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Zhao Y, Kang J, Huang W, Kong P, An D, He G. Copper Nanowire/Polydopamine-Modified Sodium Alginate Composite Films with Enhanced Long-Term Stability and Adhesion for Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37917355 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Copper nanowire (CuNW), with combined advantages of high conductivity and cost-effectiveness, is considered a promising material for the development of next-generation transparent conductive films (TCFs) in the field of flexible optoelectronics. However, the practical application of CuNW TCFs is hindered by some limitations, such as conductivity degradation and poor adhesion. Here, we demonstrate a stable CuNW composite film by embedding CuNWs into a polydopamine (PDA)-modified sodium alginate (NaAlg) matrix without sacrificing the optoelectronic properties of the CuNW network. The introduction of the PDA modifier significantly enhances the antiaging capability of the NaAlg layer, providing strengthened protection of the embedded CuNWs against moisture and oxygen, thereby resulting in minimal degradation of the conductivity of CuNWs for up to 9 months under ambient conditions. Simultaneously, the interface adhesion between the CuNW network and the substrate is further enhanced due to the abundance of catechol structures in PDA, allowing for the maintenance of the electrical conductivity of the CuNW network even under cyclic external bending stress and tape-peeling forces. In addition, embedding CuNWs into the polymer binding layer produces a CuNW composite film with a very smooth surface. A flexible OLED based on the PDA-modified NaAlg/CuNW TCF is successfully fabricated, exhibiting performance comparable to that of a traditional rigid indium tin oxide-based device, while also demonstrating remarkable mechanical durability. The modification strategy can promote practical applications of the CuNW network in flexible optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiachen Kang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhe Huang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Kong
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Di An
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Gufeng He
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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2
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Wang L, Yi Z, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Wang S. Stretchable conductors for stretchable field-effect transistors and functional circuits. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:795-835. [PMID: 36562312 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00837h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics have received intense attention due to their broad application prospects in many areas, and can withstand large deformations and form close contact with curved surfaces. Stretchable conductors are vital components of stretchable electronic devices used in wearables, soft robots, and human-machine interactions. Recent advances in stretchable conductors have motivated basic scientific and technological research efforts. Here, we outline and analyse the development of stretchable conductors in transistors and circuits, and examine advances in materials, device engineering, and preparation technologies. We divide the existing approaches to constructing stretchable transistors with stretchable conductors into the following two types: geometric engineering and intrinsic stretchability engineering. Finally, we consider the challenges and outlook in this field for delivering stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjie Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengran Yi
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
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3
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Conductive Textiles for Signal Sensing and Technical Applications. SIGNALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/signals4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Conductive textiles have found notable applications as electrodes and sensors capable of detecting biosignals like the electrocardiogram (ECG), electrogastrogram (EGG), electroencephalogram (EEG), and electromyogram (EMG), etc; other applications include electromagnetic shielding, supercapacitors, and soft robotics. There are several classes of materials that impart conductivity, including polymers, metals, and non-metals. The most significant materials are Polypyrrole (PPy), Polyaniline (PANI), Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), carbon, and metallic nanoparticles. The processes of making conductive textiles include various deposition methods, polymerization, coating, and printing. The parameters, such as conductivity and electromagnetic shielding, are prerequisites that set the benchmark for the performance of conductive textile materials. This review paper focuses on the raw materials that are used for conductive textiles, various approaches that impart conductivity, the fabrication of conductive materials, testing methods of electrical parameters, and key technical applications, challenges, and future potential.
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Bakhshaee Babaroud N, Palmar M, Velea AI, Coletti C, Weingärtner S, Vos F, Serdijn WA, Vollebregt S, Giagka V. Multilayer CVD graphene electrodes using a transfer-free process for the next generation of optically transparent and MRI-compatible neural interfaces. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:107. [PMID: 36176270 PMCID: PMC9512798 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal platforms combining electrical neural recording and stimulation, optogenetics, optical imaging, and magnetic resonance (MRI) imaging are emerging as a promising platform to enhance the depth of characterization in neuroscientific research. Electrically conductive, optically transparent, and MRI-compatible electrodes can optimally combine all modalities. Graphene as a suitable electrode candidate material can be grown via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes and sandwiched between transparent biocompatible polymers. However, due to the high graphene growth temperature (≥ 900 °C) and the presence of polymers, fabrication is commonly based on a manual transfer process of pre-grown graphene sheets, which causes reliability issues. In this paper, we present CVD-based multilayer graphene electrodes fabricated using a wafer-scale transfer-free process for use in optically transparent and MRI-compatible neural interfaces. Our fabricated electrodes feature very low impedances which are comparable to those of noble metal electrodes of the same size and geometry. They also exhibit the highest charge storage capacity (CSC) reported to date among all previously fabricated CVD graphene electrodes. Our graphene electrodes did not reveal any photo-induced artifact during 10-Hz light pulse illumination. Additionally, we show here, for the first time, that CVD graphene electrodes do not cause any image artifact in a 3T MRI scanner. These results demonstrate that multilayer graphene electrodes are excellent candidates for the next generation of neural interfaces and can substitute the standard conventional metal electrodes. Our fabricated graphene electrodes enable multimodal neural recording, electrical and optogenetic stimulation, while allowing for optical imaging, as well as, artifact-free MRI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Bakhshaee Babaroud
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft, 2628 CD The Netherlands
| | - Merlin Palmar
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft, 2628 CD The Netherlands
| | - Andrada Iulia Velea
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft, 2628 CD The Netherlands
- Technologies for Bioelectronics Group, Department of System Integration and Interconnection Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Micro-integration IZM, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, Berlin, 13355 Germany
| | - Chiara Coletti
- Department of Imaging Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, 2628 CJ The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Weingärtner
- Department of Imaging Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, 2628 CJ The Netherlands
| | - Frans Vos
- Department of Imaging Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, 2628 CJ The Netherlands
| | - Wouter A. Serdijn
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft, 2628 CD The Netherlands
- Erasmus University Medical Center (Erasmus MC), dr. Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD The Netherlands
| | - Sten Vollebregt
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft, 2628 CD The Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Giagka
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, Delft, 2628 CD The Netherlands
- Technologies for Bioelectronics Group, Department of System Integration and Interconnection Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Micro-integration IZM, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, Berlin, 13355 Germany
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5
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Yin W, Huang Y, Lu M, Li D. A Cu nanoparticles‐assisted‐catalysis method enables controllably direct growth of graphene transparent conductive films on SiO2 nanospheres antireflection layer. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Yin
- East China Normal University School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering CHINA
| | - Yue Huang
- East China Normal University School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering CHINA
| | - Meng Lu
- East China Normal University School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering CHINA
| | - Dezeng Li
- East China Normal University Department of Chemistry Room 425, Chemistry Building, No. 500 Dongchuan Road 200241 Shanghai CHINA
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Rodrigues DP, Moreirinha C, Neves AIS, Freitas SC, Sequeira S, Russo S, Craciun MF, Almeida A, Alves H. Conversion of antibacterial activity of graphene‐coated textiles through surface polarity. NANO SELECT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela P. Rodrigues
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials Physics Department University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
- CESAM – Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Catarina Moreirinha
- CESAM – Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Ana I. S. Neves
- Centre for Graphene Science College of Engineering Mathematics and Physical Sciences University of Exeter Exeter EX4 4QF UK
| | - Sidónio C. Freitas
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials Physics Department University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Sara Sequeira
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials Physics Department University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Saverio Russo
- Centre for Graphene Science College of Engineering Mathematics and Physical Sciences University of Exeter Exeter EX4 4QF UK
| | - Monica F. Craciun
- Centre for Graphene Science College of Engineering Mathematics and Physical Sciences University of Exeter Exeter EX4 4QF UK
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- CESAM – Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
| | - Helena Alves
- CICECO – Aveiro Institute of Materials Physics Department University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810‐193 Portugal
- Physics Department IST University of Lisbon Lisbon 1049‐001 Portugal
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7
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Toko K, Murata H. Layer exchange synthesis of multilayer graphene. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:472005. [PMID: 34384058 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1d05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature synthesis of multilayer graphene (MLG) on arbitrary substrates is the key to incorporating MLG-based functional thin films, including transparent electrodes, low-resistance wiring, heat spreaders, and battery anodes in advanced electronic devices. This paper reviews the synthesis of MLG via the layer exchange (LE) phenomenon between carbon and metal from its mechanism to the possibility of device applications. The mechanism of LE is completely different from that of conventional MLG precipitation methods using metals, and the resulting MLG exhibits unique features. Modulation of metal species and growth conditions enables synthesis of high-quality MLG over a wide range of growth temperatures (350 °C-1000 °C) and MLG thicknesses (5-500 nm). Device applications are discussed based on the high electrical conductivity (2700 S cm-1) of MLG and anode operation in Li-ion batteries. Finally, we discuss the future challenges of LE for MLG and its application to flexible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Toko
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Murata
- Device Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
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8
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Tian Y, Guo N, Wang WY, Geng W, Jing LC, Wang T, Yuan XT, Zhu Z, Ma Y, Geng HZ. Bilayer and three dimensional conductive network composed by SnCl 2 reduced rGO with CNTs and GO applied in transparent conductive films. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9891. [PMID: 33972640 PMCID: PMC8110960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have their own advantages in electrical, optical, thermal and mechanical properties. An effective combination of these materials is ideal for preparing transparent conductive films to replace the traditional indium tin oxide films. At present, the preparation conditions of rGO are usually harsh and some of them have toxic effects. In this paper, an SnCl2/ethanol solution was selected as the reductant because it requires mild reaction conditions and no harmful products are produced. The whole process of rGO preparation was convenient, fast and environmentally friendly. Then, SEM, XPS, Raman, and XRD were used to verify the high reduction efficiency. CNTs were introduced to improve the film conductive property. The transmittance and sheet resistance were the criteria used to choose the reduction time and the content ratios of GO/CNT. Thanks to the post-treatment of nitric acid, not only the by-product (SnO2) and dispersant in the film are removed, but also the doping effect occurs, which are all conducive to reducing the sheet resistances of films. Ultimately, by combining rGO, GO and CNTs, transparent conductive films with a bilayer and three-dimensional structure were prepared, and they exhibited high transmittance and low sheet resistance (58.8 Ω/sq. at 83.45 T%, 47.5 Ω/sq. at 79.07 T%), with corresponding [Formula: see text] values of 33.8 and 31.8, respectively. In addition, GO and rGO can modify the surface and reduce the film surface roughness. The transparent conductive films are expected to be used in photoelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Ning Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Wen-Yi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Wenming Geng
- Carbon Star Technology (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300382, China
| | - Li-Chao Jing
- Carbon Star Technology (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300382, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Zeru Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Yicheng Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Hong-Zhang Geng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Fibers and Energy Storage, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
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10
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Du X, Jiang W, Zhang Y, Qiu J, Zhao Y, Tan Q, Qi S, Ye G, Zhang W, Liu N. Transparent and Stretchable Graphene Electrode by Intercalation Doping for Epidermal Electrophysiology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:56361-56371. [PMID: 33270412 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal electronics is regarded as the next-generation technology, and graphene is a promising electrode, which is a key building block of such devices. However, graphene has a tendency to crack at small strains with a rapidly increased resistance upon stretching. Here, to enable graphene applicable in epidermal electronics, we designed a novel graphene structure that is molybdenum chloride (MoCl5)-intercalated few-layer graphene (Mo-FLG) fabricated in a confined environment. In the case of bilayer graphene (BLG), MoCl5-intercalated bilayer graphene (Mo-BLG) exhibited a low sheet resistance of 40 Ω/square (sq) at a transmittance of 80%. Due to the self-barrier doping effect, the sheet resistance increased to only 60 Ω/sq after exposing to the atmosphere over 1 month. Transferred onto elastomer substrates, Mo-BLG can work as an electrode up to 80% strain and maintain a high conductivity that is durable over 2000 cycles at 30% strain. This mechano-electrostability is attributed to the special intercalated structure where the intercalated dopants act as lubricants to weaken the layer-layer interaction and allow a certain degree of sliding, as well as electrical crack-connectors to bridge the cracked domains at a high strain. Mo-BLG can be applied as epidermal electrodes to monitor electrophysiological signals such as electrocardiogram (ECG), electrooculogram (EOG), electroencephalography (EEG), and surface electromyogram (sEMG) with high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) comparable to commercial Ag/AgCl electrode. This is the first demonstration of epidermal electrodes based on intercalation-doped graphene applied in health monitoring, shedding light on the future development of graphene-based epidermal electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | | | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jiakang Qiu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qishuo Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuyan Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guo Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100094, China
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11
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Kim MS, Kim M, Son S, Cho SY, Lee S, Won DK, Ryu J, Bae I, Kim HM, Kim KB. Sheet Resistance Analysis of Interface-Engineered Multilayer Graphene: Mobility Versus Sheet Carrier Concentration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:30932-30940. [PMID: 32400151 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Both interlayer-undoped and interlayer-doped multilayer graphenes were prepared by the multiple transfers of graphene layers with multiple Cu etching (either dopant-free or doped during etching) and transfer, and the effect of interface properties on the electrical properties of multilayer graphene was investigated by varying the number of layers from 1 to 12. In both the cases, the sheet resistance decreased with increasing number of layers from 700 to 104 Ω/sq for the interlayer-undoped graphene and from 280 to 25 Ω/sq for the interlayer-doped graphene. Further, Hall measurements revealed that the origins of the sheet resistance reduction in the two cases are different. In the interlayer-undoped graphene, the sheet resistance decreased because of the increase in mobility with the addition of inner layers, which has a low carrier density and a high carrier mobility. On the other hand, it decreased because of the increase in sheet carrier density in the interlayer-doped multilayer graphene. The mobility and carrier density variations in both the cases were confirmed by fitting with the model of Hall effect in the heterojunction. In addition, we found that surface property modification by the doping of the top layer and the formation of double-layer graphene with different partial coverages allow the separate control of carrier density and mobility. Our study provides an effective approach for controlling the properties of multilayer graphene for electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sik Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Son
- HAESUNG DS, Teheran-ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 06178, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Yong Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangbong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kwan Won
- HAESUNG DS, Teheran-ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 06178, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaechul Ryu
- HAESUNG DS, Teheran-ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 06178, Republic of Korea
| | - Inseob Bae
- HAESUNG DS, Teheran-ro, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 06178, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kim
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Bum Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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12
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Zhou L, Qian R, Zhuo S, Chen Q, Wen Z, Li G. Oximation reaction induced reduced graphene oxide gas sensor for formaldehyde detection. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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13
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He SM, Huang CC, Liou JW, Woon WY, Su CY. Spectroscopic and Electrical Characterizations of Low-Damage Phosphorous-Doped Graphene via Ion Implantation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:47289-47298. [PMID: 31746197 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b18479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Development of n-/p-type semiconducting graphenes is a critical route to implement in graphene-based nanoelectronics and optronics. Compared to the p-type graphene, the n-type graphene is more difficult to be prepared. Recently, phosphorous doping was reported to achieve air-stable and high mobility of n-typed graphene. The phosphorous-doped graphene (P-Gra) by ion implantation is considered as an ideal method for tailoring graphene due to its IC compatible process; however, for a conventional ion implanter, the acceleration energy is in the order of kiloelectron volts (keV), thus severely destroys the sp2 bonding of graphene owing to its high energy of accelerated ions. The introduced defects, therefore, degrade the electrical performance of graphene. Here, for the first time, we report a low-damage n-typed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) graphene by an industrial-compatible ion implanter with an energy of 20 keV where the designed protection layer (thin Au film) covered on as-grown CVD graphene is employed to efficiently reduce defect formation. The additional post-annealing is found to heal the crystal defects of graphene. Moreover, this method allows transferring ultraclean and residue-free P-Gra onto versatile target substrates directly. The doping configuration, crystallinity, and electrical properties on P-Gra were comprehensively studied. The results indicate that the low-damaged P-Gra with a controllable doping concentration of up to 4.22 at % was achieved, which is the highest concentration ever recorded. The doped graphenes with tunable work functions (4.85-4.15 eV) and stable n-type doping while keeping high-carrier mobility are realized. This work contributes to the proof-of-concept for tailoring graphene or 2D materials through doping with an exceptional low defect density by the low energy ion implantation, suggesting a great potential for unconventional doping technologies for next-generation 2D-based nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ching-Yuan Su
- Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic Module , National central University , Tao-Yuan 32001 , Taiwan
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14
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Wei A, Lahkar S, Li X, Li S, Ye H. Multilayer Graphene-Based Thermal Rectifier with Interlayer Gradient Functionalization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:45180-45188. [PMID: 31746588 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As a counterpart of electrical and optical diodes with asymmetric transmission properties, the nanoscale thermal rectifier has attracted huge attention. Graphene has been expected as the most promising candidate for the design and fabrication of high-performance thermal rectifiers. However, most reported graphene-based thermal rectification has been achieved only within the plane of the graphene layer, and the efficiency is heavily limited by the lateral size, restricting the potential applications. In this paper, we propose a design of multilayer graphene-based thermal rectifier (MGTR) with interlayer gradient functionalization. A unique thermal rectification along the vertical direction without lateral size limitation is demonstrated by molecular dynamics simulations. The heat flux prefers to transport from a fully hydrogenated graphene layer to a pristine graphene layer. The analysis of phonon density of states reveals that the mismatch between dominant frequency domains plays a crucial role in the vertical thermal rectification phenomenon. The impacts of temperature and strain on the rectification efficiency are systematically investigated, and we verify the interlayer welding process as an effective approach to eliminate the degradation induced by out-of-plane compression. In addition, compared with uniform hydrogenation at average H-coverage, an anomalous enhancement of in-plane thermal conductivity of multilayer graphene with interlayer gradient hydrogenation is observed. The proposed MGTR has great potential in designing devices for heat management and logic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications , Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications , Beijing 100876 , China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Hong Hum, Kowloon 999077 , Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | - Han Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications , Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications , Beijing 100876 , China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Monash University , Clayton , VIC 3800 , Australia
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15
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Lee CK, Seo JG, Kim HJ, Hong SJ, Song G, Ahn C, Lee DJ, Song SH. Versatile and Tunable Electrical Properties of Doped Nonoxidized Graphene Using Alkali Metal Chlorides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:42520-42527. [PMID: 31633327 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of wearable and flexible electronics, graphene has been intensively studied for the transparent, hole transport electrode layer (HTL) of field-effect transistors, light-emitting diodes, and organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. To modulate the sheet resistance and the work function of graphene as a HTL, the surface doping is versatile while retaining high transparency. In this work, we used a chemical doping method to control the charge carrier density, band gap, and work function of graphene with minimizing the damage of the carbon network, for which metal chlorides (NaCl, KCl, and AuCl3) were used as chemical dopants. The high-quality graphene flakes were synthesized with large lateral sizes of more than 5 μm using ternary graphite intercalation compounds. Interestingly, the AuCl3-doped graphene flake film with a film thickness of about 20 nm showed the lowest reported sheet resistance of ∼249 Ω/sq with ∼75% transmittance. Furthermore, it could control the work function from 4.32 to 5.1 eV. The interfacial dipole complexes of metal cations with a low work function and the reactive radicals such as -OH were discussed to explain this result. For the practical application, an OPV device using the AuCl3-doped graphene flake film as the HTL was fabricated and it demonstrated enhanced power conversion efficiency while maintaining high optical transparency in visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Kyeong Lee
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering , Kongju National University , Cheonan , Chungnam 32588 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Gwan Seo
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering , Kongju National University , Cheonan , Chungnam 32588 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jun Kim
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering , Kongju National University , Cheonan , Chungnam 32588 , Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Jik Hong
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering , Kongju National University , Cheonan , Chungnam 32588 , Republic of Korea
| | - Gian Song
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering , Kongju National University , Cheonan , Chungnam 32588 , Republic of Korea
| | - Changui Ahn
- Engineering Ceramic Center , Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology , Icheon , Gyeonggi 17303 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ju Lee
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering , Chungbuk National University , Cheongju , Chungbuk 28644 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Song
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering , Kongju National University , Cheonan , Chungnam 32588 , Republic of Korea
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16
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Lepak-Kuc S, Milowska KZ, Boncel S, Szybowicz M, Dychalska A, Jozwik I, Koziol KK, Jakubowska M, Lekawa-Raus A. Highly Conductive Doped Hybrid Carbon Nanotube-Graphene Wires. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:33207-33220. [PMID: 31393099 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The following paper explores the nature of electronic transport in a hybrid carbon nanotube-graphene conductive network. These networks may have a tremendous impact on the future formation of new electrical conductors, batteries, and supercapacitors, as well as many other electronic and electrical applications. The experiments described show that the deposition of graphene nanoflakes within a carbon nanotube network improves both its electrical conductivity and its current-carrying capacity. They also show that the effectiveness of doping is enhanced. To explain the effects observed in the hybrid carbon nanotube-graphene conductive network, a theoretical model was developed. The theory explains that graphenes are not merely effective conductive fillers of the carbon nanotube networks but also effective bridges that are able to introduce additional states at the Fermi level of carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lepak-Kuc
- Department of Mechatronics , Warsaw University of Technology , 02-525 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Karolina Z Milowska
- TCM Group, Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - Slawomir Boncel
- Faculty of Chemistry , Silesian University of Technology , 44-100 Gliwice , Poland
| | - Miroslaw Szybowicz
- Faculty of Technical Physics , Poznan University of Technology , 60-965 Poznań , Poland
| | - Anna Dychalska
- Faculty of Technical Physics , Poznan University of Technology , 60-965 Poznań , Poland
| | - Iwona Jozwik
- Institute of Electronic Materials Technology , 01-919 Warsaw , Poland
- National Centre for Nuclear Research/NOMATEN Centre of Excellence , 05-400 Otwock , Poland
| | - Krzysztof K Koziol
- Enhanced Composites & Structures Centre , Cranfield University , Bedford MK43 0AL , U.K
| | - Malgorzata Jakubowska
- Department of Mechatronics , Warsaw University of Technology , 02-525 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Lekawa-Raus
- Department of Mechatronics , Warsaw University of Technology , 02-525 Warsaw , Poland
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17
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Stark MS, Kuntz KL, Martens SJ, Warren SC. Intercalation of Layered Materials from Bulk to 2D. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1808213. [PMID: 31069852 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Intercalation in few-layer (2D) materials is a rapidly growing area of research to develop next-generation energy-storage and optoelectronic devices, including batteries, sensors, transistors, and electrically tunable displays. Identifying fundamental differences between intercalation in bulk and 2D materials will play a key role in developing functional devices. Herein, advances in few-layer intercalation are addressed in the historical context of bulk intercalation. First, synthesis methods and structural properties are discussed, emphasizing electrochemical techniques, the mechanism of intercalation, and the formation of a solid-electrolyte interphase. To address fundamental differences between bulk and 2D materials, scaling relationships describe how intercalation kinetics, structure, and electronic and optical properties depend on material thickness and lateral dimension. Here, diffusion rates, pseudocapacity, limits of staging, and electronic structure are compared for bulk and 2D materials. Next, the optoelectronic properties are summarized, focusing on charge transfer, conductivity, and electronic structure. For energy devices, opportunities also emerge to design van der Waals heterostructures with high capacities and excellent cycling performance. Initial studies of heterostructured electrodes are compared to state-of-the-art battery materials. Finally, challenges and opportunities are presented for 2D materials in energy and optoelectronic applications, along with promising research directions in synthesis and characterization to engineer 2D materials for superior devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline S Stark
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kaci L Kuntz
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Sean J Martens
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Scott C Warren
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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18
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Lee DH, Yun HD, Jung ED, Chu JH, Nam YS, Song S, Seok SH, Song MH, Kwon SY. Ultrathin Graphene Intercalation in PEDOT:PSS/Colorless Polyimide-Based Transparent Electrodes for Enhancement of Optoelectronic Performance and Operational Stability of Organic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:21069-21077. [PMID: 31094197 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel flexible transparent electrode (TE) having a trilayer-stacked geometry and high optoelectronic performance and operational stability was fabricated by the spin coating method. The trilayer was composed of an ultrathin graphene (Gr) film sandwiched between a transparent and colorless polyimide (TCPI) layer and a methanesulfonic acid (MSA)-treated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) layer containing dimethylsulfoxide and Zonyl fluorosurfactant (designated as MSA-PDZ film). The introduction of solution-processable TCPI enabled the direct formation of high-quality graphene on organic surfaces with a clean interface. Stable doping of graphene with the MSA-PDZ film enabled tuning of the inherent work function and optoelectronic properties of the PEDOT:PSS films, leading to a high figure of merit of ∼70 in the as-fabricated TEs. Particularly, from multivariate and repetitive harsh environmental tests ( T = -50 to 90 °C, over 90 RH%), the TCPI/Gr heterostructure exhibited excellent tolerance to mechanical and thermal stresses and gas barrier properties that protected the MSA-PDZ film from exposure to moisture. Owing to the synergetic effect from the TCPI/Gr/MSA-PDZ anode structure, the TCPI/Gr/MSA-PDZ-based polymer light-emitting diodes showed highly improved current and power efficiencies with maxima as high as 20.84 cd/A and 22.92 lm/W, respectively (comparable to those of indium tin oxide based PLEDs), in addition to much enhanced mechanical flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hee Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Duk Yun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Dae Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Chu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Seok Nam
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seunguk Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Shi-Hyun Seok
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Hoon Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Yong Kwon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919 , Republic of Korea
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19
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Li D, Li W, Zhang J. Catalytic CO oxidation by Fe doped penta-graphene: A density functional study. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Zhao W, Wang X, Ma L, Wang X, Wu W, Yang Z. WO 3/p-Type-GR Layered Materials for Promoted Photocatalytic Antibiotic Degradation and Device for Mechanism Insight. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:146. [PMID: 31037551 PMCID: PMC6488632 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-2975-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Graphene enhanced WO3 has recently become a promising material for various applications. The understanding of the transfer of charge carriers during the photocatalytic processes remains unclear because of their complexity. In this study, the characteristics of the deposited WO3/graphene layered materials were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and SEM. According to the results, p-graphene exhibits and enhances the characteristics of the WO3/graphene film. The photocatalytic activities of WO3/graphene layered materials were assessed by the photocatalytic degradation of oxytetracycline antibiotics as irradiated by UV light. Here, a higher current of cyclic voltammetry and a higher resistance of impedance spectra were obtained with the as-grown WO3/graphene directly synthesized on Cu foils under UV light using an electrochemical method, which was different from traditional WO3 catalysts. Thus, it is urgent to explore the underlying mechanism in depth. In this study, a large layered material WO3/graphene was fabricated on a Si substrate using a modified CVD method, and a WO3/graphene device was developed by depositing a gold electrode material and compared with a WO3 device. Due to photo-induced doping effects, the current-voltage test suggested that the photo-resistance is larger than dark-resistance, and the photo-current is less than the dark current based on WO3/graphene layered materials, which are significantly different from the characteristics of the WO3 layered material. A new pathway was developed here to analyze the transfer properties of carriers in the photocatalytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Zhao
- College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Lizhe Ma
- College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xuanbo Wang
- College of Electronic Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Weibin Wu
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Zhou Yang
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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21
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Nayak PK. Pulsed-grown graphene for flexible transparent conductors. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:1215-1223. [PMID: 36133212 PMCID: PMC9419159 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00181b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the race to find novel transparent conductors for next-generation optoelectronic devices, graphene is supposed to be one of the leading candidates, as it has the potential to satisfy all future requirements. However, the use of graphene as a truly transparent conductor remains a great challenge because its lowest sheet resistance demonstrated so far exceeds that of the commercially available indium tin oxide. The possible cause of low conductivity lies in its intrinsic growth process, which requires further exploration. In this work, I have approached this problem by controlling graphene nucleation during the chemical vapor deposition process as well as by adopting three distinct procedures, including bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide doping, post annealing, and flattening of graphene films. Additionally, van der Waals stacked graphene layers have been prepared to reduce the sheet resistance effectively. I have demonstrated an efficient and flexible transparent conductor with the extremely low sheet resistance of 40 Ω sq-1, high transparency (T r ∼90%), and high mechanical flexibility, making it suitable for electrode materials in future optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramoda K Nayak
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
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22
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Das S, Pandey D, Thomas J, Roy T. The Role of Graphene and Other 2D Materials in Solar Photovoltaics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1802722. [PMID: 30187972 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
2D materials have attracted considerable attention due to their exciting optical and electronic properties, and demonstrate immense potential for next-generation solar cells and other optoelectronic devices. With the scaling trends in photovoltaics moving toward thinner active materials, the atomically thin bodies and high flexibility of 2D materials make them the obvious choice for integration with future-generation photovoltaic technology. Not only can graphene, with its high transparency and conductivity, be used as the electrodes in solar cells, but also its ambipolar electrical transport enables it to serve as both the anode and the cathode. 2D materials beyond graphene, such as transition-metal dichalcogenides, are direct-bandgap semiconductors at the monolayer level, and they can be used as the active layer in ultrathin flexible solar cells. However, since no 2D material has been featured in the roadmap of standard photovoltaic technologies, a proper synergy is still lacking between the recently growing 2D community and the conventional solar community. A comprehensive review on the current state-of-the-art of 2D-materials-based solar photovoltaics is presented here so that the recent advances of 2D materials for solar cells can be employed for formulating the future roadmap of various photovoltaic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Das
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Deepak Pandey
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Jayan Thomas
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Tania Roy
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
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23
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Transparent Conductive Electrodes Based on Graphene-Related Materials. MICROMACHINES 2018; 10:mi10010013. [PMID: 30587828 PMCID: PMC6356588 DOI: 10.3390/mi10010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) are the most important key component in photovoltaic and display technology. In particular, graphene has been considered as a viable substitute for indium tin oxide (ITO) due to its optical transparency, excellent electrical conductivity, and chemical stability. The outstanding mechanical strength of graphene also provides an opportunity to apply it as a flexible electrode in wearable electronic devices. At the early stage of the development, TCE films that were produced only with graphene or graphene oxide (GO) were mainly reported. However, since then, the hybrid structure of graphene or GO mixed with other TCE materials has been investigated to further improve TCE performance by complementing the shortcomings of each material. This review provides a summary of the fabrication technology and the performance of various TCE films prepared with graphene-related materials, including graphene that is grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and GO or reduced GO (rGO) dispersed solution and their composite with other TCE materials, such as carbon nanotubes, metal nanowires, and other conductive organic/inorganic material. Finally, several representative applications of the graphene-based TCE films are introduced, including solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and electrochromic devices.
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24
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Bansal S, Sharma K, Jain P, Sardana N, Kumar S, Gupta N, Singh AK. Bilayer graphene/HgCdTe based very long infrared photodetector with superior external quantum efficiency, responsivity, and detectivity. RSC Adv 2018; 8:39579-39592. [PMID: 35558011 PMCID: PMC9090716 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07683a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a high-performance bilayer graphene (BLG) and mercury cadmium telluride (Hg1-x Cd x=0.1867Te) heterojunction based very long wavelength infrared (VLWIR) conductive photodetector. The unique absorption properties of graphene enable a long carrier lifetime of charge carriers contributing to the carrier-multiplication due to impact ionization and, hence, large photocurrent and high quantum efficiency. The proposed p+-BLG/n-Hg0.8133Cd0.1867Te photodetector is characterized and analyzed in terms of different electrical and optical characteristic parameters using computer simulations. The obtained results are further validated by developing an analytical model based on drift-diffusion, tunneling and Chu's methods. The photodetector has demonstrated a superior performance including improved dark current density (∼1.75 × 10-14 µA cm-2), photocurrent density (∼8.33 µA cm-2), internal quantum efficiency (QEint ∼ 99.49%), external quantum efficiency (QEext ∼ 89%), internal photocurrent responsivity (∼13.26 A W-1), external photocurrent responsivity (∼9.1 A W-1), noise equivalent power (∼8.3 × 10-18 W), total noise current (∼1.06 fA), signal to noise ratio (∼156.18 dB), 3 dB cut-off frequency (∼36.16 GHz), and response time of 9.4 ps at 77 K. Furthermore, the effects of different external biasing, light power intensity, and temperature are evaluated, suggesting a high QEext of 3337.70% with a bias of -0.5 V near room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shonak Bansal
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University) Sector-12 Chandigarh-160012 India
| | - Kuldeep Sharma
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University) Sector-12 Chandigarh-160012 India
| | - Prince Jain
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University) Sector-12 Chandigarh-160012 India
| | - Neha Sardana
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Applied Sciences, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University) Sector-12 Chandigarh-160012 India
| | - Neena Gupta
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University) Sector-12 Chandigarh-160012 India
| | - Arun K Singh
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University) Sector-12 Chandigarh-160012 India
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25
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Sinha S, Sheng Y, Griffiths I, Young NP, Zhou S, Kirkland AI, Porfyrakis K, Warner JH. In Situ Atomic-Level Studies of Gd Atom Release and Migration on Graphene from a Metallofullerene Precursor. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10439-10451. [PMID: 30256088 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We show how gadolinium (Gd)-based metallofullerene (Gd3N@C80) molecules can be used to create single adatoms and nanoclusters on a graphene surface. An in situ heating holder within an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope is used to track the adhesion of endohedral metallofullerenes (MFs) to the surface of graphene, followed by Gd metal ejection and diffusion across the surface. Heating to 900 °C is used to promote adatom migration and metal nanocluster formation, enabling direct imaging of the assembly of nanoclusters of Gd. We show that hydrogen can be used to reduce the temperature of MF fragmentation and metal ejection, enabling Gd nanocluster formation on graphene surfaces at temperatures as low as 300 °C. The process of MF fragmentation and metal ejection is captured in situ and reveals that after metal release, the C80 cage opens further and fuses with the surface monolayer carbon glass on graphene, creating a highly stable carbon layer for further Gd adatom adhesion. Small voids and defects (∼1 nm) in the surface carbon glass act as trapping sites for Gd atoms, leading to atomic self-assembly of 2D monolayer Gd clusters. These results show that MFs can adhere to graphene surfaces at temperatures well above their bulk sublimation point, indicating that the surface bound MFs have strong adhesion to dangling bonds on graphene surfaces. The ability to create dispersed single Gd adatoms and Gd nanoclusters on graphene may have impact in spintronics and magnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Sinha
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Yuewen Sheng
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Ian Griffiths
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Neil P Young
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Si Zhou
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Angus I Kirkland
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
- Electron Physical Sciences Imaging Center , Diamond Light Source Ltd , Didcot OX11 0DE , United Kingdom
| | - Kyriakos Porfyrakis
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
| | - Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials , University of Oxford , 16 Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PH , United Kingdom
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26
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Son SY, Yeo JS, Jung GY, Lee S, Joh HI. Micromesh carbon nanosheet electrodes fabricated by phase-separation of immiscible polymer blends. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Lu Y, Liu X, Hattori R, Ren C, Zhang X, Komiyama T, Kuzum D. Ultra-low Impedance Graphene Microelectrodes with High Optical Transparency for Simultaneous Deep 2-photon Imaging in Transgenic Mice. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2018; 28:1800002. [PMID: 34084100 PMCID: PMC8172040 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201800002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The last decades have witnessed substantial progress in optical technologies revolutionizing our ability to record and manipulate neural activity in genetically modified animal models. Meanwhile, human studies mostly rely on electrophysiological recordings of cortical potentials, which cannot be inferred from optical recordings, leading to a gap between our understanding of dynamics of microscale populations and brain-scale neural activity. By enabling concurrent integration of electrical and optical modalities, transparent graphene microelectrodes can close this gap. However, the high impedance of graphene constitutes a big challenge towards the widespread use of this technology. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that this high impedance of graphene microelectrodes is fundamentally limited by quantum capacitance. We overcome this quantum capacitance limit by creating a parallel conduction path using platinum nanoparticles. We achieve a 100 times reduction in graphene electrode impedance, while maintaining the high optical transparency crucial for deep 2-photon microscopy. Using a transgenic mouse model, we demonstrate simultaneous electrical recording of cortical activity with high fidelity while imaging calcium signals at various cortical depths right beneath the transparent microelectrodes. Multimodal analysis of Ca2+ spikes and cortical surface potentials offers unique opportunities to bridge our understanding of cellular dynamics and brain-scale neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Lu
- 9500 Gilman Drive, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- 9500 Gilman Drive, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Ryoma Hattori
- 9500 Gilman Drive, Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chi Ren
- 9500 Gilman Drive, Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- 9500 Gilman Drive, Nanoengineering Department, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Takaki Komiyama
- 9500 Gilman Drive, Neurobiology Section, Center for Neural Circuits and Behavior, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Duygu Kuzum
- 9500 Gilman Drive, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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28
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Extremely stable graphene electrodes doped with macromolecular acid. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2037. [PMID: 29795168 PMCID: PMC5966423 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although conventional p-type doping using small molecules on graphene decreases its sheet resistance (Rsh), it increases after exposure to ambient conditions, and this problem has been considered as the biggest impediment to practical application of graphene electrodes. Here, we report an extremely stable graphene electrode doped with macromolecular acid (perfluorinated polymeric sulfonic acid (PFSA)) as a p-type dopant. The PFSA doping on graphene provides not only ultra-high ambient stability for a very long time (> 64 days) but also high chemical/thermal stability, which have been unattainable by doping with conventional small-molecules. PFSA doping also greatly increases the surface potential (~0.8 eV) of graphene, and reduces its Rsh by ~56%, which is very important for practical applications. High-efficiency phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes are fabricated with the PFSA-doped graphene anode (~98.5 cd A−1 without out-coupling structures). This work lays a solid platform for practical application of thermally-/chemically-/air-stable graphene electrodes in various optoelectronic devices. Chemical doping is a viable strategy to tune the electrical properties of pristine graphene, but suffers from stability issues. Here, the authors develop a macromolecular chemical doping approach that makes use of polymeric acid and provides high stability.
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Graphene Microelectrode Arrays for Electrical and Optical Measurements of Human Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Cell Mol Bioeng 2018; 11:407-418. [PMID: 31719891 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-018-0525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cell-cell communication plays a pivotal role in biological systems' coordination and function. Electrical properties have been linked to specification and differentiation of stem cells into targeted progeny, such as neurons and cardiomyocytes. Currently, there is a critical need in developing new ways to complement fluorescent indicators, such as Ca2+-sensitive dyes, for direct electrophysiological measurements of cells and tissue. Here, we report a unique transparent and biocompatible graphene-based electrical platform that enables electrical and optical investigation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes' (hESC-CMs) intracellular processes and intercellular communication. Methods Graphene, a honeycomb sp2 hybridized two-dimensional carbon lattice, was synthesized using low pressure chemical vapor deposition system, and was tested for biocompatibility. Au and graphene microelectrode arrays (MEAs) were fabricated using well-established microfabrication methods. Au and graphene MEAs were interfaced with hESC-CMs to perform both optical and electrical recordings. Results Optical imaging and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of monolayer graphene. Viability assay showed biocompatibility of graphene. Electrochemical characterization proved graphene's functional activity. Nitric acid treatment further enhanced the electrochemical properties of graphene. Graphene electrodes' transparency enabled both optical and electrical recordings from hESC-CMs. Graphene MEA detected changes in beating frequency and field potential duration upon β-adrenergic receptor agonist treatment. Conclusion The transparent graphene platform enables the investigation of both intracellular and intercellular communication processes and will create new avenues for bidirectional communication (sensing and stimulation) with electrically active tissues and will set the ground for investigations reported diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson's disease and arrhythmias.
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Liu X, Lu Y, Iseri E, Shi Y, Kuzum D. A Compact Closed-Loop Optogenetics System Based on Artifact-Free Transparent Graphene Electrodes. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:132. [PMID: 29559885 PMCID: PMC5845553 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiology is a decades-old technique widely used for monitoring activity of individual neurons and local field potentials. Optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience studies by offering selective and fast control of targeted neurons and neuron populations. The combination of these two techniques is crucial for causal investigation of neural circuits and understanding their functional connectivity. However, electrical artifacts generated by light stimulation interfere with neural recordings and hinder the development of compact closed-loop systems for precise control of neural activity. Here, we demonstrate that transparent graphene micro-electrodes fabricated on a clear polyethylene terephthalate film eliminate the light-induced artifact problem and allow development of a compact battery-powered closed-loop optogenetics system. We extensively investigate light-induced artifacts for graphene electrodes in comparison to metal control electrodes. We then design optical stimulation module using micro-LED chips coupled to optical fibers to deliver light to intended depth for optogenetic stimulation. For artifact-free integration of graphene micro-electrode recordings with optogenetic stimulation, we design and develop a compact closed-loop system and validate it for different frequencies of interest for neural recordings. This compact closed-loop optogenetics system can be used for various applications involving optogenetic stimulation and electrophysiological recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Neuroelectronics Group, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yichen Lu
- Neuroelectronics Group, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ege Iseri
- Neuroelectronics Group, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yuhan Shi
- Neuroelectronics Group, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Duygu Kuzum
- Neuroelectronics Group, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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31
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Lim N, Yoo TJ, Kim JT, Pak Y, Kumaresan Y, Kim H, Kim W, Lee BH, Jung GY. Tunable graphene doping by modulating the nanopore geometry on a SiO 2/Si substrate. RSC Adv 2018; 8:9031-9037. [PMID: 35541886 PMCID: PMC9078577 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11601b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A tunable graphene doping method utilizing a SiO2/Si substrate with nanopores (NP) was introduced. Laser interference lithography (LIL) using a He-Cd laser (λ = 325 nm) was used to prepare pore size- and pitch-controllable NP SiO2/Si substrates. Then, bottom-contact graphene field effect transistors (G-FETs) were fabricated on the NP SiO2/Si substrate to measure the transfer curves. The graphene transferred onto the NP SiO2/Si substrate showed relatively n-doped behavior compared to the graphene transferred onto a flat SiO2/Si substrate, as evidenced by the blue-shift of the 2D peak position (∼2700 cm-1) in the Raman spectra due to contact doping. As the porosity increased within the substrate, the Dirac voltage shifted to a more positive or negative value, depending on the initial doping type (p- or n-type, respectively) of the contact doping. The Dirac voltage shifts with porosity were ascribed mainly to the compensation for the reduced capacitance owing to the SiO2-air hetero-structured dielectric layer within the periodically aligned nanopores capped by the suspended graphene (electrostatic doping). The hysteresis (Dirac voltage difference during the forward and backward scans) was reduced when utilizing an NP SiO2/Si substrate with smaller pores and/or a low porosity because fewer H2O or O2 molecules could be trapped inside the smaller pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namsoo Lim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jin Yoo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Kim
- Creative Future Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute 218, Gajeong-ro Yuseong Daejeon 305-700 Republic of Korea
| | - Yusin Pak
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Yogeenth Kumaresan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonghun Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
| | - Woochul Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Hun Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Young Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju 500-712 Republic of Korea
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32
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Yang N, Yang D, Zhang G, Chen L, Liu D, Cai M, Fan X. The Effects of Graphene Stacking on the Performance of Methane Sensor: A First-Principles Study on the Adsorption, Band Gap and Doping of Graphene. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18020422. [PMID: 29389860 PMCID: PMC5855439 DOI: 10.3390/s18020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The effects of graphene stacking are investigated by comparing the results of methane adsorption energy, electronic performance, and the doping feasibility of five dopants (i.e., B, N, Al, Si, and P) via first-principles theory. Both zigzag and armchair graphenes are considered. It is found that the zigzag graphene with Bernal stacking has the largest adsorption energy on methane, while the armchair graphene with Order stacking is opposite. In addition, both the Order and Bernal stacked graphenes possess a positive linear relationship between adsorption energy and layer number. Furthermore, they always have larger adsorption energy in zigzag graphene. For electronic properties, the results show that the stacking effects on band gap are significant, but it does not cause big changes to band structure and density of states. In the comparison of distance, the average interlamellar spacing of the Order stacked graphene is the largest. Moreover, the adsorption effect is the result of the interactions between graphene and methane combined with the change of graphene's structure. Lastly, the armchair graphene with Order stacking possesses the lowest formation energy in these five dopants. It could be the best choice for doping to improve the methane adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- The Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Daoguo Yang
- The Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Guoqi Zhang
- The Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
- EEMCS Faculty, Delft University of Technology, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77706, USA.
| | - Dongjing Liu
- The Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Miao Cai
- The Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Xuejun Fan
- The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77706, USA.
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Rojas WY, Winter AD, Grote J, Kim SS, Naik RR, Williams AD, Weiland C, Principe E, Fischer DA, Banerjee S, Prendergast D, Campo EM. Strain and Bond Length Dynamics upon Growth and Transfer of Graphene by NEXAFS Spectroscopy from First-Principles and Experiment. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:1783-1794. [PMID: 29286662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As the quest toward novel materials proceeds, improved characterization technologies are needed. In particular, the atomic thickness in graphene and other 2D materials renders some conventional technologies obsolete. Characterization technologies at wafer level are needed with enough sensitivity to detect strain in order to inform fabrication. In this work, NEXAFS spectroscopy was combined with simulations to predict lattice parameters of graphene grown on copper and further transferred to a variety of substrates. The strains associated with the predicted lattice parameters are in agreement with experimental findings. The approach presented here holds promise to effectively measure strain in graphene and other 2D systems at wafer levels to inform manufacturing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Rojas
- School of Electronic Engineering, Bangor University , Bangor LL57 1UT, United Kingdom
| | - A D Winter
- School of Electronic Engineering, Bangor University , Bangor LL57 1UT, United Kingdom
| | - J Grote
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - S S Kim
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - R R Naik
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - A D Williams
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - C Weiland
- Synchrotron Research, Inc. , Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - E Principe
- Synchrotron Research, Inc. , Melbourne, Florida 32901, United States
| | - D A Fischer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - S Banerjee
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - D Prendergast
- The Molecular Foundry, Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - E M Campo
- School of Electronic Engineering, Bangor University , Bangor LL57 1UT, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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34
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Tang Y, Zhou J, Zhang H, Chai H, Li Y, Dai X. Insights into the electronic properties and reactivity of graphene-like BC3 supported metal catalysts. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj01272e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-like BC3 monolayer is a new two-dimensional nanomaterial with many unique properties, but is still largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Tang
- Quantum Materials Research Center
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Zhengzhou Normal University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Jincheng Zhou
- Quantum Materials Research Center
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Zhengzhou Normal University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Quantum Materials Research Center
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Zhengzhou Normal University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Huadou Chai
- Quantum Materials Research Center
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Zhengzhou Normal University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Physics and Materials Science
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang
- China
| | - Xianqi Dai
- Quantum Materials Research Center
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Zhengzhou Normal University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
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35
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Tang Y, Chen W, Shen Z, Li C, Ma D, Dai X. A computational study of CO oxidation reactions on metal impurities in graphene divacancies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:2284-2295. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07397f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the density functional theory calculations, the formation geometry, electronic properties, and catalytic activity of metal impurities in divacancy graphene (M-DG, M = Mo, Fe, Co, and Ni) were systematically investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Tang
- Quantum materials research Center
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Zhengzhou Normal University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Weiguang Chen
- Quantum materials research Center
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Zhengzhou Normal University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Zigang Shen
- Quantum materials research Center
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Zhengzhou Normal University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Chenggang Li
- Quantum materials research Center
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Zhengzhou Normal University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Dongwei Ma
- School of Physics
- Anyang Normal University
- Anyang
- China
| | - Xianqi Dai
- Quantum materials research Center
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Zhengzhou Normal University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
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36
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Tang Y, Zhang M, Shen Z, Zhou J, Chai H, Dai X. Non-metal atom anchored BC3 sheet: a promising low-cost and high-activity catalyst for CO oxidation. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04877g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene-like BC3 monolayer as a new semiconducting nanomaterial has many unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Tang
- Quantum Materials Research Center, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- Quantum Materials Research Center, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Zigang Shen
- Quantum Materials Research Center, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Jincheng Zhou
- Quantum Materials Research Center, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Huadou Chai
- Quantum Materials Research Center, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang
| | - Xianqi Dai
- Quantum Materials Research Center, College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang
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37
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Yun DJ, Kim S, Jung C, Lee CS, Sohn H, Won JY, Kim YS, Chung J, Heo S, Kim SH, Seol M, Shin WH. Direct characterization of graphene doping state by in situ photoemission spectroscopy with Ar gas cluster ion beam sputtering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 20:615-622. [PMID: 29227482 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06450k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of an in situ photoemission spectroscopy (PES) system, we propose a novel, direct diagnosis method for the characterization of graphene (Gr) doping states at organic semiconductor (OSC)/electrode interfaces. Our in situ PES system enables ultraviolet/X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS/XPS) measurements during the OSC growth or removal process. We directly deposit C60 films on three different p-type dopants-gold chloride (AuCl3), (trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)imide (TFSI), and nitric acid (HNO3). We periodically characterize the chemical/electronic state changes of the C60/Gr structures during their aging processes under ambient conditions. Depositing the OSC on the p-type doped Gr also prevents severe degradation of the electrical properties, with almost negligible transition over one month, while the p-type doped Gr without an OSC changes a lot following one month of aging. Our results indicate that the chemical/electronic structures of the Gr layer are completely reflected in the energy level alignments at the C60/Gr interfaces. Therefore, we strongly believe that the variation of energy level alignments at the OSC/graphene interface is a key standard for determining the doping state of graphene after a certain period of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Yun
- Analytical Science Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyun Kim
- Materials Research Center Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Jung
- Analytical Science Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seok Lee
- Analytical Science Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiesang Sohn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Won
- Analytical Science Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Su Kim
- Analytical Science Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - JaeGwan Chung
- Analytical Science Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Heo
- Analytical Science Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Heon Kim
- Analytical Science Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Seol
- Graphene Center Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16678, Republic of Korea.
| | - Weon Ho Shin
- Energy Materials Center, Energy & Environment Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering & Technology, 101 Soho-ro, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 52851, Republic of Korea.
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38
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Wang H, Wei C, Zhu K, Zhang Y, Gong C, Guo J, Zhang J, Yu L, Zhang J. Preparation of Graphene Sheets by Electrochemical Exfoliation of Graphite in Confined Space and Their Application in Transparent Conductive Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:34456-34466. [PMID: 28901733 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel electrochemical exfoliation mode was established to prepare graphene sheets efficiently with potential applications in transparent conductive films. The graphite electrode was coated with paraffin to keep the electrochemical exfoliation in confined space in the presence of concentrated sodium hydroxide as the electrolyte, yielding ∼100% low-defect (the D band to G band intensity ratio, ID/IG = 0.26) graphene sheets. Furthermore, ozone was first detected with ozone test strips, and the effect of ozone on the exfoliation of graphite foil and the microstructure of the as-prepared graphene sheets was investigated. Findings indicate that upon applying a low voltage (3 V) on the graphite foil partially coated with paraffin wax that the coating can prevent the insufficiently intercalated graphite sheets from prematurely peeling off from the graphite electrode thereby affording few-layer (<5 layers) holey graphene sheets in a yield of as much as 60%. Besides, the ozone generated during the electrochemical exfoliation process plays a crucial role in the exfoliation of graphite, and the amount of defect in the as-prepared graphene sheets is dependent on electrolytic potential and electrode distance. Moreover, the graphene-based transparent conductive films prepared by simple modified vacuum filtration exhibit an excellent transparency and a low sheet resistance after being treated with NH4NO3 and annealing (∼1.21 kΩ/□ at ∼72.4% transmittance).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications of Henan Province, and §College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University , Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Can Wei
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications of Henan Province, and §College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University , Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Kaiyi Zhu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications of Henan Province, and §College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University , Kaifeng 475004, China
| | | | | | - Jianhui Guo
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications of Henan Province, and §College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University , Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications of Henan Province, and §College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University , Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Laigui Yu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications of Henan Province, and §College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University , Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Applied Technology of Hybrid Nanomaterials, ‡Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications of Henan Province, and §College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University , Kaifeng 475004, China
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39
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Reshetnyak VY, Zadorozhnii VI, Pinkevych IP, Evans DR. Liquid crystal control of the plasmon resonances at terahertz frequencies in graphene microribbon gratings. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:022703. [PMID: 28950517 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.022703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We theoretically study the influence of the liquid crystal (LC) orientational state on the absorption, reflection, and transmission spectra of a graphene microribbon grating placed between a nematic LC and an isotropic dielectric substrate. We calculate the absorption, reflection, and transmission coefficients at normal incidence of a far-infrared transverse magnetic wave (THz) and show that control of the orientational state of the LC layer enables the manipulation of the magnitude of the absorption and reflection maxima. The influence the LC orientational state on the plasmonic resonance increases with increasing the isotropic substrate dielectric constant and the graphene microribbon width to grating spacing ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Yu Reshetnyak
- Physics Faculty, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrs'ka Street 64, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - V I Zadorozhnii
- Physics Faculty, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrs'ka Street 64, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - I P Pinkevych
- Physics Faculty, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrs'ka Street 64, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - D R Evans
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
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40
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Chang KW, Hsieh YP, Ting CC, Su YH, Hofmann M. Increasing the doping efficiency by surface energy control for ultra-transparent graphene conductors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9052. [PMID: 28831126 PMCID: PMC5567339 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene’s attractiveness in many applications is limited by its high resistance. Extrinsic doping has shown promise to overcome this challenge but graphene’s performance remains below industry requirements. This issue is caused by a limited charge transfer efficiency (CTE) between dopant and graphene. Using AuCl3 as a model system, we measure CTE as low as 5% of the expected values due to the geometrical capacitance of small adsorbate clusters. We here demonstrate a strategy for enhancing the CTE by a two-step optimization of graphene’s surface energy prior to AuCl3 doping. First, exposure to UV ozone modified the hydrophilicity of graphene and was found to decrease the cluster’s geometric capacitance, which had a direct effect on the CTE. Occurrence of lattice defects at high UV exposure, however, deteriorated graphene’s transport characteristics and limited the effectiveness of this pretreatment step. Thus, prior to UV exposure, a functionalized polymer layer was introduced that could further enhance graphene’s surface energy while protecting it from damage. Combination of these treatment steps were found to increase the AuCl3 charge transfer efficiency to 70% and lower the sheet resistance to 106 Ω/γ at 97% transmittance which represents the highest reported performance for doped single layer graphene and is on par with commercially available transparent conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Wen Chang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Hsieh
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chi Ting
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsun Su
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Mario Hofmann
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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41
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Garg R, Rastogi SK, Lamparski M, de la Barrera SC, Pace GT, Nuhfer NT, Hunt BM, Meunier V, Cohen-Karni T. Nanowire-Mesh-Templated Growth of Out-of-Plane Three-Dimensional Fuzzy Graphene. ACS NANO 2017; 11:6301-6311. [PMID: 28549215 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b02612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, a honeycomb sp2 hybridized carbon lattice, is a promising building block for hybrid-nanomaterials due to its electrical, mechanical, and optical properties. Graphene can be readily obtained through mechanical exfoliation, solution-based deposition of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The resulting graphene films' topology is two-dimensional (2D) surface. Recently, synthesis of three-dimensional (3D) graphitic networks supported or templated by nanoparticles, foams, and hydrogels was reported. However, the resulting graphene films lay flat on the surface, exposing 2D surface topology. Out-of-plane grown carbon nanostructures, such as vertically aligned graphene sheets (VAGS) and vertical carbon nanowalls (CNWs), are still tethered to 2D surface. 3D morphology of out-of-plane growth of graphene hybrid-nanomaterials which leverages graphene's outstanding surface-to-volume ratio has not been achieved to date. Here we demonstrate highly controlled synthesis of 3D out-of-plane single- to few-layer fuzzy graphene (3DFG) on a Si nanowire (SiNW) mesh template. By varying graphene growth conditions (CH4 partial pressure and process time), we control the size, density, and electrical properties of the NW templated 3DFG (NT-3DFG). 3DFG growth can be described by a diffusion-limited-aggregation (DLA) model. The porous NT-3DFG meshes exhibited high electrical conductivity of ca. 2350 S m-1. NT-3DFG demonstrated exceptional electrochemical functionality, with calculated specific electrochemical surface area as high as ca. 1017 m2 g-1 for a ca. 7 μm thick mesh. This flexible synthesis will inspire formation of complex hybrid-nanomaterials with tailored optical and electrical properties to be used in future applications such as sensing, and energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Lamparski
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Vincent Meunier
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
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42
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Kim TH, Lee CS, Kim S, Hur J, Lee S, Shin KW, Yoon YZ, Choi MK, Yang J, Kim DH, Hyeon T, Park S, Hwang S. Fully Stretchable Optoelectronic Sensors Based on Colloidal Quantum Dots for Sensing Photoplethysmographic Signals. ACS NANO 2017; 11:5992-6003. [PMID: 28535341 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable optoelectronic devices can be potentially applied in displays, biosensors, biomedicine, robotics, and energy generation. The use of nanomaterials with superior optical properties such as quantum dots (QDs) is important in the realization of wearable displays and biomedical devices, but specific structural design as well as selection of materials should preferentially accompany this technology to realize stretchable forms of these devices. Here, we report stretchable optoelectronic sensors manufactured using colloidal QDs and integrated with elastomeric substrates, whose optoelectronic properties are stable under various deformations. A graphene electrode is adopted to ensure extreme bendability of the devices. Ultrathin QD light-emitting diodes and QD photodetectors are transfer-printed onto a prestrained elastomeric layout to form wavy configurations with regular patterns. The layout is mechanically stretchable until the structure is converted to a flat configuration. The emissive and active area itself can be stretched or compressed by buckled structures, which are applicable to wearable electronic devices. We demonstrate that these stretchable optoelectronic sensors can be used for continuous monitoring of blood waves via photoplethysmography signal recording. These and related systems create important and unconventional opportunities for stretchable and foldable optoelectronic devices with health-monitoring capability and, thus, meet the demand for wearable and body-integrated electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jaehyun Hur
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University , Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Moon Kee Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Yang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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43
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Mansour AE, Kirmani AR, Barlow S, Marder SR, Amassian A. Hybrid Doping of Few-Layer Graphene via a Combination of Intercalation and Surface Doping. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:20020-20028. [PMID: 28535037 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface molecular doping of graphene has been shown to modify its work function and increase its conductivity. However, the associated shifts in work function and increases in carrier concentration are highly coupled and limited by the surface coverage of dopant molecules on graphene. Here we show that few-layer graphene (FLG) can be doped using a hybrid approach, effectively combining surface doping by larger (metal-)organic molecules and intercalation of smaller molecules, such as Br2 and FeCl3, into the bulk. Intercalation tunes the carrier concentration more effectively, whereas surface doping of intercalated FLG can be used to tune its work function without reducing the carrier mobility. This multimodal doping approach yields a very high carrier density and tunable increase in the work function for FLG, demonstrating a new versatile platform for fabricating graphene-based contacts for electronic, optoelectronic, and photovoltaic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E Mansour
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC) and Division of Physical Science and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad R Kirmani
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC) and Division of Physical Science and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Center for Organic Photonics & Electronics and School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- Center for Organic Photonics & Electronics and School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Aram Amassian
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC) and Division of Physical Science and Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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44
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Seo KJ, Qiang Y, Bilgin I, Kar S, Vinegoni C, Weissleder R, Fang H. Transparent Electrophysiology Microelectrodes and Interconnects from Metal Nanomesh. ACS NANO 2017; 11:4365-4372. [PMID: 28391679 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mapping biocurrents at both microsecond and single-cell resolution requires the combination of optical imaging with innovative electrophysiological sensing techniques. Here, we present transparent electrophysiology electrodes and interconnects made of gold (Au) nanomesh on flexible substrates to achieve such measurements. Compared to previously demonstrated indium tin oxide (ITO) and graphene electrodes, the ones from Au nanomesh possess superior properties including low electrical impedance, high transparency, good cell viability, and superb flexibility. Specifically, we demonstrated a 15 nm thick Au nanomesh electrode with 8.14 Ω·cm2 normalized impedance, >65% average transmittance over a 300-1100 nm window, and stability up to 300 bending cycles. Systematic sheet resistance measurements, electrochemical impedance studies, optical characterization, mechanical bending tests, and cell studies highlight the capabilities of the Au nanomesh as a transparent electrophysiology electrode and interconnect material. Together, these results demonstrate applicability of using nanomesh under biological conditions and broad applications in biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Claudio Vinegoni
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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45
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Kim M, Kim KJ, Lee SJ, Kim HM, Cho SY, Kim MS, Kim SH, Kim KB. Highly Stable and Effective Doping of Graphene by Selective Atomic Layer Deposition of Ruthenium. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:701-709. [PMID: 27936584 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The sheet resistance of graphene synthesized by chemical vapor deposition is found to be significantly reduced by the selective atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Ru onto defect sites such as wrinkles and grain boundaries. With 200 ALD cycles, the sheet resistance is reduced from ∼500 to <50 Ω/sq, and the p-type carrier density is drastically increased from 1013 to 1015 cm-2. At the same time, the carrier mobility is reduced from ∼670 to less than 100 cm2 V-1 s-1. This doping of graphene proved to be very stable, with the electrical properties remaining unchanged over eight weeks of measurement. Selective deposition of Ru on defect sites also makes it possible to obtain a graphene film that is both highly transparent and electrically conductive (e.g., a sheet resistance of 125 Ω/sq with 92% optical transmittance at 550 nm). Highly doped graphene layers achieved by Ru ALD are therefore expected to provide a viable basis for transparent conducting electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seung-Joon Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University , 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan-City 38541, Korea
| | | | - Seong-Yong Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | - Soo-Hyun Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University , 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan-City 38541, Korea
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46
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La Notte L, Villari E, Palma AL, Sacchetti A, Michela Giangregorio M, Bruno G, Di Carlo A, Bianco GV, Reale A. Laser-patterned functionalized CVD-graphene as highly transparent conductive electrodes for polymer solar cells. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:62-69. [PMID: 27906382 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06156g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A five-layer (5L) graphene on a glass substrate has been demonstrated as a transparent conductive electrode to replace indium tin oxide (ITO) in organic photovoltaic devices. The required low sheet resistance, while maintaining high transparency, and the need of a wettable surface are the main issues. To overcome these, two strategies have been applied: (i) the p-doping of the multilayer graphene, thus reaching 25 Ω□-1 or (ii) the O2-plasma oxidation of the last layer of the 5L graphene that results in a contact angle of 58° and a sheet resistance of 134 Ω□-1. A Nd:YVO4 laser patterning has been implemented to realize the desired layout of graphene through an easy and scalable way. Inverted Polymer Solar Cells (PSCs) have been fabricated onto the patterned and modified graphene. The use of PEDOT:PSS has facilitated the deposition of the electron transport layer and a non-chlorinated solvent (ortho-xylene) has been used in the processing of the active layer. It has been found that the two distinct functionalization strategies of graphene have beneficial effects on the overall performance of the devices, leading to an efficiency of 4.2%. Notably, this performance has been achieved with an active area of 10 mm2, the largest area reported in the literature for graphene-based inverted PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca La Notte
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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47
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Liu Z, He T, Liu K, Chen W, Tang Y. Structural, electronic and catalytic performances of single-atom Fe stabilized by divacancy-nitrogen-doped graphene. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28387j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The geometric, electronic and catalytic properties of a single-atom Fe embedded GN4 sheet (Fe–GN4) were systematically studied using first-principles calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- College of Physics and Materials Science
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang
- China
| | - Tingwei He
- College of Physics and Materials Science
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang
- China
| | - Kaikai Liu
- College of Physics and Materials Science
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang
- China
| | - Weiguang Chen
- Quantum Materials Research Center
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Zhengzhou Normal University
- Zhengzhou 450044
- China
| | - Yanan Tang
- College of Physics and Materials Science
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang
- China
- Quantum Materials Research Center
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48
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Lenz Baldez RN, Piquini P, Schmidt AA, Kuroda MA. Tunable interaction between metal clusters and graphene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:22153-22160. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04615d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Using first principles calculations we find that the interaction between small transition metal clusters and graphene follows the d-band model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisi N. Lenz Baldez
- Department of Physics
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
- Santa Maria
- Brazil
- Department of Physics
| | - Paulo Piquini
- Department of Physics
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
- Santa Maria
- Brazil
| | - Alex A. Schmidt
- Department of Mathematics
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
- Santa Maria
- Brazil
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49
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Zhang X, Shao Z, Zhang X, He Y, Jie J. Surface Charge Transfer Doping of Low-Dimensional Nanostructures toward High-Performance Nanodevices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:10409-10442. [PMID: 27620001 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Device applications of low-dimensional semiconductor nanostructures rely on the ability to rationally tune their electronic properties. However, the conventional doping method by introducing impurities into the nanostructures suffers from the low efficiency, poor reliability, and damage to the host lattices. Alternatively, surface charge transfer doping (SCTD) is emerging as a simple yet efficient technique to achieve reliable doping in a nondestructive manner, which can modulate the carrier concentration by injecting or extracting the carrier charges between the surface dopant and semiconductor due to the work-function difference. SCTD is particularly useful for low-dimensional nanostructures that possess high surface area and single-crystalline structure. The high reproducibility, as well as the high spatial selectivity, makes SCTD a promising technique to construct high-performance nanodevices based on low-dimensional nanostructures. Here, recent advances of SCTD are summarized systematically and critically, focusing on its potential applications in one- and two-dimensional nanostructures. Mechanisms as well as characterization techniques for the surface charge transfer are analyzed. We also highlight the progress in the construction of novel nanoelectronic and nano-optoelectronic devices via SCTD. Finally, the challenges and future research opportunities of the SCTD method are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhibin Shao
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiansheng Jie
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology (NANO-CIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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50
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Zhang Q, Tan L, Chen Y, Zhang T, Wang W, Liu Z, Fu L. Human-Like Sensing and Reflexes of Graphene-Based Films. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2016; 3:1600130. [PMID: 27981005 PMCID: PMC5157176 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Humans have numerous senses, wherein vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch are considered as the five conventionally acknowledged senses. Triggered by light, sound, or other physical stimulations, the sensory organs of human body are excited, leading to the transformation of the afferent energy into neural activity. Also converting other signals into electronical signals, graphene-based film shows its inherent advantages in responding to the tiny stimulations. In this review, the human-like senses and reflexes of graphene-based films are presented. The review starts with the brief discussions about the preparation and optimization of graphene-based film, as where as its new progress in synthesis method, transfer operation, film-formation technologies and optimization techniques. Various human-like senses of graphene-based film and their recent advancements are then summarized, including light-sensitive devices, acoustic devices, gas sensors, biomolecules and wearable devices. Similar to the reflex action of humans, graphene-based film also exhibits reflex when under thermal radiation and light actuation. Finally, the current challenges associated with human-like applications are discussed to help guide the future research on graphene films. At last, the future opportunities lie in the new applicable human-like senses and the integration of multiple senses that can raise a revolution in bionic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Lifang Tan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Yunxu Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for NanochemistryCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing100871P. R. China
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular ScienceWuhan UniversityWuhan430072P. R. China
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