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Magdalena Petrová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2 , Praha 6 CZ-16610, Czech Republic
| | - Gordon King
- The
Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Michal Kratochvíl
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2 , Praha 6 CZ-16610, Czech Republic
- University
of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5 , Prague 6 CZ-166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2 , Praha 6 CZ-16610, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Doleželová
- Institute
of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech
Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České
Budějovice CZ-37005, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Zíková
- Institute
of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech
Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České
Budějovice CZ-37005, Czech Republic
| | - Luke W. Guddat
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dominik Rejman
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2 , Praha 6 CZ-16610, Czech Republic
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2
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Voráčová M, Zore M, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Kiuru P. Harvesting phosphorus-containing moieties for their antibacterial effects. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 96:117512. [PMID: 37939493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Clinically manifested resistance of bacteria to antibiotics has emerged as a global threat to society and there is an urgent need for the development of novel classes of antibacterial agents. Recently, the use of phosphorus in antibacterial agents has been explored in quite an unprecedent manner. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the use of phosphorus-containing moieties (phosphonates, phosphonamidates, phosphonopeptides, phosphates, phosphoramidates, phosphinates, phosphine oxides, and phosphoniums) in compounds with antibacterial effect, including their use as β-lactamase inhibitors and antibacterial disinfectants. We show that phosphorus-containing moieties can serve as novel pharmacophores, bioisosteres, and prodrugs to modify pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. We further discuss the mechanisms of action, biological activities, clinical use and highlight possible future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Voráčová
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matej Zore
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paula Kiuru
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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3
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Magnetic Multi-Enzymatic System for Cladribine Manufacturing. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113634. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-mediated processes have proven to be a valuable and sustainable alternative to traditional chemical methods. In this regard, the use of multi-enzymatic systems enables the realization of complex synthetic schemes, while also introducing a number of additional advantages, including the conversion of reversible reactions into irreversible processes, the partial or complete elimination of product inhibition problems, and the minimization of undesirable by-products. In addition, the immobilization of biocatalysts on magnetic supports allows for easy reusability and streamlines the downstream process. Herein we have developed a cascade system for cladribine synthesis based on the sequential action of two magnetic biocatalysts. For that purpose, purine 2′-deoxyribosyltransferase from Leishmania mexicana (LmPDT) and Escherichia coli hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EcHPRT) were immobilized onto Ni2+-prechelated magnetic microspheres (MagReSyn®NTA). Among the resulting derivatives, MLmPDT3 (activity: 11,935 IU/gsupport, 63% retained activity, operational conditions: 40 °C and pH 5–7) and MEcHPRT3 (12,840 IU/gsupport, 45% retained activity, operational conditions: pH 5–8 and 40–60 °C) emerge as optimal catalysts for further synthetic application. Moreover, the MLmPDT3/MEcHPRT3 system was biochemically characterized and successfully applied to the one-pot synthesis of cladribine under various conditions. This methodology not only displayed a 1.67-fold improvement in cladribine synthesis (compared to MLmPDT3), but it also implied a practically complete transformation of the undesired by-product into a high-added-value product (90% conversion of Hyp into IMP). Finally, MLmPDT3/MEcHPRT3 was reused for 16 cycles, which displayed a 75% retained activity.
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4
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Recent advances in the synthesis of 4′-truncated nucleoside phosphonic acid analogues. Carbohydr Res 2022; 513:108517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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5
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Klejch T, Keough DT, King G, Doleželová E, Česnek M, Buděšínský M, Zíková A, Janeba Z, Guddat LW, Hocková D. Stereo-Defined Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates are Selective and Potent Inhibitors of Parasite 6-Oxopurine Phosphoribosyltransferases. J Med Chem 2022; 65:4030-4057. [PMID: 35175749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens such as Plasmodium and Trypanosoma spp. are unable to synthesize purine nucleobases. They rely on the salvage of these purines and their nucleosides from the host cell to synthesize the purine nucleotides required for DNA/RNA production. The key enzymes in this pathway are purine phosphoribosyltransferases (PRTs). Here, we synthesized 16 novel acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, 12 with a chiral center at C-2', and eight bearing a second chiral center at C-6'. Of these, bisphosphonate (S,S)-48 is the most potent inhibitor of the Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax 6-oxopurine PRTs and the most potent inhibitor of two Trypanosoma brucei (Tbr) 6-oxopurine PRTs yet discovered, with Ki values as low as 2 nM. Crystal structures of (S,S)-48 in complex with human and Tbr 6-oxopurine PRTs show that the inhibitor binds to the enzymes in different conformations, providing an explanation for its potency and selectivity (i.e., 35-fold in favor of the parasite enzymes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Klejch
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6 CZ-16000, Czech Republic
| | - Dianne T Keough
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Gordon King
- The Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Eva Doleželová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre ASCR, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Česnek
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6 CZ-16000, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6 CZ-16000, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Zíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre ASCR, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6 CZ-16000, Czech Republic
| | - Luke W Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Dana Hocková
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6 CZ-16000, Czech Republic
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6
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Krečmerová M, Majer P, Rais R, Slusher BS. Phosphonates and Phosphonate Prodrugs in Medicinal Chemistry: Past Successes and Future Prospects. Front Chem 2022; 10:889737. [PMID: 35668826 PMCID: PMC9163707 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.889737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Compounds with a phosphonate group, i.e., -P(O)(OH)2 group attached directly to the molecule via a P-C bond serve as suitable non-hydrolyzable phosphate mimics in various biomedical applications. In principle, they often inhibit enzymes utilizing various phosphates as substrates. In this review we focus mainly on biologically active phosphonates that originated from our institute (Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry in Prague); i.e., acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs, e.g., adefovir, tenofovir, and cidofovir) and derivatives of non-nucleoside phosphonates such as 2-(phosphonomethyl) pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA). Principal strategies of their syntheses and modifications to prodrugs is reported. Besides clinically used ANP antivirals, a special attention is paid to new biologically active molecules with respect to emerging infections and arising resistance of many pathogens against standard treatments. These new structures include 2,4-diamino-6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethoxy]pyrimidines or so-called "open-ring" derivatives, acyclic nucleoside phosphonates with 5-azacytosine as a base moiety, side-chain fluorinated ANPs, aza/deazapurine ANPs. When transformed into an appropriate prodrug by derivatizing their charged functionalities, all these compounds show promising potential to become drug candidates for the treatment of viral infections. ANP prodrugs with suitable pharmacokinetics include amino acid phosphoramidates, pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) and isopropoxycarbonyloxymethyl (POC) esters, alkyl and alkoxyalkyl esters, salicylic esters, (methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl) methyl (ODOL) esters and peptidomimetic prodrugs. We also focus on the story of cytostatics related to 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]guanine and its prodrugs which eventually led to development of the veterinary drug rabacfosadine. Various new ANP structures are also currently investigated as antiparasitics, especially antimalarial agents e.g., guanine and hypoxanthine derivatives with 2-(phosphonoethoxy)ethyl moiety, their thia-analogues and N-branched derivatives. In addition to ANPs and their analogs, we also describe prodrugs of 2-(phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid (2-PMPA), a potent inhibitor of the enzyme glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII), also known as prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Glutamate carboxypeptidase II inhibitors, including 2-PMPA have been found efficacious in various preclinical models of neurological disorders which are caused by glutamatergic excitotoxicity. Unfortunately its highly polar character and hence low bioavailability severely limits its potential for clinical use. To overcome this problem, various prodrug strategies have been used to mask carboxylates and/or phosphonate functionalities with pivaloyloxymethyl, POC, ODOL and alkyl esters. Chemistry and biological characterization led to identification of prodrugs with 44-80 fold greater oral bioavailability (tetra-ODOL-2-PMPA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Krečmerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Marcela Krečmerová,
| | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), Prague, Czechia
| | - Rana Rais
- Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Departments of Neurology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuroscience, Medicine, Oncology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, MD, United States
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7
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Kalčic F, Frydrych J, Doleželová E, Slapničková M, Pachl P, Slavětínská LP, Dračínský M, Hocková D, Zíková A, Janeba Z. C1'-Branched acyclic nucleoside phosphonates mimicking adenosine monophosphate: Potent inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113798. [PMID: 34482272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Some pathogens, including parasites of the genus Trypanosoma causing Human and Animal African Trypanosomiases, cannot synthesize purines de novo and they entirely rely on the purine salvage pathway (PSP) for their nucleotide generation. Thus, their PSP enzymes are considered as promising drug targets, sparsely explored so far. Recently, a significant role of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) as inhibitors of key enzymes of PSP, namely of 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases (PRTs), has been discovered. Herein, we designed and synthesized two series of new ANPs branched at the C1' position as mimics of adenosine monophosphate. The novel ANPs efficaciously inhibited Trypanosoma brucei adenine PRT (TbrAPRT1) activity in vitro and it was shown that the configuration on the C1' chiral centre strongly influenced their activity: the (R)-enantiomers proved to be more potent compared to the (S)-enantiomers. Two ANPs, with Ki values of 0.39 μM and 0.57 μM, represent the most potent TbrAPRT1 inhibitors reported to date and they are an important tool to further study purine metabolism in various parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kalčic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Frydrych
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Doleželová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Slapničková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pachl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Poštová Slavětínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Hocková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Zíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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8
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Keough DT, Wun SJ, Baszczyňski O, Eng WS, Špaček P, Panjikar S, Naesens L, Pohl R, Rejman D, Hocková D, Ferrero RL, Guddat LW. Helicobacter pylori Xanthine-Guanine-Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase-A Putative Target for Drug Discovery against Gastrointestinal Tract Infections. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5710-5729. [PMID: 33891818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is a human pathogen that lives in the gastric mucosa of approximately 50% of the world's population causing gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. An increase in resistance to current drugs has sparked the search for new Hp drug targets and therapeutics. One target is the disruption of nucleic acid production, which can be achieved by impeding the synthesis of 6-oxopurine nucleoside monophosphates, the precursors of DNA and RNA. These metabolites are synthesized by Hp xanthine-guanine-hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (XGHPRT). Here, nucleoside phosphonates have been evaluated, which inhibit the activity of this enzyme with Ki values as low as 200 nM. The prodrugs of these compounds arrest the growth of Hp at a concentration of 50 μM in cell-based assays. The kinetic properties of HpXGHPRT have been determined together with its X-ray crystal structure in the absence and presence of 9-[(N-3-phosphonopropyl)-aminomethyl-9-deazahypoxanthine, providing a basis for new antibiotic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne T Keough
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shun Jie Wun
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ondřej Baszczyňski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 6 CZ-166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Wai Soon Eng
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Petr Špaček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 6 CZ-166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Santosh Panjikar
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 6 CZ-166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Rejman
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 6 CZ-166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Hocková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 6 CZ-166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Richard L Ferrero
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia.,Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - Luke W Guddat
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia
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9
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Groaz E, De Jonghe S. Overview of Biologically Active Nucleoside Phosphonates. Front Chem 2021; 8:616863. [PMID: 33490040 PMCID: PMC7821050 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.616863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the phosphonate motif featuring a carbon-phosphorous bond as bioisosteric replacement of the labile P–O bond is widely recognized as an attractive structural concept in different areas of medicinal chemistry, since it addresses the very fundamental principles of enzymatic stability and minimized metabolic activation. This review discusses the most influential successes in drug design with special emphasis on nucleoside phosphonates and their prodrugs as antiviral and cancer treatment agents. A description of structurally related analogs able to interfere with the transmission of other infectious diseases caused by pathogens like bacteria and parasites will then follow. Finally, molecules acting as agonists/antagonists of P2X and P2Y receptors along with nucleotidase inhibitors will also be covered. This review aims to guide readers through the fundamentals of nucleoside phosphonate therapeutics in order to inspire the future design of molecules to target infections that are refractory to currently available therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Vagapova LI, Burilov AR, Gazizov AS, Voronina JK, Litvinov IA, Mahrous EM, Virieux D, Pirat JL, Matylitskii KV, Pudovik MA. One-Pot Synthesis of N-(Phosphorylmethyl)Pyrrolidines via Acid-Catalyzed Cascade Elimination/Cyclization/Friedel–Crafts Reaction. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates as possible chemotherapeutics against Trypanosoma brucei. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1043-1053. [PMID: 32135205 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis is a life-threatening illness caused by Trypanosoma brucei. Owing to the toxic side effects of the available therapeutics, new medications for this disease are needed. One potential drug target is the 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases (PRTs), the activity of which is crucial to produce purine nucleotide monophosphates required for DNA and RNA synthesis. Inhibitors of the 6-oxopurine PRTs that show promising results as drug leads are the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs). ANPs are very flexible in their structure, enabling important conformational changes to facilitate the binding of this class of compounds in the active site of the 6-oxopurine PRTs.
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12
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Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase Is Dispensable for Mycobacterium smegmatis Viability. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:JB.00710-19. [PMID: 31818925 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00710-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purine metabolism plays a ubiquitous role in the physiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria. The purine salvage enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) is essential for M. tuberculosis growth in vitro; however, its precise role in M. tuberculosis physiology is unclear. Membrane-permeable prodrugs of specifically designed HGPRT inhibitors arrest the growth of M. tuberculosis and represent potential new antituberculosis compounds. Here, we investigated the purine salvage pathway in the model organism Mycobacterium smegmatis Using genomic deletion analysis, we confirmed that HGPRT is the only guanine and hypoxanthine salvage enzyme in M. smegmatis but is not required for in vitro growth of this mycobacterium or survival under long-term stationary-phase conditions. We also found that prodrugs of M. tuberculosis HGPRT inhibitors displayed an unexpected antimicrobial activity against M. smegmatis that is independent of HGPRT. Our data point to a different mode of mechanism of action for these inhibitors than was originally proposed.IMPORTANCE Purine bases, released by the hydrolytic and phosphorolytic degradation of nucleic acids and nucleotides, can be salvaged and recycled. The hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), which catalyzes the formation of guanosine-5'-monophosphate from guanine and inosine-5'-monophosphate from hypoxanthine, represents a potential target for specific inhibitor development. Deletion of the HGPRT gene (Δhgprt) in the model organism Mycobacterium smegmatis confirmed that this enzyme is not essential for M. smegmatis growth. Prodrugs of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs), originally designed against HGPRT from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, displayed anti-M. smegmatis activities comparable to those obtained for M. tuberculosis but also inhibited the Δhgprt M. smegmatis strain. These results confirmed that ANPs act in M. smegmatis by a mechanism independent of HGPRT.
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13
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Cheviet T, Lefebvre-Tournier I, Wein S, Peyrottes S. Plasmodium Purine Metabolism and Its Inhibition by Nucleoside and Nucleotide Analogues. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8365-8391. [PMID: 30964283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria still affects around 200 million people and is responsible for more than 400,000 deaths per year, mostly children in subequatorial areas. This disease is caused by parasites of the Plasmodium genus. Only a few WHO-recommended treatments are available to prevent or cure plasmodial infections, but genetic mutations in the causal parasites have led to onset of resistance against all commercial antimalarial drugs. New drugs and targets are being investigated to cope with this emerging problem, including enzymes belonging to the main metabolic pathways, while nucleoside and nucleotide analogues are also a promising class of potential drugs. This review highlights the main metabolic pathways targeted for the development of potential antiplasmodial therapies based on nucleos(t)ide analogues, as well as the different series of purine-containing nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives designed to inhibit Plasmodium falciparum purine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cheviet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM , Université Montpellier, Equipe Nucléosides & Effecteurs Phosphorylés , Place E. Bataillon, cc 1704 , 34095 Montpellier , France
| | - Isabelle Lefebvre-Tournier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM , Université Montpellier, Equipe Nucléosides & Effecteurs Phosphorylés , Place E. Bataillon, cc 1704 , 34095 Montpellier , France
| | - Sharon Wein
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques (DIMNP), UMR 5235 UM-CNRS , Université Montpellier , Place E. Bataillon , 34095 Montpellier , France
| | - Suzanne Peyrottes
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 UM-CNRS-ENSCM , Université Montpellier, Equipe Nucléosides & Effecteurs Phosphorylés , Place E. Bataillon, cc 1704 , 34095 Montpellier , France
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14
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Eng WS, Rejman D, Pohl R, West NP, Woods K, Naesens LMJ, Keough DT, Guddat LW. Pyrrolidine nucleoside bisphosphonates as antituberculosis agents targeting hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 159:10-22. [PMID: 30265958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic treatment of tuberculosis (TB) is becoming increasingly problematic due to the emergence of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt). Thus, new targets for anti-TB drug discovery need to be identified to combat and eradicate this disease. One such target is hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) which synthesises the 6-oxopurine nucleoside monophosphates essential for DNA/RNA production. [3R,4R]-4-Hypoxanthin-9-yl-3-((S)-2-hydroxy-2-phosphonoethyl)oxy-1-N-(phosphonopropionyl)pyrrolidine and [3R,4R]-4-guanin-9-yl-3-((S)-2-hydroxy-2-phosphonoethyl)oxy-1-N-(phosphonopropionyl)pyrrolidine (compound 6) are the most potent inhibitors of MtHGPRT yet discovered having Ki values of 60 nM. The crystal structure of the MtHGPRT.6 complex was obtained and compared with that of human HGPRT in complex with the same inhibitor. These structures provide explanations for the 60-fold difference in the inhibition constants between these two enzymes and a foundation for the design of next generation inhibitors. In addition, crystal structures of MtHGPRT in complex with two pyrrolidine nucleoside phosphosphonate inhibitors plus pyrophosphate provide insights into the final stage of the catalytic reaction. As the first step in ascertaining if such compounds have the potential to be developed as anti-TB therapeutics, the tetra-(ethyl L-phenylalanine) tetraamide prodrug of 6 was tested in cell based assays. This compound arrested the growth of virulent Mt not only in its replicating phase (IC50 of 14 μΜ) but also in its latent phase (IC50 of 29 μΜ). Furthermore, it arrested the growth of Mt in infected macrophages (MIC50 of 85 μΜ) and has a low cytotoxicity in mammalian cells (CC50 of 132 ± 20 μM). These inhibitors are therefore viewed as forerunners of new anti-TB chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Soon Eng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Dominik Rejman
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Kyra Woods
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Lieve M J Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dianne T Keough
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Luke W Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, QLD, Australia.
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15
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Česnek M, Skácel J, Jansa P, Dračínský M, Šmídková M, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Soto-Velasquez MP, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Nucleobase Modified Adefovir (PMEA) Analogues as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Adenylate Cyclases from Bordetella pertussis and Bacillus anthracis. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1779-1796. [PMID: 29968968 PMCID: PMC6415679 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of 13 acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) as bisamidate prodrugs was prepared. Five compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic and selective inhibitors of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) in J774A.1 macrophage cell-based assays. The 8-aza-7-deazapurine derivative of adefovir (PMEA) was found to be the most potent ACT inhibitor in the series (IC50 =16 nm) with substantial selectivity over mammalian adenylate cyclases (mACs). AC inhibitory properties of the most potent analogues were confirmed by direct evaluation of the corresponding phosphonodiphosphates in cell-free assays and were found to be potent inhibitors of both ACT and edema factor (EF) from Bacillus anthracis (IC50 values ranging from 0.5 to 21 nm). Moreover, 7-halo-7-deazapurine analogues of PMEA were discovered to be potent and selective mammalian AC1 inhibitors (no inhibition of AC2 and AC5) with IC50 values ranging from 4.1 to 5.6 μm in HEK293 cell-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Česnek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skácel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jansa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Šmídková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Monica P Soto-Velasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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16
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Kaiser MM, Novák P, Rosenbergová Š, Poštová-Slavětínská L, Rosenberg I, Janeba Z. Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates Bearing (R
)- or (S
)-9-[3-Hydroxy-2-(phosphonoethoxy)propyl] (HPEP) Moiety as Monomers for the Synthesis of Modified Oligonucleotides. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Maxmilian Kaiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Novák
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Rosenbergová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Poštová-Slavětínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Rosenberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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17
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Synthesis and structure of new 2-aryl-substituted pyrrolidines containing phosphine oxide group. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Doleželová E, Terán D, Gahura O, Kotrbová Z, Procházková M, Keough D, Špaček P, Hocková D, Guddat L, Zíková A. Evaluation of the Trypanosoma brucei 6-oxopurine salvage pathway as a potential target for drug discovery. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006301. [PMID: 29481567 PMCID: PMC5843355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to toxicity and compliance issues and the emergence of resistance to current medications new drugs for the treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis are needed. A potential approach to developing novel anti-trypanosomal drugs is by inhibition of the 6-oxopurine salvage pathways which synthesise the nucleoside monophosphates required for DNA/RNA production. This is in view of the fact that trypanosomes lack the machinery for de novo synthesis of the purine ring. To provide validation for this approach as a drug target, we have RNAi silenced the three 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferase (PRTase) isoforms in the infectious stage of Trypanosoma brucei demonstrating that the combined activity of these enzymes is critical for the parasites’ viability. Furthermore, we have determined crystal structures of two of these isoforms in complex with several acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs), a class of compound previously shown to inhibit 6-oxopurine PRTases from several species including Plasmodium falciparum. The most potent of these compounds have Ki values as low as 60 nM, and IC50 values in cell based assays as low as 4 μM. This data provides a solid platform for further investigations into the use of this pathway as a target for anti-trypanosomal drug discovery. Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma brucei. Current treatments suffer from low efficacy, toxicity issues and complex medication regimens. Moreover, an alarming number of these parasites are demonstrating resistance to current drugs. For these reasons, there is a renewed effort to develop new classes of modern therapeutics based upon the unique T. brucei cellular processes. One potential new drug target is 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferase (PRTase), an enzyme central to the purine salvage pathway and whose activity is critical for the production of the nucleotides (GMP and IMP) required for DNA/RNA synthesis within this protozoan parasite. We demonstrated that T. brucei encodes two isoforms of hypoxanthine-guanine PRTases (HGPRT) and one hypoxanthine-guanine-xanthine PRTase (HGXPRT). The concurrent activity of these enzymes is required for the normal cell growth in vitro. Moreover, acyclic nucleoside phosphonates represent a promising class of potent and selective compounds as they inhibit the enzymes with Ki values in nanomolar range and exert cytotoxic effects on T. brucei cells grown in vitro with EC50 values in the single digit micromolar range. Our results provide a new foundation for further investigations of these compounds in vivo and suggest that 6-oxopurine salvage pathway represents a possible target for future drug discovery efforts directed at eliminating HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Doleželová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - David Terán
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ondřej Gahura
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kotrbová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Procházková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dianne Keough
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Petr Špaček
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Hocková
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luke Guddat
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- * E-mail: (AZ); (LWG)
| | - Alena Zíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (AZ); (LWG)
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19
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Keough DT, Rejman D, Pohl R, Zborníková E, Hocková D, Croll T, Edstein MD, Birrell GW, Chavchich M, Naesens LMJ, Pierens GK, Brereton IM, Guddat LW. Design of Plasmodium vivax Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase Inhibitors as Potential Antimalarial Therapeutics. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:82-90. [PMID: 29161011 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and Plasmodium vivax (Pv) are the foremost causative agents of malaria. Due to the development of resistance to current antimalarial medications, new drugs for this parasitic disease need to be discovered. The activity of hypoxanthine-guanine-[xanthine]-phosphoribosyltransferase, HG[X]PRT, is reported to be essential for the growth of both of these parasites, making it an excellent target for antimalarial drug discovery. Here, we have used rational structure-based methods to design an inhibitor, [3R,4R]-4-guanin-9-yl-3-((S)-2-hydroxy-2-phosphonoethyl)oxy-1-N-(phosphonopropionyl)pyrrolidine, of PvHGPRT and PfHGXPRT that has Ki values of 8 and 7 nM, respectively, for these two enzymes. The crystal structure of PvHGPRT in complex with this compound has been determined to 2.85 Å resolution. The corresponding complex with human HGPRT was also obtained to allow a direct comparison of the binding modes of this compound with the two enzymes. The tetra-(ethyl l-phenylalanine) tetraamide prodrug of this compound was synthesized, and it has an IC50 of 11.7 ± 3.2 μM against Pf lines grown in culture and a CC50 in human A549 cell lines of 102 ± 11 μM, thus giving it a ∼10-fold selectivity index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne T. Keough
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Dominik Rejman
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-166
10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-166
10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Zborníková
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-166
10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Hocková
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-166
10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tristan Croll
- Institute
of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane 4000, Australia
| | - Michael D. Edstein
- Department
of Drug Evaluation, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera 4051, Australia
| | - Geoff W. Birrell
- Department
of Drug Evaluation, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera 4051, Australia
| | - Marina Chavchich
- Department
of Drug Evaluation, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera 4051, Australia
| | - Lieve M. J. Naesens
- Rega
Institute for Medical Research, Katholique University, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gregory K. Pierens
- Centre for
Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Ian M. Brereton
- Centre for
Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Luke W. Guddat
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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20
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Frydrych J, Skácel J, Šmídková M, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Dračínský M, Gnanasekaran R, Lepšík M, Soto-Velasquez M, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Synthesis of α-Branched Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates as Potential Inhibitors of Bacterial Adenylate Cyclases. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:199-206. [PMID: 29235265 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) and Bacillus anthracis edema factor (EF), key virulence factors with adenylate cyclase activity, represents a potential method for treating or preventing toxemia related to whooping cough and anthrax, respectively. Novel α-branched acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) having a hemiaminal ether moiety were synthesized as potential inhibitors of bacterial adenylate cyclases. ANPs prepared as bisamidates were not cytotoxic, but did not exhibit any profound activity (IC50 >10 μm) toward ACT in J774A.1 macrophages. The apparent lack of activity of the bisamidates is speculated to be due to the inefficient formation of the biologically active species (ANPpp) in the cells. Conversely, two 5-haloanthraniloyl-substituted ANPs in the form of diphosphates were shown to be potent ACT and EF inhibitors with IC50 values ranging from 55 to 362 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frydrych
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skácel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Šmídková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ramachandran Gnanasekaran
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Current address: Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Martin Lepšík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Monica Soto-Velasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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21
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Špaček P, Keough DT, Chavchich M, Dračínský M, Janeba Z, Naesens L, Edstein MD, Guddat LW, Hocková D. Synthesis and Evaluation of Asymmetric Acyclic Nucleoside Bisphosphonates as Inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum and Human Hypoxanthine–Guanine–(Xanthine) Phosphoribosyltransferase. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7539-7554. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Špaček
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo
nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dianne T. Keough
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4068, Australia
| | - Marina Chavchich
- Department
of Drug Evaluation, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Brisbane, Queensland 4051, Australia
| | - Martin Dračínský
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo
nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo
nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Laboratory
of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research—KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael D. Edstein
- Department
of Drug Evaluation, Australian Army Malaria Institute, Enoggera, Brisbane, Queensland 4051, Australia
| | - Luke W. Guddat
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4068, Australia
| | - Dana Hocková
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo
nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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22
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Evans GL, Furkert DP, Abermil N, Kundu P, de Lange KM, Parker EJ, Brimble MA, Baker EN, Lott JS. Anthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase: Binding determinants for 5'-phospho-alpha-d-ribosyl-1'-pyrophosphate (PRPP) and the implications for inhibitor design. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1866:264-274. [PMID: 28844746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoribosyltransferases (PRTs) bind 5'-phospho-α-d-ribosyl-1'-pyrophosphate (PRPP) and transfer its phosphoribosyl group (PRib) to specific nucleophiles. Anthranilate PRT (AnPRT) is a promiscuous PRT that can phosphoribosylate both anthranilate and alternative substrates, and is the only example of a type III PRT. Comparison of the PRPP binding mode in type I, II and III PRTs indicates that AnPRT does not bind PRPP, or nearby metals, in the same conformation as other PRTs. A structure with a stereoisomer of PRPP bound to AnPRT from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) suggests a catalytic or post-catalytic state that links PRib movement to metal movement. Crystal structures of Mtb-AnPRT in complex with PRPP and with varying occupancies of the two metal binding sites, complemented by activity assay data, indicate that this type III PRT binds a single metal-coordinated species of PRPP, while an adjacent second metal site can be occupied due to a separate binding event. A series of compounds were synthesized that included a phosphonate group to probe PRPP binding site. Compounds containing a "bianthranilate"-like moiety are inhibitors with IC50 values of 10-60μM, and Ki values of 1.3-15μM. Structures of Mtb-AnPRT in complex with these compounds indicate that their phosphonate moieties are unable to mimic the binding modes of the PRib or pyrophosphate moieties of PRPP. The AnPRT structures presented herein indicated that PRPP binds a surface cleft and becomes enclosed due to re-positioning of two mobile loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve L Evans
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Daniel P Furkert
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nacim Abermil
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Preeti Kundu
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, P. O. Box 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, P. O. Box 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Katrina M de Lange
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Emily J Parker
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, P. O. Box 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, P. O. Box 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Edward N Baker
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - J Shaun Lott
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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23
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Synthesis and evaluation of symmetric acyclic nucleoside bisphosphonates as inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and human 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases and the antimalarial activity of their prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4008-4030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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24
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Kaiser MM, Baszczyňski O, Hocková D, Poštová-Slavětínská L, Dračínský M, Keough DT, Guddat LW, Janeba Z. Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates Containing 9-Deazahypoxanthine and a Five-Membered Heterocycle as Selective Inhibitors of Plasmodial 6-Oxopurine Phosphoribosyltransferases. ChemMedChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Maxmilian Kaiser
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Baszczyňski
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Dana Hocková
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Poštová-Slavětínská
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Dianne T. Keough
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4068 Australia
| | - Luke W. Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4068 Australia
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nám. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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25
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Wang X, Zhu S, Liu L, Li L. Flexible Antibacterial Film Based on Conjugated Polyelectrolyte/Silver Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:9051-9058. [PMID: 28233485 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report a flexible film based on conjugated polyelectrolyte/silver nanocomposites with efficient antibacterial activity. A flexible poly(dimethylsiloxane) film served as a substrate for deposition of nanostructured silver. A light-activated antibacterial agent, based on the cationic conjugated polyelectrolyte poly({9,9-bis[6'-(N,N-trimethylamino)hexyl]-2,7-fluorenyleneethynylene}-alt-co-1,4-(2,5-dimethoxy)phenylene)dibromide (PFEMO) was self-assembled on the negatively charged substrate. By changing the thickness of the poly(l-lysine)/poly(acrylic acid) multilayers between the metal substrate and PFEMO, we obtained concomitant enhancement of PFEMO fluorescence, phosphorescence, and reactive oxygen species generation. These enhancements were induced by surface plasmon resonance effects of the Ag nanoparticles, which overlapped the PFEMO absorption band. Owing to the combination of enhanced bactericidal effects and good flexibility, these films have great potential for use as novel biomaterials for preventing bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Shuxian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Lidong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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26
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Novel nucleotide analogues bearing (1 H -1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)phosphonic acid moiety as inhibitors of Plasmodium and human 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferases. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Eng WS, Keough DT, Hockova D, Winzor DJ, Guddat LW. Oligomeric state of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochimie 2017; 135:6-14. [PMID: 28082125 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sedimentation equilibrium and size-exclusion chromatography experiments on Mycobacterium tuberculosis hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (MtHGPRT) have established the existence of this enzyme as a reversibly associating mixture of dimeric and tetrameric species in 0.1 M Tris-HCl-0.012 M MgCl2, pH 7.4. Displacement of the equilibrium position towards the larger oligomer by phosphate signifies the probable existence of MtHGPRT as a tetramer in the biological environment. These data thus add credibility to the relevance of considering enzyme function in the light of a published tetrameric structure deduced from X-ray crystallography. Failure of 5-phospho-α-d-ribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRib-PP) to perturb the dimer-tetramer equilibrium position indicates the equivalence and independence of binding for this substrate (the first to bind in an ordered sequential mechanism) to the two oligomers. By virtue of the displacement of the equilibrium position towards dimer that is affected by removing MgCl2 from the Tris-HCl buffer, it can be concluded that divalent metal ions, as well as phosphate, can affect the oligomerization. These characteristics of MtHGPRT in solution are correlated with published crystal structures of four enzyme-ligand complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Soon Eng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Dianne T Keough
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Dana Hockova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Donald J Winzor
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Luke W Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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28
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Eng WS, Hocková D, Špaček P, Baszczyňski O, Janeba Z, Naesens L, Keough DT, Guddat LW. Crystal Structures of Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates in Complex withEscherichia coliHypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Soon Eng
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane, Queensland 4068 Australia
| | - Dana Hocková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i. Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ- 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Špaček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i. Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ- 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Baszczyňski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i. Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ- 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i. Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ- 166 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven; University of Leuven; Minderbroedersstraat 10, B- 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Dianne T. Keough
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane, Queensland 4068 Australia
| | - Luke W. Guddat
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane, Queensland 4068 Australia
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29
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Břehová P, Šmídková M, Skácel J, Dračínský M, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Velasquez MPS, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Design and Synthesis of Fluorescent Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates as Potent Inhibitors of Bacterial Adenylate Cyclases. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2534-2546. [PMID: 27775243 PMCID: PMC5198786 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) and Bacillus anthracis edema factor (EF) are key virulence factors with adenylate cyclase (AC) activity that substantially contribute to the pathogenesis of whooping cough and anthrax, respectively. There is an urgent need to develop potent and selective inhibitors of bacterial ACs with prospects for the development of potential antibacterial therapeutics and to study their molecular interactions with the target enzymes. Novel fluorescent 5-chloroanthraniloyl-substituted acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (Cl-ANT-ANPs) were designed and synthesized in the form of their diphosphates (Cl-ANT-ANPpp) as competitive ACT and EF inhibitors with sub-micromolar potency (IC50 values: 11-622 nm). Fluorescence experiments indicated that Cl-ANT-ANPpp analogues bind to the ACT active site, and docking studies suggested that the Cl-ANT group interacts with Phe306 and Leu60. Interestingly, the increase in direct fluorescence with Cl-ANT-ANPpp having an ester linker was strictly calmodulin (CaM)-dependent, whereas Cl-ANT-ANPpp analogues with an amide linker, upon binding to ACT, increased the fluorescence even in the absence of CaM. Such a dependence of binding on structural modification could be exploited in the future design of potent inhibitors of bacterial ACs. Furthermore, one Cl-ANT-ANP in the form of a bisamidate prodrug was able to inhibit B. pertussis ACT activity in macrophage cells with IC50 =12 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Břehová
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Šmídková
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skácel
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Monica P Soto Velasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- The Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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30
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Crystal structures and inhibition of Trypanosoma brucei hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35894. [PMID: 27786284 PMCID: PMC5081515 DOI: 10.1038/srep35894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma brucei (Tbr). Due to the debilitating side effects of the current therapeutics and the emergence of resistance to these drugs, new medications for this disease need to be developed. One potential new drug target is 6-oxopurine phosphoribosyltransferase (PRT), an enzyme central to the purine salvage pathway and whose activity is critical for the production of the nucleotides (GMP and IMP) required for DNA/RNA synthesis within this protozoan parasite. Here, the first crystal structures of this enzyme have been determined, these in complex with GMP and IMP and with three acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (ANP) inhibitors. The Ki values for GMP and IMP are 30.5 μM and 77 μM, respectively. Two of the ANPs have Ki values considerably lower than for the nucleotides, 2.3 μM (with guanine as base) and 15.8 μM (with hypoxanthine as base). The crystal structures show that when two of the ANPs bind, they induce an unusual conformation change to the loop where the reaction product, pyrophosphate, is expected to bind. This and other structural differences between the Tbr and human enzymes suggest selective inhibitors for the Tbr enzyme can be designed.
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31
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Serpi M, Ferrari V, Pertusati F. Nucleoside Derived Antibiotics to Fight Microbial Drug Resistance: New Utilities for an Established Class of Drugs? J Med Chem 2016; 59:10343-10382. [PMID: 27607900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel antibiotics are urgently needed to combat the rise of infections due to drug-resistant microorganisms. Numerous natural nucleosides and their synthetically modified analogues have been reported to have moderate to good antibiotic activity against different bacterial and fungal strains. Nucleoside-based compounds target several crucial processes of bacterial and fungal cells such as nucleoside metabolism and cell wall, nucleic acid, and protein biosynthesis. Nucleoside analogues have also been shown to target many other bacterial and fungal cellular processes although these are not well characterized and may therefore represent opportunities to discover new drugs with unique mechanisms of action. In this Perspective, we demonstrate that nucleoside analogues, cornerstones of anticancer and antiviral treatments, also have great potential to be repurposed as antibiotics so that an old drug can learn new tricks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Ferrari
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, United Kingdom
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32
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Kostov O, Páv O, Buděšínský M, Liboska R, Šimák O, Petrová M, Novák P, Rosenberg I. 4-Toluenesulfonyloxymethyl-(H)-phosphinate: A Reagent for the Introduction of O- and S-Methyl-(H)-phosphinate Moieties. Org Lett 2016; 18:2704-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Kostov
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department
of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Páv
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Liboska
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Šimák
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department
of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Magdalena Petrová
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Novák
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Rosenberg
- Institute of Organic
Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Kaiser MM, Poštová-Slavětínská L, Dračínský M, Lee YJ, Tian Y, Janeba Z. Synthesis and biological properties of prodrugs of (S)-3-(adenin-9-yl)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propanoic acid. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 108:374-380. [PMID: 26706348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The lack of antiviral activity of recently described (S)-3-(adenin-9-yl)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propanoic acid, or (S)-CPMEA in brief, has been speculated to possibly be due to the increased hydrophilicity of the molecule and, thus, by its limited cellular permeability. Efficient syntheses of novel lipophilic prodrugs of (S)-CPMEA masking either the carboxylic group or preferably both the phosphonate and carboxylic moieties, have been developed in order to increase bioavailability of the parent compound. Two prodrugs of (S)-CPMEA, namely phosphonate bis-amidate 15 and phenyloxy amidate 16, exhibited pan-genotypic anti-HCV activity at submicromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Maxmilian Kaiser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Poštová-Slavětínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Yu-Jen Lee
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Yang Tian
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Purine and pyrimidine nucleoside and nucleotide analogs have been extensively studied as anticancer and antiviral agents. In addition to this, they have recently shown great potential against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. TB ranks as the tenth most common cause of death in the world. The current treatment for TB infection is limited by side effects and cost of the drugs and most importantly by the development of resistance to the therapy. Therefore the development of novel drugs, capable of overcoming the drawbacks of the existing treatments, has become the focus of many research programs. In parallel to that, a tremendous effort has been made to elucidate the unique metabolism of this pathogen with the aim to identify new possible targets. This review presents the state of the art in nucleoside and nucleotide analogs in the treatment of TB. In particular, we report on the inhibitory activity of this class of compounds, both in enzymatic and whole-cell assays, providing a brief insight to which reported target these novel compounds are hitting.
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Kaiser MM, Hocková D, Wang TH, Dračínský M, Poštová-Slavětínská L, Procházková E, Edstein MD, Chavchich M, Keough DT, Guddat LW, Janeba Z. Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates as Inhibitors ofPlasmodium falciparumand Human 6-Oxopurine Phosphoribosyltransferases. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1707-23. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Česnek M, Jansa P, Šmídková M, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Dračínský M, Brust TF, Pávek P, Trejtnar F, Watts VJ, Janeba Z. Bisamidate Prodrugs of 2-Substituted 9-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA, adefovir) as Selective Inhibitors of Adenylate Cyclase Toxin from Bordetella pertussis. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1351-64. [PMID: 26136378 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Novel small-molecule agents to treat Bordetella pertussis infections are highly desirable, as pertussis (whooping cough) remains a serious health threat worldwide. In this study, a series of 2-substituted derivatives of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA, adefovir), in their isopropyl ester bis(L-phenylalanine) prodrug form, were designed and synthesized as potent inhibitors of adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) isolated from B. pertussis. The series consists of PMEA analogues bearing either a linear or branched aliphatic chain or a heteroatom at the C2 position of the purine moiety. Compounds with a small C2 substituent showed high potency against ACT without cytotoxic effects as well as good selectivity over human adenylate cyclase isoforms AC1, AC2, and AC5. The most potent ACT inhibitor was found to be the bisamidate prodrug of the 2-fluoro PMEA derivative (IC50 =0.145 μM). Although the bisamidate prodrugs reported herein exhibit overall lower activity than the bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) prodrug (adefovir dipivoxil), their toxicity and plasma stability profiles are superior. Furthermore, the bisamidate prodrug was shown to be more stable in plasma than in macrophage homogenate, indicating that the free phosphonate can be effectively distributed to target tissues, such as the lungs. Thus, ACT inhibitors based on acyclic nucleoside phosphonates may represent a new strategy to treat whooping cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Česnek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Petr Jansa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Markéta Šmídková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Tarsis F Brust
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907 (USA)
| | - Petr Pávek
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové (Czech Republic).,Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hněvotínská 5, 775 15 Olomouc (Czech Republic)
| | - František Trejtnar
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové (Czech Republic)
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907 (USA)
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v.v.i. Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic).
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Eng WS, Hocková D, Špaček P, Janeba Z, West NP, Woods K, Naesens LMJ, Keough DT, Guddat LW. First Crystal Structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 6-Oxopurine Phosphoribosyltransferase: Complexes with GMP and Pyrophosphate and with Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates Whose Prodrugs Have Antituberculosis Activity. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4822-38. [PMID: 25915781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease affecting millions of lives. Because of emerging resistance to current medications, new therapeutic drugs are needed. One potential new target is hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (MtHGPRT), a key enzyme of the purine salvage pathway. Here, newly synthesized acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs) have been shown to be competitive inhibitors of MtHGPRT with Ki values as low as 0.69 μM. Prodrugs of these compounds arrest the growth of a virulent strain of M. tuberculosis with MIC50 values as low as 4.5 μM and possess low cytotoxicity in mammalian cells (CC50 values as high as >300 μM). In addition, the first crystal structures of MtHGPRT (2.03-2.76 Å resolution) have been determined, three of these in complex with novel ANPs and one with GMP and pyrophosphate. These data provide a solid foundation for the further development of ANPs as selective inhibitors of MtHGPRT and as antituberculosis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Soon Eng
- †The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 QLD Australia
| | - Dana Hocková
- ‡Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Špaček
- ‡Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zlatko Janeba
- ‡Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas P West
- †The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 QLD Australia
| | - Kyra Woods
- †The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 QLD Australia
| | - Lieve M J Naesens
- §Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dianne T Keough
- †The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 QLD Australia
| | - Luke W Guddat
- †The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 QLD Australia
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38
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Abstract
A substantial portion of metabolism involves transformation of phosphate esters, including pathways leading to nucleotides and oligonucleotides, carbohydrates, isoprenoids and steroids, and phosphorylated proteins. Because the natural substrates bear one or more negative charges, drugs that target these enzymes generally must be charged as well, but small charged molecules can have difficulty traversing the cell membrane by means other than endocytosis. The resulting dichotomy has stimulated a great deal of effort to develop effective prodrugs, compounds that carry little or no charge to enable them to transit biological membranes, but able to release the parent drug once inside the target cell. This chapter presents recent studies on advances in prodrug forms, along with representative examples of their application to marketed and developmental drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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Poštová Slavětínská L, Rejman D, Pohl R. Pyrrolidine nucleotide analogs with a tunable conformation. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1967-80. [PMID: 25246956 PMCID: PMC4168946 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Conformational preferences of the pyrrolidine ring in nucleotide analogs 7–14 were investigated by means of NMR and molecular modeling. The effect of the relative configuration of hydroxy and nucleobase substituents as well as the effect of the alkylation or acylation of the pyrrolidine nitrogen atom on the conformation of the pyrrolidine ring were studied. The results of a conformational analysis show that the alkylation/acylation can be effectively used for tuning the pyrrolidine conformation over the whole pseudorotation cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Poštová Slavětínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Rejman
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Hernández D, Boto A. Nucleoside Analogues: Synthesis and Biological Properties of Azanucleoside Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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