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Jiang X, Chen D, Wang X, Wang C, Zheng H, Ye W, Zhou W, Liu G, Zhang K. Nitazoxanide synergizes polymyxin B against Escherichia coli by depleting cellular energy. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0019124. [PMID: 38904380 PMCID: PMC11302062 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00191-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid expansion of antibiotic-resistant bacterial diseases is a global burden on public health. It makes sense to repurpose and reposition already-approved medications for use as supplementary agents in synergistic combinations with existing antibiotics. Here, we demonstrate that the anthelmintic drug nitazoxanide (NTZ) synergistically enhances the effectiveness of the lipopeptide antibiotic polymyxin B in inhibiting gram-negative bacteria, including those resistant to polymyxin B. Mechanistic investigations revealed that nitazoxanide inhibited calcium influx and cell membrane depolarization, enhanced the affinity between polymyxin B and the extracellular membrane, and promoted intracellular ATP depletion and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus enhancing the penetration and disruption of the Escherichia coli cell membrane by polymyxin B. The transcriptomic analysis revealed that the combination resulted in energy depletion by inhibiting both aerobic and anaerobic respiration patterns in bacterial cells. The increased bactericidal effect of polymyxin B on the E. coli ∆nuoC strain further indicates that NuoC could be a promising target for nitazoxanide. Furthermore, the combination of nitazoxanide and polymyxin B showed promising therapeutic effects in a mouse infection model infected with E. coli. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential of nitazoxanide as a novel adjuvant to polymyxin B, to overcome antibiotic resistance and improve therapeutic outcomes in refractory infections.IMPORTANCEThe rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses a serious threat to public health. The search for potential compounds that can increase the antibacterial activity of existing antibiotics is a promising strategy for addressing this issue. Here, the synergistic activity of the FDA-approved agent nitazoxanide (NTZ) combined with polymyxin B was investigated in vitro using checkerboard assays and time-kill curves. The synergistic mechanisms of the combination of nitazoxanide and polymyxin B were explored by fluorescent dye, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and transcriptomic analysis. The synergistic efficacy was evaluated in vivo by the Escherichia coli and mouse sepsis models. These results suggested that nitazoxanide, as a promising antibiotic adjuvant, can effectively enhance polymyxin B activity, providing a potential strategy for treating multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejia Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenchong Ye
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Liu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Keyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Chemical Drugs and Pharmaceutics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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2
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Yang JJ, Goff A, Wild DJ, Ding Y, Annis A, Kerber R, Foote B, Passi A, Duerksen JL, London S, Puhl AC, Lane TR, Braunstein M, Waddell SJ, Ekins S. Computational drug repositioning identifies niclosamide and tribromsalan as inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium abscessus. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2024; 146:102500. [PMID: 38432118 PMCID: PMC10978224 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2024.102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major global health challenge, killing over 1.5 million people each year, and hence, there is a need to identify and develop novel treatments for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). The prevalence of infections caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is also increasing and has overtaken TB cases in the United States and much of the developed world. Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus) is one of the most frequently encountered NTM and is difficult to treat. We describe the use of drug-disease association using a semantic knowledge graph approach combined with machine learning models that has enabled the identification of several molecules for testing anti-mycobacterial activity. We established that niclosamide (M. tuberculosis IC90 2.95 μM; M. abscessus IC90 59.1 μM) and tribromsalan (M. tuberculosis IC90 76.92 μM; M. abscessus IC90 147.4 μM) inhibit M. tuberculosis and M. abscessus in vitro. To investigate the mode of action, we determined the transcriptional response of M. tuberculosis and M. abscessus to both compounds in axenic log phase, demonstrating a broad effect on gene expression that differed from known M. tuberculosis inhibitors. Both compounds elicited transcriptional responses indicative of respiratory pathway stress and the dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J Yang
- School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Data2Discovery, Inc., Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Internal Medicine Translational Informatics Division, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Aaron Goff
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, UK
| | - David J Wild
- School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Data2Discovery, Inc., Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Ying Ding
- School of Informatics, Computing and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Data2Discovery, Inc., Bloomington, IN, USA; School of Information, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ayano Annis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | | | | | - Anurag Passi
- Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ana C Puhl
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Thomas R Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Miriam Braunstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Simon J Waddell
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, UK
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
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3
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Dechow SJ, Abramovitch RB. Targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis pH-driven adaptation. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2024; 170:001458. [PMID: 38717801 PMCID: PMC11165653 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) senses and adapts to host environmental cues as part of its pathogenesis. One important cue sensed by Mtb is the acidic pH of its host niche - the macrophage. Acidic pH induces widespread transcriptional and metabolic remodelling in Mtb. These adaptations to acidic pH can lead Mtb to slow its growth and promote pathogenesis and antibiotic tolerance. Mutants defective in pH-dependent adaptations exhibit reduced virulence in macrophages and animal infection models, suggesting that chemically targeting these pH-dependent pathways may have therapeutic potential. In this review, we discuss mechanisms by which Mtb regulates its growth and metabolism at acidic pH. Additionally, we consider the therapeutic potential of disrupting pH-driven adaptations in Mtb and review the growing class of compounds that exhibit pH-dependent activity or target pathways important for adaptation to acidic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby J. Dechow
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics and Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert B. Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics and Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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4
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Lindblom JR, Zhang X, Lehane AM. A pH Fingerprint Assay to Identify Inhibitors of Multiple Validated and Potential Antimalarial Drug Targets. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1185-1200. [PMID: 38499199 PMCID: PMC11019546 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
New drugs with novel modes of action are needed to safeguard malaria treatment. In recent years, millions of compounds have been tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of asexual blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites, resulting in the identification of thousands of compounds with antiplasmodial activity. Determining the mechanisms of action of antiplasmodial compounds informs their further development, but remains challenging. A relatively high proportion of compounds identified as killing asexual blood-stage parasites show evidence of targeting the parasite's plasma membrane Na+-extruding, H+-importing pump, PfATP4. Inhibitors of PfATP4 give rise to characteristic changes in the parasite's internal [Na+] and pH. Here, we designed a "pH fingerprint" assay that robustly identifies PfATP4 inhibitors while simultaneously allowing the detection of (and discrimination between) inhibitors of the lactate:H+ transporter PfFNT, which is a validated antimalarial drug target, and the V-type H+ ATPase, which was suggested as a possible target of the clinical candidate ZY19489. In our pH fingerprint assays and subsequent secondary assays, ZY19489 did not show evidence for the inhibition of pH regulation by the V-type H+ ATPase, suggesting that it has a different mode of action in the parasite. The pH fingerprint assay also has the potential to identify protonophores, inhibitors of the acid-loading Cl- transporter(s) (for which the molecular identity(ies) remain elusive), and compounds that act through inhibition of either the glucose transporter PfHT or glycolysis. The pH fingerprint assay therefore provides an efficient starting point to match a proportion of antiplasmodial compounds with their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adele M. Lehane
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital
Territory 2600, Australia
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5
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Ranganath VA, Maity I. Artificial Homeostasis Systems Based on Feedback Reaction Networks: Design Principles and Future Promises. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318134. [PMID: 38226567 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Feedback-controlled chemical reaction networks (FCRNs) are indispensable for various biological processes, such as cellular mechanisms, patterns, and signaling pathways. Through the intricate interplay of many feedback loops (FLs), FCRNs maintain a stable internal cellular environment. Currently, creating minimalistic synthetic cells is the long-term objective of systems chemistry, which is motivated by such natural integrity. The design, kinetic optimization, and analysis of FCRNs to exhibit functions akin to those of a cell still pose significant challenges. Indeed, reaching synthetic homeostasis is essential for engineering synthetic cell components. However, maintaining homeostasis in artificial systems against various agitations is a difficult task. Several biological events can provide us with guidelines for a conceptual understanding of homeostasis, which can be further applicable in designing artificial synthetic systems. In this regard, we organize our review with artificial homeostasis systems driven by FCRNs at different length scales, including homogeneous, compartmentalized, and soft material systems. First, we stretch a quick overview of FCRNs in different molecular and supramolecular systems, which are the essential toolbox for engineering different nonlinear functions and homeostatic systems. Moreover, the existing history of synthetic homeostasis in chemical and material systems and their advanced functions with self-correcting, and regulating properties are also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Ambekar Ranganath
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, 562112, Karnataka, India
| | - Indrajit Maity
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Jain Global Campus, Bangalore, 562112, Karnataka, India
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6
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Saleh M, Mostafa YA, Kumari J, Thabet MM, Sriram D, Kandeel M, Abdu-Allah HHM. New nitazoxanide derivatives: design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies as antibacterial and antimycobacterial agents. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2714-2730. [PMID: 38107181 PMCID: PMC10718594 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00449j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series inspired by combining fragments from nitazoxanide (NTZ) and 4-aminosalicylic acid (4-ASA) was synthesized and screened for in vitro antibacterial and antimycobacterial activities. The majority showed higher antibacterial potency than NTZ against all the screened strains, notably, 5f, 5j, 5n and 5o with MICs of 0.87-9.00 μM. Compounds 5c, 5n and 5o revealed higher potency than ciprofloxacin against K. pneumoniae, while 5i was equipotent. For E. faecalis, 3b, 5j, and 5k showed higher potency than ciprofloxacin. 5j was more potent against P. aeruginosa than ciprofloxacin, while 5n was more potent against S. aureus with an MIC of 0.87 μM. 5f showed equipotency to ciprofloxacin against H. pylori with an MIC of 1.74 μM. Compounds 3a and 3b (4-azidoNTZ, MIC 4.47 μM) are 2 and 5-fold more potent against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb H37Rv) than NTZ (MIC 20.23 μM) and safer. 4-Azidation and/or acetylation of NTZ improve both activities, while introducing 1,2,3-triazoles improves the antibacterial activity. Molecular docking studies within pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (G6PS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) active sites were performed to explore the possible molecular mechanisms of actions. Acceptable drug-likeness properties were found. This study may shed light on further rational design of substituted NTZ as broad-spectrum more potent antimicrobial candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Saleh
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University Assiut 71526 Egypt
| | - Yaser A Mostafa
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University Assiut 71526 Egypt
| | - Jyothi Kumari
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar Hyderabad-500 078 India
| | - Momen M Thabet
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University Qena 83523 Egypt
| | - Dharmarajan Sriram
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar Hyderabad-500 078 India
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University 31982 Al-Ahsa Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University 33516 Kafrelsheikh Egypt
| | - Hajjaj H M Abdu-Allah
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University Assiut 71526 Egypt
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7
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Martínez-Rosas V, Hernández-Ochoa B, Morales-Luna L, Ortega-Cuellar D, González-Valdez A, Arreguin-Espinosa R, Rufino-González Y, Calderón-Jaimes E, Castillo-Rodríguez RA, Wong-Baeza C, Baeza-Ramírez I, Pérez de la Cruz V, Vidal-Limón A, Gómez-Manzo S. Nitazoxanide Inhibits the Bifunctional Enzyme GlG6PD::6PGL of Giardia lamblia: Biochemical and In Silico Characterization of a New Druggable Target. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11516. [PMID: 37511272 PMCID: PMC10380810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis, which is caused by Giardia lamblia infection, is a relevant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Because no vaccines are currently available to treat giardiasis, chemotherapeutic drugs are the main options for controlling infection. Evidence has shown that the nitro drug nitazoxanide (NTZ) is a commonly prescribed treatment for giardiasis; however, the mechanisms underlying NTZ's antigiardial activity are not well-understood. Herein, we identified the glucose-6-phosphate::6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (GlG6PD::6PGL) fused enzyme as a nitazoxanide target, as NTZ behaves as a GlG6PD::6PGL catalytic inhibitor. Furthermore, fluorescence assays suggest alterations in the stability of GlG6PD::6PGL protein, whereas the results indicate a loss of catalytic activity due to conformational and folding changes. Molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies suggest a model of NTZ binding on the active site of the G6PD domain and near the structural NADP+ binding site. The findings of this study provide a novel mechanistic basis and strategy for the antigiardial activity of the NTZ drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Martínez-Rosas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
- Programa de Posgrado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Hernández-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Laura Morales-Luna
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniel Ortega-Cuellar
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
| | - Abigail González-Valdez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Roberto Arreguin-Espinosa
- Departamento de Química de Biomacromoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Yadira Rufino-González
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Calderón-Jaimes
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Wong-Baeza
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Isabel Baeza-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Verónica Pérez de la Cruz
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Abraham Vidal-Limón
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic®, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Mexico
| | - Saúl Gómez-Manzo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico
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8
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Xu J, Xue Y, Bolinger AA, Li J, Zhou M, Chen H, Li H, Zhou J. Therapeutic potential of salicylamide derivatives for combating viral infections. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:897-931. [PMID: 36905090 PMCID: PMC10247541 DOI: 10.1002/med.21940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Since time immemorial human beings have constantly been fighting against viral infections. The ongoing and devastating coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic represents one of the most severe and most significant public health emergencies in human history, highlighting an urgent need to develop broad-spectrum antiviral agents. Salicylamide (2-hydroxybenzamide) derivatives, represented by niclosamide and nitazoxanide, inhibit the replication of a broad range of RNA and DNA viruses such as flavivirus, influenza A virus, and coronavirus. Moreover, nitazoxanide was effective in clinical trials against different viral infections including diarrhea caused by rotavirus and norovirus, uncomplicated influenza A and B, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. In this review, we summarize the broad antiviral activities of salicylamide derivatives, the clinical progress, and the potential targets or mechanisms against different viral infections and highlight their therapeutic potential in combating the circulating and emerging viral infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Xu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Yu Xue
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Andrew A. Bolinger
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Mingxiang Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Hongmin Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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9
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Kumar G, Kapoor S. Targeting mycobacterial membranes and membrane proteins: Progress and limitations. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 81:117212. [PMID: 36804747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Among the various bacterial infections, tuberculosis continues to hold center stage. Its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, possesses robust defense mechanisms against most front-line antibiotic drugs and host responses due to their complex cell membranes with unique lipid molecules. It is now well-established that bacteria change their membrane composition to optimize their environment to survive and elude drug action. Thus targeting membrane or membrane components is a promising avenue for exploiting the chemical space focussed on developing novel membrane-centric anti-bacterial small molecules. These approaches are more effective, non-toxic, and can attenuate resistance phenotype. We present the relevance of targeting the mycobacterial membrane as a practical therapeutic approach. The review highlights the direct and indirect targeting of membrane structure and function. Direct membrane targeting agents cause perturbation in the membrane potential and can cause leakage of the cytoplasmic contents. In contrast, indirect membrane targeting agents disrupt the function of membrane-associated proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis or energy production. We discuss the chronological chemical improvements in various scaffolds targeting specific membrane-associated protein targets, their clinical evaluation, and up-to-date account of their ''mechanisms of action, potency, selectivity'' and limitations. The sources of anti-TB drugs/inhibitors discussed in this work have emerged from target-based identification, cell-based phenotypic screening, drug repurposing, and natural products. We believe this review will inspire the exploration of uncharted chemical space for informing the development of new scaffolds that can inhibit novel mycobacterial membrane targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; Departemnt of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500037, India.
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
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10
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Kauerová T, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Kollar P. Salicylanilides and Their Anticancer Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021728. [PMID: 36675241 PMCID: PMC9861143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Salicylanilides are pharmacologically active compounds with a wide spectrum of biological effects. Halogenated salicylanilides, which have been used for decades in human and veterinary medicine as anthelmintics, have recently emerged as candidates for drug repurposing in oncology. The most prominent example of salicylanilide anthelmintic, that is intensively studied for its potential anticancer properties, is niclosamide. Nevertheless, recent studies have discovered extensive anticancer potential in a number of other salicylanilides. This potential of their anticancer action is mediated most likely by diverse mechanisms of action such as uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibition of protein tyrosine kinase epidermal growth factor receptor, modulation of different signaling pathways as Wnt/β-catenin, mTORC1, STAT3, NF-κB and Notch signaling pathways or induction of B-Raf V600E inhibition. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge about the proposed mechanisms of action of anticancer activity of salicylanilides based on preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, or structural requirements for such an activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Kauerová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Peter Kollar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-541-562-892
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11
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Thomson M, Liu Y, Nunta K, Cheyne A, Fernandes N, Williams R, Garza-Garcia A, Larrouy-Maumus G. Expression of a novel mycobacterial phosphodiesterase successfully lowers cAMP levels resulting in reduced tolerance to cell wall-targeting antimicrobials. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102151. [PMID: 35718063 PMCID: PMC9293780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
cAMP and antimicrobial susceptibility in mycobacteriaAntimicrobial tolerance, the ability to survive exposure to antimicrobials via transient nonspecific means, promotes the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The study of the molecular mechanisms that result in antimicrobial tolerance is therefore essential for the understanding of AMR. In gram-negative bacteria, the second messenger molecule 3'',5''-cAMP has been previously shown to be involved in AMR. In mycobacteria, however, the role of cAMP in antimicrobial tolerance has been difficult to probe due to its particular complexity. In order to address this difficulty, here, through unbiased biochemical approaches consisting in the fractionation of clear protein lysate from a mycobacterial strain deleted for the known cAMP phosphodiesterase (Rv0805c) combined with mass spectrometry techniques, we identified a novel cyclic nucleotide-degrading phosphodiesterase enzyme (Rv1339) and developed a system to significantly decrease intracellular cAMP levels through plasmid expression of Rv1339 using the constitutive expression system, pVV16. In Mycobacterium smegmatis mc2155, we demonstrate that recombinant expression of Rv1339 reduced cAMP levels threefold and resulted in altered gene expression, impaired bioenergetics, and a disruption in peptidoglycan biosynthesis leading to decreased tolerance to antimicrobials that target cell wall synthesis such as ethambutol, D-cycloserine, and vancomycin. This work increases our understanding of the role of cAMP in mycobacterial antimicrobial tolerance, and our observations suggest that nucleotide signaling may represent a new target for the development of antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Thomson
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yi Liu
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kanokkan Nunta
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashleigh Cheyne
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Fernandes
- Imperial BRC Genomics Facility, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Williams
- Imperial BRC Genomics Facility, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gerald Larrouy-Maumus
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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12
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Calvo-Alvarez E, Dolci M, Perego F, Signorini L, Parapini S, D’Alessandro S, Denti L, Basilico N, Taramelli D, Ferrante P, Delbue S. Antiparasitic Drugs against SARS-CoV-2: A Comprehensive Literature Survey. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071284. [PMID: 35889004 PMCID: PMC9320270 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
More than two years have passed since the viral outbreak that led to the novel infectious respiratory disease COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Since then, the urgency for effective treatments resulted in unprecedented efforts to develop new vaccines and to accelerate the drug discovery pipeline, mainly through the repurposing of well-known compounds with broad antiviral effects. In particular, antiparasitic drugs historically used against human infections due to protozoa or helminth parasites have entered the main stage as a miracle cure in the fight against SARS-CoV-2. Despite having demonstrated promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities in vitro, conflicting results have made their translation into clinical practice more difficult than expected. Since many studies involving antiparasitic drugs are currently under investigation, the window of opportunity might be not closed yet. Here, we will review the (controversial) journey of these old antiparasitic drugs to combat the human infection caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Calvo-Alvarez
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.D.); (F.P.); (L.S.); (L.D.); (N.B.); (P.F.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Dolci
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.D.); (F.P.); (L.S.); (L.D.); (N.B.); (P.F.); (S.D.)
| | - Federica Perego
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.D.); (F.P.); (L.S.); (L.D.); (N.B.); (P.F.); (S.D.)
| | - Lucia Signorini
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.D.); (F.P.); (L.S.); (L.D.); (N.B.); (P.F.); (S.D.)
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Sarah D’Alessandro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.D.); (D.T.)
| | - Luca Denti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.D.); (F.P.); (L.S.); (L.D.); (N.B.); (P.F.); (S.D.)
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.D.); (F.P.); (L.S.); (L.D.); (N.B.); (P.F.); (S.D.)
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.D.); (D.T.)
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.D.); (F.P.); (L.S.); (L.D.); (N.B.); (P.F.); (S.D.)
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.D.); (F.P.); (L.S.); (L.D.); (N.B.); (P.F.); (S.D.)
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13
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Ek F, Blom K, Selvin T, Rudfeldt J, Andersson C, Senkowski W, Brechot C, Nygren P, Larsson R, Jarvius M, Fryknäs M. Sorafenib and nitazoxanide disrupt mitochondrial function and inhibit regrowth capacity in three-dimensional models of hepatocellular and colorectal carcinoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8943. [PMID: 35624293 PMCID: PMC9142582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Quiescent cancer cells in malignant tumors can withstand cell-cycle active treatment and cause cancer spread and recurrence. Three-dimensional (3D) cancer cell models have led to the identification of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as a context-dependent vulnerability. The limited treatment options for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal carcinoma (CRC) metastatic to the liver include the multikinase inhibitors sorafenib and regorafenib. Off-target effects of sorafenib and regorafenib are related to OXPHOS inhibition; however the importance of this feature to the effect on tumor cells has not been investigated in 3D models. We began by assessing global transcriptional responses in monolayer cell cultures, then moved on to multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) and tumoroids generated from a CRC patient. Cells were treated with chemotherapeutics, kinase inhibitors, and the OXPHOS inhibitors. Cells grown in 3D cultures were sensitive to the OXPHOS inhibitor nitazoxanide, sorafenib, and regorafenib and resistant to other multikinase inhibitors and chemotherapeutic drugs. Furthermore, nitazoxanide and sorafenib reduced viability, regrowth potential and inhibited mitochondrial membrane potential in an additive manner at clinically relevant concentrations. This study demonstrates that the OXPHOS inhibition caused by sorafenib and regorafenib parallels 3D activity and can be further investigated for new combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Ek
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristin Blom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tove Selvin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jakob Rudfeldt
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claes Andersson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wojciech Senkowski
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.,Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Nygren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rolf Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Jarvius
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mårten Fryknäs
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Cardoso NC, Chibale K, Singh V. Implications of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Metabolic Adaptability on Drug Discovery and Development. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:414-421. [PMID: 35175727 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a global health threat that is being exacerbated by the increase in infections attributed to drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To combat this, there has been a surge in drug discovery programs to develop new, potent compounds and identify promising drug targets in the pathogen. Two areas of M. tuberculosis biology that have emerged as rich sources of potential novel drug targets are cell wall biosynthesis and energy metabolism. Both processes are important for survival of M. tuberculosis under replicating and nonreplicating conditions. However, both processes are also inherently adaptable under different conditions. Furthermore, cell wall biosynthesis is energy intensive and, thus, reliant on an efficiently functioning energy production system. This Perspective focuses on the interplay between cell wall biosynthesis and energy metabolism in M. tuberculosis, how adaptations in one pathway may affect the other, and what consequences this could have for drug discovery and development and the identification of novel drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Cardoso
- Drug Discovery and Development (H3D) Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug Discovery and Development (H3D) Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Vinayak Singh
- Drug Discovery and Development (H3D) Centre, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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15
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de Andrade Picanço G, Ferreira de Lima N, Cristina Gomes T, de Sousa Mendes Moreira Alves D, Luísa da Costa T, Vinaud MC. Intraperitoneal and intracranial experimental cysticercosis present different metabolic preferences after treatment with isolated or combined albendazole and nitazoxanide. Acta Trop 2022; 226:106264. [PMID: 34919953 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cysticercosis is a zoonotic public health issue especially severe when the parasite is in the central nervous system although it may be found all over the human organism. Taenia crassiceps cysticerci inoculated in mice is the experimental model used to study cysticercosis. The most used cysticercosis treatment is with albendazole (ABZ). Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has been experimentally tested against this parasite. Metabolic analysis has been used to determine drugs impact on the parasite. The aim of this study was to determine the in vivo metabolic impact of the ABZ-NTZ combination in T. crassiceps cysticerci inoculated in mice peritoneal and intracranial cavities. Mice were experimentally inoculated with T. crassiceps cysticerci in the intraperitoneal cavity or in the intracranial one. Thirty days after the infection they were treated with NaCl 0.9% (control group), 50 mg/kg of ABZ, 50 mg/kg of NTZ or 50 mg/kg of NTZ and ABZ (ABZ/NTZ combination). 24 h after treatment the animals were euthanized and the cysticerci analyzed through high performance chromatography and spectrophotometry in order to detect the glycolytic, mitochondrial and protein catabolism pathways. The intracranial parasites used more intensely the homolactic fermentation while the intraperitoneal ones presented a greater use of the mitochondrial pathways and protein catabolism. Regarding the glycolytic pathways, it was possible to observe a significant impact induced by the drugs used, both isolated or in combination. It was possible to detect an increase in the fumarate reductase pathway after the drugs exposure and no impact in the protein's catabolism. Therefore, the cysticerci showed different uses of metabolic pathways regarding the site of inoculation due to the availability of nutrients inherent of each environment. This study showed the parasite metabolic resilience and capability of use of different biochemical pathways in order to ensure survival in spite of a hostile environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guaraciara de Andrade Picanço
- Laboratory of studies of the host-parasite relationship, Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goias, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Goiania, Goias CEP 74605-050 Brazil
| | - Nayana Ferreira de Lima
- Laboratory of studies of the host-parasite relationship, Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goias, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Goiania, Goias CEP 74605-050 Brazil
| | - Taynara Cristina Gomes
- Laboratory of studies of the host-parasite relationship, Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goias, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Goiania, Goias CEP 74605-050 Brazil
| | - Daniella de Sousa Mendes Moreira Alves
- Laboratory of studies of the host-parasite relationship, Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goias, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Goiania, Goias CEP 74605-050 Brazil
| | - Tatiane Luísa da Costa
- Laboratory of studies of the host-parasite relationship, Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goias, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Goiania, Goias CEP 74605-050 Brazil
| | - Marina Clare Vinaud
- Laboratory of studies of the host-parasite relationship, Tropical Pathology and Public Health Institute, Federal University of Goias, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Goiania, Goias CEP 74605-050 Brazil.
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16
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Radhakrishnan A, Brown CM, Guy CS, Cooper C, Pacheco-Gomez R, Stansfeld PJ, Fullam E. Interrogation of the Pathogen Box reveals small molecule ligands against the mycobacterial trehalose transporter LpqY-SugABC. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1225-1233. [PMID: 36320433 PMCID: PMC9579956 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00104g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, claims ∼1.5 million lives annually. Effective chemotherapy is essential to control TB, however the emergence of drug-resistant strains of TB have seriously threatened global attempts to control and eradicate this deadly pathogen. Trehalose recycling via the LpqY-SugABC importer is essential for the virulence and survival of Mtb and inhibiting or hijacking this transport system is an attractive approach for the development of novel anti-tubercular and diagnostic agents. Therefore, we interrogated the drug-like compounds in the open-source Medicines for Malaria Pathogen Box and successfully identified seven compounds from the TB, kinetoplastids and reference compound disease sets that recognise LpqY. The molecules have diverse chemical scaffolds, are not specific trehalose analogues, and may be used as novel templates to facilitate the development of therapeutics that kill Mtb with a novel mechanism of action via the mycobacterial trehalose LpqY-SugABC transport system. Interrogation of the Pathogen Box identified diverse chemical scaffolds against the mycobacterial trehalose transporter.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chelsea M. Brown
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Collette S. Guy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Charlotte Cooper
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Raul Pacheco-Gomez
- Malvern Panalytical Ltd, Enigma Business Park, Grovewood Road, Malvern, WR14 1XZ, UK
| | - Phillip J. Stansfeld
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Elizabeth Fullam
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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17
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Phanchana M, Harnvoravongchai P, Wongkuna S, Phetruen T, Phothichaisri W, Panturat S, Pipatthana M, Charoensutthivarakul S, Chankhamhaengdecha S, Janvilisri T. Frontiers in antibiotic alternatives for Clostridioides difficile infection. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:7210-7232. [PMID: 34876784 PMCID: PMC8611198 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i42.7210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is a gram-positive, anaerobic spore-forming bacterium and a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Humans are naturally resistant to C. difficile infection (CDI) owing to the protection provided by healthy gut microbiota. When the gut microbiota is disturbed, C. difficile can colonize, produce toxins, and manifest clinical symptoms, ranging from asymptomatic diarrhea and colitis to death. Despite the steady-if not rising-prevalence of CDI, it will certainly become more problematic in a world of antibiotic overuse and the post-antibiotic era. C. difficile is naturally resistant to most of the currently used antibiotics as it uses multiple resistance mechanisms. Therefore, current CDI treatment regimens are extremely limited to only a few antibiotics, which include vancomycin, fidaxomicin, and metronidazole. Therefore, one of the main challenges experienced by the scientific community is the development of alternative approaches to control and treat CDI. In this Frontier article, we collectively summarize recent advances in alternative treatment approaches for CDI. Over the past few years, several studies have reported on natural product-derived compounds, drug repurposing, high-throughput library screening, phage therapy, and fecal microbiota transplantation. We also include an update on vaccine development, pre- and pro-biotics for CDI, and toxin antidote approaches. These measures tackle CDI at every stage of disease pathology via multiple mechanisms. We also discuss the gaps and concerns in these developments. The next epidemic of CDI is not a matter of if but a matter of when. Therefore, being well-equipped with a collection of alternative therapeutics is necessary and should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Phanchana
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Supapit Wongkuna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tanaporn Phetruen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Wichuda Phothichaisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Supakan Panturat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Methinee Pipatthana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sitthivut Charoensutthivarakul
- School of Bioinnovation and Bio-based Product Intelligence, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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18
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Overcoming the Prokaryote/Eukaryote Barrier in Tuberculosis Treatment: A Prospect for the Repurposing and Use of Antiparasitic Drugs. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112335. [PMID: 34835459 PMCID: PMC8622410 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance, the so-called silent pandemic, is pushing industry and academia to find novel antimicrobial agents with new mechanisms of action in order to be active against susceptible and drug-resistant microorganisms. In the case of tuberculosis, the need of novel anti-tuberculosis drugs is specially challenging because of the intricate biology of its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The repurposing of medicines has arisen in recent years as a fast, low-cost, and efficient strategy to identify novel biomedical applications for already approved drugs. This review is focused on anti-parasitic drugs that have additionally demonstrated certain levels of anti-tuberculosis activity; along with this, natural products with a dual activity against parasites and against M. tuberculosis are discussed. A few clinical trials have tested antiparasitic drugs in tuberculosis patients, and have revealed effective dose and toxicity issues, which is consistent with the natural differences between tuberculosis and parasitic infections. However, through medicinal chemistry approaches, derivatives of drugs with anti-parasitic activity have become successful drugs for use in tuberculosis therapy. In summary, even when the repurposing of anti-parasitic drugs for tuberculosis treatment does not seem to be an easy job, it deserves attention as a potential contributor to fuel the anti-tuberculosis drug pipeline.
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19
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Shrestha R, Johnson E, Byrne FL. Exploring the therapeutic potential of mitochondrial uncouplers in cancer. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101222. [PMID: 33781939 PMCID: PMC8129951 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial uncouplers are well-known for their ability to treat a myriad of metabolic diseases, including obesity and fatty liver diseases. However, for many years now, mitochondrial uncouplers have also been evaluated in diverse models of cancer in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, some mitochondrial uncouplers are now in clinical trials for cancer, although none have yet been approved for the treatment of cancer. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review we summarise published studies in which mitochondrial uncouplers have been investigated as an anti-cancer therapy in preclinical models. In many cases, mitochondrial uncouplers show strong anti-cancer effects both as single agents, and in combination therapies, and some are more toxic to cancer cells than normal cells. Furthermore, the mitochondrial uncoupling mechanism of action in cancer cells has been described in detail, with consistencies and inconsistencies between different structural classes of uncouplers. For example, many mitochondrial uncouplers decrease ATP levels and disrupt key metabolic signalling pathways such as AMPK/mTOR but have different effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Many of these effects oppose aberrant phenotypes common in cancer cells that ultimately result in cell death. We also highlight several gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed before we have a clear direction and strategy for applying mitochondrial uncouplers as anti-cancer agents. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS There is a large body of evidence supporting the therapeutic use of mitochondrial uncouplers to treat cancer. However, the long-term safety of some uncouplers remains in question and it will be critical to identify which patients and cancer types would benefit most from these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya Shrestha
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, 2052, Australia
| | - Edward Johnson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, 2052, Australia
| | - Frances L Byrne
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, 2052, Australia.
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20
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Stachulski AV, Taujanskas J, Pate SL, Rajoli RKR, Aljayyoussi G, Pennington SH, Ward SA, Hong WD, Biagini GA, Owen A, Nixon GL, Leung SC, O’Neill PM. Therapeutic Potential of Nitazoxanide: An Appropriate Choice for Repurposing versus SARS-CoV-2? ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1317-1331. [PMID: 33352056 PMCID: PMC7771247 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly growing COVID-19 pandemic is the most serious global health crisis since the "Spanish flu" of 1918. There is currently no proven effective drug treatment or prophylaxis for this coronavirus infection. While developing safe and effective vaccines is one of the key focuses, a number of existing antiviral drugs are being evaluated for their potency and efficiency against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in the clinic. Here, we review the significant potential of nitazoxanide (NTZ) as an antiviral agent that can be repurposed as a treatment for COVID-19. Originally, NTZ was developed as an antiparasitic agent especially against Cryptosporidium spp.; it was later shown to possess potent activity against a broad range of both RNA and DNA viruses, including influenza A, hepatitis B and C, and coronaviruses. Recent in vitro assessment of NTZ has confirmed its promising activity against SARS-CoV-2 with an EC50 of 2.12 μM. Here we examine its drug properties, antiviral activity against different viruses, clinical trials outcomes, and mechanisms of antiviral action from the literature in order to highlight the therapeutic potential for the treatment of COVID-19. Furthermore, in preliminary PK/PD analyses using clinical data reported in the literature, comparison of simulated TIZ (active metabolite of NTZ) exposures at two doses with the in vitro potency of NTZ against SARS-CoV-2 gives further support for drug repurposing with potential in combination chemotherapy approaches. The review concludes with details of second generation thiazolides under development that could lead to improved antiviral therapies for future indications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua Taujanskas
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Sophie L. Pate
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Rajith K. R. Rajoli
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology,
Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool,
Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Ghaith Aljayyoussi
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical
Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine,
Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K.
| | - Shaun H. Pennington
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical
Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine,
Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K.
| | - Stephen A. Ward
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical
Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine,
Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K.
| | - Weiqian David Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Giancarlo A. Biagini
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical
Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine,
Liverpool L3 5QA, U.K.
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology,
Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool,
Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Gemma L. Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Suet C. Leung
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
| | - Paul M. O’Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K.
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21
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Stephanie F, Saragih M, Tambunan USF. Recent Progress and Challenges for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050592. [PMID: 33919204 PMCID: PMC8143172 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection continues to be an issue, particularly in countries with a high tuberculosis (TB) burden in the tropical and sub-tropical regions. The effort to reduce the catastrophic cost of TB with the WHO’s End TB Strategy in 2035 is still obstructed by the emergence of drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) cases as result of various mutations of the MTB strain. In the approach to combat DR-TB, several potential antitubercular agents were discovered as inhibitors for various existing and novel targets. Host-directed therapy and immunotherapy also gained attention as the drug-susceptibility level of the pathogen can be reduced due to the pathogen’s evolutionary dynamics. This review is focused on the current progress and challenges in DR-TB treatment. We briefly summarized antitubercular compounds that are under development and trials for both DR-TB drug candidates and host-directed therapy. We also highlighted several problems in DR-TB diagnosis, the treatment regimen, and drug discovery that have an impact on treatment adherence and treatment failure.
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22
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Hasenoehrl EJ, Wiggins TJ, Berney M. Bioenergetic Inhibitors: Antibiotic Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:611683. [PMID: 33505923 PMCID: PMC7831573 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.611683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of novel anti-tuberculosis combination regimens that increase efficacy and reduce treatment timelines will improve patient compliance, limit side-effects, reduce costs, and enhance cure rates. Such advancements would significantly improve the global TB burden and reduce drug resistance acquisition. Bioenergetics has received considerable attention in recent years as a fertile area for anti-tuberculosis drug discovery. Targeting the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation machinery promises not only to kill growing cells but also metabolically dormant bacilli that are inherently more drug tolerant. Over the last two decades, a broad array of drugs targeting various ETC components have been developed. Here, we provide a focused review of the current state of art of bioenergetic inhibitors of Mtb with an in-depth analysis of the metabolic and bioenergetic disruptions caused by specific target inhibition as well as their synergistic and antagonistic interactions with other drugs. This foundation is then used to explore the reigning theories on the mechanisms of antibiotic-induced cell death and we discuss how bioenergetic inhibitors in particular fail to be adequately described by these models. These discussions lead us to develop a clear roadmap for new lines of investigation to better understand the mechanisms of action of these drugs with complex mechanisms as well as how to leverage that knowledge for the development of novel, rationally-designed combination therapies to cure TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Hasenoehrl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Thomas J Wiggins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Michael Berney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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23
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Fontes FL, Peters BJ, Crans DC, Crick DC. The Acid-Base Equilibrium of Pyrazinoic Acid Drives the pH Dependence of Pyrazinamide-Induced Mycobacterium tuberculosis Growth Inhibition. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:3004-3014. [PMID: 33078607 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyrazinamide, a first-line antibiotic used against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has been shown to act in a pH-dependent manner in vitro. Why pyrazinamide, an antitubercle prodrug discovered more than 65 years ago, exhibits this pH-dependent activity was unclear. Upon entering mycobacterial cells, pyrazinamide is deamidated to pyrazinoate by an enzymatic process and exists in an acid-base equilibrium with pyrazinoic acid. Thus, the effects of total pyrazinoic acid (pyrazinoic acid + pyrazinoate) on M. tuberculosis growth, pH homeostasis, and proton motive force over a range of pH values found in host tissues were investigated. Although M. tuberculosis was able to maintain pH homeostasis over an external pH range of 7.0 to 5.5, total pyrazinoic acid induced growth inhibition increased as culture medium pH was decreased from 7.3 to 6.4. Consistent with growth inhibition, total pyrazinoic acid increased both acidification of the bacterial cytoplasm and dissipation of membrane potential as the environmental pH decreased when added to the bacterial suspensions. The results suggest pyrazinoic acid is the active form of the drug, which acts as an uncoupler of proton motive force, likely a protonophore, providing a mechanistic explanation for the pH dependence of the drug activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio L. Fontes
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Debbie C. Crans
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Dean C. Crick
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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24
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Umumararungu T, Mukazayire MJ, Mpenda M, Mukanyangezi MF, Nkuranga JB, Mukiza J, Olawode EO. A review of recent advances in anti-tubercular drug development. Indian J Tuberc 2020; 67:539-559. [PMID: 33077057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a global threat but in particular affects people from developing countries. It is thought that nearly a third of the population of the world live with its causative bacteria in a dormant form. Although tuberculosis is a curable disease, the chances of cure become slim as the disease becomes multidrug-resistant and the situation gets even worse as the disease becomes extensively drug-resistant. After approximately 5 decades without any new TB drug in the pipeline, there has been some good news in the recent years with the discovery of new drugs such as bedaquiline and delamanid as well as the discovery of new classes of anti-tubercular drugs. Some old drugs such as clofazimine, linezolid and many others which were not previously indicated for tuberculosis have been also repurposed for tuberculosis and they are performing well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théoneste Umumararungu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda.
| | - Marie Jeanne Mukazayire
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Matabishi Mpenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Marie Françoise Mukanyangezi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Jean Bosco Nkuranga
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Janvier Mukiza
- Department of Mathematical Science and Physical Education, School of Education, College of Education, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
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25
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Schrader SM, Vaubourgeix J, Nathan C. Biology of antimicrobial resistance and approaches to combat it. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaaz6992. [PMID: 32581135 PMCID: PMC8177555 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz6992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insufficient development of new antibiotics and the rising resistance of bacteria to those that we have are putting the world at risk of losing the most widely curative class of medicines currently available. Preventing deaths from antimicrobial resistance (AMR) will require exploiting emerging knowledge not only about genetic AMR conferred by horizontal gene transfer or de novo mutations but also about phenotypic AMR, which lacks a stably heritable basis. This Review summarizes recent advances and continuing limitations in our understanding of AMR and suggests approaches for combating its clinical consequences, including identification of previously unexploited bacterial targets, new antimicrobial compounds, and improved combination drug regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Schrader
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julien Vaubourgeix
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Carl Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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26
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Abstract
The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlights an urgent need for therapeutics. Through a series of drug repurposing screening campaigns, niclosamide, an FDA-approved anthelminthic drug, was found to be effective against various viral infections with nanomolar to micromolar potency such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, ZIKV, HCV, and human adenovirus, indicating its potential as an antiviral agent. In this brief review, we summarize the broad antiviral activity of niclosamide and highlight its potential clinical use in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongmin Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, New York 12208, United States
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27
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Abstract
The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlights an urgent need for therapeutics. Through a series of drug repurposing screening campaigns, niclosamide, an FDA-approved anthelminthic drug, was found to be effective against various viral infections with nanomolar to micromolar potency such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, ZIKV, HCV, and human adenovirus, indicating its potential as an antiviral agent. In this brief review, we summarize the broad antiviral activity of niclosamide and highlight its potential clinical use in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongmin Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, New York 12208, United States
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28
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Potential anti-TB investigational compounds and drugs with repurposing potential in TB therapy: a conspectus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5633-5662. [PMID: 32372202 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10606-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The latest WHO report estimates about 1.6 million global deaths annually from TB, which is further exacerbated by drug-resistant (DR) TB and comorbidities with diabetes and HIV. Exiguous dosing, incomplete treatment course, and the ability of the tuberculosis bacilli to tolerate and survive current first-line and second-line anti-TB drugs, in either their latent state or active state, has resulted in an increased prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and totally drug-resistant TB (TDR-TB). Although a better understanding of the TB microanatomy, genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome, has resulted in the discovery of a few novel promising anti-TB drug targets and diagnostic biomarkers of late, no new anti-TB drug candidates have been approved for routine therapy in over 50 years, with only bedaquiline, delamanid, and pretomanid recently receiving tentative regulatory approval. Considering this, alternative approaches for identifying possible new anti-TB drug candidates, for effectively eradicating both replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are still urgently required. Subsequently, several antibiotic and non-antibiotic drugs with known treatment indications (TB targeted and non-TB targeted) are now being repurposed and/or derivatized as novel antibiotics for possible use in TB therapy. Insights gathered here reveal that more studies focused on drug-drug interactions between licensed and potential lead anti-TB drug candidates need to be prioritized. This write-up encapsulates the most recent findings regarding investigational compounds with promising anti-TB potential and drugs with repurposing potential in TB therapy.
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29
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Early Bactericidal Activity Trial of Nitazoxanide for Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01956-19. [PMID: 32071052 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01956-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted in treatment-naive adults with drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, to assess the safety, bactericidal activity, and pharmacokinetics of nitazoxanide (NTZ). This was a prospective phase II clinical trial in 30 adults with pulmonary tuberculosis. Twenty participants received 1 g of NTZ orally twice daily for 14 days. A control group of 10 participants received standard therapy over 14 days. The primary outcome was the change in time to culture positivity (TTP) in an automated liquid culture system. The most common adverse events seen in the NTZ group were gastrointestinal complaints and headache. The mean change in TTP in sputum over 14 days in the NTZ group was 3.2 h ± 22.6 h and was not statistically significant (P = 0.56). The mean change in TTP in the standard therapy group was significantly increased, at 134 h ± 45.2 h (P < 0.0001). The mean NTZ MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates was 12.3 μg/ml; the mean NTZ maximum concentration (C max) in plasma was 10.2 μg/ml. Negligible NTZ levels were measured in sputum. At the doses used, NTZ did not show bactericidal activity against M. tuberculosis Plasma concentrations of NTZ were below the MIC, and its negligible accumulation in pulmonary sites may explain the lack of bactericidal activity. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT02684240.).
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30
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Antibiotics in the clinical pipeline in October 2019. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 73:329-364. [PMID: 32152527 PMCID: PMC7223789 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of new and effective antibacterial drugs to treat multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria, especially Gram-negative (G−ve) pathogens, is acknowledged as one of the world’s most pressing health issues; however, the discovery and development of new, nontoxic antibacterials is not a straightforward scientific task, which is compounded by a challenging economic model. This review lists the antibacterials, β-lactamase/β-lactam inhibitor (BLI) combinations, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) first launched around the world since 2009 and details the seven new antibiotics and two new β-lactam/BLI combinations launched since 2016. The development status, mode of action, spectra of activity, lead source, and administration route for the 44 small molecule antibacterials, eight β-lactamase/BLI combinations, and one antibody drug conjugate (ADC) being evaluated in worldwide clinical trials at the end of October 2019 are described. Compounds discontinued from clinical development since 2016 and new antibacterial pharmacophores are also reviewed. There has been an increase in the number of early stage clinical candidates, which has been fueled by antibiotic-focused funding agencies; however, there is still a significant gap in the pipeline for the development of new antibacterials with activity against β-metallolactamases, orally administered with broad spectrum G−ve activity, and new treatments for MDR Acinetobacter and gonorrhea.
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31
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Ripani P, Delp J, Bode K, Delgado ME, Dietrich L, Betzler VM, Yan N, von Scheven G, Mayer TU, Leist M, Brunner T. Thiazolides promote G1 cell cycle arrest in colorectal cancer cells by targeting the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Oncogene 2019; 39:2345-2357. [PMID: 31844249 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Systemic toxicity and tumor cell resistance still limit the efficacy of chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. Therefore, alternative treatments are desperately needed. The thiazolide Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of parasite-mediated infectious diarrhea with a favorable safety profile. Interestingly, NTZ and the thiazolide RM4819-its bromo-derivative lacking antibiotic activity-are also promising candidates for cancer treatment. Yet the exact anticancer mechanism(s) of these compounds still remains unclear. In this study, we systematically investigated RM4819 and NTZ in 2D and 3D colorectal cancer culture systems. Both compounds strongly inhibited proliferation of colon carcinoma cell lines by promoting G1 phase cell cycle arrest. Thiazolide-induced cell cycle arrest was independent of the p53/p21 axis, but was mediated by inhibition of protein translation via the mTOR/c-Myc/p27 pathway, likely caused by inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. While both thiazolides demonstrated mitochondrial uncoupling activity, only RM4819 inhibited the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III. Interestingly, thiazolides also potently inhibited the growth of murine colonic tumoroids in a comparable manner with cisplatin, while in contrast to cisplatin thiazolides did not affect the growth of primary intestinal organoids. Thus, thiazolides appear to have a tumor-selective antiproliferative activity, which offers new perspectives in the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ripani
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology KORS-CB, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - J Delp
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology KORS-CB, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - K Bode
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - M E Delgado
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - L Dietrich
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - V M Betzler
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - N Yan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
| | - G von Scheven
- Department of Biology, Molecular Toxicology Group, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - T U Mayer
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology KORS-CB, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - M Leist
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology KORS-CB, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - T Brunner
- Department of Biology, Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany. .,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology KORS-CB, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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32
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Ranjbar S, Haridas V, Nambu A, Jasenosky LD, Sadhukhan S, Ebert TS, Hornung V, Cassell GH, Falvo JV, Goldfeld AE. Cytoplasmic RNA Sensor Pathways and Nitazoxanide Broadly Inhibit Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis Growth. iScience 2019; 22:299-313. [PMID: 31805434 PMCID: PMC6909047 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To establish stable infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) must overcome host innate immune mechanisms, including those that sense pathogen-derived nucleic acids. Here, we show that the host cytosolic RNA sensing molecules RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling proteins RIG-I and MDA5, their common adaptor protein MAVS, and the RNA-dependent kinase PKR each independently inhibit MTb growth in human cells. Furthermore, we show that MTb broadly stimulates RIG-I, MDA5, MAVS, and PKR gene expression and their biological activities. We also show that the oral FDA-approved drug nitazoxanide (NTZ) significantly inhibits intracellular MTb growth and amplifies MTb-stimulated RNA sensor gene expression and activity. This study establishes prototypic cytoplasmic RNA sensors as innate restriction factors for MTb growth in human cells and it shows that targeting this pathway is a potential host-directed approach to treat tuberculosis disease. MTb infection induces RNA sensor (RIG-I, MDA5, PKR) mRNA levels and activities RIG-I, MDA5, MAVS, and PKR restrict intracellular MTb growth in human cells NTZ enhances MTb-driven RNA sensor mRNA levels and RLR activities NTZ and NTZ derivatives inhibit intracellular MTb growth in primary human cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Ranjbar
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Viraga Haridas
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aya Nambu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Luke D Jasenosky
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Supriya Sadhukhan
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas S Ebert
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gail H Cassell
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James V Falvo
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anne E Goldfeld
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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33
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Agre N, Khambete M, Maitra A, Gupta A, Munshi T, Bhakta S, Degani M. Exploration of 5‐(5‐nitrothiophen‐2‐yl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazoles as selective, multitargeted antimycobacterial agents. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 95:192-199. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Agre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
- Department of Biological Sciences The Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology Birkbeck, University of London London UK
| | - Mihir Khambete
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| | - Arundhati Maitra
- Department of Biological Sciences The Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology Birkbeck, University of London London UK
| | - Antima Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences The Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology Birkbeck, University of London London UK
| | - Tulika Munshi
- Department of Infection and Immunity St George’s, University of London London UK
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Department of Biological Sciences The Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology Birkbeck, University of London London UK
| | - Mariam Degani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
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34
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Bactericidal Disruption of Magnesium Metallostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Counteracted by Mutations in the Metal Ion Transporter CorA. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.01405-19. [PMID: 31289182 PMCID: PMC6747715 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01405-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimycobacterial agents might shorten the course of treatment by reducing the number of phenotypically tolerant bacteria if they could kill M. tuberculosis in diverse metabolic states. Here we report two chemically disparate classes of agents that kill M. tuberculosis both when it is replicating and when it is not. Under replicating conditions, the tricyclic 4-hydroxyquinolines and a barbituric acid analogue deplete intrabacterial magnesium as a mechanism of action, and for both compounds, mutations in CorA, a putative Mg2+/Co2+ transporter, conferred resistance to the compounds when M. tuberculosis was under replicating conditions but not under nonreplicating conditions, illustrating that a given compound can kill M. tuberculosis in different metabolic states by disparate mechanisms. Targeting magnesium metallostasis represents a previously undescribed antimycobacterial mode of action that might cripple M. tuberculosis in a Mg2+-deficient intraphagosomal environment of macrophages. A defining characteristic of treating tuberculosis is the need for prolonged administration of multiple drugs. This may be due in part to subpopulations of slowly replicating or nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli exhibiting phenotypic tolerance to most antibiotics in the standard treatment regimen. Confounding this problem is the increasing incidence of heritable multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis. A search for new antimycobacterial chemical scaffolds that can kill phenotypically drug-tolerant mycobacteria uncovered tricyclic 4-hydroxyquinolines and a barbituric acid derivative with mycobactericidal activity against both replicating and nonreplicating M. tuberculosis. Both families of compounds depleted M. tuberculosis of intrabacterial magnesium. Complete or partial resistance to both chemotypes arose from mutations in the putative mycobacterial Mg2+/Co2+ ion channel, CorA. Excess extracellular Mg2+, but not other divalent cations, diminished the compounds’ cidality against replicating M. tuberculosis. These findings establish depletion of intrabacterial magnesium as an antimicrobial mechanism of action and show that M. tuberculosis magnesium homeostasis is vulnerable to disruption by structurally diverse, nonchelating, drug-like compounds.
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35
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The Combination Rifampin-Nitazoxanide, but Not Rifampin-Isoniazid-Pyrazinamide-Ethambutol, Kills Dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Hypoxia at Neutral pH. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00273-19. [PMID: 31010861 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00273-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The activities of rifampin, nitazoxanide, PA-824, and sutezolid were tested against dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis under conditions mimicking caseous granulomas (hypoxia at pH 7.3) in comparison with those of the combination rifampin-isoniazid-pyrazinamide-ethambutol (R-I-Z-E), which is used for human therapy. Mycobacterial viability was monitored by CFU and regrowth in MGIT 960. As shown by lack of regrowth in MGIT, rifampin-nitazoxanide-containing combinations, but not R-I-Z-E, killed dormant cells in 28 to 35 days. These observations might be important in designing new tuberculosis therapies.
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36
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Smith J, Wescott H, Early J, Mullen S, Guzman J, Odingo J, Lamar J, Parish T. Anthranilic amide and imidazobenzothiadiazole compounds disrupt Mycobacterium tuberculosis membrane potential. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:934-945. [PMID: 31303991 PMCID: PMC6596218 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00088g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A family of compounds typified by an anthranilic amide 1 was identified from a whole-cell screening effort targeted at identifying compounds that disrupt pH homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 1 demonstrated bactericidal activity against non-replicating M. tuberculosis in pH 4.5 buffer (MBC4.5 = 6.3 μM). Exploration of the structure-activity relations failed to simplify the scaffold. The antitubercular activity proved dependent on the lipophilicity and planarity of the molecule and directly correlated with mammalian cytotoxicity. Further studies revealed a pH-dependent correlation between the family's disruption of M. tuberculosis membrane potential and antitubercular activity, with active compounds causing a drop in membrane potential at concentrations below their MBC4.5. A second compound family, identified in the same screening effort and typified by imidazo(4,5-e)(2,1,3)benzothiadiazole 2, provided a contrasting profile. As with 1, structure-activity profiling of 2 (MBC4.5 = 25 μM) failed to minimize the initial scaffold, mammalian cytotoxicity was observed for a majority of the active compounds, and many of the active compounds disrupted M. tuberculosis membrane potential. However, unlike the anthranilic amide compounds, the benzothiadiazole compounds disrupted M. tuberculosis membrane potential primarily at concentrations above the MBC4.5 in a pH-independent fashion. These differences suggest an alternative mechanism of action for the benzothiadiazole compounds. As a result, while the cytotoxicity of the anthranilic amides limits their utility to tool compounds, benzothiadiazole 2 presents an attractive target for more focused SAR exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Smith
- TB Discovery Research , Infectious Disease Research Institute , 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400 , Seattle , Washington 98102 , USA .
| | - Heather Wescott
- TB Discovery Research , Infectious Disease Research Institute , 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400 , Seattle , Washington 98102 , USA .
| | - Julie Early
- TB Discovery Research , Infectious Disease Research Institute , 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400 , Seattle , Washington 98102 , USA .
| | - Steven Mullen
- TB Discovery Research , Infectious Disease Research Institute , 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400 , Seattle , Washington 98102 , USA .
| | - Junitta Guzman
- TB Discovery Research , Infectious Disease Research Institute , 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400 , Seattle , Washington 98102 , USA .
| | - Joshua Odingo
- TB Discovery Research , Infectious Disease Research Institute , 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400 , Seattle , Washington 98102 , USA .
| | - Jason Lamar
- Lilly Research Laboratories , Eli Lilly and Company , 307 E Merrill St , Indianapolis , Indiana 46285 , USA
| | - Tanya Parish
- TB Discovery Research , Infectious Disease Research Institute , 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400 , Seattle , Washington 98102 , USA .
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Early J, Ollinger J, Darby C, Alling T, Mullen S, Casey A, Gold B, Ochoada J, Wiernicki T, Masquelin T, Nathan C, Hipskind PA, Parish T. Identification of Compounds with pH-Dependent Bactericidal Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:272-280. [PMID: 30501173 PMCID: PMC6371205 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
![]()
To find new inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that have novel mechanisms of
action, we miniaturized a high throughput
screen to identify compounds that disrupt pH homeostasis. We adapted
and validated a 384-well format assay to determine intrabacterial
pH using a ratiometric green fluorescent protein. We screened 89000
small molecules under nonreplicating conditions and confirmed 556
hits that reduced intrabacterial pH (below pH 6.5). We selected five
compounds that disrupt intrabacterial pH homeostasis and also showed
some activity against nonreplicating bacteria in a 4-stress model,
but with no (or greatly reduced) activity against replicating bacteria.
The compounds selected were two benzamide sulfonamides, a benzothiadiazole,
a bissulfone, and a thiadiazole, none of which are known antibacterial
agents. All of these five compounds demonstrated bactericidal activity
against nonreplicating bacteria in buffer. Four of the five compounds
demonstrated increased activity under low pH conditions. None of the
five compounds acted as ionophores or as general disrupters of membrane
potential. These compounds are useful starting points for work to
elucidate their mechanism of action and their utility for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Early
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Juliane Ollinger
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Crystal Darby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Torey Alling
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Steven Mullen
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Allen Casey
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Ben Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jason Ochoada
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, 307 E Merrill Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Todd Wiernicki
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, 307 E Merrill Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Thierry Masquelin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, 307 E Merrill Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Carl Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 62, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Philip A. Hipskind
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, 307 E Merrill Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Tanya Parish
- TB Discovery Research, Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Avenue E, Suite 400, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
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38
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Jeon AB, Ackart DF, Li W, Jackson M, Melander RJ, Melander C, Abramovitch RB, Chicco AJ, Basaraba RJ, Obregón-Henao A. 2-aminoimidazoles collapse mycobacterial proton motive force and block the electron transport chain. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1513. [PMID: 30728417 PMCID: PMC6365497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop new drugs against tuberculosis. In particular, it is critical to target drug tolerant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), responsible, in part, for the lengthy antibiotic regimen required for treatment. We previously postulated that the presence of in vivo biofilm-like communities of M. tuberculosis could contribute to this drug tolerance. Consistent with this hypothesis, certain 2-aminoimidazole (2-AIs) molecules with anti-biofilm activity were shown to revert mycobacterial drug tolerance in an in vitro M. tuberculosis biofilm model. While exploring their mechanism of action, it was serendipitously observed that these 2-AI molecules also potentiated β-lactam antibiotics by affecting mycobacterial protein secretion and lipid export. As these two bacterial processes are energy-dependent, herein it was evaluated if 2-AI compounds affect mycobacterial bioenergetics. At low concentrations, 2B8, the lead 2-AI compound, collapsed both components of the proton motive force, similar to other cationic amphiphiles. Interestingly, however, the minimum inhibitory concentration of 2B8 against M. tuberculosis correlated with a higher drug concentration determined to interfere with the mycobacterial electron transport chain. Collectively, this study elucidates the mechanism of action of 2-AIs against M. tuberculosis, providing a tool to better understand mycobacterial bioenergetics and develop compounds with improved anti-mycobacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Byungyun Jeon
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, Florida, 32608, USA
| | - David F Ackart
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Roberta J Melander
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Christian Melander
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA
| | - Robert B Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Adam J Chicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA
| | - Randall J Basaraba
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA.
| | - Andrés Obregón-Henao
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, USA.
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Abstract
We report GSK3011724A (DG167) as a binary inhibitor of β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase (KasA) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Genetic and biochemical studies established KasA as the primary target. The X-ray crystal structure of the KasA-DG167 complex refined to 2.0-Å resolution revealed two interacting DG167 molecules occupying nonidentical sites in the substrate-binding channel of KasA. The binding affinities of KasA to DG167 and its analog, 5g, which binds only once in the substrate-binding channel, were determined, along with the KasA-5g X-ray crystal structure. DG167 strongly augmented the in vitro activity of isoniazid (INH), leading to synergistic lethality, and also synergized in an acute mouse model of M. tuberculosis infection. Synergistic lethality correlated with a unique transcriptional signature, including upregulation of oxidoreductases and downregulation of molecular chaperones. The lead structure-activity relationships (SAR), pharmacokinetic profile, and detailed interactions with the KasA protein that we describe may be applied to evolve a next-generation therapeutic strategy for tuberculosis (TB).IMPORTANCE Cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors have proven highly effective for treating tuberculosis (TB). We discovered and validated members of the indazole sulfonamide class of small molecules as inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis KasA-a key component for biosynthesis of the mycolic acid layer of the bacterium's cell wall and the same pathway as that inhibited by the first-line antitubercular drug isoniazid (INH). One lead compound, DG167, demonstrated synergistic lethality in combination with INH and a transcriptional pattern consistent with bactericidality and loss of persisters. Our results also detail a novel dual-binding mechanism for this compound as well as substantial structure-activity relationships (SAR) that may help in lead optimization activities. Together, these results suggest that KasA inhibition, specifically, that shown by the DG167 series, may be developed into a potent therapy that can synergize with existing antituberculars.
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40
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Machado D, Girardini M, Viveiros M, Pieroni M. Challenging the Drug-Likeness Dogma for New Drug Discovery in Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1367. [PMID: 30018597 PMCID: PMC6037898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multi- and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis worldwide poses a great threat to human health and highlight the need to discover and develop new, effective and inexpensive antituberculosis agents. High-throughput screening assays against well-validated drug targets and structure based drug design have been employed to discover new lead compounds. However, the great majority fail to demonstrate any antimycobacterial activity when tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in whole-cell screening assays. This is mainly due to some of the intrinsic properties of the bacilli, such as the extremely low permeability of its cell wall, slow growth, drug resistance, drug tolerance, and persistence. In this sense, understanding the pathways involved in M. tuberculosis drug tolerance, persistence, and pathogenesis, may reveal new approaches for drug development. Moreover, the need for compounds presenting a novel mode of action is of utmost importance due to the emergence of resistance not only to the currently used antituberculosis agents, but also to those in the pipeline. Cheminformatics studies have shown that drugs endowed with antituberculosis activity have the peculiarity of being more lipophilic than many other antibacterials, likely because this leads to improved cell penetration through the extremely waxy mycobacterial cell wall. Moreover, the interaction of the lipophilic moiety with the membrane alters its stability and functional integrity due to the disruption of the proton motive force, resulting in cell death. When a ligand-based medicinal chemistry campaign is ongoing, it is always difficult to predict whether a chemical modification or a functional group would be suitable for improving the activity. Nevertheless, in the “instruction manual” of medicinal chemists, certain functional groups or certain physicochemical characteristics (i.e., high lipophilicity) are considered red flags to look out for in order to safeguard drug-likeness and avoid attritions in the drug discovery process. In this review, we describe how antituberculosis compounds challenge established rules such as the Lipinski's “rule of five” and how medicinal chemistry for antituberculosis compounds must be thought beyond such dogmatic schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Machado
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miriam Girardini
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marco Pieroni
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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41
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Lee JJ, Lim J, Gao S, Lawson CP, Odell M, Raheem S, Woo J, Kang SH, Kang SS, Jeon BY, Eoh H. Glutamate mediated metabolic neutralization mitigates propionate toxicity in intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8506. [PMID: 29855554 PMCID: PMC5981324 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26950-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic networks in biological systems are interconnected, such that malfunctioning parts can be corrected by other parts within the network, a process termed adaptive metabolism. Unlike Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) better manages its intracellular lifestyle by executing adaptive metabolism. Here, we used metabolomics and identified glutamate synthase (GltB/D) that converts glutamine to glutamate (Q → E) as a metabolic effort used to neutralize cytoplasmic pH that is acidified while consuming host propionate carbon through the methylcitrate cycle (MCC). Methylisocitrate lyase, the last step of the MCC, is intrinsically downregulated in BCG, leading to obstruction of carbon flux toward central carbon metabolism, accumulation of MCC intermediates, and interference with GltB/D mediated neutralizing activity against propionate toxicity. Indeed, vitamin B12 mediated bypass MCC and additional supplement of glutamate led to selectively correct the phenotypic attenuation in BCG and restore the adaptive capacity of BCG to the similar level of Mtb phenotype. Collectively, a defective crosstalk between MCC and Q → E contributes to attenuation of intracellular BCG. Furthermore, GltB/D inhibition enhances the level of propionate toxicity in Mtb. Thus, these findings revealed a new adaptive metabolism and propose GltB/D as a synergistic target to improve the antimicrobial outcomes of MCC inhibition in Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Jin Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Juhyeon Lim
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Shengjia Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Christopher P Lawson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Odell
- School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, United Kingdom.,Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, W1W 6UV, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saki Raheem
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, W1W 6UV, London, United Kingdom
| | - JeongIm Woo
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Shin-Seok Kang
- Chungbuk Veterinary Service Laboratory, 380-230, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Young Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Korea
| | - Hyungjin Eoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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42
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Bothra A, Arumugam P, Panchal V, Menon D, Srivastava S, Shankaran D, Nandy A, Jaisinghani N, Singh A, Gokhale RS, Gandotra S, Rao V. Phospholipid homeostasis, membrane tenacity and survival of Mtb in lipid rich conditions is determined by MmpL11 function. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8317. [PMID: 29844505 PMCID: PMC5974182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycobacterial cell wall is a chemically complex array of molecular entities that dictate the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biosynthesis and maintenance of this dynamic entity in mycobacterial physiology is still poorly understood. Here we demonstrate a requirement for M. tuberculosis MmpL11 in the maintenance of the cell wall architecture and stability in response to surface stress. In the presence of a detergent like Tyloxapol, a mmpL11 deletion mutant suffered from a severe growth attenuation as a result of altered membrane polarity, permeability and severe architectural damages. This mutant failed to tolerate permissible concentrations of cis-fatty acids suggesting its increased sensitivity to surface stress, evident as smaller colonies of the mutant outgrown from lipid rich macrophage cultures. Additionally, loss of MmpL11 led to an altered cellular fatty acid flux in the mutant: reduced incorporation into membrane cardiolipin was associated with an increased flux into the cellular triglyceride pool. This increase in storage lipids like triacyl glycerol (TAG) was associated with the altered metabolic state of higher dormancy-associated gene expression and decreased sensitivity to frontline TB drugs. This study provides a detailed mechanistic insight into the function of mmpL11 in stress adaptation of mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Bothra
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Vipul Panchal
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Dilip Menon
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonali Srivastava
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepthi Shankaran
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ananya Nandy
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Archana Singh
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh S Gokhale
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi, India.,National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheetal Gandotra
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek Rao
- CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
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43
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Zhang P, Zhang W, Lang Y, Qu Y, Chu F, Chen J, Cui L. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics for tuberculosis meningitis. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 483:57-63. [PMID: 29678632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis meningitis (TBM) is a prevalent form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis that causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis of TBM is difficult because of the limited sensitivity of existing laboratory techniques. A metabolomics approach can be used to investigate the sets of metabolites of both bacteria and host, and has been used to clarify the mechanisms underlying disease development, and identify metabolic changes, leadings to improved methods for diagnosis, treatment, and prognostication. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a major analysis platform used in metabolomics, and MS-based metabolomics provides wide metabolite coverage, because of its high sensitivity, and is useful for the investigation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and related diseases. It has been used to investigate TBM diagnosis; however, the processes involved in the MS-based metabolomics approach are complex and flexible, and often consist of several steps, and small changes in the methods used can have a huge impact on the final results. Here, the process of MS-based metabolomics is summarized and its applications in Mtb and Mtb-related diseases discussed. Moreover, the current status of TBM metabolomics is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Weiguanliu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yue Lang
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yan Qu
- Blood Bank, Jilin Women and Children Health Hospital, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Fengna Chu
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Jiafeng Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
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44
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Lupoli TJ, Vaubourgeix J, Burns-Huang K, Gold B. Targeting the Proteostasis Network for Mycobacterial Drug Discovery. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:478-498. [PMID: 29465983 PMCID: PMC5902792 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains one of the world's deadliest infectious diseases and urgently requires new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant strains and to decrease the duration of therapy. During infection, Mtb encounters numerous stresses associated with host immunity, including hypoxia, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, mild acidity, nutrient starvation, and metal sequestration and intoxication. The Mtb proteostasis network, composed of chaperones, proteases, and a eukaryotic-like proteasome, provides protection from stresses and chemistries of host immunity by maintaining the integrity of the mycobacterial proteome. In this Review, we explore the proteostasis network as a noncanonical target for antibacterial drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania J. Lupoli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Julien Vaubourgeix
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Kristin Burns-Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Ben Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 East 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United States
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45
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Igarashi M, Ishizaki Y, Takahashi Y. New antituberculous drugs derived from natural products: current perspectives and issues in antituberculous drug development. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 71:ja2017126. [PMID: 29089593 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2017.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the most common and challenging infectious diseases worldwide. Especially, the lack of effective chemotherapeutic drugs for tuberculosis/human immunodeficiency virus co-infection and prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis remain to be serious clinical problems. Development of new drugs is a potential solution to fight tuberculosis. In this decade, the development status of new antituberculous drugs has been greatly advanced by the leading role of international organizations such as the Global Alliance for Tuberculosis Drug Development, Stop Tuberculosis Partnership and Global Health Innovative Technology Fund. In this review, we introduce the development status of new drugs for tuberculosis, focusing on those derived from natural products.The Journal of Antibiotics advance online publication, 1 November 2017; doi:10.1038/ja.2017.126.
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46
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Luies L, du Preez I, Loots DT. The role of metabolomics in tuberculosis treatment research. Biomark Med 2017; 11:1017-1029. [PMID: 29039217 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2017-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that tuberculosis (TB) is a curable disease, it still results in approximately 1.8 million deaths annually. Various inadequacies in the current TB treatment strategies are major contributors to this high disease prevalence, including the long duration of therapy, the severe side effects associated with TB drugs, treatment failure due to drug resistance, post-treatment disease relapse, and HIV co-infection. In this review, we describe how metabolomics has contributed toward better explaining/elucidating the mechanisms of drug action/metabolism, drug toxicity and microbial drug resistance, and how metabolite biomarkers may serve as prognostic indicators for predicting treatment outcome as well as for the development of new TB drugs. We also discuss possible future contributions that metabolomics can make toward more efficient, less toxic TB treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laneke Luies
- Human Metabolomics, School for Physical & Chemical Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Ilse du Preez
- Human Metabolomics, School for Physical & Chemical Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, School for Physical & Chemical Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
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47
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Odingo J, Bailey MA, Files M, Early JV, Alling T, Dennison D, Bowman J, Dalai S, Kumar N, Cramer J, Masquelin T, Hipskind PA, Parish T. In Vitro Evaluation of Novel Nitazoxanide Derivatives against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5873-5890. [PMID: 30023755 PMCID: PMC6044914 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitazoxanide has antiparasitic and antibiotic activities including activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We prepared and evaluated a set of its analogues to determine the structure-activity relationship, and identified several amide- and urea-based analogues with low micromolar activity against M. tuberculosis in vitro. Pharmacokinetics in the rat suggested a path forward to obtain bioavailable compounds. The series had a good microbiological profile with bactericidal activity in vitro against replicating and nonreplicating M. tuberculosis. Analogues had limited activity against other Gram-positive bacteria but no activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Our studies identified the key liability in this series as cytotoxicity. Future work concentrating on identifying the target(s) could assist in removing activity against eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Odingo
- Infectious
Disease Research Institute, TB Discovery Research, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Mai A. Bailey
- Infectious
Disease Research Institute, TB Discovery Research, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Megan Files
- Infectious
Disease Research Institute, TB Discovery Research, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Julie V. Early
- Infectious
Disease Research Institute, TB Discovery Research, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Torey Alling
- Infectious
Disease Research Institute, TB Discovery Research, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Devon Dennison
- Infectious
Disease Research Institute, TB Discovery Research, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | - Julie Bowman
- Infectious
Disease Research Institute, TB Discovery Research, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
| | | | - Naresh Kumar
- Jubilant
Chemsys Limited, B-34,
Sector 58, 201301 Noida, India
| | - Jeffrey Cramer
- Eli
Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Thierry Masquelin
- Eli
Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Philip A. Hipskind
- Eli
Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Tanya Parish
- Infectious
Disease Research Institute, TB Discovery Research, 1616 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, Washington 98102, United States
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48
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Abstract
Nitazoxanide (NTZ) is an anti-parasitic drug that also has activity against bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our data using both radiorespirometry and live-dead staining in vitro demonstrate that NTZ similarly has bactericidal against M. leprae. Further, gavage of M. leprae-infected mice with NTZ at 25mg/kg provided anti-mycobacterial activity equivalent to rifampicin (RIF) at 10 mg/kg. This suggests that NTZ could be considered for leprosy treatment.
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49
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Buchieri MV, Cimino M, Rebollo-Ramirez S, Beauvineau C, Cascioferro A, Favre-Rochex S, Helynck O, Naud-Martin D, Larrouy-Maumus G, Munier-Lehmann H, Gicquel B. Nitazoxanide Analogs Require Nitroreduction for Antimicrobial Activity in Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7425-7433. [PMID: 28846409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to decipher the natural resistance mechanisms of mycobacteria against novel compounds isolated by whole-cell-based high-throughput screening (HTS). We identified active compounds using Mycobacterium aurum. Further analyses were performed to determine the resistance mechanism of M. smegmatis against one hit, 3-bromo-N-(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)-4-propoxybenzamide (3), which turned out to be an analog of the drug nitazoxanide (1). We found that the repression of the gene nfnB coding for the nitroreductase NfnB was responsible for the natural resistance of M. smegmatis against 3. The overexpression of nfnB resulted in sensitivity of M. smegmatis to 3. This compound must be metabolized into hydroxylamine intermediate for exhibiting antibacterial activity. Thus, we describe, for the first time, the activity of a mycobacterial nitroreductase against 1 analogs, highlighting the differences in the metabolism of nitro compounds among mycobacterial species and emphasizing the potential of nitro drugs as antibacterials in various bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Buchieri
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur , 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Mena Cimino
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur , 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Sonia Rebollo-Ramirez
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology & Infection, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Beauvineau
- PSL Research University,CNRS, INSERM, Chemical Library, Institut Curie UMR9187/U1196, UMR3666/U1143 , 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Alessandro Cascioferro
- Unité de Pathogénomique Mycobactérienne Intégrée, Institut Pasteur , 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Sandrine Favre-Rochex
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur , 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Olivier Helynck
- Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur , 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Delphine Naud-Martin
- PSL Research University,CNRS, INSERM, Chemical Library, Institut Curie UMR9187/U1196, UMR3666/U1143 , 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Gerald Larrouy-Maumus
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology & Infection, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Unité de Chimie et Biocatalyse, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur , 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Brigitte Gicquel
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur , 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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50
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Nathan C. Kunkel Lecture: Fundamental immunodeficiency and its correction. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2175-2191. [PMID: 28701368 PMCID: PMC5551579 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
"Fundamental immunodeficiency" is the inability of the encoded immune system to protect an otherwise healthy host from every infection that could threaten its life. In contrast to primary immunodeficiencies, fundamental immunodeficiency is not rare but nearly universal. It results not from variation in a given host gene but from the rate and extent of variation in the genes of other organisms. The remedy for fundamental immunodeficiency is "adopted immunity," not to be confused with adaptive or adoptive immunity. Adopted immunity arises from four critical societal contributions to the survival of the human species: sanitation, nutrition, vaccines, and antimicrobial agents. Immunologists have a great deal to contribute to the development of vaccines and antimicrobial agents, but they have focused chiefly on vaccines, and vaccinology is thriving. In contrast, the effect of antimicrobial agents in adopted immunity, although fundamental, is fragile and failing. Immunologists can aid the development of sorely needed antimicrobial agents, and the study of antimicrobial agents can help immunologists discover targets and mechanisms of host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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