1
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Kim H, Seong Y, Kwon K, Hwang TY, Shin H. Acoustic Resonance Tuning by High-Order Lorentzian Mixing. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:7143-7149. [PMID: 38740527 PMCID: PMC11194801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscale mechanical resonators have attracted a great deal of attention for signal processing, sensors, and quantum applications. Recent progress in ultrahigh-Q acoustic cavities in nanostructures allows strong interactions with various physical systems and advanced functional devices. Those acoustic cavities are highly sensitive to external perturbations, and it is hard to control those resonance properties since those responses are determined by the geometry and material. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel acoustic resonance tuning method by mixing high-order Lorentzian responses in an optomechanical system. Using weakly coupled phononic-crystal acoustic cavities, we achieve coherent mixing of second- and third-order Lorentzian responses, which is capable of the fine-tunability of the bandwidth and peak frequency of the resonance with a tuning range comparable to the acoustic dissipation rate of the device. This novel resonance tuning method can be widely applied to Lorentzian-response systems and optomechanics, especially active compensation for environmental fluctuation and fabrication errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongpin Kim
- Department
of Physics, Pohang University of Science
and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic
of Korea
| | - Yeolheon Seong
- Department
of Physics, Pohang University of Science
and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic
of Korea
| | - Kiwon Kwon
- Department
of Physics, Pohang University of Science
and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic
of Korea
| | - Taek Yong Hwang
- Molding
and Metal Forming R&D Department, Korea
Institute of Industrial Technology, Bucheon 14441, Republic of Korea
| | - Heedeuk Shin
- Department
of Physics, Pohang University of Science
and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic
of Korea
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2
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Wan Z, Li C, Liu R, Zhou W, Fan W, Huang C, Liu Y. Probing Thermal Transport on a Suspended Ti 3C 2T x MXene Film via a Photothermally Actuated Resonator. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4999-5008. [PMID: 38241705 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) Ti3C2Tx MXene materials show great potential in electrochemical and flexible sensors due to their high electrical conductivity, good chemical stability, and special delaminated structure. However, their thermal properties were rarely studied, which remarkably affect the stability and safety of various devices. Here, we fabricated a suspended MXene drum resonator photothermally driven by a sinusoidally modulated laser, measured the thermal time constant by demodulating the thermomechanical motion, and then calculated the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the MXene film. Experiments show the thermal conductivity of the film increases from 3.10 to 3.58 W/m·K while the thermal diffusivity from 1.06 × 10-6 to 1.22 × 10-6 m2/s when temperature increases from 300 to 360 K. We also confirm the film thermal conductivity is mainly contributed by phonon transport rather than electron transport. Furthermore, the relationship between the mechanical and thermal properties of the MXene films was disclosed. The thermal conductivity decreases when film strain increases, caused by enhanced phonon scattering and softening of high-frequency phonons. The measurements provide a noninvasive method to analyze the thermal characteristics of suspended MXene films, which can be further extended to the thermal properties of other 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wan
- School of Instrumentation Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Instrumentation Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Research Institute of Beihang University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ronghui Liu
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenjing Fan
- School of Instrumentation Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chuanxue Huang
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Instrumentation Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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3
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Sánchez Arribas I, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Weig EM. Radiation Pressure Backaction on a Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanomechanical Resonator. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:6301-6307. [PMID: 37460106 PMCID: PMC10375595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is a van der Waals material with excellent mechanical properties hosting quantum emitters and optically active spin defects, with several of them being sensitive to strain. Establishing optomechanical control of hBN will enable hybrid quantum devices that combine the spin degree of freedom with the cavity optomechanical toolbox. In this Letter, we report the first observation of radiation pressure backaction at telecom wavelengths with a hBN drum-head mechanical resonator. The thermomechanical motion of the resonator is coupled to the optical mode of a high finesse fiber-based Fabry-Pérot microcavity in a membrane-in-the-middle configuration. We are able to resolve the optical spring effect and optomechanical damping with a single photon coupling strength of g0/2π = 1200 Hz. Our results pave the way for tailoring the mechanical properties of hBN resonators with light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sánchez Arribas
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Eva M Weig
- Department of Electrical Engineering, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 Munich, Germany
- TUM Center for Quantum Engineering (ZQE), 85748 Garching, Germany
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4
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Sawadsky A, Harrison RA, Harris GI, Wasserman WW, Sfendla YL, Bowen WP, Baker CG. Engineered entropic forces allow ultrastrong dynamical backaction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade3591. [PMID: 37224251 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade3591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
When confined within an optical cavity light can exert strong radiation pressure forces. Combined with dynamical backaction, this enables important processes, such as laser cooling, and applications ranging from precision sensors to quantum memories and interfaces. However, the magnitude of radiation pressure forces is constrained by the energy mismatch between photons and phonons. Here, we overcome this barrier using entropic forces arising from the absorption of light. We show that entropic forces can exceed the radiation pressure force by eight orders of magnitude and demonstrate this using a superfluid helium third-sound resonator. We develop a framework to engineer the dynamical backaction from entropic forces, applying it to achieve phonon lasing with a threshold three orders of magnitude lower than previous work. Our results present a pathway to exploit entropic forces in quantum devices and to study nonlinear fluid phenomena such as turbulence and solitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sawadsky
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Raymond A Harrison
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Glen I Harris
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Walter W Wasserman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yasmine L Sfendla
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Warwick P Bowen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher G Baker
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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5
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Peng M, Cheng J, Zheng X, Ma J, Feng Z, Sun X. 2D-materials-integrated optoelectromechanics: recent progress and future perspectives. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2023; 86:026402. [PMID: 36167057 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac953e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of two-dimensional (2D) materials has gained worldwide attention owing to their extraordinary optical, electrical, and mechanical properties. Due to their atomic layer thicknesses, the emerging 2D materials have great advantages of enhanced interaction strength, broad operating bandwidth, and ultralow power consumption for optoelectromechanical coupling. The van der Waals (vdW) epitaxy or multidimensional integration of 2D material family provides a promising platform for on-chip advanced nano-optoelectromechanical systems (NOEMS). Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the nanomechanical properties of 2D materials and the recent advances of 2D-materials-integrated nano-electromechanical systems and nano-optomechanical systems. By utilizing active nanophotonics and optoelectronics as the interface, 2D active NOEMS and their coupling effects are particularly highlighted at the 2D atomic scale. Finally, we share our viewpoints on the future perspectives and key challenges of scalable 2D-materials-integrated active NOEMS for on-chip miniaturized, lightweight, and multifunctional integration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzeng Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083,People's Republic of China
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Jiadong Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083,People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhe Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083,People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Ma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Ziyao Feng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
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6
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Chang H, Zhang J. From cavity optomechanics to cavity-less exciton optomechanics: a review. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:16710-16730. [PMID: 36245359 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03784j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cavity optomechanical coupling based on radiation pressure, photothermal forces and the photoelastic effect has been investigated widely over the past few decades, including optical measurements of mechanical vibration, dynamic backaction damping and amplification, nonlinear dynamics, quantum state transfer and so on. However, the delicate cavity operation, including cavity stabilization, fine detuning, tapered fibre access etc., limits the integration of cavity optomechanical devices. Dynamic backaction damping and amplification based on cavity-less exciton optomechanical coupling in III-V semiconductor nanomechanical systems, semiconductor nanoribbons and monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides have been demonstrated in recent years. The cavity-less exciton optomechanical systems interconnect photons, phonons and excitons in a highly integrable platform, opening up the development of integrable optomechanics. Furthermore, the highly tunable exciton resonance enables the exciton optomechanical coupling strength to be tuned. In this review, the mechanisms of cavity optomechanical coupling, the principles of exciton optomechanical coupling and the recent progress of cavity-less exciton optomechanics are reviewed. Moreover, the perspectives for exciton optomechanical devices are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Kirchhof JN, Yu Y, Antheaume G, Gordeev G, Yagodkin D, Elliott P, de Araújo DB, Sharma S, Reich S, Bolotin KI. Nanomechanical Spectroscopy of 2D Materials. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8037-8044. [PMID: 36252952 PMCID: PMC9615986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a nanomechanical platform for fast and sensitive measurements of the spectrally resolved optical dielectric function of 2D materials. At the heart of our approach is a suspended 2D material integrated into a high Q silicon nitride nanomechanical resonator illuminated by a wavelength-tunable laser source. From the heating-related frequency shift of the resonator as well as its optical reflection measured as a function of photon energy, we obtain the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function. Our measurements are unaffected by substrate-related screening and do not require any assumptions on the underling optical constants. This fast (τrise ∼ 135 ns), sensitive (noise-equivalent power = 90 pW √ Hz ), and broadband (1.2-3.1 eV, extendable to UV-THz) method provides an attractive alternative to spectroscopic or ellipsometric characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan N. Kirchhof
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuefeng Yu
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriel Antheaume
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Georgy Gordeev
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Physics and Materials Science, University
of Luxembourg, 41 Rue
du Brill, 4422Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Denis Yagodkin
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Elliott
- Max-Born
Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel B. de Araújo
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Sangeeta Sharma
- Max-Born
Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Reich
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirill I. Bolotin
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195Berlin, Germany
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8
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Xu B, Zhang P, Zhu J, Liu Z, Eichler A, Zheng XQ, Lee J, Dash A, More S, Wu S, Wang Y, Jia H, Naik A, Bachtold A, Yang R, Feng PXL, Wang Z. Nanomechanical Resonators: Toward Atomic Scale. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15545-15585. [PMID: 36054880 PMCID: PMC9620412 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The quest for realizing and manipulating ever smaller man-made movable structures and dynamical machines has spurred tremendous endeavors, led to important discoveries, and inspired researchers to venture to previously unexplored grounds. Scientific feats and technological milestones of miniaturization of mechanical structures have been widely accomplished by advances in machining and sculpturing ever shrinking features out of bulk materials such as silicon. With the flourishing multidisciplinary field of low-dimensional nanomaterials, including one-dimensional (1D) nanowires/nanotubes and two-dimensional (2D) atomic layers such as graphene/phosphorene, growing interests and sustained effort have been devoted to creating mechanical devices toward the ultimate limit of miniaturization─genuinely down to the molecular or even atomic scale. These ultrasmall movable structures, particularly nanomechanical resonators that exploit the vibratory motion in these 1D and 2D nano-to-atomic-scale structures, offer exceptional device-level attributes, such as ultralow mass, ultrawide frequency tuning range, broad dynamic range, and ultralow power consumption, thus holding strong promises for both fundamental studies and engineering applications. In this Review, we offer a comprehensive overview and summary of this vibrant field, present the state-of-the-art devices and evaluate their specifications and performance, outline important achievements, and postulate future directions for studying these miniscule yet intriguing molecular-scale machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- University
of Michigan−Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Jiankai Zhu
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
| | - Zuheng Liu
- University
of Michigan−Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | | | - Xu-Qian Zheng
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of
Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
- College
of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Jaesung Lee
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of
Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas79968, United States
| | - Aneesh Dash
- Centre
for
Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Swapnil More
- Centre
for
Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Song Wu
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of
Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska68588, United States
| | - Hao Jia
- Shanghai
Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Shanghai200050, China
| | - Akshay Naik
- Centre
for
Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Adrian Bachtold
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona08860, Spain
| | - Rui Yang
- University
of Michigan−Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
- School of
Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Philip X.-L. Feng
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of
Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611, United States
| | - Zenghui Wang
- Institute
of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu610054, China
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9
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Lai JM, Sun YJ, Tan QH, Tan PH, Zhang J. Laser Cooling of a Lattice Vibration in van der Waals Semiconductor. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7129-7135. [PMID: 35993841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Laser cooling atoms and molecules to ultralow temperatures has produced plenty of opportunities in fundamental physics, precision metrology, and quantum science. Although theoretically proposed over 40 years, the laser cooling of certain lattice vibrations (i.e., phonon) remains a challenge owing to the complexity of solid structures. Here, we demonstrate Raman cooling of a longitudinal optical phonon in two-dimensional semiconductor WS2 by red-detuning excitation at the sideband of the exciton (bound electron-hole pair). Strong coupling between the phonon and exciton and appreciable optomechanical coupling rates provide access to cooling high-frequency phonons that are robust against thermal decoherence even at room temperature. Our experiment opens possibilities of laser cooling and control of individual optical phonon and, eventually, possible cooling of matter in van der Waals semiconductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing-Hai Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ping-Heng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Photothermal Responsivity of van der Waals Material-Based Nanomechanical Resonators. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152675. [PMID: 35957105 PMCID: PMC9370576 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical resonators made from van der Waals materials (vdW NMRs) provide a new tool for sensing absorbed laser power. The photothermal response of vdW NMRs, quantified from the resonant frequency shifts induced by optical absorption, is enhanced when incorporated in a Fabry–Pérot (FP) interferometer. Along with the enhancement comes the dependence of the photothermal response on NMR displacement, which lacks investigation. Here, we address the knowledge gap by studying electromotively driven niobium diselenide drumheads fabricated on highly reflective substrates. We use a FP-mediated absorptive heating model to explain the measured variations of the photothermal response. The model predicts a higher magnitude and tuning range of photothermal responses on few-layer and monolayer NbSe2 drumheads, which outperform other clamped vdW drum-type NMRs at a laser wavelength of 532 nm. Further analysis of the model shows that both the magnitude and tuning range of NbSe2 drumheads scale with thickness, establishing a displacement-based framework for building bolometers using FP-mediated vdW NMRs.
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11
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Zhu J, Xu B, Xiao F, Liang Y, Jiao C, Li J, Deng Q, Wu S, Wen T, Pei S, Xia J, Wang Z. Frequency Scaling, Elastic Transition, and Broad-Range Frequency Tuning in WSe 2 Nanomechanical Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5107-5113. [PMID: 35522819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical resonators based on atomic layers of tungsten diselenide (WSe2) offer intriguing prospects for enabling novel sensing and signal processing functions. The frequency scaling law of such resonant devices is critical for designing and realizing these high-frequency circuit components. Here, we elucidate the frequency scaling law for WSe2 nanomechanical resonators by studying devices of one-, two-, three-, to more than 100-layer thicknesses and different diameters. We observe resonant responses in both mechanical limits and clear elastic transition in between, revealing intrinsic material properties and devices parameters such as Young's modulus and pretension. We further demonstrate a broad frequency tuning range (up to 230%) with a high tuning efficiency (up to 23% V-1). Such tuning efficiency is among the highest in resonators based on two-dimensional (2D) layered materials. Our findings can offer important guidelines for designing high-frequency WSe2 resonant devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankai Zhu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yachun Liang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Chenyin Jiao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Jing Li
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Qingyang Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Song Wu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Ting Wen
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Shenghai Pei
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Juan Xia
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Zenghui Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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12
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Yang Z, Yang J, Chao SL, Zhao C, Peng R, Zhou L. Simultaneous ground-state cooling of identical mechanical oscillators by Lyapunov control. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:20135-20148. [PMID: 36221770 DOI: 10.1364/oe.460646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous cooling of multiple mechanical oscillators in the cavity optomechanical system has aroused people's attention and may be applicable in the quantum information process. In this paper, a scheme to realize the simultaneous ground-state cooling of two identical mechanical oscillators is proposed, where the frequency of one of the oscillators is designed according to Lyapunov control. By this method, the dark mode can effectively couple with the bright mode so that the two identical oscillators can be simultaneously cooled to their ground state. Extending this scheme into multiple identical mechanical oscillators, we show that simultaneous cooling can also be achieved.
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13
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A Review on Graphene-Based Nano-Electromechanical Resonators: Fabrication, Performance, and Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13020215. [PMID: 35208343 PMCID: PMC8880531 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of graphene and other two-dimensional materials overcomes the limitation in the characteristic size of silicon-based micro-resonators and paved the way in the realization of nano-mechanical resonators. In this paper, we review the progress to date of the research on the fabrication methods, resonant performance, and device applications of graphene-based nano-mechanical resonators, from theoretical simulation to experimental results, and summarize both the excitation and detection schemes of graphene resonators. In recent years, the applications of graphene resonators such as mass sensors, pressure sensors, and accelerometers gradually moved from theory to experiment, which are specially introduced in this review. To date, the resonance performance of graphene-based nano-mechanical resonators is widely studied by theoretical approaches, while the corresponding experiments are still in the preliminary stage. However, with the continuous progress of the device fabrication and detection technique, and with the improvement of the theoretical model, suspended graphene membranes will widen the potential for ultralow-loss and high-sensitivity mechanical resonators in the near future.
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14
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Wang Z, Yang R, Feng PXL. Thermal hysteresis controlled reconfigurable MoS 2 nanomechanical resonators. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:18089-18095. [PMID: 34730595 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03286k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) structures from layered materials have enabled a number of novel devices including resonant nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). 2D NEMS resonators are highly responsive to strain, allowing their resonance frequencies to be efficiently tuned over broad ranges, which is a feature difficult to attain in conventional micromachined resonators. In electrically configured and tuned devices, high external voltages are typically required to set and maintain different frequencies, limiting their applications. Here we experimentally demonstrate molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanomechanical resonators that can be reconfigured between different frequency bands with zero maintaining voltage in a non-volatile fashion. By leveraging the thermal hysteresis in these 2D resonators, we use heating and cooling pulses to reconfigure the device frequency, with no external voltage required to maintain each frequency. We further show that the frequency spacing between the bands can be tuned by the thermal pulse strength, offering full control over the programmable operation. Such reconfigurable MoS2 resonators may provide an alternative pathway toward small-form-factor and low-power tunable devices in future reconfigurable radio-frequency circuits with multi-band capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Wang
- Electrical Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Electrical Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
- University of Michigan - Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Philip X-L Feng
- Electrical Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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15
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Ferrari PF, Kim S, van der Zande AM. Dissipation from Interlayer Friction in Graphene Nanoelectromechanical Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8058-8065. [PMID: 34559536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A unique feature of two-dimensional (2D) materials is the ultralow friction at their van der Waals interfaces. A key question in a new generation of 2D heterostructure-based nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) is how the low friction interfaces will affect the dynamic performance. Here, we apply the exquisite sensitivity of graphene nanoelectromechanical drumhead resonators to compare the dissipation from monolayer, Bernal-stacked bilayer, and twisted bilayer graphene membranes. We find a significant difference in the average quality factors of three resonator types: 53 for monolayer, 40 for twisted and 31 for Bernal-stacked membranes. We model this difference as a combination of change in stiffness and additional dissipation from interlayer friction during motion. We find even the lowest frictions measured on sliding 2D interfaces are sufficient to alter dissipation in 2D NEMS. This model provides a generalized approach to quantify dissipation in NEMS based on 2D heterostructures which incorporate interlayer slip and friction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo F Ferrari
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - SunPhil Kim
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Arend M van der Zande
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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16
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Ye F, Islam A, Zhang T, Feng PXL. Ultrawide Frequency Tuning of Atomic Layer van der Waals Heterostructure Electromechanical Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:5508-5515. [PMID: 34143641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on the experimental demonstration of atomically thin molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-graphene van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure nanoelectromechanical resonators with ultrawide frequency tuning. With direct electrostatic gate tuning, these vdW resonators exhibit exceptional tunability, in general, Δf/f0 > 200%, for continuously tuning the same device and the same mode (e.g., from ∼23 to ∼107 MHz), up to Δf/f0 ≈ 370%, the largest fractional tuning range in such resonators to date. This remarkable electromechanical resonance tuning is investigated by two different analytical models and finite element simulations. Furthermore, we carefully perform clear control experiments and simulations to elucidate the difference in frequency tuning between the heterostructure and single-material resonators. At a given initial strain level, the tuning range depends on the two-dimensional (2D) Young's moduli of the constitutive crystals; devices built on materials with lower 2D moduli show wider tuning ranges. This study exemplifies that vdW heterostructure resonators can retain unconventionally broad, continuous tuning, which is promising for voltage-controlled, tunable nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Ye
- Department of Electrical, Computer, & Systems Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Arnob Islam
- Department of Electrical, Computer, & Systems Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | | | - Philip X-L Feng
- Department of Electrical, Computer, & Systems Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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17
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Deinhart V, Kern LM, Kirchhof JN, Juergensen S, Sturm J, Krauss E, Feichtner T, Kovalchuk S, Schneider M, Engel D, Pfau B, Hecht B, Bolotin KI, Reich S, Höflich K. The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:304-318. [PMID: 33889477 PMCID: PMC8042487 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Focused beams of helium ions are a powerful tool for high-fidelity machining with spatial precision below 5 nm. Achieving such a high patterning precision over large areas and for different materials in a reproducible manner, however, is not trivial. Here, we introduce the Python toolbox FIB-o-mat for automated pattern creation and optimization, providing full flexibility to accomplish demanding patterning tasks. FIB-o-mat offers high-level pattern creation, enabling high-fidelity large-area patterning and systematic variations in geometry and raster settings. It also offers low-level beam path creation, providing full control over the beam movement and including sophisticated optimization tools. Three applications showcasing the potential of He ion beam nanofabrication for two-dimensional material systems and devices using FIB-o-mat are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Deinhart
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut gGmbH, Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 4, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Corelab Correlative Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Kern
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan N Kirchhof
- Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Joris Sturm
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut gGmbH, Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Str. 4, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Corelab Correlative Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Enno Krauss
- Department of Experimental Physics 5, Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Research (RCCM), Physics Institute, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Feichtner
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Michael Schneider
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Engel
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bastian Pfau
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bert Hecht
- Department of Experimental Physics 5, Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Research (RCCM), Physics Institute, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Stephanie Reich
- Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Höflich
- Corelab Correlative Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Barsella A, Hurier MA, Pichois MD, Vomir M, Hasan H, Mager L, Donnio B, Gallani JL, Rastei MV. Photonic Excitation of a Micromechanical Cantilever in Electrostatic Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:254301. [PMID: 33416375 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.254301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a specific near-field configuration where an electrostatic force gradient is found to strongly enhance the optomechanical driving of an atomic force microscope cantilever sensor. It is shown that incident photons generate a photothermal effect that couples with electrostatic fields even at tip-surface separations as large as several wavelengths, dominating the cantilever dynamics. The effect is the result of resonant phenomena where the photothermal-induced parametric driving acts conjointly (or against, depending on electric field direction) with a photovoltage generation in the cantilever. The results are achieved experimentally in an atomic force microscope operating in vacuum and explained theoretically through numerical simulations of the equation of motion of the cantilever. Intrinsic electrostatic effects arising from the electronic work-function difference of tip and surface are also highlighted. The findings are readily relevant for other optomicromechanical systems where electrostatic force gradients can be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Barsella
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - M A Hurier
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - M D Pichois
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - M Vomir
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - H Hasan
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - L Mager
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - B Donnio
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - J L Gallani
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - M V Rastei
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
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19
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Zhang X, Makles K, Colombier L, Metten D, Majjad H, Verlot P, Berciaud S. Dynamically-enhanced strain in atomically thin resonators. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5526. [PMID: 33139724 PMCID: PMC7608634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19261-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials associate remarkable mechanical, electronic, optical and phononic properties. As such, 2D materials are promising for hybrid systems that couple their elementary excitations (excitons, phonons) to their macroscopic mechanical modes. These built-in systems may yield enhanced strain-mediated coupling compared to bulkier architectures, e.g., comprising a single quantum emitter coupled to a nano-mechanical resonator. Here, using micro-Raman spectroscopy on pristine monolayer graphene drums, we demonstrate that the macroscopic flexural vibrations of graphene induce dynamical optical phonon softening. This softening is an unambiguous fingerprint of dynamically-induced tensile strain that reaches values up to ≈4 × 10−4 under strong non-linear driving. Such non-linearly enhanced strain exceeds the values predicted for harmonic vibrations with the same root mean square (RMS) amplitude by more than one order of magnitude. Our work holds promise for dynamical strain engineering and dynamical strain-mediated control of light-matter interactions in 2D materials and related heterostructures. Here, the authors use Raman spectroscopy on circular graphene drums to demonstrate dynamical softening of optical phonons induced by the macroscopic flexural motion of graphene, and find evidence that the strain in graphene is enhanced under non-linear driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Kevin Makles
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Léo Colombier
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominik Metten
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hicham Majjad
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre Verlot
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 05 75231, Paris Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Berciaud
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000, Strasbourg, France. .,Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 05 75231, Paris Cedex, France.
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20
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Sun Z, Fang S, Hu YH. 3D Graphene Materials: From Understanding to Design and Synthesis Control. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10336-10453. [PMID: 32852197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbon materials, with their diverse allotropes, have played significant roles in our daily life and the development of material science. Following 0D C60 and 1D carbon nanotube, 2D graphene materials, with their distinctively fascinating properties, have been receiving tremendous attention since 2004. To fulfill the efficient utilization of 2D graphene sheets in applications such as energy storage and conversion, electrochemical catalysis, and environmental remediation, 3D structures constructed by graphene sheets have been attempted over the past decade, giving birth to a new generation of graphene materials called 3D graphene materials. This review starts with the definition, classifications, brief history, and basic synthesis chemistries of 3D graphene materials. Then a critical discussion on the design considerations of 3D graphene materials for diverse applications is provided. Subsequently, after emphasizing the importance of normalized property characterization for the 3D structures, approaches for 3D graphene material synthesis from three major types of carbon sources (GO, hydrocarbons and inorganic carbon compounds) based on GO chemistry, hydrocarbon chemistry, and new alkali-metal chemistry, respectively, are comprehensively reviewed with a focus on their synthesis mechanisms, controllable aspects, and scalability. At last, current challenges and future perspectives for the development of 3D graphene materials are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuxing Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, United States
| | - Siyuan Fang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, United States
| | - Yun Hang Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, United States.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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21
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Miller D, Blaikie A, Alemán BJ. Nonvolatile Rewritable Frequency Tuning of a Nanoelectromechanical Resonator Using Photoinduced Doping. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:2378-2386. [PMID: 32191481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b05003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of nanoelectromechanical resonators (NEMS) have shown promise for a suite of applications, from nanomechanical information processing technologies to mass spectrometry. A fundamental challenge toward broader adoption of NEMS arrays is a lack of viable frequency tuning methods, which must simultaneously allow for persistent and reversible control of single resonators while also being scalable to large arrays of devices. In this work, we demonstrate an electro-optic tuning method for graphene-based NEMS where locally photoionized charge tensions a suspended membrane and tunes its resonance frequency. The tuned frequency state persists unchanged for several days in the absence of any external power, and the state can be repeatedly written and erased with a high degree of precision. We show the scalability of this technique by aligning the frequencies of several NEMS devices on the same chip, and we discuss implications of this tuning method for both single devices and programmable NEMS networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Miller
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Andrew Blaikie
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Benjamín J Alemán
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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22
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Kim S, Annevelink E, Han E, Yu J, Huang PY, Ertekin E, van der Zande AM. Stochastic Stress Jumps Due to Soliton Dynamics in Two-Dimensional van der Waals Interfaces. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1201-1207. [PMID: 31944113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The creation and movement of dislocations determine the nonlinear mechanics of materials. At the nanoscale, the number of dislocations in structures become countable, and even single defects impact material properties. While the impact of solitons on electronic properties is well studied, the impact of solitons on mechanics is less understood. In this study, we construct nanoelectromechanical drumhead resonators from Bernal stacked bilayer graphene and observe stochastic jumps in frequency. Similar frequency jumps occur in few-layer but not twisted bilayer or monolayer graphene. Using atomistic simulations, we show that the measured shifts are a result of changes in stress due to the creation and annihilation of individual solitons. We develop a simple model relating the magnitude of the stress induced by soliton dynamics across length scales, ranging from <0.01 N/m for the measured 5 μm diameter to ∼1.2 N/m for the 38.7 nm simulations. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of 2D resonators are sufficient to probe the nonlinear mechanics of single dislocations in an atomic membrane and provide a model to understand the interfacial mechanics of different kinds of van der Waals structures under stress, which is important to many emerging applications such as engineering quantum states through electromechanical manipulation and mechanical devices like highly tunable nanoelectromechanical systems, stretchable electronics, and origami nanomachines.
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Affiliation(s)
- SunPhil Kim
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Emil Annevelink
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Edmund Han
- Department of Material Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Jaehyung Yu
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Pinshane Y Huang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Elif Ertekin
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Arend M van der Zande
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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23
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Zhou Y, Scuri G, Sung J, Gelly RJ, Wild DS, De Greve K, Joe AY, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Kim P, Lukin MD, Park H. Controlling Excitons in an Atomically Thin Membrane with a Mirror. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:027401. [PMID: 32004011 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.027401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new approach for dynamically manipulating the optical response of an atomically thin semiconductor, a monolayer of MoSe_{2}, by suspending it over a metallic mirror. First, we show that suspended van der Waals heterostructures incorporating a MoSe_{2} monolayer host spatially homogeneous, lifetime-broadened excitons. Then, we interface this nearly ideal excitonic system with a metallic mirror and demonstrate control over the exciton-photon coupling. Specifically, by electromechanically changing the distance between the heterostructure and the mirror, thereby changing the local photonic density of states in a controllable and reversible fashion, we show that both the absorption and emission properties of the excitons can be dynamically modulated. This electromechanical control over exciton dynamics in a mechanically flexible, atomically thin semiconductor opens up new avenues in cavity quantum optomechanics, nonlinear quantum optics, and topological photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Giovanni Scuri
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Jiho Sung
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Ryan J Gelly
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Dominik S Wild
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Kristiaan De Greve
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Andrew Y Joe
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Philip Kim
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mikhail D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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24
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Stress-Controlled Frequency Tuning and Parametric Amplification of the Vibrations of Coupled Nanomembranes. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9224845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive tuning of the mechanical resonance frequencies of suspended parallel nanomembranes in various monolithic arrays is achieved by piezoelectric control of their tensile stress. Parametric amplification of their thermal fluctuations is shown to be enhanced by the piezoelectric actuation and amplification factors of up to 20 dB in the sub-parametric oscillation threshold regime are observed.
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25
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A fast and sensitive room-temperature graphene nanomechanical bolometer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4726. [PMID: 31624243 PMCID: PMC6797740 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bolometers are a powerful means of detecting light. Emerging applications demand that bolometers work at room temperature, while maintaining high speed and sensitivity, properties which are inherently limited by the heat capacity of the detector. To this end, graphene has generated interest, because it has the lowest mass per unit area of any material, while also possessing extreme thermal stability and an unmatched spectral absorbance. Yet, due to its weakly temperature-dependent electrical resistivity, graphene has failed to challenge the state-of-the-art at room temperature. Here, in a departure from conventional bolometry, we use a graphene nanoelectromechanical system to detect light via resonant sensing. In our approach, absorbed light heats and thermally tensions a suspended graphene resonator, thereby shifting its resonant frequency. Using the resonant frequency as a readout for photodetection, we achieve a room-temperature noise-equivalent power (2 pW Hz−1/2) and bandwidth (from 10 kHz up to 1.3 MHz), challenging the state-of-the-art. Bolometers are highly sensitive instruments that can detect radiant energy. Here, authors report micro-bolometers based on suspended graphene nano-electromechanical membranes that can detect light at room-temperature with a NEP coefficient of 2 pW/Hz^1/2 and bandwidth up to 1.3 MHz.
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Dykman MI, Rastelli G, Roukes ML, Weig EM. Resonantly Induced Friction and Frequency Combs in Driven Nanomechanical Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:254301. [PMID: 31347858 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.254301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new mechanism of friction in resonantly driven vibrational systems. The form of the friction force follows from the time- and spatial-symmetry arguments. We consider a microscopic mechanism of this resonant force in nanomechanical systems. The friction can be negative, leading to the onset of self-sustained oscillations of the amplitude and phase of forced vibrations, which result in a frequency comb in the power spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Dykman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | | | - M L Roukes
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Eva M Weig
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Nathamgari SSP, Dong S, Medina L, Moldovan N, Rosenmann D, Divan R, Lopez D, Lauhon LJ, Espinosa HD. Nonlinear Mode Coupling and One-to-One Internal Resonances in a Monolayer WS 2 Nanoresonator. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:4052-4059. [PMID: 31117759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical resonators make exquisite force sensors due to their small footprint, low dissipation, and high frequencies. Because the lowest resolvable force is limited by ambient thermal noise, resonators are either operated at cryogenic temperatures or coupled to a high-finesse optical or microwave cavity to reach sub aN Hz-1/2 sensitivity. Here, we show that operating a monolayer WS2 nanoresonator in the strongly nonlinear regime can lead to comparable force sensitivities at room temperature. Cavity interferometry was used to transduce the nonlinear response of the nanoresonator, which was characterized by multiple pairs of 1:1 internal resonance. Some of the modes exhibited exotic line shapes due to the appearance of Hopf bifurcations, where the bifurcation frequency varied linearly with the driving force and forms the basis of the advanced sensing modality. The modality is less sensitive to the measurement bandwidth, limited only by the intrinsic frequency fluctuations, and therefore, advantageous in the detection of weak incoherent forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shiva P Nathamgari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Siyan Dong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Lior Medina
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | | | - Daniel Rosenmann
- Center for Nanoscale Materials , Argonne National Laboratories , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Ralu Divan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials , Argonne National Laboratories , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Daniel Lopez
- Center for Nanoscale Materials , Argonne National Laboratories , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Lincoln J Lauhon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Horacio D Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
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Morell N, Tepsic S, Reserbat-Plantey A, Cepellotti A, Manca M, Epstein I, Isacsson A, Marie X, Mauri F, Bachtold A. Optomechanical Measurement of Thermal Transport in Two-Dimensional MoSe 2 Lattices. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3143-3150. [PMID: 30939027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical resonators have emerged as sensors with exceptional sensitivities. These sensing capabilities open new possibilities in the studies of the thermodynamic properties in condensed matter. Here, we use mechanical sensing as a novel approach to measure the thermal properties of low-dimensional materials. We measure the temperature dependence of both the thermal conductivity and the specific heat capacity of a transition metal dichalcogenide monolayer down to cryogenic temperature, something that has not been achieved thus far with a single nanoscale object. These measurements show how heat is transported by phonons in two-dimensional systems. Both the thermal conductivity and the specific heat capacity measurements are consistent with predictions based on first-principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Morell
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Slaven Tepsic
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Antoine Reserbat-Plantey
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Andrea Cepellotti
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Marco Manca
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO , 135 Avenue Rangueil , 31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Itai Epstein
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Andreas Isacsson
- Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , S-41296 Göteborg , Sweden
| | - Xavier Marie
- Université de Toulouse, INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO , 135 Avenue Rangueil , 31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Francesco Mauri
- Dipartimento di Fisica , Università di Roma La Sapienza , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Adrian Bachtold
- ICFO - Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques , The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , 08860 Castelldefels , Barcelona , Spain
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29
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Jung M, Rickhaus P, Zihlmann S, Eichler A, Makk P, Schönenberger C. GHz nanomechanical resonator in an ultraclean suspended graphene p-n junction. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4355-4361. [PMID: 30793731 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09963d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate high-frequency mechanical resonators in ballistic graphene p-n junctions. Fully suspended graphene devices with two bottom gates exhibit ballistic bipolar behavior after current annealing. We determine the graphene mass density and built-in tension for different current annealing steps by comparing the measured mechanical resonant response to a simplified membrane model. In a graphene membrane with high built-in tension, but still of macroscopic size with dimensions 3 × 1 μm2, a record resonance frequency of 1.17 GHz is observed after the final current annealing step. We further compare the resonance response measured in the unipolar with the one in the bipolar regime. Remarkably, the resonant signals are strongly enhanced in the bipolar regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Jung
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. and DGIST Research Institute, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Peter Rickhaus
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. and Institute for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Zihlmann
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Alexander Eichler
- Institute for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Makk
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. and Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics and Nanoelectronics Momentum Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budafoki ut 8, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christian Schönenberger
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Kim S, Yu J, van der Zande AM. Nano-electromechanical Drumhead Resonators from Two-Dimensional Material Bimorphs. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:6686-6695. [PMID: 30339756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atomic membranes of monolayer 2D materials represent the ultimate limit in the size of nano-electromechanical systems. However, new properties and new functionalities emerge by looking at the interface between layers in heterostructures of 2D materials. Here, we demonstrate the integration of 2D heterostructures as tunable nano-electromechanical systems, exploring the competition between the mechanics of the ultrathin membrane and the incommensurate van der Waals interface. We fabricate electrically contacted 5 or 6 μm circular drumheads of suspended heterostructure membranes of monolayer graphene on monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), which we call a 2D bimorph. We characterize the mechanical resonance through electrostatic actuation and laser interferometry detection. The 2D bimorphs have resonance frequencies of 5-20 MHz and quality factors of 50-700, comparable to resonators from monolayer or few-layer 2D materials. The frequencies and eigenmode shapes of the higher harmonics display split degenerate modes, showing that the 2D bimorphs behave as membranes with asymmetric tension. The devices display dynamic ranges of 44 dB, with an additional nonlinearity in the dissipation at small drive. Under electrostatic frequency tuning, devices display a small tuning of ∼20% compared with graphene resonators, which have >100%. In addition, the tuning shows a kink that deviates from the tensioned membrane model for atomic membranes and corresponds with a changing in stress of 14 mN/m. A model that accounts for this tuning behavior is the onset of interlayer slip in the heterostructure, allowing the tension in the membrane to relax. Using density functional theory simulations, we find that the change in stress at the kink is much larger than the predicted energy barrier for interlayer slip of 0.102 mN/m in an incommensurate 2D heterostructure but smaller than the energy barrier for an aligned graphene bilayer of 35 mN/m, suggesting a local pinning effect at ripples or folds in the heterostructure. Finally, we observe an asymmetry in tuning of the full width at half-maximum that does not exist in monolayer resonators. These findings demonstrate a new class of nano-electromechanical systems from 2D heterostructures and unravel the complex interaction of membrane morphology versus interlayer adhesion and slip on the mechanics of incommensurate van der Waals interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- SunPhil Kim
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Jaehyung Yu
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Arend M van der Zande
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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31
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Ye F, Lee J, Feng PXL. Electrothermally Tunable Graphene Resonators Operating at Very High Temperature up to 1200 K. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1678-1685. [PMID: 29385804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The unique negative thermal expansion coefficient and remarkable thermal stability of graphene make it an ideal candidate for nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) with electrothermal tuning. We report on the first experimental demonstration of electrothermally tuned single- and few-layer graphene NEMS resonators operating in the high frequency (HF) and very high frequency (VHF) bands. In single-, bi-, and trilayer (1L, 2L, and 3L) graphene resonators with carefully controlled Joule heating, we have demonstrated remarkably broad frequency tuning up to Δ f/ f0 ≈ 310%. Simultaneously, device temperature variations imposed by Joule heating are monitored using Raman spectroscopy; we find that the device temperature increases from 300 K up to 1200 K, which is the highest operating temperature known to date for electromechanical resonators. Using the measured frequency and temperature variations, we further extract both thermal expansion coefficients and thermal conductivities of these devices. Comparison with graphene electrostatic gate tuning indicates that electrothermal tuning is more efficient. The results clearly suggest that the unique negative thermal expansion coefficient of graphene and its excellent tolerance to very high temperature can be exploited for engineering highly tunable and robust graphene transducers for harsh and extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Ye
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case School of Engineering , Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Jaesung Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case School of Engineering , Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Philip X-L Feng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case School of Engineering , Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
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32
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Lee J, Wang Z, He K, Yang R, Shan J, Feng PXL. Electrically tunable single- and few-layer MoS 2 nanoelectromechanical systems with broad dynamic range. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaao6653. [PMID: 29670938 PMCID: PMC5903902 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao6653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Atomically thin semiconducting crystals [such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)] have outstanding electrical, optical, and mechanical properties, thus making them excellent constitutive materials for innovating new two-dimensional (2D) nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Although prototype structures have recently been demonstrated toward functional devices such as ultralow-power, high-frequency tunable oscillators and ultrasensitive resonant transducers, both electrical tunability and large dynamic range (DR) are critical and desirable. We report the first experimental demonstration of clearly defined single-, bi-, and trilayer MoS2 2D resonant NEMS operating in the very high frequency band (up to ~120 MHz) with outstanding electrical tunability and DR. Through deterministic measurement and calibration, we discover that these 2D atomic layer devices have remarkably broad DR (up to ~70 to 110 dB), in contrast to their 1D NEMS counterparts that are expected to have limited DR. These 2D devices, therefore, open avenues for efficiently tuning and strongly coupling the electronic, mechanical, and optical properties in atomic layer semiconducting devices and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zenghui Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Keliang He
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jie Shan
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Philip X.-L. Feng
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Corresponding author.
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33
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Dash A, Selvaraja SK, Naik AK. On-chip optical transduction scheme for graphene nano-electro-mechanical systems in silicon-photonic platform. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:659-662. [PMID: 29444046 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a scheme for on-chip optical transduction of strain and displacement of graphene-based nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMS). A detailed numerical study on the feasibility of three silicon-photonic integrated circuit configurations is presented: the Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), the micro-ring resonator, and the ring-loaded MZI. An index sensing based technique using an MZI loaded with a ring resonator with a moderate Q-factor of 2400 can yield a sensitivity of 28 fm/Hz and 6.5×10-6%/Hz for displacement and strain, respectively. Though any phase-sensitive integrated-photonic device could be used for optical transduction, here we show that optimal sensitivity is achievable by combining resonance with phase sensitivity.
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34
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Nonlinear dynamic characterization of two-dimensional materials. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1253. [PMID: 29093446 PMCID: PMC5666000 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their atomic-scale thickness, the resonances of two-dimensional (2D) material membranes show signatures of nonlinearities at forces of only a few picoNewtons. Although the linear dynamics of membranes is well understood, the exact relation between the nonlinear response and the resonator's material properties has remained elusive. Here we show a method for determining the Young's modulus of suspended 2D material membranes from their nonlinear dynamic response. To demonstrate the method, we perform measurements on graphene and MoS2 nanodrums electrostatically driven into the nonlinear regime at multiple driving forces. We show that a set of frequency response curves can be fitted using only the cubic spring constant as a fit parameter, which we then relate to the Young's modulus of the material using membrane theory. The presented method is fast, contactless, and provides a platform for high-frequency characterization of the mechanical properties of 2D materials.
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35
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Inoue T, Anno Y, Imakita Y, Takei K, Arie T, Akita S. Resonance Control of a Graphene Drum Resonator in a Nonlinear Regime by a Standing Wave of Light. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5792-5797. [PMID: 31457837 PMCID: PMC6644401 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the control of resonance characteristics of a drum-type graphene mechanical resonator in a nonlinear oscillation regime using the photothermal effect, which is induced by a standing wave of light between graphene and a substrate. Unlike the resonance characteristics of a conventional Duffing-type nonlinearity, those of the nonlinear oscillation regime are modulated by the standing wave of light with a contribution of the scattered light of an actuation laser, despite a slight variation of amplitude. Numerical calculations conducted with a combination of equations of heat and motion with the Duffing-type nonlinearity explain this modulation: the photothermal effect delays the modulation of graphene stress or tension.
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36
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Manca N, Pellegrino L, Kanki T, Venstra WJ, Mattoni G, Higuchi Y, Tanaka H, Caviglia AD, Marré D. Selective High-Frequency Mechanical Actuation Driven by the VO 2 Electronic Instability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1701618. [PMID: 28714094 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Relaxation oscillators consist of periodic variations of a physical quantity triggered by a static excitation. They are a typical consequence of nonlinear dynamics and can be observed in a variety of systems. VO2 is a correlated oxide with a solid-state phase transition above room temperature, where both electrical resistance and lattice parameters undergo a drastic change in a narrow temperature range. This strong nonlinear response allows to realize spontaneous electrical oscillations in the megahertz range under a DC voltage bias. These electrical oscillations are employed to set into mechanical resonance a microstructure without the need of any active electronics, with small power consumption and with the possibility to selectively excite specific flexural modes by tuning the value of the DC electrical bias in a range of few hundreds of millivolts. This actuation method is robust and flexible and can be implemented in a variety of autonomous DC-powered devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Manca
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Teruo Kanki
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Warner J Venstra
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
- Quantified Air, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, 2628 CJ, The Netherlands
| | - Giordano Mattoni
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshiyuki Higuchi
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tanaka
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Andrea D Caviglia
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Marré
- CNR-SPIN, Corso Perrone 24, 16152, Genova, Italy
- Physics Department, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy
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37
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Yao B, Yu C, Wu Y, Huang SW, Wu H, Gong Y, Chen Y, Li Y, Wong CW, Fan X, Rao Y. Graphene-Enhanced Brillouin Optomechanical Microresonator for Ultrasensitive Gas Detection. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:4996-5002. [PMID: 28708404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chemical sensing is one of the most important applications of nanoscience, whose ultimate aim is to seek higher sensitivity. In recent years, graphene with intriguing quantum properties has spurred dramatic advances ranging from materials science to optoelectronics and mechanics, showing its potential to realize individual molecule solid-state sensors. However, for optical sensing the single atom thickness of graphene greatly limits the light-graphene interactions, bottlenecking their performances. Here we demonstrate a novel approach based on the forward phase-matched Brillouin optomechanics in a graphene inner-deposited high Q (>2 × 106) microfluidic resonator, expanding the "electron-photon" interaction in conventional graphene optical devices to the "electron-phonon-photon" process. The molecular adsorption induced surface elastic modulation in graphene enables the Brillouin optomechanical modes (mechanical Q ≈ 43,670) extremely sensitive (200 kHz/ppm) in ammonia gas detection, achieving a noise equivalent detection limit down to 1 ppb and an unprecedented dynamic range over five orders-of-magnitude with fast response. This work provides a new platform for the researches of graphene-based optomechanics, nanophotonics, and optical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baicheng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054, China
- Fang Lu Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Cambridge Graphene Center, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Caibin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Shu-Wei Huang
- Fang Lu Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Han Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yuan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yuanfu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yanrong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Chee Wei Wong
- Fang Lu Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yunjiang Rao
- Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications (Education Ministry of China), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054, China
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38
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De Alba R, Abhilash TS, Rand RH, Craighead HG, Parpia JM. Low-Power Photothermal Self-Oscillation of Bimetallic Nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:3995-4002. [PMID: 28537401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the nonlinear mechanics of a bimetallic, optically absorbing SiN-Nb nanowire in the presence of incident laser light and a reflecting Si mirror. Situated in a standing wave of optical intensity and subject to photothermal forces, the nanowire undergoes self-induced oscillations at low incident light thresholds of <1 μW due to engineered strong temperature-position (T-z) coupling. Along with inducing self-oscillation, laser light causes large changes to the mechanical resonant frequency ω0 and equilibrium position z0 that cannot be neglected. We present experimental results and a theoretical model for the motion under laser illumination. In the model, we solve the governing nonlinear differential equations by perturbative means to show that self-oscillation amplitude is set by the competing effects of direct T-z coupling and 2ω0 parametric excitation due to T-ω0 coupling. We then study the linearized equations of motion to show that the optimal thermal time constant τ for photothermal feedback is τ → ∞ rather than the previously reported ω0 τ = 1. Lastly, we demonstrate photothermal quality factor (Q) enhancement of driven motion as a means to counteract air damping. Understanding photothermal effects on nano- and micromechanical devices, as well as nonlinear aspects of optics-based motion detection, can enable new device applications as oscillators or other electronic elements with smaller device footprints and less stringent ambient vacuum requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto De Alba
- Department of Physics, ‡Department of Mathematics, §Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and ∥School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
| | - T S Abhilash
- Department of Physics, ‡Department of Mathematics, §Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and ∥School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
| | - Richard H Rand
- Department of Physics, ‡Department of Mathematics, §Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and ∥School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
| | - Harold G Craighead
- Department of Physics, ‡Department of Mathematics, §Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and ∥School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
| | - Jeevak M Parpia
- Department of Physics, ‡Department of Mathematics, §Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and ∥School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York, 14853, United States
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39
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Güttinger J, Noury A, Weber P, Eriksson AM, Lagoin C, Moser J, Eichler C, Wallraff A, Isacsson A, Bachtold A. Energy-dependent path of dissipation in nanomechanical resonators. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:631-636. [PMID: 28507334 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2017.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Energy decay plays a central role in a wide range of phenomena, such as optical emission, nuclear fission, and dissipation in quantum systems. Energy decay is usually described as a system leaking energy irreversibly into an environmental bath. Here, we report on energy decay measurements in nanomechanical systems based on multilayer graphene that cannot be explained by the paradigm of a system directly coupled to a bath. As the energy of a vibrational mode freely decays, the rate of energy decay changes abruptly to a lower value. This finding can be explained by a model where the measured mode hybridizes with other modes of the resonator at high energy. Below a threshold energy, modes are decoupled, resulting in comparatively low decay rates and giant quality factors exceeding 1 million. Our work opens up new possibilities to manipulate vibrational states, engineer hybrid states with mechanical modes at completely different frequencies, and to study the collective motion of this highly tunable system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Güttinger
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Adrien Noury
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Peter Weber
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Axel Martin Eriksson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Camille Lagoin
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Joel Moser
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | | | | | - Andreas Isacsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Adrian Bachtold
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
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40
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Kouh T, Hanay MS, Ekinci KL. Nanomechanical Motion Transducers for Miniaturized Mechanical Systems. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6189927 DOI: 10.3390/mi8040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taejoon Kouh
- Department of Physics, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-910-4873
| | - M. Selim Hanay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, and the National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey;
| | - Kamil L. Ekinci
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
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41
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De Alba R, Massel F, Storch IR, Abhilash TS, Hui A, McEuen PL, Craighead HG, Parpia JM. Tunable phonon-cavity coupling in graphene membranes. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:741-6. [PMID: 27294504 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A major achievement of the past decade has been the realization of macroscopic quantum systems by exploiting the interactions between optical cavities and mechanical resonators. In these systems, phonons are coherently annihilated or created in exchange for photons. Similar phenomena have recently been observed through phonon-cavity coupling-energy exchange between the modes of a single system mediated by intrinsic material nonlinearity. This has so far been demonstrated primarily for bulk crystalline, high-quality-factor (Q > 10(5)) mechanical systems operated at cryogenic temperatures. Here, we propose graphene as an ideal candidate for the study of such nonlinear mechanics. The large elastic modulus of this material and capability for spatial symmetry breaking via electrostatic forces is expected to generate a wealth of nonlinear phenomena, including tunable intermodal coupling. We have fabricated circular graphene membranes and report strong phonon-cavity effects at room temperature, despite the modest Q factor (∼100) of this system. We observe both amplification into parametric instability (mechanical lasing) and the cooling of Brownian motion in the fundamental mode through excitation of cavity sidebands. Furthermore, we characterize the quenching of these parametric effects at large vibrational amplitudes, offering a window on the all-mechanical analogue of cavity optomechanics, where the observation of such effects has proven elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- R De Alba
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - F Massel
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä FI-40014, Finland
| | - I R Storch
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - T S Abhilash
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - A Hui
- School of Applied &Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - P L McEuen
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - H G Craighead
- School of Applied &Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - J M Parpia
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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42
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Mathew JP, Patel RN, Borah A, Vijay R, Deshmukh MM. Dynamical strong coupling and parametric amplification of mechanical modes of graphene drums. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:747-51. [PMID: 27294506 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical resonators are ubiquitous in modern information technology. With the possibility of coupling them to electromagnetic and plasmonic modes, they hold promise as the key building blocks in future quantum information technology. Graphene-based resonators are of interest for technological applications due to their high resonant frequencies, multiple mechanical modes and low mass. The tension-mediated nonlinear coupling between various modes of the resonator can be excited in a controllable manner. Here we engineer a graphene resonator with large frequency tunability at low temperatures, resulting in a large intermodal coupling strength. We observe the emergence of new eigenmodes and amplification of the coupled modes using red and blue parametric excitation, respectively. We demonstrate that the dynamical intermodal coupling is tunable. A cooperativity of 60 between two resonant modes of ∼100 MHz is achieved in the strong coupling regime. The ability to dynamically control the coupling between the high-frequency eigenmodes of a mechanical system opens up the possibility of quantum mechanical experiments at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Mathew
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Raj N Patel
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
- Physics Department, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani - K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa 403726, India
| | - Abhinandan Borah
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - R Vijay
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Mandar M Deshmukh
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
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43
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Morell N, Reserbat-Plantey A, Tsioutsios I, Schädler K, Dubin F, Koppens FHL, Bachtold A. High Quality Factor Mechanical Resonators Based on WSe2 Monolayers. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:5102-8. [PMID: 27459399 PMCID: PMC5023224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Suspended monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) are membranes that combine ultralow mass and exceptional optical properties, making them intriguing materials for opto-mechanical applications. However, the low measured quality factor of TMD resonators has been a roadblock so far. Here, we report an ultrasensitive optical readout of monolayer TMD resonators that allows us to reveal their mechanical properties at cryogenic temperatures. We find that the quality factor of monolayer WSe2 resonators greatly increases below room temperature, reaching values as high as 1.6 × 10(4) at liquid nitrogen temperature and 4.7 × 10(4) at liquid helium temperature. This surpasses the quality factor of monolayer graphene resonators with similar surface areas. Upon cooling the resonator, the resonant frequency increases significantly due to the thermal contraction of the WSe2 lattice. These measurements allow us to experimentally study the thermal expansion coefficient of WSe2 monolayers for the first time. High Q-factors are also found in resonators based on MoS2 and MoSe2 monolayers. The high quality-factor found in this work opens new possibilities for coupling mechanical vibrational states to two-dimensional excitons, valley pseudospins, and single quantum emitters and for quantum opto-mechanical experiments based on the Casimir interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Morell
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels
Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoine Reserbat-Plantey
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels
Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ioannis Tsioutsios
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels
Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kevin
G. Schädler
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels
Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Frank H. L. Koppens
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels
Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Bachtold
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels
Barcelona, Spain
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44
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Force sensitivity of multilayer graphene optomechanical devices. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12496. [PMID: 27502017 PMCID: PMC4980493 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical resonators based on low-dimensional materials are promising for force and mass sensing experiments. The force sensitivity in these ultra-light resonators is often limited by the imprecision in the measurement of the vibrations, the fluctuations of the mechanical resonant frequency and the heating induced by the measurement. Here, we strongly couple multilayer graphene resonators to superconducting cavities in order to achieve a displacement sensitivity of 1.3 fm Hz(-1/2). This coupling also allows us to damp the resonator to an average phonon occupation of 7.2. Our best force sensitivity, 390 zN Hz(-1/2) with a bandwidth of 200 Hz, is achieved by balancing measurement imprecision, optomechanical damping, and measurement-induced heating. Our results hold promise for studying the quantum capacitance of graphene, its magnetization, and the electron and nuclear spins of molecules adsorbed on its surface.
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45
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Wang Z, Feng PXL. Interferometric Motion Detection in Atomic Layer 2D Nanostructures: Visualizing Signal Transduction Efficiency and Optimization Pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28923. [PMID: 27464908 PMCID: PMC4964573 DOI: 10.1038/srep28923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic layer crystals are emerging building blocks for enabling new two-dimensional (2D) nanomechanical systems, whose motions can be coupled to other attractive physical properties in such 2D systems. Optical interferometry has been very effective in reading out the infinitesimal motions of these 2D structures and spatially resolving different modes. To quantitatively understand the detection efficiency and its dependence on the device parameters and interferometric conditions, here we present a systematic study of the intrinsic motion responsivity in 2D nanomechanical systems using a Fresnel-law-based model. We find that in monolayer to 14-layer structures, MoS2 offers the highest responsivity among graphene, h-BN, and MoS2 devices and for the three commonly used visible laser wavelengths (633, 532, and 405 nm). We also find that the vacuum gap resulting from the widely used 300 nm-oxide substrate in making 2D devices, fortunately, leads to close-to-optimal responsivity for a wide range of 2D flakes. Our results elucidate and graphically visualize the dependence of motion transduction responsivity upon 2D material type and number of layers, vacuum gap, oxide thickness, and detecting wavelength, thus providing design guidelines for constructing 2D nanomechanical systems with optimal optical motion readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering &Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Philip X-L Feng
- Department of Electrical Engineering &Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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46
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Davidovikj D, Slim JJ, Cartamil-Bueno SJ, van der Zant HSJ, Steeneken PG, Venstra WJ. Visualizing the Motion of Graphene Nanodrums. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:2768-73. [PMID: 26954525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Membranes of suspended two-dimensional materials show a large variability in mechanical properties, in part due to static and dynamic wrinkles. As a consequence, experiments typically show a multitude of nanomechanical resonance peaks, which make an unambiguous identification of the vibrational modes difficult. Here, we probe the motion of graphene nanodrum resonators with spatial resolution using a phase-sensitive interferometer. By simultaneously visualizing the local phase and amplitude of the driven motion, we show that unexplained spectral features represent split degenerate modes. When taking these into account, the resonance frequencies up to the eighth vibrational mode agree with theory. The corresponding displacement profiles, however, are remarkably different from theory, as small imperfections increasingly deform the nodal lines for the higher modes. The Brownian motion, which is used to calibrate the local displacement, exhibits a similar mode pattern. The experiments clarify the complicated dynamic behavior of suspended two-dimensional materials, which is crucial for reproducible fabrication and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Davidovikj
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jesse J Slim
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Santiago J Cartamil-Bueno
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Herre S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G Steeneken
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Warner J Venstra
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
- Quantified Air, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
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47
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Reserbat-Plantey A, Schädler KG, Gaudreau L, Navickaite G, Güttinger J, Chang D, Toninelli C, Bachtold A, Koppens FHL. Electromechanical control of nitrogen-vacancy defect emission using graphene NEMS. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10218. [PMID: 26742541 PMCID: PMC4729859 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in nano-optomechanics, active control of optical fields at the nanoscale has not been achieved with an on-chip nano-electromechanical system (NEMS) thus far. Here we present a new type of hybrid system, consisting of an on-chip graphene NEMS suspended a few tens of nanometres above nitrogen-vacancy centres (NVCs), which are stable single-photon emitters embedded in nanodiamonds. Electromechanical control of the photons emitted by the NVC is provided by electrostatic tuning of the graphene NEMS position, which is transduced to a modulation of NVC emission intensity. The optomechanical coupling between the graphene displacement and the NVC emission is based on near-field dipole–dipole interaction. This class of optomechanical coupling increases strongly for smaller distances, making it suitable for nanoscale devices. These achievements hold promise for selective control of emitter arrays on-chip, optical spectroscopy of individual nano-objects, integrated optomechanical information processing and open new avenues towards quantum optomechanics. Active control of optical fields at the nanoscale is difficult to achieve. Here, the authors fabricate an on-chip graphene NEMS suspended a few tens of nanometres above nitrogen vacancy centres and demonstrate electromechanical control of the photons emitted by electrostatic tuning of the graphene NEMS position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Reserbat-Plantey
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Kevin G Schädler
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Louis Gaudreau
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Gabriele Navickaite
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Johannes Güttinger
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Darrick Chang
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Costanza Toninelli
- CNR-INO, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, LENS Via Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019, Italy
| | - Adrian Bachtold
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain
| | - Frank H L Koppens
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona 08860, Spain.,ICREA - Institució Catalana de Recerça i Estudis Avancats, Barcelona, Spain
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48
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Hur JW, Yoo HJ, Cho JW, Kim KH. Orientation and mechanical properties of laser-induced photothermally drawn fibers composed of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and poly(ethylene terephthalate). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wuk Hur
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Hye Jin Yoo
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Jae Whan Cho
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Kyoung Hou Kim
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology; Shinshu University; Ueda Nagano 386-8567 Japan
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49
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Liu CH, Kim IS, Lauhon LJ. Optical Control of Mechanical Mode-Coupling within a MoS2 Resonator in the Strong-Coupling Regime. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:6727-6731. [PMID: 26356284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2-D) materials including graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are an exciting platform for ultrasensitive force and displacement detection in which the strong light-matter coupling is exploited in the optical control of nanomechanical motion. Here we report the optical excitation and displacement detection of a ∼ 3 nm thick MoS2 resonator in the strong-coupling regime, which has not previously been achieved in 2-D materials. Mechanical mode frequencies can be tuned by more than 12% by optical heating, and they exhibit avoided crossings indicative of strong intermode coupling. When the membrane is optically excited at the frequency difference between vibrational modes, normal mode splitting is observed, and the intermode energy exchange rate exceeds the mode decay rate by a factor of 15. Finite element and analytical modeling quantifies the extent of mode softening necessary to control intermode energy exchange in the strong coupling regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hua Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - In Soo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lincoln J Lauhon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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50
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Villanueva LG, Schmid S. Evidence of Surface Loss as Ubiquitous Limiting Damping Mechanism in SiN Micro- and Nanomechanical Resonators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:227201. [PMID: 25494083 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.227201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nitride (SiN) micro- and nanomechanical resonators have attracted a lot of attention in various research fields due to their exceptionally high quality factors (Qs). Despite their popularity, the origin of the limiting loss mechanisms in these structures has remained controversial. In this Letter we propose an analytical model combining acoustic radiation loss with intrinsic loss. The model accurately predicts the resulting mode-dependent Qs of low-stress silicon-rich and high-stress stoichiometric SiN membranes. The large acoustic mismatch of the low-stress membrane to the substrate seems to minimize radiation loss and Qs of higher modes (n∧m≥3) are limited by intrinsic losses. The study of these intrinsic losses in low-stress membranes reveals a linear dependence with the membrane thickness. This finding was confirmed by comparing the intrinsic dissipation of arbitrary (membranes, strings, and cantilevers) SiN resonators extracted from literature, suggesting surface loss as ubiquitous damping mechanism in thin SiN resonators with Q_{surf}=βh and β=6×10^{10}±4×10^{10} m^{-1}. Based on the intrinsic loss the maximal achievable Qs and Qf products for SiN membranes and strings are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Villanueva
- Advanced NEMS Group, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Schmid
- Department of Micro-and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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