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Berlanga I, Rosenkranz A. Covalent organic frameworks in tribology - A perspective. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 331:103228. [PMID: 38901060 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) are an emerging class of crystalline porous materials formed through covalent bonds between organic building blocks. COFs uniquely combine a large surface area, an excellent stability, numerous abundant active sites, and tunable functionalities, thus making them highly attractive for numerous applications. Especially, their abundant active sites and weak interlayer interaction make these materials promising candidates for tribological research. Recently, notable attention has been paid to COFs as lubricant additives due to their excellent tribological performance. Our review aims at critically summarizing the state-of-art developments of 2D COFs in tribology. We discuss their structural and functional design principles, as well as synthetic strategies with a special focus on tribology. The generation of COF thin films is also assessed in detail, which can alleviate their most challenging drawbacks for this application. Subsequently, we analyze the existing state-of-the-art regarding the usage of COFs as lubricant additives, self-lubrication composite coatings, and solid lubricants at the nanoscale. Finally, critical challenges and future trends of 2D COFs in tribology are outlined to initiate and boost new research activities in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Berlanga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, FCFM, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| | - Andreas Rosenkranz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, FCFM, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile; ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Nuclei of Advanced MXenes for Sustainable Applications (AMXSA), Santiago, Chile.
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2
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Gao W, Zhi G, Zhou M, Niu T. Growth of Single Crystalline 2D Materials beyond Graphene on Non-metallic Substrates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311317. [PMID: 38712469 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The advent of 2D materials has ushered in the exploration of their synthesis, characterization and application. While plenty of 2D materials have been synthesized on various metallic substrates, interfacial interaction significantly affects their intrinsic electronic properties. Additionally, the complex transfer process presents further challenges. In this context, experimental efforts are devoted to the direct growth on technologically important semiconductor/insulator substrates. This review aims to uncover the effects of substrate on the growth of 2D materials. The focus is on non-metallic substrate used for epitaxial growth and how this highlights the necessity for phase engineering and advanced characterization at atomic scale. Special attention is paid to monoelemental 2D structures with topological properties. The conclusion is drawn through a discussion of the requirements for integrating 2D materials with current semiconductor-based technology and the unique properties of heterostructures based on 2D materials. Overall, this review describes how 2D materials can be fabricated directly on non-metallic substrates and the exploration of growth mechanism at atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Gao
- Tianmushan Laboratory, Hangzhou, 310023, China
- Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, 311115, China
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | | | - Miao Zhou
- Tianmushan Laboratory, Hangzhou, 310023, China
- Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, 311115, China
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Tianchao Niu
- Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, 311115, China
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3
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Lei Z, Chen H, Huang S, Wayment LJ, Xu Q, Zhang W. New Advances in Covalent Network Polymers via Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7829-7906. [PMID: 38829268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Covalent network polymers, as materials composed of atoms interconnected by covalent bonds in a continuous network, are known for their thermal and chemical stability. Over the past two decades, these materials have undergone significant transformations, gaining properties such as malleability, environmental responsiveness, recyclability, crystallinity, and customizable porosity, enabled by the development and integration of dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC). In this review, we explore the innovative realm of covalent network polymers by focusing on the recent advances achieved through the application of DCvC. We start by examining the history and fundamental principles of DCvC, detailing its inception and core concepts and noting its key role in reversible covalent bond formation. Then the reprocessability of covalent network polymers enabled by DCvC is thoroughly discussed, starting from the significant milestones that marked the evolution of these polymers and progressing to their current trends and applications. The influence of DCvC on the crystallinity of covalent network polymers is then reviewed, covering their bond diversity, synthesis techniques, and functionalities. In the concluding section, we address the current challenges faced in the field of covalent network polymers and speculates on potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zepeng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hongxuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Shaofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Lacey J Wayment
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Qiucheng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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4
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Fu Z, Arisnabarreta N, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Deciphering the factors influencing electric field mediated polymerization and depolymerization at the solution-solid interface. Commun Chem 2024; 7:106. [PMID: 38724622 PMCID: PMC11082217 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Strong and oriented electric fields are known to influence structure as well as reactivity. The strong electric field (EF) between the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and graphite has been used to modulate two-dimensional (2D) polymerization of aryl boronic acids where switching the polarity of the substrate bias enabled reversible transition between self-assembled molecular networks of monomers and crystalline 2D polymer (2DP) domains. Here, we untangle the different factors influencing the EF-mediated (de)polymerization of a boroxine-based 2DP on graphite. The influence of the solvent was systematically studied by varying the nature from polar protic to polar aprotic to non-polar. The effect of monomer concentration was also investigated in detail with a special focus on the time-dependence of the transition. Our experimental observations indicate that while the nucleation of 2DP domains is not initiated by the applied electric field, their depolymerization and subsequent desorption, are a consequence of the change in the polarity of the substrate bias within the area scanned by the STM tip. We conclude that the reversible transition is intimately linked to the bias-induced adsorption and desorption of the monomers, which, in turn, could drive changes in the local concentration of the monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhinan Fu
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Nicolás Arisnabarreta
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
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5
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Yue Y, Ji D, Liu Y, Wei D. Chemical Sensors Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302474. [PMID: 37843045 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a type of crystalline porous polymer composed of light elements through strong covalent bonds. COFs have attracted considerable attention due to their unique designable structures and excellent material properties. Currently, COFs have shown outstanding potential in various fields, including gas storage, pollutant removal, catalysis, adsorption, optoelectronics, and their research in the sensing field is also increasingly flourishing. In this review, we focus on COF-based sensors. Firstly, we elucidate the fundamental principles of COF-based sensors. Then, we present the primary application areas of COF-based sensors and their recent advancements, encompassing gas, ions, organic compounds, and biomolecules sensing. Finally, we discuss the future trends and challenges faced by COF-based sensors, outlining their promising prospects in the field of sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Daizong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Dacheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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6
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Wang B, Ying P, Zhang J. The thermoelastic properties of monolayer covalent organic frameworks studied by machine-learning molecular dynamics. NANOSCALE 2023; 16:237-248. [PMID: 38053436 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04509a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are emerging as promising 2D polymeric materials with broad applications owing to their unique properties, among which the mechanical properties are quite important for various applications. However, the mechanical properties of 2D COFs have not been systematically studied yet. Herein, a machine-learned neuroevolution potential (NEP) was developed to study the elastic properties of two representative monolayer 2D COFs, namely COF-1 and COF-5. The trained NEP enables one to study the elastic properties of 2D COFs in realistic situations (e.g., finite size and temperature) and possesses greatly improved computational efficiency when compared with density functional theory calculations. With the aid of the obtained NEP, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations together with a strain-fluctuation method were employed to evaluate the elastic constants of the considered 2D COFs at different temperatures. The elastic constants of COF-1 and COF-5 monolayers were found to decrease with an increase in the temperature, though they were almost isotropic irrespective of the temperature. The thermally induced softening of 2D COFs below a critical temperature was observed, which is mainly attributed to their inherent ripple configurations at finite temperatures, while above the critical temperature, the damping effect of anharmonic vibrations became the dominant factor. Based on the proposed mechanisms, analytical models were developed for capturing the temperature dependence of elastic constants, which were found to agree with the MD simulation results well. This work provides an in-depth insight into the thermoelastic properties of monolayer COFs, which can guide the development of 2D COF materials with tailored mechanical behaviors for enhancing their performance in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Penghua Ying
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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7
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Li Z, Li Y, Yin C. Manipulating Molecular Self-Assembly Process at the Solid-Liquid Interface Probed by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4176. [PMID: 37896420 PMCID: PMC10610993 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of ordered self-assembly on solid substrates is a topic of interest in both fundamental surface science research and its applications in nanotechnology. The regulation and control of two-dimensional (2D) self-assembled supra-molecular structures on surfaces have been realized through applying external stimuli. By utilizing scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), researchers can investigate the detailed phase transition process of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), providing insight into the interplay between intermolecular weak interactions and substrate-molecule interactions, which govern the formation of molecular self-assembly. This review will discuss the structural transition of self-assembly probed by STM in response to external stimuli and provide state-of-the-art methods such as tip-induced confinement for the alignment of SAM domains and selective chirality. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities in the field of self-assembly and STM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China;
| | - Chengjie Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China;
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8
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Li R, Zhang L, Chen T, Wang D. On-Surface Two-Dimensional Polymerization: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:12521-12532. [PMID: 37651313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) are molecularly thin networks consisting of monomers covalently linked in at least two directions in the molecular plane. Because of the unique structural features and emergent physicochemical properties, 2DPs promise application potentials in catalysis, chemical sensing, and organic electronic devices. On-surface synthesis is of great interest to fabricate 2DPs with atomic precision, and the properties of the 2DPs can be characterized in situ through scanning probe techniques. In this Perspective, we first introduce the recent developments of on-surface 2D polymerization, including the design principle, the synthetic reactions, and the factors affecting the synthesis of 2DPs on surface. Then, we summarize some major challenges in this field, including the fabrication of high-quality 2DPs and the study of the intrinsic electronic properties of 2DPs, and we discuss some of the available solutions to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoning Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Longzhu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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9
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Schön JC. Structure prediction in low dimensions: concepts, issues and examples. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2023; 381:20220246. [PMID: 37211034 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Structure prediction of stable and metastable polymorphs of chemical systems in low dimensions has become an important field, since materials that are patterned on the nano-scale are of increasing importance in modern technological applications. While many techniques for the prediction of crystalline structures in three dimensions or of small clusters of atoms have been developed over the past three decades, dealing with low-dimensional systems-ideal one-dimensional and two-dimensional systems, quasi-one-dimensional and quasi-two-dimensional systems, as well as low-dimensional composite systems-poses its own challenges that need to be addressed when developing a systematic methodology for the determination of low-dimensional polymorphs that are suitable for practical applications. Quite generally, the search algorithms that had been developed for three-dimensional systems need to be adjusted when being applied to low-dimensional systems with their own specific constraints; in particular, the embedding of the (quasi-)one-dimensional/two-dimensional system in three dimensions and the influence of stabilizing substrates need to be taken into account, both on a technical and a conceptual level. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Supercomputing simulations of advanced materials'.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christian Schön
- Department of Nanoscience, Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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10
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Wang L, Qi L, Zhang Q, Xue B, Zheng Z, Yin P, Xue Y, Yang W, Li Y. Scalable synthesis of soluble crystalline ionic-graphdiyne by controlled ion expansion. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4612-4619. [PMID: 37152260 PMCID: PMC10155916 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01393f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphdiyne (GDY) is a promising material possessing extensive electronic tunability, high π conjugacy, and ordered porosity at a molecular level for the sp/sp2-hybridized periodic structures. Despite these advantages, the preparation of soluble and crystalline graphdiyne is limited by the relatively compact stacking interactions, mostly existing in thick-layer and insoluble solids. Herein, we proposed a strategy of "framework charge-induced intercalation (FCII)" for the synthesis of a soluble (4.3 mg ml-1) and yet interlayer-expanded (∼0.6 Å) crystalline ionic graphdiyne, named as N+-GDY, through regulating the interlayer interactions. The skeleton of such a sample is positively charged, and then the negative ions migrate to the interlayer to expand the space, endowing the N+-GDY with solution processability. The crystal structure of N+-GDY is proved through analysis of HR-TEM images under different axes of observation and theoretical simulations. The resulting N+-GDY possesses high dispersity in organic solvents to produce a pure-solution phase which is conducive to the formation of oriented N+-GDY films, accompanied by exfoliation-nanosheet restacking. The film exhibits a conductivity of 0.014 S m-1, enabling its applications in electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
| | - Lu Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
| | - Qinglei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Binghui Xue
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
| | - Panchao Yin
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Yurui Xue
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
| | - Yuliang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Science of Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Science Center for Material Creation and Energy Conversion, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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11
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Cai ZF, Chen T, Wang D. Insights into the Polymerization Reactions on Solid Surfaces Provided by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2463-2472. [PMID: 36867434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the polymerization process at the molecular level is essential for the rational design and synthesis of polymers with controllable structures and properties. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is one of the most important techniques to investigate the structures and reactions on conductive solid surfaces, and it has successfully been used to reveal the polymerization process on the surface at the molecular level in recent years. In this Perspective, after a brief introduction of on-surface polymerization reactions and STM, we focus on the applications of STM in the study of the processes and mechanism of on-surface polymerization, from one-dimensional to two-dimensional polymerization reactions. We conclude by a discussion of the challenges and perspectives on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Feng Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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Wang T, Fan Q, Zhu J. Steering On-Surface Reactions by Kinetic and Thermodynamic Strategies. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2251-2262. [PMID: 36821589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has emerged as a powerful tool to fabricate various functional low-dimensional nanostructures with atomic precision, thus becoming a promising platform for the preparation of next-generation semiconductive, magnetic, and topological nanodevices. With the aid of scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy, both the chemical structures and physical properties of the obtained products can be well characterized. A major challenge in this field is how to efficiently steer reaction pathways and improve the yield/quality of products. To address this problem, in recent years various kinetic and thermodynamic strategies have been successfully employed to control on-surface reactions. In this Perspective, we discuss these strategies in view of basic reaction steps on surfaces, including molecular adsorption, diffusion, and reaction. We hope this Perspective will help readers to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of on-surface reactions and rationally design reaction procedures for the fabrication of high-quality functional nanomaterials on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Qitang Fan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
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13
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Leidinger P, Panighel M, Pérez Dieste V, Villar-Garcia IJ, Vezzoni P, Haag F, Barth JV, Allegretti F, Günther S, Patera LL. Probing dynamic covalent chemistry in a 2D boroxine framework by in situ near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1068-1075. [PMID: 36541666 PMCID: PMC9851174 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04949j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry is a powerful approach to design covalent organic frameworks, where high crystallinity is achieved through reversible bond formation. Here, we exploit near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to elucidate the reversible formation of a two-dimensional boroxine framework. By in situ mapping the pressure-temperature parameter space, we identify the regions where the rates of the condensation and hydrolysis reactions become dominant, being the key to enable the thermodynamically controlled growth of crystalline frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Leidinger
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Pablo Vezzoni
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Felix Haag
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Günther
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Laerte L Patera
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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14
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Liang Q, Feng G, Ni H, Song Y, Zhang X, Lei S, Hu W. Room temperature spontaneous surface condensation of boronic acids observed by scanning tunneling microscopy. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.108006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Roys JS, O'Brien JM, Stucchi ND, Raj G, Hill AD, Ye J, Brown RD. Enhanced Crystallinity of Covalent Organic Frameworks Formed Under Physical Confinement by Exfoliated Graphene. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204152. [PMID: 36216741 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The polymerization of 1,4-benzenediboronic acid (BDBA) on mica to form a covalent organic framework (COF-1) reveals a dramatic increase in crystallinity when physically confined by exfoliated graphene. COF-1 domains formed under graphene confinement are highly geometric in shape and on the order of square micrometers in size, while outside of the exfoliated flakes, the COF-1 does not exhibit long-range mesoscale structural order, according to atomic force microscopy imaging. Micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms the presence of COF-1 both outside and underneath the exfoliated graphene flakes, and density functional theory calculations predict that higher mobility and self-assembly are not causes of this higher degree of crystallinity for the confined COF-1 domains. The most likely origin of the confined COF-1's substantial increase in crystallinity is from enhanced dynamic covalent crystallization due to the water confined beneath the graphene flake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Roys
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Jennifer M O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Nicholas D Stucchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Gaurav Raj
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Adam D Hill
- Department of Chemistry, St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, 13617, USA
| | - Jingyun Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Ryan D Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
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16
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Zheng R, He B, Xie L, Yan H, Jiang L, Ren W, Suo Z, Xu Y, Wei M, Jin H. Molecular Recognition-Triggered Aptazyme Sensor Using a Co-MOF@MCA Hybrid Nanostructure as Signal Labels for Adenosine Triphosphate Detection in Food Samples. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12866-12874. [PMID: 36069149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Developing rapid detection technology for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is crucial in quality supervision and food safety. Herein, an electrochemical aptasensor based on an aptazyme-catalyzed signal amplification strategy is constructed for ATP detection using polyethyleneimine-functionalized molybdenum disulfide (PEI-MoS2)/Au@PtPd nanobipyramids (MoS2/Au@PtPd NBPs) as a modification material. Additionally, a novel kind of nitrogen-rich covalent organic framework (COF) is prepared using melamine and cyanuric acid (MCA). We synthesize MCA and the Co-based metal organic framework (Co-MOF) as the signal label. Due to the fact that π-π stacking interactions of Co-MOF@MCA can expand the load efficiency and surface concentration of the signal label, the signal response is an order of magnitude higher than that of Co-MOF or MCA as the signal label. Target ATP changes the conformation of the aptazyme, and it becomes activated. With the assistance of metal ions, the signal label is circularly cleaved, causing an amplification of the signal. Among them, MoS2/Au@PtPd NBPs have a large specific surface area and good electrical conductivity and can carry substantial DNA strands and amplify the redox signal of methylene blue (MB). Under optimal conditions, the aptasensor can detect ATP from 10 pM to 100 μM with a low limit of detection of 7.37 × 10-10 μM. Therefore, the novel aptasensor has extensive application prospects in quality supervision and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruina Zheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Baoshan He
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Xie
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Haoyang Yan
- School of International Education, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Liying Jiang
- College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P. R. China
| | - Wenjie Ren
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguang Suo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Xu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Min Wei
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
| | - Huali Jin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. China
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17
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Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) polymers have garnered widespread interest because of their intriguing physicochemical properties. Envisaged applications in fields including nanodevices, solid-state chemistry, physical organic chemistry, and condensed matter physics, however, demand high-quality and large-scale production. In this perspective, we first introduce exotic band structures of organic frameworks holding honeycomb, kagome, and Lieb lattices. We further discuss how mesoscale ordered 2D polymers can be synthesized by means of choosing suitable monomers and optimizing growth conditions. We describe successful polymerization strategies to introducing a non-benzenoid subunit into a π-conjugated carbon lattice via delicately designed monomer precursors. Also, to obviate transfer and restore the intrinsic properties of π-conjugated polymers, new paradigms of aryl-aryl coupling on inert surfaces are discussed. Recent achievements in the photopolymerization demonstrate the need for monomer design. We conclude the potential applications of these organic networks and project the future possibilities in providing new insights into on-surface polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchao Niu
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chenqiang Hua
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Miao Zhou
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Xixi Octagon City, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 310023, China
- School of Physics, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
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18
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Sasmal HS, Kumar Mahato A, Majumder P, Banerjee R. Landscaping Covalent Organic Framework Nanomorphologies. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11482-11498. [PMID: 35754375 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The practical utilization of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with manipulation at the atomic and molecular scale often demands their assembly on the nano-, meso-, and macroscale with precise control. Consequently, synthetic approaches that establish the ability to control the nucleation and growth of COF crystallites and their self-assembly to desired COF nanomorphologies have drawn substantial attention from researchers. On the basis of the dimensionality of the COF morphologies, we can categorize them into zero- (0-D), one- (1-D), two- (2-D), and three-dimensional (3-D) nanomorphologies. In this perspective, we summarize the reported synthetic strategies that enable precise control of the COF nanomorphologies' size, shape, and dimensionality and reveal the impact of the dimensionalities in their physicochemical properties and applications. The aim is to establish a synergistic optimization of the morphological dimensionality while keeping the micro- or mesoporosity, crystallinity, and chemical functionalities of the COFs in perspective. A detailed knowledge along the way should help us to enrich the performance of COFs in a variety of applications like catalysis, separation, sensing, drug delivery, energy storage, etc. We have discussed the interlinking between the COF nanomorphologies via the transmutation of the dimensionalities. Such dimensionality transmutation could lead to variation in their properties during the transition. Finally, the concept of constructing COF superstructures through the combination of two or more COF nanomorphologies has been explored, and it could bring up opportunities for developing next-generation innovative materials for multidisciplinary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Sekhar Sasmal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Mahato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Poulami Majumder
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India.,Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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19
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Jing Y, Zhu X, Maier S, Heine T. 2D conjugated polymers: exploiting topological properties for the rational design of metal-free photocatalysts. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Computational NEXAFS Characterization of Molecular Model Systems for 2D Boroxine Frameworks. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091610. [PMID: 35564319 PMCID: PMC9100003 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties of 2D boroxine networks are computationally investigated by simulating the NEXAFS spectra of a series of molecular models, with or without morphologic defects, with respect to the ideal honeycomb structure. The models represent portions of an irregular 2D boroxine framework obtained experimentally, as supported by the Au(111) surface. The B K-edge NEXAFS spectra are calculated within the transition potential (TP) approximation (DFT-TP). The role of the Au(111) supporting surface on the spectral features has also been investigated by comparing the calculated spectra of a defect-rich model in its free-standing and supported form. The calculated NEXAFS spectra differ from the experimental ones, as the position of the main resonance does not match in the two cases. This finding could suggest the presence of a strong interaction of the 2D boroxine network with the Au substrate, which is not captured in the model calculations. However, good agreement between measured and calculated B K-edge NEXAFS spectra is obtained for a model system, namely, trihydroxy boroxine, in which the B atoms are less screened by the valence electrons compared to the B–B linked boroxine network models considered here. These results suggest catalytic activity in the gold substrate in promoting a weakening or even the breaking of the B–B bond, which is not revealed by calculations.
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21
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Wang C, Zhang Z, Zhu Y, Yang C, Wu J, Hu W. 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks: From Synthetic Strategies to Advanced Optical-Electrical-Magnetic Functionalities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2102290. [PMID: 35052010 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), an emerging class of organic crystalline polymers with highly oriented structures and permanent porosity, can adopt 2D or 3D architectures depending on the different topological diagrams of the monomers. Notably, 2D COFs have particularly gained much attention due to the extraordinary merits of their extended in-plane π-conjugation and topologically ordered columnar π-arrays. These properties together with high crystallinity, large surface area, and tunable porosity distinguish 2D COFs as an ideal candidate for the fabrication of functional materials. Herein, this review surveys the recent research advances in 2D COFs with special emphasis on the preparation of 2D COF powders, single crystals, and thin films, as well as their advanced optical, electrical, and magnetic functionalities. Some challenging issues and potential research outlook for 2D COFs are also provided for promoting their development in terms of structure, synthesis, and functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyong Wang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yating Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chenhuai Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Wenping Hu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
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22
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Raptakis A, Croy A, Dianat A, Gutierrez R, Cuniberti G. Exploring the similarity of single-layer covalent organic frameworks using electronic structure calculations. RSC Adv 2022; 12:12283-12291. [PMID: 35480357 PMCID: PMC9027257 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01007k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploiting a similarity metric to classify COFs according to the degree of π-electron conjugation of their bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Raptakis
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Croy
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07737 Jena, Germany
| | - Arezoo Dianat
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rafael Gutierrez
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS), TU Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
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23
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Platinum Nanoclusters Uniformly Dispersed on Covalent Organic Framework Supports for Selective Synthesis of Secondary Amines. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Evans AM, Strauss MJ, Corcos AR, Hirani Z, Ji W, Hamachi LS, Aguilar-Enriquez X, Chavez AD, Smith BJ, Dichtel WR. Two-Dimensional Polymers and Polymerizations. Chem Rev 2021; 122:442-564. [PMID: 34852192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic chemists have developed robust methods to synthesize discrete molecules, linear and branched polymers, and disordered cross-linked networks. However, two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) prepared from designed monomers have been long missing from these capabilities, both as objects of chemical synthesis and in nature. Recently, new polymerization strategies and characterization methods have enabled the unambiguous realization of covalently linked macromolecular sheets. Here we review 2DPs and 2D polymerization methods. Three predominant 2D polymerization strategies have emerged to date, which produce 2DPs either as monolayers or multilayer assemblies. We discuss the fundamental understanding and scope of each of these approaches, including: the bond-forming reactions used, the synthetic diversity of 2DPs prepared, their multilayer stacking behaviors, nanoscale and mesoscale structures, and macroscale morphologies. Additionally, we describe the analytical tools currently available to characterize 2DPs in their various isolated forms. Finally, we review emergent 2DP properties and the potential applications of planar macromolecules. Throughout, we highlight achievements in 2D polymerization and identify opportunities for continued study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael J Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amanda R Corcos
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoheb Hirani
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Woojung Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Leslie S Hamachi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, United States
| | - Xavier Aguilar-Enriquez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton D Chavez
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University,1 Dent Drive, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 1425 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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25
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Abstract
The on-surface synthesis of boroxine-containing molecules can be a convenient method of introducing specific functionalities. Here, we show the validity of a previously described synthesis protocol on the Au (111) surface by applying it to a different molecular precursor. We study in detail the assembly of the precursor, highlighting possible intermediate stages of the condensation process. We combine scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray spectroscopies to fully characterize both the morphology and the electronic properties of the system. DFT calculations are presented to assign the main electronic transitions originating the B K-edge absorption spectrum. The study paves the way to a facile strategy for functionalizing a surface with molecules of tailored sizes and compositions.
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26
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Li C, Yu G. Controllable Synthesis and Performance Modulation of 2D Covalent-Organic Frameworks. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100918. [PMID: 34288393 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) are especially interesting and unique as their highly ordered topological structures entirely built from plentiful π-conjugated units through covalent bonds. Arranging tailorable organic building blocks into periodically reticular skeleton bestows predictable lattices and various properties upon COFs in respect of topology diagrams, pore size, properties of channel wall interfaces, etc. Indeed, these peculiar features in terms of crystallinity, conjugation degree, and topology diagrams fundamentally decide the applications of COFs including heterogeneous catalysis, energy conversion, proton conduction, light emission, and optoelectronic devices. Additionally, this research field has attracted widespread attention and is of importance with a major breakthrough in recent year. However, this research field is running with the lack of summaries about tailorable construction of 2D COFs for targeted functionalities. This review first covers some crucial polymeric strategies of preparing COFs, containing boron ester condensation, amine-aldehyde condensation, Knoevenagel condensation, trimerization reaction, Suzuki CC coupling reaction, and hybrid polycondensation. Subsequently, a summary is made of some representative building blocks, and then underlines how the electronic and molecular structures of building blocks can strongly influence the functional performance of COFs. Finally, conclusion and perspectives on 2D COFs for further study are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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27
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Lackinger M, Schlüter AD. The Current Understanding of how 2D Polymers Grow Photochemically. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lackinger
- Technische Universität München Physik Department James-Franck-Str. 1 85748 Garching Germany
- Deutsches Museum Museumsinsel 1 80538 München Germany
| | - A. Dieter Schlüter
- Department of Materials ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8092 Zürich Switzerland
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28
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Niu K, Ni X, Wang H, Li Y, Palotás K, Lin H, Chi L. On-surface synthesis of 2D COFs via molecular assembly directed photocycloadditions: a first-principles investigation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:475201. [PMID: 34433161 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, the rational synthesis of two-dimensional covalent organic framework (2D COFs) monolayer via on-surface chemistry has been widely explored. Herein, we propose the [2 + 2] photocycloaddition as a novel strategy for large-scale fabrication of COFs from theoretical perspective. Thanks to the symmetry forbidden of thermal [2 + 2] cycloaddition, the molecular precursors carrying vinyl groups will not chemically interact with each other during thermal annealing, which is essential to achieve molecular assembly. The subsequent photocycloaddition of these precursors may produce large-scale 2D COFs at low temperatures, in which the symmetry of molecular assembly remains unchanged. Our results show that 2D COFs can be produced via [2 + 2] photocycloadditions directed from self-assembled precursors, in which alkylbenzene molecules with vinyl groups on side chains exhibit appropriate intermolecular distances. By performing high-throughput calculations, several promising molecular precursors are proposed to achieve large-scale 2D COFs. This work provides an applicable strategy for the large-scale synthesis of 2D carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Niu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Xing Ni
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongshuai Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Youyong Li
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Krisztián Palotás
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Reaction Kinetics and Surface Chemistry Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Haiping Lin
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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29
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Valenzuela C, Chen C, Sun M, Ye Z, Zhang J. Strategies and applications of covalent organic frameworks as promising nanoplatforms in cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:3450-3483. [PMID: 33909746 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer nanomedicine is the best option to face the limits of conventional chemotherapy and phototherapy methods, and thus the intensive quest for new nanomaterials to improve therapeutic efficacy and safety is still underway. Owing to their low density, well-defined structures, large surface area, finely tunable pore size, and metal ion free features, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have been extensively studied in many research fields. The recent great interest in nanoscale COFs to improve the properties of bulk COFs has led to broadening of their applicability in the biomedical field, such as nanocarriers with an outstanding loading capacity and efficient delivery of therapeutic agents, smart theranostic nanoplatforms with excellent stability, high ROS generation, light-to-heat conversion capabilities, and different response and diagnostic characteristics. The COFs and related nanoplatforms with a wide variety of designability and functionalization have opened up a new avenue for exciting opportunities in cancer therapy. Herein we review the state-of-the-art technical and scientific developments in this emerging field, focusing on the overall progress addressed so far in building versatile COF-based nanoplatforms to enhance chemotherapy, photodynamic/photothermal therapy, and combination. Future perspectives for achieving the synergistic effect of cancer elimination and clinical translation are further discussed to motivate future contributions and explore new possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Valenzuela
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Chu Chen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Mengxiao Sun
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Zhanpeng Ye
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China. and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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30
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Abstract
Extraordinarily robust extended covalent organic nanostructures with unprecedented structures and intriguing chemical and electronic properties are currently synthesized on metal surfaces. Envisaged electronic applications, for instance in field effect transistors or sensors, however, demand insulating supports. To obviate the need for a cumbersome post-synthetic transfer from the metal growth surface to the target substrate, synthesis directly on inert surfaces is highly desirable. Albeit reversible polycondensations are broadly established on inert graphite surfaces, carbon-carbon (C-C) coupling remains mostly elusive. Thermally activated coupling on weakly interacting supports suffers from the "desorption problem", that is the premature desorption of reactants due to increased reaction barriers, which becomes even worse on inert surfaces due to diminished desorption barriers. Consequently, C-C coupling on inert surfaces requires new paradigms. We propose either photochemical coupling or activation of monomers prior to deposition as possible alternatives, discuss the current state-of-the-art and identify future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lackinger
- Deutsches Museum, Museumsinsel 1, 80538 München, Germany and Physics Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
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31
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Han D, Zhu J. Surface-assisted fabrication of low-dimensional carbon-based nanoarchitectures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:343001. [PMID: 34111858 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac0a1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis, as an alternative to traditional in-solution synthesis, has become an emerging research field and attracted extensive attention over the past decade due to its ability to fabricate nanoarchitectures with exotic properties. Compared to wet chemistry, the on-surface synthesis conducted on atomically flat solid surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum exhibits unprecedented characteristics and advantages, opening novel reaction pathways for chemical synthesis. Various low-dimensional nanostructures have been fabricated on solid surfaces (mostly metal surfaces) based on this newly developed approach. This paper reviews the classic and latest works regarding carbon-based low-dimensional nanostructures since the arrival of on-surface synthesis era. These nanostructures are categorized into zero-, one- and two-dimensional classes and each class is composed of numerous sub-nanostructures. For certain specific nanostructures, comprehensive reports are given, including precursor design, substrate choice, synthetic strategies and so forth. We hope that our review will shed light on the fabrication of some significant nanostructures in this young and promising scientific area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
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32
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Wang Y, Yang Q, Yi F, Lu R, Chen Y, Liu C, Li X, Wang C, Yan H. NH 2-UiO-66 Coated with Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks: High Stability and Photocatalytic Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:29916-29925. [PMID: 34139846 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The poor stability and low catalytic activity of NH2-UiO-66 in basic solutions require the reactions to be conducted in acidic solutions, which seriously hinders its potential photocatalytic application. Herein, we report that NH2-UiO-66 coated with two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) via imine bond connection presents not only high photocatalytic activity but also high stability and adaptability to the solution environment. The NH2-UiO-66/COF hybrid material was fabricated through the Schiff base reaction of NH2-UiO-66 with 4,4',4″-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)trianiline (TAPT) and 2,4,6-triformylphloroglucinol (TP). The hybrid material showed high stability in an alkaline environment, with only 4.7% of NH2-UiO-66 decomposed after the photocatalytic reaction. The optimum photocatalytic H2 evolution rate was 8.44 mmol·h-1·g-1 when triethanolamine was used as an electron-donating agent. The results presented here illustrate the possibility for effectively improving both the photocatalytic performance and stability of NH2-UiO-66 by coupling with COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P. R. China
| | - Qing Yang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Fangli Yi
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ruowei Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P. R. China
| | - Yanxia Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
| | - Cuijuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P. R. China
| | - Hongjian Yan
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, P. R. China
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33
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Steiner C, Fromm L, Gebhardt J, Liu Y, Heidenreich A, Hammer N, Görling A, Kivala M, Maier S. Host guest chemistry and supramolecular doping in triphenylamine-based covalent frameworks on Au(111). NANOSCALE 2021; 13:9798-9807. [PMID: 34028477 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr09140e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The post-synthetic modification of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) via host-guest chemistry is an important method to tailor their electronic properties for applications. Due to the limited structural control in the assembly of two-dimensional surface-supported COFs, supramolecular networks are traditionally used at present for host-guest experiments on surfaces, which lack structural and thermal stability, however. Here, we present a combined scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory study to understand the host-guest interaction in triphenylamine-based covalently-linked macrocycles and networks on Au(111). These triphenylamine-based structures feature carbonyl and hydrogen functionalized pores that create preferred adsorption sites for trimesic acid (TMA) and halogen atoms. The binding of the TMA through optimized hydrogen-bond interactions is corroborated by selective adsorption positions within the pores. Band structure calculations reveal that the strong intermolecular charge transfer through the TMA bonding reduces the band gap in the triphenylamine COFs, demonstrating the concept of supramolecular doping by host-guest interactions in surface-supported COFs. Halogen atoms selectively adsorb between two carbonyl groups at Au hollow sites. The mainly dispersive interaction of the halogens with the triphenylamine COF leads to a small downshift of the bands. Most of the halogens change their adsorption position selectively upon annealing near the desorption temperature. In conclusion, we demonstrate evidence for supramolecular doping via post-synthetic modification and to track chemical reactions in confined space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Steiner
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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34
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Zhang G, Zeng Y, Gordiichuk P, Strano MS. Chemical kinetic mechanisms and scaling of two-dimensional polymers via irreversible solution-phase reactions. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:194901. [PMID: 34240902 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) polymers are extended networks of multi-functional repeating units that are covalently linked together but confined to a single plane. The past decade has witnessed a surge in interest and effort toward producing and utilizing 2D polymers. However, facile synthesis schemes suitable for mass production are yet to be realized. In addition, unifying theories to describe the 2D polymerization process, such as those for linear polymers, have not yet been established. Herein, we perform a chemical kinetic simulation to study the recent synthesis of 2D polymers in homogeneous solution with irreversible chemistry. We show that reaction sites for polymerization in 2D always scale unfavorably compared to 3D, growing as molecular weight to the 1/2 power vs 2/3 power for 3D. However, certain mechanisms can effectively suppress out-of-plane defect formation and subsequent 3D growth. We consider two such mechanisms, which we call bond-planarity and templated autocatalysis. In the first, although single bonds can easily rotate out-of-plane to render polymerization in 3D, some double-bond linkages prefer a planar configuration. In the second mechanism, stacked 2D plates may act as van der Waals templates for each other to enhance growth, which leads to an autocatalysis. When linkage reactions possess a 1000:1 selectivity (γ) for staying in plane vs rotating, solution-synthesized 2D polymers can have comparable size and yield with those synthesized from confined polymerization on a surface. Autocatalysis could achieve similar effects when self-templating accelerates 2D growth by a factor β of 106. A combined strategy relaxes the requirement of both mechanisms by over one order of magnitude. We map the dependence of molecular weight and yield for the 2D polymer on the reaction parameters, allowing experimental results to be used to estimate β and γ. Our calculations show for the first time from theory the feasibility of producing two-dimensional polymers from irreversible polymerization in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yuwen Zeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Pavlo Gordiichuk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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35
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Daelemans B, Bilbao N, Dehaen W, De Feyter S. Carbocatalysis with pristine graphite: on-surface nanochemistry assists solution-based catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:2280-2296. [PMID: 33404567 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01294g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbocatalysis holds a privileged position as a sustainable alternative to metal-based catalysis. While the focus in solution-based catalytic processes generally lies on how the heterogeneous catalyst affects the solution composition, more attention has recently been given to the analysis of the carbon material itself. Various outstanding surface characterisation techniques, efficient in assessing the catalyst on-surface composition, are now available. These include high-resolution imaging tools such as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), capable of bringing new insights into the processes determining rate and selectivity effects induced by carbocatalysts. In this regard, the use of self-assembly on graphite as a strategy to direct the outcome of chemical reactions has already shown great potential. This promising approach gives the scientific community the exciting prospect of rationalising selectivity in carbocatalysis with pristine graphite by linking in-solution and on-surface composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Daelemans
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium. and Division of Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Nerea Bilbao
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Division of Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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36
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Doudin N, Collinge G, Gurunathan PK, Lee MS, Glezakou VA, Rousseau R, Dohnálek Z. Creating self-assembled arrays of mono-oxo (MoO 3) 1 species on TiO 2(101) via deposition and decomposition of (MoO 3) n oligomers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2017703118. [PMID: 33472974 PMCID: PMC7848584 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017703118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hierarchically ordered oxides are of critical importance in material science and catalysis. Unfortunately, the design and synthesis of such systems remains a key challenge to realizing their potential. In this study, we demonstrate how the deposition of small oligomeric (MoO3)1-6 clusters-formed by the facile sublimation of MoO3 powders-leads to the self-assembly of locally ordered arrays of immobilized mono-oxo (MoO3)1 species on anatase TiO2(101). Using both high-resolution imaging and theoretical calculations, we reveal the dynamic behavior of the oligomers as they spontaneously decompose at room temperature, with the TiO2 surface acting as a template for the growth of this hierarchically structured oxide. Transient mobility of the oligomers on both bare and (MoO3)1-covered TiO2(101) areas is identified as key to the formation of a complete (MoO3)1 overlayer with a saturation coverage of one (MoO3)1 per two undercoordinated surface Ti sites. Simulations reveal a dynamic coupling of the reaction steps to the TiO2 lattice fluctuations, the absence of which kinetically prevents decomposition. Further experimental and theoretical characterizations demonstrate that (MoO3)1 within this material are thermally stable up to 500 K and remain chemically identical with a single empty gap state produced within the TiO2 band structure. Finally, we see that the constituent (MoO3)1 of this material show no proclivity for step and defect sites, suggesting they can reliably be grown on the (101) facet of TiO2 nanoparticles without compromising their chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassar Doudin
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354
| | - Greg Collinge
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354
| | - Pradeep Kumar Gurunathan
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354
| | - Mal-Soon Lee
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354
| | - Vassiliki-Alexandra Glezakou
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354
| | - Roger Rousseau
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354;
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354
| | - Zdenek Dohnálek
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354;
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163
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37
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Frey L, Jarju JJ, Salonen LM, Medina DD. Boronic-acid-derived covalent organic frameworks: from synthesis to applications. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01269j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Modular, well-defined, and robust hierarchical functional materials are targets of numerous synthesis endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) & Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Butenandtstr. 11, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jenni J. Jarju
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Laura M. Salonen
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Dana D. Medina
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) & Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Butenandtstr. 11, 81377 Munich, Germany
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38
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Li X, Xu HS, Leng K, Chee SW, Zhao X, Jain N, Xu H, Qiao J, Gao Q, Park IH, Quek SY, Mirsaidov U, Loh KP. Partitioning the interlayer space of covalent organic frameworks by embedding pseudorotaxanes in their backbones. Nat Chem 2020; 12:1115-1122. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00562-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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39
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Kunitake M, Tanoue R, Higuchi R, Yoshimoto S, Haraguchi R, Uemura S, Kimizuka N, Stieg AZ, Gimzewski JK. Monomolecular covalent honeycomb nanosheets produced by surface-mediated polycondensation between 1,3,5-triamino benzene and benzene-1,3,5-tricarbox aldehyde on Au(111). NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:3202-3208. [PMID: 36134287 PMCID: PMC9417909 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00180e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of a two-dimensional covalent network of honeycomb nanosheets comprising small 1,3,5-triamino benzene and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxaldehyde aromatic building blocks was conducted on Au(111) in a pH-controlled aqueous solution. In situ scanning tunneling microscopy revealed a large defect-free and homogeneous honeycomb π-conjugated nanosheet at the Au(111)/liquid interface. An electrochemical potential dependence indicated that the nanosheets were the result of thermodynamic self-assembly based not only on the reaction equilibrium but also on the adsorption (partition) equilibrium, which was controlled by the building block surface coverage as a function of electrode potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kunitake
- Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Ryota Tanoue
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Rintaro Higuchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshimoto
- Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Ryusei Haraguchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku Kumamoto 860-8555 Japan
| | - Shinobu Uemura
- Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University 2217-20 Hayashi-cho Takamatsu Kagawa 761-0396 Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Adam Z Stieg
- California NanoSystems Institute 570 Westwood Plaza Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - James K Gimzewski
- California NanoSystems Institute 570 Westwood Plaza Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
- WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-1 Namiki Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles 607 Charles E. Young Drive East Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
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40
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Stolz S, Di Giovannantonio M, Urgel JI, Sun Q, Kinikar A, Borin Barin G, Bommert M, Fasel R, Widmer R. Reversible Dehalogenation in On‐Surface Aryl–Aryl Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Stolz
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Physics École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Laboratory of Nanostructures at Surfaces 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - José I. Urgel
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Qiang Sun
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Amogh Kinikar
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Borin Barin
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Max Bommert
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Bern 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Roland Widmer
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
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41
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Stolz S, Di Giovannantonio M, Urgel JI, Sun Q, Kinikar A, Borin Barin G, Bommert M, Fasel R, Widmer R. Reversible Dehalogenation in On-Surface Aryl-Aryl Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14106-14110. [PMID: 32338418 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the emerging field of on-surface synthesis, dehalogenative aryl-aryl coupling is unarguably the most prominent tool for the fabrication of covalently bonded carbon-based nanomaterials. Despite its importance, the reaction kinetics are still poorly understood. Here we present a comprehensive temperature-programmed x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation of reaction kinetics and energetics in the prototypical on-surface dehalogenative polymerization of 4,4''-dibromo-p-terphenyl into poly(para-phenylene) on two coinage metal surfaces, Cu(111) and Au(111). We find clear evidence for reversible dehalogenation on Au(111), which is inhibited on Cu(111) owing to the formation of organometallic intermediates. The incorporation of reversible dehalogenation in the reaction rate equations leads to excellent agreement with experimental data and allows extracting the relevant energy barriers. Our findings deepen the mechanistic understanding and call for its reassessment for surface-confined aryl-aryl coupling on the most frequently used metal substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Stolz
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Nanostructures at Surfaces, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - José I Urgel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Qiang Sun
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Amogh Kinikar
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Borin Barin
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Max Bommert
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roland Widmer
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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42
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Allendorf MD, Dong R, Feng X, Kaskel S, Matoga D, Stavila V. Electronic Devices Using Open Framework Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:8581-8640. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Allendorf
- Chemistry, Combustion, and Materials Science Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dariusz Matoga
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Vitalie Stavila
- Chemistry, Combustion, and Materials Science Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
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43
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Kunitake M, Uemura S. Construction and Scanning Probe Microscopy Imaging of Two-dimensional Nanomaterials. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kunitake
- Faculty of Advanced Science & Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinobu Uemura
- Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0396, Japan
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44
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Fu C, Mikšátko J, Assies L, Vrkoslav V, Orlandi S, Kalbáč M, Kovaříček P, Zeng X, Zhou B, Muccioli L, Perepichka DF, Orgiu E. Surface-Confined Macrocyclization via Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2956-2965. [PMID: 32068388 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface-confined synthesis is a promising approach to build complex molecular nanostructures including macrocycles. However, despite the recent advances in on-surface macrocyclization under ultrahigh vacuum, selective synthesis of monodisperse and multicomponent macrocycles remains a challenge. Here, we report on an on-surface formation of [6 + 6] Schiff-base macrocycles via dynamic covalent chemistry. The macrocycles form two-dimensional crystalline domains on the micrometer scale, enabled by dynamic conversion of open-chain oligomers into well-defined ∼3.0 nm hexagonal macrocycles. We further show that by tailoring the length of the alkyl substituents, it is possible to control which of three possible products-oligomers, macrocycles, or polymers-will form at the surface. In situ scanning tunneling microscopy imaging combined with density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations unravel the synergistic effect of surface confinement and solvent in leading to preferential on-surface macrocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoying Fu
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518120, Guangdong Province, China
- INRS, Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications Centre, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0B8
| | - Jiří Mikšátko
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Lea Assies
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo námĕstí 542/2, 166 10 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Silvia Orlandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale " Toso Montanari ", Università di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martin Kalbáč
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kovaříček
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Xiaobin Zeng
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Boping Zhou
- Center Lab of Longhua Branch and Department of Infectious disease, Shenzhen People's Hospital, second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518120, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Luca Muccioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale " Toso Montanari ", Università di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0B8
| | - Emanuele Orgiu
- INRS, Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications Centre, 1650 boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec, Canada J3X 1S2
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Bilbao N, Martín C, Zhan G, Martínez-Abadía M, Sanz-Matı As A, Mateo-Alonso A, Harvey JN, Van der Auweraer M, Mali KS, De Feyter S. Anatomy of On-Surface Synthesized Boroxine Two-Dimensional Polymers. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2354-2365. [PMID: 32011858 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) obtained from well-defined monomers via bottom-up fabrication strategies are promising materials that can extend the realm of inorganic 2D materials. The on-surface synthesis of such 2DPs is particularly popular, however the pathway complexity in the growth of such films formed on solid surfaces is poorly understood. In this contribution, we present a straightforward experimental protocol which allows the synthesis of large-area, defect-free 2DPs based on boroxine linkages at room temperature. We focus on unravelling the multiple pathways available to the polymerizing system for the spatial extension of the covalent bonds. Besides the anticipated 2DP, the system can evolve into self-assembled monolayers of partially fused monodisperse reaction products that are difficult to isolate by conventional synthetic methods or remain in the monomeric state. The access to each pathway can be controlled via monomer concentration and the choice of the solvent. Most importantly, the unpolymerized systems do not evolve into the corresponding 2DP upon annealing, indicating the presence of strong kinetic traps. Using high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy, we show reversibility in the polymerization process where the attachment and the detachment of monomers to 2DP crystallites could be monitored as a function of time. Finally, we show that the way the 2DP grows depends on the choice of the solvent. Using UV-vis absorption and emission spectroscopy, we reveal that the dominant pathway for 2DP growth is via in-plane self-condensation of the monomers, whereas in the case of an aprotic solvent, the favored growth mode is via π stacking of the monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Bilbao
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Cristina Martín
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Farmacia , Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , 02071 Albacete , Spain
| | - Gaolei Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Marta Martínez-Abadía
- POLYMAT , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Avenida de Tolosa 72, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
| | - Ana Sanz-Matı As
- Department of Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry, and Physical Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- POLYMAT , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Avenida de Tolosa 72, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián , Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science , 48013 Bilbao , Spain
| | - Jeremy N Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry, and Physical Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Mark Van der Auweraer
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
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Rizzo DJ, Dai Q, Bronner C, Veber G, Smith BJ, Matsumoto M, Thomas S, Nguyen GD, Forrester PR, Zhao W, Jørgensen JH, Dichtel WR, Fischer FR, Li H, Bredas JL, Crommie MF. Revealing the Local Electronic Structure of a Single-Layer Covalent Organic Framework through Electronic Decoupling. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:963-970. [PMID: 31910625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are molecule-based 2D and 3D materials that possess a wide range of mechanical and electronic properties. We have performed a joint experimental and theoretical study of the electronic structure of boroxine-linked COFs grown under ultrahigh vacuum conditions and characterized using scanning tunneling spectroscopy on Au(111) and hBN/Cu(111) substrates. Our results show that a single hBN layer electronically decouples the COF from the metallic substrate, thus suppressing substrate-induced broadening and revealing new features in the COF electronic local density of states (LDOS). The resulting sharpening of LDOS features allows us to experimentally determine the COF band gap, bandwidths, and the electronic hopping amplitude between adjacent COF bridge sites. These experimental parameters are consistent with the results of first-principles theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Rizzo
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Qingqing Dai
- Laboratory for Computational and Theoretical Chemistry of Advanced Materials, Physical Science and Engineering Division , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics , Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
| | - Christopher Bronner
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Gregory Veber
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Brian J Smith
- Department of Chemistry , Bucknell University , Lewisburg , Pennsylvania 17837 , United States
| | - Michio Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
- WPI Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Simil Thomas
- Laboratory for Computational and Theoretical Chemistry of Advanced Materials, Physical Science and Engineering Division , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics , Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
| | - Giang D Nguyen
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Patrick R Forrester
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - William Zhao
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jakob H Jørgensen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center iNANO , Aarhus University , Aarhus C DK-8000 , Denmark
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Felix R Fischer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Hong Li
- Laboratory for Computational and Theoretical Chemistry of Advanced Materials, Physical Science and Engineering Division , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics , Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
| | - Jean-Luc Bredas
- Laboratory for Computational and Theoretical Chemistry of Advanced Materials, Physical Science and Engineering Division , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics , Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332-0400 , United States
| | - Michael F Crommie
- Department of Physics , University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at the University of California Berkeley and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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47
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Qiang H, Hu WB, Chen T, Liu YA, Jia XS, Jiang B, Wen K. A facile method for the synthesis of free-standing pillar[5]arene-based two-dimensional covalent organic monolayers in solution. Supramol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2020.1711906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qiang
- Shanghai University, college of science, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Bo Hu
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yahu A. Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry, ChemBridge Research Laboratories, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xue-Shun Jia
- Shanghai University, college of science, Shanghai, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Wen
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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48
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Li Y, Wu Q, Guo X, Zhang M, Chen B, Wei G, Li X, Li X, Li S, Ma L. Laminated self-standing covalent organic framework membrane with uniformly distributed subnanopores for ionic and molecular sieving. Nat Commun 2020; 11:599. [PMID: 32001683 PMCID: PMC6992836 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of subnanoporous covalent-organic-framework (COF) membranes with high performance for ion/molecule sieving still remains a great challenge. In addition to the difficulties in fabricating large-area COF membranes, the main reason is that the pore size of 2D COFs is much larger than that of most gas molecules and/or ions. It is urgently required to further narrow their pore sizes to meet different separation demands. Herein, we report a simple and scalable way to grow large-area, pliable, free-standing COF membranes via a one-step route at organic–organic interface. The pore sizes of the membranes can be adjusted from >1 nm to sub-nm scale by changing the stacking mode of COF layers from AA to AB stacking. The obtained AB stacking COF membrane composed of highly-ordered nanoflakes is demonstrated to have narrow aperture (∼0.6 nm), uniform pore distribution and shows good potential in organic solvent nanofiltration, water treatment and gas separation. Fabrication of large scale and defect free covalent organic framework (COF) membranes with pores small enough for gas sieving remains challenging. Here, the authors report a scalable fabrication method to grow large area defect free COF membranes and to tune the pore size in the sub-nm region by adjusting the stacking modes of the COF layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Qianxun Wu
- Sichuan University-Pittsburgh Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610207, P. R. China
| | - Xinghua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Meicheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Radiochemistry, Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an, 710024, P. R. China
| | - Guanyi Wei
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Radiochemistry, Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an, 710024, P. R. China
| | - Xing Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Shoujian Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Lijian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, No. 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
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50
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Geng K, He T, Liu R, Dalapati S, Tan KT, Li Z, Tao S, Gong Y, Jiang Q, Jiang D. Covalent Organic Frameworks: Design, Synthesis, and Functions. Chem Rev 2020; 120:8814-8933. [PMID: 31967791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1259] [Impact Index Per Article: 314.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of crystalline porous organic polymers with permanent porosity and highly ordered structures. Unlike other polymers, a significant feature of COFs is that they are structurally predesignable, synthetically controllable, and functionally manageable. In principle, the topological design diagram offers geometric guidance for the structural tiling of extended porous polygons, and the polycondensation reactions provide synthetic ways to construct the predesigned primary and high-order structures. Progress over the past decade in the chemistry of these two aspects undoubtedly established the base of the COF field. By virtue of the availability of organic units and the diversity of topologies and linkages, COFs have emerged as a new field of organic materials that offer a powerful molecular platform for complex structural design and tailor-made functional development. Here we target a comprehensive review of the COF field, provide a historic overview of the chemistry of the COF field, survey the advances in the topology design and synthetic reactions, illustrate the structural features and diversities, scrutinize the development and potential of various functions through elucidating structure-function correlations based on interactions with photons, electrons, holes, spins, ions, and molecules, discuss the key fundamental and challenging issues that need to be addressed, and predict the future directions from chemistry, physics, and materials perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ting He
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ruoyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Sasanka Dalapati
- Field of Environment and Energy, School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi 923-1292, Japan
| | - Ke Tian Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhongping Li
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Shanshan Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yifan Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Qiuhong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Donglin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Faulty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
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