1
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Biasin P, Safari M, Ghidorsi E, Baronio S, Scardamaglia M, Preobrajenski AB, Vinogradov NA, Sala A, Cepek C, de Gironcoli S, Baroni S, Vesselli E. Growth and Redox Properties of Boron on Al(111): Competing Affinities in the Case of Honeycomb AlB 2. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12749-12759. [PMID: 38726650 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The complexity of the geometric and electronic structure of boron allotropes is associated with the multicentric bonding character and the consequent B polymorphism. When growth is limited to two-dimensions (2D), the structural and electronic confinement yields the borophenes family, where the interaction with the templating substrate actually determines the stability of inequivalent boron phases. We report here a detailed study of the growth of the honeycomb AlB2 phase on Al(111), followed by an investigation of its oxidation and reduction properties. By means of a combined experimental and theoretical approach, we show that the structure of the B/Al interface is affected by the complex interplay between B, Al, and common reactive agents like oxygen and hydrogen. While kinetic effects associated with diffusion and strain release influence the AlB2 growth in vacuo, Al, B, O, and H chemical affinities determine its redox behavior. Reduction with atomic hydrogen involves the B layer and yields an ordered honeycomb borophane H/AlB2 phase. Instead, oxidation takes place at the Al interface, giving origin to buried and 1D surface aluminum oxide phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Biasin
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Mandana Safari
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena Ghidorsi
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefania Baronio
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Alessandro Sala
- CNR - Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Cinzia Cepek
- CNR - Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano de Gironcoli
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- CNR - Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), SISSA Unit, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Baroni
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, 34136 Trieste, Italy
- CNR - Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), SISSA Unit, 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Erik Vesselli
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- CNR - Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Center for Energy, Environment and Transport Giacomo Ciamician, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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2
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Yang X, Liu M, Cui F, Ma Q, Cui T. Ni/NiO@NC as a highly efficient and durable HER electrocatalyst derived from nickel(II) complexes: importance of polydentate amino-acid ligands. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 38050429 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04768g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Research on Ni/NiO electrocatalysts has advanced significantly, but the main obstacles to their use and commercialization remain their relatively ordinary activity and stability. In this paper, a chelating structure based on the coordination of multidentate ligands and Ni(II) is proposed to limit the growth of Ni and Ni oxide grains. These features reduce the particle size of Ni/NiO, increase particle dispersion, and maintain the high activity and stability of the catalyst. Aspartic acid, as a polydentate ligand, could coordinate with Ni2+ to form structurally stable chelate rings. The latter can limit grain growth, but also coat the active core with thin carbon layers after calcination to further achieve the confinement and protection of nanoparticles. The hydrogen evolution overpotential of prepared nitrogen-doped graphitized carbon shells (Ni/NiO@NC) nanoparticles was 100 mV (vs. RHE) when the current density was 10 mA cm-2 in 1 M KOH. The hydrogen evolution overpotential increased by only 4 mV after 6000 continuous cyclic-voltammetry scans. Moreover, when coated on different conductive substrates, the overpotential of this catalyst dropped to 34.6 mV (vs. RHE) at a current density of 10 mV cm-2. The lowest overpotential of the composite was only 194.9 mV at a current density of 100 mA cm-2, which is comparable with that of noble metal-based electrocatalysts. This work provides a plausible method for designing high-performance electrocatalysts of small size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P.R. China.
| | - Mengxue Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P.R. China.
| | - Fang Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P.R. China.
| | - Qinghai Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P.R. China.
| | - Tieyu Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P.R. China.
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3
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Chu Z, Xu B, Liang J. Direct Application of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) for Integrated Circuits (ICs) Interconnection: Challenges and Developments. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2791. [PMID: 37887942 PMCID: PMC10609618 DOI: 10.3390/nano13202791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
With the continuous shrinkage of integrated circuit (IC) dimensions, traditional copper interconnect technology is gradually unable to meet the requirements for performance improvement. Carbon nanotubes have gained widespread attention and research as a potential alternative to copper, due to their excellent electrical and mechanical properties. Among various methods for producing carbon nanotubes, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, low cost, and simple reaction operations, making it the most promising approach to achieve compatibility with integrated circuit manufacturing processes. Combined with through silicon via (TSV), direct application of CVD-grown carbon nanotubes in IC interconnects can be achieved. In this article, based on the above background, we focus on discussing some of the main challenges and developments in the application of CVD-grown carbon nanotubes in IC interconnects, including low-temperature CVD, metallicity enrichment, and contact resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbang Chu
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Baohui Xu
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Jie Liang
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201800, China
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4
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Zhu X, Wang H, Wang K, Xie L. Progress on the in situ imaging of growth dynamics of two-dimensional materials. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:11746-11758. [PMID: 37366323 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01475d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
One key issue to promote the industrialization of two-dimensional (2D) materials is to grow high-quality and large-scale 2D materials. Investigations of the growth mechanism and growth dynamics are of fundamental importance for the growth of 2D material, in which in situ imaging is highly needed. By applying different in situ imaging techniques, details for growth process, including nucleation and morphology evolution, can be obtained. This review summarizes the recent progress on the in situ imaging of 2D material growth, in which the growth rate, kink dynamics, domain coalescence, growth across the substrate steps, single-atom catalysis, and intermediates have been revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokai Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Honggang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kangkang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Liming Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P.R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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5
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Aboljadayel ROM, Kinane CJ, Vaz CAF, Love DM, Weatherup RS, Braeuninger-Weimer P, Martin MB, Ionescu A, Caruana AJ, Charlton TR, Llandro J, Monteiro PMS, Barnes CHW, Hofmann S, Langridge S. Determining the Proximity Effect-Induced Magnetic Moment in Graphene by Polarized Neutron Reflectivity and X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:22367-22376. [PMID: 37092734 PMCID: PMC10176321 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the magnitude of the induced magnetic moment in CVD-grown epitaxial and rotated-domain graphene in proximity with a ferromagnetic Ni film, using polarized neutron reflectivity (PNR) and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). The XMCD spectra at the C K-edge confirm the presence of a magnetic signal in the graphene layer, and the sum rules give a magnetic moment of up to ∼0.47 μB/C atom induced in the graphene layer. For a more precise estimation, we conducted PNR measurements. The PNR results indicate an induced magnetic moment of ∼0.41 μB/C atom at 10 K for epitaxial and rotated-domain graphene. Additional PNR measurements on graphene grown on a nonmagnetic Ni9Mo1 substrate, where no magnetic moment in graphene is measured, suggest that the origin of the induced magnetic moment is due to the opening of the graphene's Dirac cone as a result of the strong C pz-Ni 3d hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan O M Aboljadayel
- Cavendish Laboratory, Physics Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Christy J Kinane
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxon OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos A F Vaz
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - David M Love
- Cavendish Laboratory, Physics Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S Weatherup
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marie-Blandine Martin
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Ionescu
- Cavendish Laboratory, Physics Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Caruana
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxon OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy R Charlton
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxon OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Llandro
- Cavendish Laboratory, Physics Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro M S Monteiro
- Cavendish Laboratory, Physics Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Crispin H W Barnes
- Cavendish Laboratory, Physics Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Langridge
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxon OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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6
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Kim J, Singh SK, Liu Q, Leon CC, Ceyer ST. Formation of Graphene on Gold-Nickel Surface Alloys. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6299-6309. [PMID: 36913359 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Nickel (Ni)-catalyzed growth of a single- or rotated-graphene layer is a well-established process above 800 K. In this report, a Au-catalyzed, low-temperature, and facile route at 500 K for graphene formation is described. The substantially lower temperature is enabled by the presence of a surface alloy of Au atoms embedded within Ni(111), which catalyzes the outward segregation of carbon atoms buried in the Ni bulk at temperatures as low as 400-450 K. The resulting surface-bound carbon in turn coalesces into graphene above 450-500 K. Control experiments on a Ni(111) surface show no evidence of carbon segregation or graphene formation at these temperatures. Graphene is identified by its out-of-plane optical phonon mode at 750 cm-1 and its longitudinal/transverse optical phonon modes at 1470 cm-1 while surface carbon is identified by its C-Ni stretch mode at 540 cm-1, as probed by high-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Dispersion measurements of the phonon modes confirm the presence of graphene. Graphene formation is observed to be maximum at 0.4 ML Au coverage. The results of these systematic molecular-level investigations open the door to graphene synthesis at the low temperatures required for integration with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongjin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Santosh K Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher C Leon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - S T Ceyer
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Leidinger P, Panighel M, Pérez Dieste V, Villar-Garcia IJ, Vezzoni P, Haag F, Barth JV, Allegretti F, Günther S, Patera LL. Probing dynamic covalent chemistry in a 2D boroxine framework by in situ near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1068-1075. [PMID: 36541666 PMCID: PMC9851174 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04949j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry is a powerful approach to design covalent organic frameworks, where high crystallinity is achieved through reversible bond formation. Here, we exploit near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to elucidate the reversible formation of a two-dimensional boroxine framework. By in situ mapping the pressure-temperature parameter space, we identify the regions where the rates of the condensation and hydrolysis reactions become dominant, being the key to enable the thermodynamically controlled growth of crystalline frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Leidinger
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Pablo Vezzoni
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Felix Haag
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Günther
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Laerte L Patera
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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8
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Zou Z, Sala A, Panighel M, Tosi E, Lacovig P, Lizzit S, Scardamaglia M, Kokkonen E, Cepek C, Africh C, Comelli G, Günther S, Patera LL. In Situ Observation of C-C Coupling and Step Poisoning During the Growth of Hydrocarbon Chains on Ni(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213295. [PMID: 36325959 PMCID: PMC10108169 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of high-value fuels and plastics starting from small hydrocarbon molecules plays a central role in the current transition towards renewable energy. However, the detailed mechanisms driving the growth of hydrocarbon chains remain to a large extent unknown. Here we investigated the formation of hydrocarbon chains resulting from acetylene polymerization on a Ni(111) model catalyst surface. Exploiting X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy up to near-ambient pressures, the intermediate species and reaction products have been identified. Complementary in situ scanning tunneling microscopy observations shed light onto the C-C coupling mechanism. While the step edges of the metal catalyst are commonly assumed to be the active sites for the C-C coupling, we showed that the polymerization occurs instead on the flat terraces of the metallic surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Zou
- CNR-IOM Materials Foundry Institute, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sala
- CNR-IOM Materials Foundry Institute, 34149, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Physics, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mirco Panighel
- CNR-IOM Materials Foundry Institute, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Esko Kokkonen
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cinzia Cepek
- CNR-IOM Materials Foundry Institute, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Comelli
- CNR-IOM Materials Foundry Institute, 34149, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Physics, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sebastian Günther
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Laerte L Patera
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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9
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Wei W, Zhang C, Li H, Pan J, Tan Z, Li Y, Cui Y. In Situ Growth Dynamics of Uniform Bilayer Graphene with Different Twisted Angles Following Layer-by-Layer Mode. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11201-11207. [PMID: 36445339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of large-area uniform bilayer graphene (BLG) with different twisted angles has gathered extensive interest but remains a challenge, hindered by the ubiquitous layer-plus-island growth and the uncontrollable layer rotation. Herein, using real-time surface imaging, film uniformity and stacking structures in BLG were well controlled by a two-step carbon segregation on Ni(111) films following the layer-by-layer growth mode. The aligned first graphene layers formed at 850 °C through a thermodynamics-limit process, followed by decreasing temperatures to grow the second layers, eventually enabling the extremely uniform 15°-twisted BLG at 790 °C and AB-stacked BLG at 720 °C, respectively. Essentially, the growth dynamics is perceived to determine that for the different stacking structures, nonaligned second layers are more kinetically preferable than aligned ones at relatively high temperatures, but the case reverses at low temperatures. This work conveys a fundamental dynamic understanding of the controllable integration of uniform BLG and tuning stacking structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Haobo Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Jiaqi Pan
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Yajuan Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | - Yi Cui
- Vacuum Interconnected Nanotech Workstation, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
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10
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Zatko V, Dubois SMM, Godel F, Galbiati M, Peiro J, Sander A, Carretero C, Vecchiola A, Collin S, Bouzehouane K, Servet B, Petroff F, Charlier JC, Martin MB, Dlubak B, Seneor P. Almost Perfect Spin Filtering in Graphene-Based Magnetic Tunnel Junctions. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14007-14016. [PMID: 36068013 PMCID: PMC9527810 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report on large spin-filtering effects in epitaxial graphene-based spin valves, strongly enhanced in our specific multilayer case. Our results were obtained by the effective association of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) multilayer graphene with a high quality epitaxial Ni(111) ferromagnetic spin source. We highlight that the Ni(111) spin source electrode crystallinity and metallic state are preserved and stabilized by multilayer graphene CVD growth. Complete nanometric spin valve junctions are fabricated using a local probe indentation process, and spin properties are extracted from the graphene-protected ferromagnetic electrode through the use of a reference Al2O3/Co spin analyzer. Strikingly, spin-transport measurements in these structures give rise to large negative tunnel magneto-resistance TMR = -160%, pointing to a particularly large spin polarization for the Ni(111)/Gr interface PNi/Gr, evaluated up to -98%. We then discuss an emerging physical picture of graphene-ferromagnet systems, sustained both by experimental data and ab initio calculations, intimately combining efficient spin filtering effects arising (i) from the bulk band structure of the graphene layers purifying the extracted spin direction, (ii) from the hybridization effects modulating the amplitude of spin polarized scattering states over the first few graphene layers at the interface, and (iii) from the epitaxial interfacial matching of the graphene layers with the spin-polarized Ni surface selecting well-defined spin polarized channels. Importantly, these main spin selection effects are shown to be either cooperating or competing, explaining why our transport results were not observed before. Overall, this study unveils a path to harness the full potential of low Resitance.Area (RA) graphene interfaces in efficient spin-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Zatko
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université
Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Simon M.-M. Dubois
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Florian Godel
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université
Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Marta Galbiati
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université
Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Julian Peiro
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université
Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Anke Sander
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université
Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Cécile Carretero
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université
Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Aymeric Vecchiola
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université
Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Sophie Collin
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université
Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Karim Bouzehouane
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université
Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Bernard Servet
- Thales
Research and Technology, 1 avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Frédéric Petroff
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université
Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Charlier
- Institute
of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marie-Blandine Martin
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université
Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Bruno Dlubak
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université
Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Pierre Seneor
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université
Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
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11
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Meng W, Zou J, Wang X, Zhang P, Du X. On the Distinctive Hardness, Anti-Corrosion Properties and Mechanisms of Flame-Deposited Carbon Coating with a Hierarchical Structure in Contrast to a Graphene Layer via Chemical Vapor Deposition. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12172944. [PMID: 36079981 PMCID: PMC9458154 DOI: 10.3390/nano12172944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Two carbonaceous (amorphous carbon and graphene) coatings were catalytically grown on bulk Ni plates. It was found that the flame-deposited carbon (FDC) layers exhibited a unique hierarchical structure with the formation of FDC/Ni nano-interlocking interface. The effect of the flame coating time on its corrosion protective efficiency (PE) was studied and compared with that of graphene coating produced via chemical vapor deposition. The FDC grown for 10 min exhibited a PE of 92.7%, which was much greater than that of the graphene coating (75.6%). The anti-corrosive mechanisms of both coatings were revealed and compared. For graphene coatings, the higher reaction temperature than that for FDC resulted in large grain boundaries inherent in the coating. Such boundaries were weak points and easily initiated grain boundary corrosion. In contrast, corrosion started at only certain local defects in FDC layers, whose unique interface structure likely promoted its PE as well. Moreover, after the coating process, the hardness of FDC-coated Ni remained almost unchanged, in contrast to that of graphene-coated samples (reduced by ~30%). This is suggested to be related to the crystal structure evolution of the Ni substrate caused by the heat treatment accompanying the coating process.
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12
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Chesnyak V, Stavrić S, Panighel M, Comelli G, Peressi M, Africh C. Carbide coating on nickel to enhance the stability of supported metal nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:3589-3598. [PMID: 35187551 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The influence on the growth of cobalt (Co)-based nanostructures of a surface carbide (Ni2C) layer formed at the Ni(100) surface is revealed via complementary scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements and first-principles calculations. On clean Ni(100) below 200 °C in the sub-monolayer regime, Co forms randomly distributed two-dimensional (2D) islands, while on Ni2C it grows in the direction perpendicular to the surface as well, thus forming two-atomic-layers high islands. We present a simple yet powerful model that explains the different Co growth modes for the two surfaces. A jagged step decoration, not visible on stepped Ni(100), is present on Ni2C. This contrasting behavior on Ni2C is explained by the sharp differences in the mobility of Co atoms for the two cases. By increasing the temperature, Co dissolution is activated with almost no remaining Co at 250 °C on Ni(100) and Co islands still visible on the Ni2C surface up to 300 °C. The higher thermal stability of Co above the Ni2C surface is rationalized by ab initio calculations, which also suggest the existence of a vacancy-assisted mechanism for Co dissolution in Ni(100). The methodology presented in this paper, combining systematically STM measurements with first-principles calculations and computational modelling, opens the way to controlled engineering of bimetallic surfaces with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Chesnyak
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, Trieste 34127, Italy.
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, S.S. 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza, Trieste, 34149, Italy.
| | - Srdjan Stavrić
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, Trieste 34127, Italy.
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P. O. Box 522, RS-11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirco Panighel
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, S.S. 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza, Trieste, 34149, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Comelli
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, Trieste 34127, Italy.
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, S.S. 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza, Trieste, 34149, Italy.
| | - Maria Peressi
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Cristina Africh
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, S.S. 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza, Trieste, 34149, Italy.
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13
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In-situ and operando spectroscopies for the characterization of catalysts and of mechanisms of catalytic reactions. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Bottom-up synthesis of graphene films hosting atom-thick molecular-sieving apertures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2022201118. [PMID: 34493654 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022201118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of a high density of molecular-sieving nanopores in the graphene lattice by the bottom-up synthesis is highly attractive for high-performance membranes. Herein, we achieve this by a controlled synthesis of nanocrystalline graphene where incomplete growth of a few nanometer-sized, misoriented grains generates molecular-sized pores in the lattice. The density of pores is comparable to that obtained by the state-of-the-art postsynthetic etching (1012 cm-2) and is up to two orders of magnitude higher than that of molecular-sieving intrinsic vacancy defects in single-layer graphene (SLG) prepared by chemical vapor deposition. The porous nanocrystalline graphene (PNG) films are synthesized by precipitation of C dissolved in the Ni matrix where the C concentration is regulated by controlled pyrolysis of precursors (polymers and/or sugar). The PNG film is made of few-layered graphene except near the grain edge where the grains taper down to a single layer and eventually terminate into vacancy defects at a node where three or more grains meet. This unique nanostructure is highly attractive for the membranes because the layered domains improve the mechanical robustness of the film while the atom-thick molecular-sized apertures allow the realization of large gas transport. The combination of gas permeance and gas pair selectivity is comparable to that from the nanoporous SLG membranes prepared by state-of-the-art postsynthetic lattice etching. Overall, the method reported here improves the scale-up potential of graphene membranes by cutting down the processing steps.
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16
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Günther S, Zeller P, Böller B, Wintterlin J. Method for the Manual Analysis of Moiré Structures in STM images. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:870-884. [PMID: 33942453 PMCID: PMC8252427 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202001034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A method is presented to manually determine the lattice parameters of commensurate hexagonal moiré structures resolved by STM. It solves the problem that lattice parameters of moiré structures usually cannot be determined by inspection of an STM image, so that computer-based analyses are required. The lattice vector of a commensurate moiré structure is a sum of integer multiples both of the two basis vectors of the substrate and of the adsorbed layer. The method extracts the two factors with respect to the adsorbed layer from an analysis of the Fourier transform of an STM image. These two factors are related to the two factors with respect to the substrate layer. Using the cell augmentation method, six possible moiré structures are identified by algebra. When the orientation and lattice constant of the substrate are roughly known, this information is usually sufficient to determine a unique moiré structure and its lattice parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Günther
- Fakultät für Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Patrick Zeller
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., SS14 - km 163.5, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy.,Current address: Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Dept. Inorganic Chemistry, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Böller
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Center for NanoScience, Schellingstr. 4, 80799, Munich, Germany
| | - Joost Wintterlin
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Center for NanoScience, Schellingstr. 4, 80799, Munich, Germany
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17
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Tsakonas C, Dimitropoulos M, Manikas AC, Galiotis C. Growth and in situ characterization of 2D materials by chemical vapour deposition on liquid metal catalysts: a review. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:3346-3373. [PMID: 33555274 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07330j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
2D materials (2DMs) have now been established as unique and attractive alternatives to replace current technological materials in a number of applications. Chemical vapour deposition (CVD), is undoubtedly the most renowned technique for thin film synthesis and meets all requirements for automated large-scale production of 2DMs. Currently most CVD methods employ solid metal catalysts (SMCat) for the growth of 2DMs however their use has been found to induce structural defects such as wrinkles, fissures, and grain boundaries among others. On the other hand, liquid metal catalysts (LMCat), constitute a possible alternative for the production of defect-free 2DMs albeit with a small temperature penalty. This review is a comprehensive report of past attempts to employ LMCat for the production of 2DMs with emphasis on graphene growth. Special attention is paid to the underlying mechanisms that govern crystal growth and/or grain consolidation and film coverage. Finally, the advent of online metrology which is particularly effective for monitoring the chemical processes under LMCat conditions is also reviewed and certain directions for future development are drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Tsakonas
- University of Patras, Chemical Engineering Department, 26504 Patras, Greece.
| | | | | | - Costas Galiotis
- University of Patras, Chemical Engineering Department, 26504 Patras, Greece. and Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Patras, Greece
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18
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Choi JIJ, Kim TS, Kim D, Lee SW, Park JY. Operando Surface Characterization on Catalytic and Energy Materials from Single Crystals to Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16392-16413. [PMID: 33210917 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Modern surface science faces two major challenges, a materials gap and a pressure gap. While studies on single crystal surface in ultrahigh vacuum have uncovered the atomic and electronic structures of the surface, the materials and environmental conditions of commercial catalysis are much more complicated, both in the structure of the materials and in the accessible pressure range of analysis instruments. Model systems and operando surface techniques have been developed to bridge these gaps. In this Review, we highlight the current trends in the development of the surface characterization techniques and methodologies in more realistic environments, with emphasis on recent research efforts at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology. We show principles and applications of the microscopic and spectroscopic surface techniques at ambient pressure that were used for the characterization of atomic structure, electronic structure, charge transport, and the mechanical properties of catalytic and energy materials. Ambient pressure scanning tunneling microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy allow us to observe the surface restructuring that occurs during oxidation, reduction, and catalytic processes. In addition, we introduce the ambient pressure atomic force microscopy that revealed the morphological, mechanical, and charge transport properties that occur during the catalytic and energy conversion processes. Hot electron detection enables the monitoring of catalytic reactions and electronic excitations on the surface. Overall, the information on the nature of catalytic reactions obtained with operando spectroscopic and microscopic techniques may bring breakthroughs in some of the global energy and environmental problems the world is facing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong Il Jake Choi
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Taek-Seung Kim
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Daeho Kim
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Si Woo Lee
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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19
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Gao W, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Ma B, Luo J, Deng J. Flexible self-assembly carbon nanotube/polyimide thermal film endowed adjustable temperature coefficient of resistance. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:475601. [PMID: 32885792 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abae9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of multi-role flexible thermal films embedded with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) exhibiting an adjustable temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) is presented. The composite film is prepared by an alternating electric field to assembling CNTs on Ni conductive layer and polyimide. Modified vacuum thermal treatment is then conducted to adjust the TCR behavior of films, thereby gaining the positive, negative and near-zero TCR ranging from -1.5% °C-1 to nearly 1.0% °C-1 at different annealing conditions, respectively. The changes of morphologies, tube crystallinity and chemical elements in films are investigated. The enhanced intertube couplings in bundles of CNTs, formations of chemical bonds and recrystallization in heat-treated films, resulting in the change of charge transport, play a dominant role in the evolution of the TCR behavior. Heat-treated films also exhibit linear temperature dependence and high stability while operating at wide ambient temperature, leading to broad prospects in flexible electronic thermal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace, Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, People's Republic of China
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20
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Piquemal-Banci M, Galceran R, Dubois SMM, Zatko V, Galbiati M, Godel F, Martin MB, Weatherup RS, Petroff F, Fert A, Charlier JC, Robertson J, Hofmann S, Dlubak B, Seneor P. Spin filtering by proximity effects at hybridized interfaces in spin-valves with 2D graphene barriers. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5670. [PMID: 33168805 PMCID: PMC7652852 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on spin transport in state-of-the-art epitaxial monolayer graphene based 2D-magnetic tunnel junctions (2D-MTJs). In our measurements, supported by ab-initio calculations, the strength of interaction between ferromagnetic electrodes and graphene monolayers is shown to fundamentally control the resulting spin signal. In particular, by switching the graphene/ferromagnet interaction, spin transport reveals magneto-resistance signal MR > 80% in junctions with low resistance × area products. Descriptions based only on a simple K-point filtering picture (i.e. MR increase with the number of layers) are not sufficient to predict the behavior of our devices. We emphasize that hybridization effects need to be taken into account to fully grasp the spin properties (such as spin dependent density of states) when 2D materials are used as ultimately thin interfaces. While this is only a first demonstration, we thus introduce the fruitful potential of spin manipulation by proximity effect at the hybridized 2D material / ferromagnet interface for 2D-MTJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlis Piquemal-Banci
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - Regina Galceran
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - Simon M-M Dubois
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Victor Zatko
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - Marta Galbiati
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - Florian Godel
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - Marie-Blandine Martin
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB21PZ, UK
| | - Robert S Weatherup
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- University of Manchester at Harwell, Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Frédéric Petroff
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - Albert Fert
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Charlier
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - John Robertson
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB21PZ, UK
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB21PZ, UK
| | - Bruno Dlubak
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Pierre Seneor
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767, Palaiseau, France.
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21
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Mudusu D, Nandanapalli KR, Lee S, Hahn YB. Recent advances in graphene monolayers growth and their biological applications: A review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 283:102225. [PMID: 32777519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of two-dimensional high-quality graphene monolayers has recently received great concern owing to their enormous applications in diverging fields including electronics, photonics, composite materials, paints and coatings, energy harvesting and storage, sensors and metrology, and biotechnology. As a result, various groups have successfully developed graphene layers on different substrates by using the chemical vapor deposition method and explored their physical properties. In this direction, we have focused on the state-of-the-art developments in the growth of graphene layers, and their functional applications in biotechnology. The review starts with the introduction, which contains outlines about the graphene and their basic characteristics. A brief history and inherent applications of graphene layers followed by recent developments in growth and properties are described. Then, the application of graphene layers in biodevices is reviewed. Finally, the review is summarized with perspectives and future challenges along with the scope for future technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Mudusu
- Department of Robotic Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711873, South Korea
| | - Koteeswara Reddy Nandanapalli
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711873, South Korea.
| | - Sungwon Lee
- Department of Emerging Materials Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Dalseong-gun, Daegu 711873, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Bong Hahn
- School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, South Korea.
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22
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Al-Hilfi SH, Derby B, Martin PA, Whitehead JC. Chemical vapour deposition of graphene on copper-nickel alloys: the simulation of a thermodynamic and kinetic approach. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15283-15294. [PMID: 32647854 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00302f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) of graphene on transition metals is generally believed to be the fabrication route best suited for the production of high-quality large-area graphene sheets. The mechanism of CVD graphene growth is governed by interactions in both the gas phase and at the surface. Here we present a simulation of the CVD graphene growth mechanism which includes thermodynamics, gas phase kinetics and the surface reaction in a sequential manner. The thermodynamic simulation shows that the deposition driving force is the greatest for high carbon to hydrogen ratios and reaches a maximum at around 850 °C. No graphene growth is observed below this temperature. The surface kinetic model also shows that below this temperature, the carbon surface concentration is less than the solubility limit, thus no film can grow. The effect of the reaction chamber geometry on the product concentrations was clear from the gas phase decomposition reactions. The gas residence times studied here (around 0.07 s) show that the optimum gas phase composition is far from that expected at thermodynamic equilibrium. The surface kinetics of CH4 reactions on Ni, Cu and Cu-Ni surfaces shows good agreement with the experimental results for different growth pressures (0.1 to 0.7 mbar), temperatures (600 to 1200 °C) and different Ni thicknesses (25-500 μm). Also, the model works well when substrates with various C solubilities are used. The thermodynamic and kinetic models described here can be used for the design of improved reactors to optimise the production of graphene with differing qualities, either single or multi-layer and sizes. More importantly, the transfer to a continuous process with a moving substrate should also be possible using the model if it is extended from 2D to 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir H Al-Hilfi
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.
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23
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Lu Z, Sun X, Xiang Y, Wang GC, Washington MA, Lu TM. Large scale epitaxial graphite grown on twin free nickel(111)/spinel substrate. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01515a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Large scale, single crystalline graphite with millimeter size domain is achieved using a LPCVD process with a temperature below 925 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghuan Lu
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, and
- Center for Materials, Devices, and Integrated Systems (cMDIS)
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, and
- Center for Materials, Devices, and Integrated Systems (cMDIS)
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, and
- Center for Materials, Devices, and Integrated Systems (cMDIS)
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - Gwo-Ching Wang
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, and
- Center for Materials, Devices, and Integrated Systems (cMDIS)
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - Morris A. Washington
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, and
- Center for Materials, Devices, and Integrated Systems (cMDIS)
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - Toh-Ming Lu
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, and
- Center for Materials, Devices, and Integrated Systems (cMDIS)
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
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24
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Samanta P, Kapat K, Maiti S, Biswas G, Dhara S, Dhara D. pH-labile and photochemically cross-linkable polymer vesicles from coumarin based random copolymer for cancer therapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 555:132-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Marks K, Yazdi MG, Piskorz W, Simonov K, Stefanuik R, Sostina D, Guarnaccio A, Ovsyannikov R, Giangrisostomi E, Sassa Y, Bachellier N, Muntwiler M, Johansson FOL, Lindblad A, Hansson T, Kotarba A, Engvall K, Göthelid M, Harding DJ, Öström H. Investigation of the surface species during temperature dependent dehydrogenation of naphthalene on Ni(111). J Chem Phys 2019; 150:244704. [PMID: 31255092 DOI: 10.1063/1.5098533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The temperature dependent dehydrogenation of naphthalene on Ni(111) has been investigated using vibrational sum-frequency generation spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and density functional theory with the aim of discerning the reaction mechanism and the intermediates on the surface. At 110 K, multiple layers of naphthalene adsorb on Ni(111); the first layer is a flat lying chemisorbed monolayer, whereas the next layer(s) consist of physisorbed naphthalene. The aromaticity of the carbon rings in the first layer is reduced due to bonding to the surface Ni-atoms. Heating at 200 K causes desorption of the multilayers. At 360 K, the chemisorbed naphthalene monolayer starts dehydrogenating and the geometry of the molecules changes as the dehydrogenated carbon atoms coordinate to the nickel surface; thus, the molecule tilts with respect to the surface, recovering some of its original aromaticity. This effect peaks at 400 K and coincides with hydrogen desorption. Increasing the temperature leads to further dehydrogenation and production of H2 gas, as well as the formation of carbidic and graphitic surface carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kess Marks
- Department of Physics, Fysikum, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Milad Ghadami Yazdi
- SCI, Material and Nanophysics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 16440 Kista, Sweden
| | - Witold Piskorz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 31-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Konstantin Simonov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Stefanuik
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daria Sostina
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ambra Guarnaccio
- CNR-ISM-Institute of Structure of Matter-Tito Scalo Unit, C/da S. Loja, 85050 Tito Scalo, Potenza, Italy
| | - Ruslan Ovsyannikov
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation in Synchrotron Radiation Research FG-ISRR, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erika Giangrisostomi
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation in Synchrotron Radiation Research FG-ISRR, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yasmine Sassa
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Lindblad
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tony Hansson
- Department of Physics, Fysikum, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrzej Kotarba
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 31-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Klas Engvall
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Göthelid
- SCI, Material and Nanophysics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 16440 Kista, Sweden
| | - Dan J Harding
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Öström
- Department of Physics, Fysikum, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Gili A, Schlicker L, Bekheet MF, Görke O, Kober D, Simon U, Littlewood P, Schomäcker R, Doran A, Gaissmaier D, Jacob T, Selve S, Gurlo A. Revealing the Mechanism of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Growth on Supported Nickel Nanoparticles by in Situ Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction, Density Functional Theory, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Gili
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe/Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und-technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lukas Schlicker
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe/Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und-technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maged F. Bekheet
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe/Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und-technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Görke
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe/Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und-technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Delf Kober
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe/Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und-technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulla Simon
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe/Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und-technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Littlewood
- Center for Catalysis and Surface Science, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Reinhard Schomäcker
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekretariat TC 8, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew Doran
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel Gaissmaier
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstraße 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box
3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstraße 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box
3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sören Selve
- Center for Electron Microscopy (ZELMI), Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksander Gurlo
- Fachgebiet Keramische Werkstoffe/Chair of Advanced Ceramic Materials, Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und-technologien, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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27
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Carnevali V, Patera LL, Prandini G, Jugovac M, Modesti S, Comelli G, Peressi M, Africh C. Doping of epitaxial graphene by direct incorporation of nickel adatoms. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:10358-10364. [PMID: 31107475 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01072f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Direct incorporation of Ni adatoms during graphene growth on Ni(111) is evidenced by scanning tunneling microscopy. The structure and energetics of the observed defects is thoroughly characterized at the atomic level on the basis of density functional theory calculations. Our results show the feasibility of a simple scalable method, which could be potentially used for the realization of macroscopic practical devices, to dope graphene with a transition metal. The method exploits the kinetics of the growth process for the incorporation of Ni adatoms in the graphene network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Carnevali
- Università di Trieste - Dipartimento di Fisica, via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. (theory) (experiment)
| | - Laerte L Patera
- Università di Trieste - Dipartimento di Fisica, via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. (theory) (experiment) and IOM-CNR Laboratorio TASC, S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianluca Prandini
- Università di Trieste - Dipartimento di Fisica, via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. (theory) (experiment)
| | - Matteo Jugovac
- Università di Trieste - Dipartimento di Fisica, via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. (theory) (experiment)
| | - Silvio Modesti
- Università di Trieste - Dipartimento di Fisica, via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. (theory) (experiment) and IOM-CNR Laboratorio TASC, S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanni Comelli
- Università di Trieste - Dipartimento di Fisica, via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. (theory) (experiment) and IOM-CNR Laboratorio TASC, S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Peressi
- Università di Trieste - Dipartimento di Fisica, via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. (theory) (experiment)
| | - Cristina Africh
- IOM-CNR Laboratorio TASC, S.S. 14 km 163.5 in AREA Science Park, Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
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28
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Rao R, Pint CL, Islam AE, Weatherup RS, Hofmann S, Meshot ER, Wu F, Zhou C, Dee N, Amama PB, Carpena-Nuñez J, Shi W, Plata DL, Penev ES, Yakobson BI, Balbuena PB, Bichara C, Futaba DN, Noda S, Shin H, Kim KS, Simard B, Mirri F, Pasquali M, Fornasiero F, Kauppinen EI, Arnold M, Cola BA, Nikolaev P, Arepalli S, Cheng HM, Zakharov DN, Stach EA, Zhang J, Wei F, Terrones M, Geohegan DB, Maruyama B, Maruyama S, Li Y, Adams WW, Hart AJ. Carbon Nanotubes and Related Nanomaterials: Critical Advances and Challenges for Synthesis toward Mainstream Commercial Applications. ACS NANO 2018; 12:11756-11784. [PMID: 30516055 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the synthesis and scalable manufacturing of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) remain critical to realizing many important commercial applications. Here we review recent breakthroughs in the synthesis of SWCNTs and highlight key ongoing research areas and challenges. A few key applications that capitalize on the properties of SWCNTs are also reviewed with respect to the recent synthesis breakthroughs and ways in which synthesis science can enable advances in these applications. While the primary focus of this review is on the science framework of SWCNT growth, we draw connections to mechanisms underlying the synthesis of other 1D and 2D materials such as boron nitride nanotubes and graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Rao
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
- UES Inc. , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Cary L Pint
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , Tennessee 37235 United States
| | - Ahmad E Islam
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
- UES Inc. , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Robert S Weatherup
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PL , U.K
- University of Manchester at Harwell, Diamond Light Source, Didcot , Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , U.K
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA , U.K
| | - Eric R Meshot
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 United States
| | - Fanqi Wu
- Ming-Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Chongwu Zhou
- Ming-Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Nicholas Dee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Placidus B Amama
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 , United States
| | - Jennifer Carpena-Nuñez
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
- UES Inc. , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Wenbo Shi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Desiree L Plata
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Evgeni S Penev
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Perla B Balbuena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Christophe Bichara
- Aix-Marseille University and CNRS , CINaM UMR 7325 , 13288 Marseille , France
| | - Don N Futaba
- Nanotube Research Center , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba 305-8565 , Japan
| | - Suguru Noda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering , Waseda University , 3-4-1 Okubo , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555 , Japan
| | - Homin Shin
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre, Emerging Technologies Division , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Keun Su Kim
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre, Emerging Technologies Division , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Benoit Simard
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre, Emerging Technologies Division , National Research Council Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R6 , Canada
| | - Francesca Mirri
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Francesco Fornasiero
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore , California 94550 United States
| | - Esko I Kauppinen
- Department of Applied Physics , Aalto University School of Science , P.O. Box 15100 , FI-00076 Espoo , Finland
| | - Michael Arnold
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Baratunde A Cola
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Pavel Nikolaev
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
- UES Inc. , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Sivaram Arepalli
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055 , China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Dmitri N Zakharov
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Eric A Stach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Fei Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Physics and Center for Two-Dimensional and Layered Materials , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - David B Geohegan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Benji Maruyama
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory , Wright Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton , Ohio 45433 , United States
| | - Shigeo Maruyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku , Tokyo 113-8656 , Japan
| | - Yan Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - W Wade Adams
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - A John Hart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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29
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Ren Y, Yuan K, Zhou X, Sun H, Wu K, Bernasek SL, Chen W, Xu GQ. Catalytic Intermediates of CO2
Hydrogenation on Cu(111) Probed by In Operando Near-Ambient Pressure Technique. Chemistry 2018; 24:16097-16103. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinjuan Ren
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Kaidi Yuan
- Department of Physics; National University of Singapore; 2 Science Drive 3 117542 Singapore Singapore
| | - Xiong Zhou
- BNLMS; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Haicheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Kai Wu
- BNLMS; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Peking University; Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Steven L. Bernasek
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
- Science Division; Yale-NUS College; 16 College Ave. West 138529 Singapore Singapore
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
- Department of Physics; National University of Singapore; 2 Science Drive 3 117542 Singapore Singapore
| | - Guo Qin Xu
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
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30
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Macedo LJA, Iost RM, Hassan A, Balasubramanian K, Crespilho FN. Bioelectronics and Interfaces Using Monolayer Graphene. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucyano J. A. Macedo
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Carlos SP 13560-970 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M. Iost
- Department of Chemistry School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) and IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin 10099 Germany
| | - Ayaz Hassan
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Carlos SP 13560-970 Brazil
| | - Kannan Balasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) and IRIS Adlershof; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin 10099 Germany
| | - Frank N. Crespilho
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry; University of São Paulo; São Carlos SP 13560-970 Brazil
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31
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Usachov DY, Bokai KA, Marchenko DE, Fedorov AV, Shevelev VO, Vilkov OY, Kataev EY, Yashina LV, Rühl E, Laubschat C, Vyalikh DV. Cobalt-assisted recrystallization and alignment of pure and doped graphene. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:12123-12132. [PMID: 29915820 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03183e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recrystallization of bulk materials is a well-known phenomenon, which is widely used in commercial manufacturing. However, for low-dimensional materials like graphene, this process still remains an unresolved puzzle. Thus, the understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the required conditions for recrystallization in low dimensions is essential for the elaboration of routes towards the inexpensive and reliable production of high-quality nanomaterials. Here, we unveil the details of the efficient recrystallization of one-atom-thick pure and boron-doped polycrystalline graphene layers on a Co(0001) surface. By applying photoemission and electron diffraction, we show how more than 90% of the initially misoriented graphene grains can be reconstructed into a well-oriented and single-crystalline layer. The obtained recrystallized graphene/Co interface exhibits high structural quality with a pronounced sublattice asymmetry, which is important for achieving an unbalanced sublattice doping of graphene. By exploring the kinetics of recrystallization for native and B-doped graphene on Co, we were able to estimate the activation energy and propose a mechanism of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Yu Usachov
- St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
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32
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Ge Y, Xu L, Lu X, Xu J, Liang J, Zhao Y. One Second Formation of Large Area Graphene on a Conical Tip Surface via Direct Transformation of Surface Carbide. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801288. [PMID: 29939476 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphene functionalized nanotips are expected to possess promising potential for various applications based on the outstanding electrical and mechanical properties of graphene. However, current methods, usually requiring a high growth temperature and identical crystal surface to match graphene lattice, are suitable for graphene formation on a flat surface. It remains a big challenge to grow graphene on a nanosized convex surface and fabricate functionalized nanotips with high quality graphene at the apex. In this work, a novel ultrafast annealing method is developed for growing large area graphene on Ni nanotips within 1-2 s. Few layered or multiple layered graphene is presented on the apex or sidewall of the conical tip surface. Direct experimental evidences support that thus-produced graphene is formed via the direct conversion of nickel carbide at the outer surface under the instantaneous high temperature, which is different from the conventional segregation mechanism. This newly developed ultrafast method provides a new route to produce graphene efficiently and economically, promising for both convex surfaces and flat substrates. Moreover, the graphene functionalized nanotips exhibit a great potential for nanoelectrical measurements and conductive scanning probe microscopy (SPM) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, NO.105, North Road, West 3th Ring Road, Beijing, 100048, China
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, NO.11, Bei yi tiao, Zhong guan cun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lele Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jianxun Xu
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, NO.11, Bei yi tiao, Zhong guan cun, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jianbo Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, NO.105, North Road, West 3th Ring Road, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, NO.11, Bei yi tiao, Zhong guan cun, Beijing, 100190, China
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33
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Ravikumar A, Kladnik G, Müller M, Cossaro A, Bavdek G, Patera LL, Sánchez-Portal D, Venkataraman L, Morgante A, Brivio GP, Cvetko D, Fratesi G. Tuning ultrafast electron injection dynamics at organic-graphene/metal interfaces. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:8014-8022. [PMID: 29667672 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr08737c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We compare the ultrafast charge transfer dynamics of molecules on epitaxial graphene and bilayer graphene grown on Ni(111) interfaces through first principles calculations and X-ray resonant photoemission spectroscopy. We use 4,4'-bipyridine as a prototypical molecule for these explorations as the energy level alignment of core-excited molecular orbitals allows ultrafast injection of electrons from a substrate to a molecule on a femtosecond timescale. We show that the ultrafast injection of electrons from the substrate to the molecule is ∼4 times slower on weakly coupled bilayer graphene than on epitaxial graphene. Through our experiments and calculations, we can attribute this to a difference in the density of states close to the Fermi level between graphene and bilayer graphene. We therefore show how graphene coupling with the substrate influences charge transfer dynamics between organic molecules and graphene interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilash Ravikumar
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
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34
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Wang Y, Li Z, Li Y, Wang J, Liu X, Song T, Yang X, Hao J. Spray-Drying-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Alginate, 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane, and Magnesium Hydroxide Flame Retardant and Its Catalytic Graphitization in Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Resin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:10490-10500. [PMID: 29490139 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Alginates (nickel alginate, NiA; copper alginate, CuA; zinc alginate, ZnA) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) were alternately deposited on a magnesium hydroxide (MH) surface by the spray-drying-assisted layer-by-layer assembly technique, fabricating some efficient and environmentally benign flame retardants (M-FR, including Ni-FR, Cu-FR, and Zn-FR). The morphology, chemical compositions, and structures of M-FR were investigated. With 50 wt % loading, compared with EVA28+MH, the peak heat release rate, smoke production rate, and CO production rate of EVA28+Ni-FR decreased by 50.78%, 61.76%, and 66.67%, respectively. The metals or metal oxide nanoparticles arising from alginates could catalyze the pyrolysis intermediates of EVA into graphene and amorphous carbon, which could bind the inorganic compounds (the decomposition products of MH and APTES) together and form some more protective barriers. For each M-FR, the flame retardant and smoke suppression efficiency were different, which were caused by the diverse carbonization and graphitization behaviors of three alginates. ZnA generated some ZnO aggregations and could not catalyze the graphitization of intermediates. For CuA, the catalytic graphitization was limited by the tightly binding graphene layer. As for NiA, the configuration of the Ni atom could not provide strong binding of Ni substrate and carbon. The liquid-like Ni nanoparticles could restructure and get out from firm graphene shells, so the catalytic graphitization of NiA was efficient and sustainable. This work displayed the catalytic graphitization mechanism of alginates while exploring a simple and novel strategy for fabricating efficient green flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Wang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu Liu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyou Song
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Hao
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
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35
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Patera LL, Bianchini F, Africh C, Dri C, Soldano G, Mariscal MM, Peressi M, Comelli G. Real-time imaging of adatom-promoted graphene growth on nickel. Science 2018; 359:1243-1246. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aan8782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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36
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Rameshan R, Vonk V, Franz D, Drnec J, Penner S, Garhofer A, Mittendorfer F, Stierle A, Klötzer B. Role of Precursor Carbides for Graphene Growth on Ni(111). Sci Rep 2018; 8:2662. [PMID: 29422517 PMCID: PMC5805774 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface X-ray Diffraction was used to study the transformation of a carbon-supersaturated carbidic precursor toward a complete single layer of graphene in the temperature region below 703 K without carbon supply from the gas phase. The excess carbon beyond the 0.45 monolayers of C atoms within a single Ni2C layer is accompanied by sharpened reflections of the |4772| superstructure, along with ring-like diffraction features resulting from non-coincidence rotated Ni2C-type domains. A dynamic Ni2C reordering process, accompanied by slow carbon loss to subsurface regions, is proposed to increase the Ni2C 2D carbide long-range order via ripening toward coherent domains, and to increase the local supersaturation of near-surface dissolved carbon required for spontaneous graphene nucleation and growth. Upon transformation, the intensities of the surface carbide reflections and of specific powder-like diffraction rings vanish. The associated change of the specular X-ray reflectivity allows to quantify a single, fully surface-covering layer of graphene (2 ML C) without diffraction contributions of rotated domains. The simultaneous presence of top-fcc and bridge-top configurations of graphene explains the crystal truncation rod data of the graphene-covered surface. Structure determination of the |4772| precursor surface-carbide using density functional theory is in perfect agreement with the experimentally derived X-ray structure factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Rameshan
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vedran Vonk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Franz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakub Drnec
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, Avenue des Martyrs 71, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Simon Penner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Garhofer
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Wien, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040, Wien, Austria
| | - Florian Mittendorfer
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Center for Computational Materials Science, Technische Universität Wien, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040, Wien, Austria
| | - Andreas Stierle
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Klötzer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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37
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Sugime H, D'Arsié L, Esconjauregui S, Zhong G, Wu X, Hildebrandt E, Sezen H, Amati M, Gregoratti L, Weatherup RS, Robertson J. Low temperature growth of fully covered single-layer graphene using a CoCu catalyst. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:14467-14475. [PMID: 28926077 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02553j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A bimetallic CoCu alloy thin-film catalyst is developed that enables the growth of uniform, high-quality graphene at 750 °C in 3 min by chemical vapour deposition. The growth outcome is found to vary significantly as the Cu concentration is varied, with ∼1 at% Cu added to Co yielding complete coverage single-layer graphene growth for the conditions used. The suppression of multilayer formation is attributable to Cu decoration of high reactivity sites on the Co surface which otherwise serve as preferential nucleation sites for multilayer graphene. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy shows that Co and Cu form an alloy at high temperatures, which has a drastically lower carbon solubility, as determined by using the calculated Co-Cu-C ternary phase diagram. Raman spectroscopy confirms the high quality (ID/IG < 0.05) and spatial uniformity of the single-layer graphene. The rational design of a bimetallic catalyst highlights the potential of catalyst alloying for producing two-dimensional materials with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Sugime
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan. and Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Lorenzo D'Arsié
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | | | - Guofang Zhong
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Xingyi Wu
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Eugen Hildebrandt
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Hikmet Sezen
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., AREA Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matteo Amati
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., AREA Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Gregoratti
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., AREA Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Robert S Weatherup
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
| | - John Robertson
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK
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38
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Yuan K, Zhong JQ, Sun S, Ren Y, Zhang JL, Chen W. Reactive Intermediates or Inert Graphene? Temperature- and Pressure-Determined Evolution of Carbon in the CH4–Ni(111) System. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Yuan
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou Industrial
Park, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117542 Singapore
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhong
- Center
for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Shuo Sun
- Department
of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117542 Singapore
| | - Yinjuan Ren
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Jia Lin Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Wei Chen
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou Industrial
Park, Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117542 Singapore
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
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39
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Abstract
AbstractDue to the unique properties of graphene, single layer, bilayer or even few layer graphene peeled off from bulk graphite cannot meet the need of practical applications. Large size graphene with quality comparable to mechanically exfoliated graphene has been synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The main development and the key issues in controllable chemical vapor deposition of graphene has been briefly discussed in this chapter. Various strategies for graphene layer number and stacking control, large size single crystal graphene domains on copper, graphene direct growth on dielectric substrates, and doping of graphene have been demonstrated. The methods summarized here will provide guidance on how to synthesize other two-dimensional materials beyond graphene.
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40
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Celasco E, Carraro G, Smerieri M, Savio L, Rocca M, Vattuone L. Influence of growing conditions on the reactivity of Ni supported graphene towards CO. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:104704. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4978234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. Celasco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
- IMEM-CNR Unità Operativa di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - G. Carraro
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
- IMEM-CNR Unità Operativa di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - M. Smerieri
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - L. Savio
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - M. Rocca
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
- IMEM-CNR Unità Operativa di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - L. Vattuone
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
- IMEM-CNR Unità Operativa di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
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41
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Trotochaud L, Head AR, Karslıoğlu O, Kyhl L, Bluhm H. Ambient pressure photoelectron spectroscopy: Practical considerations and experimental frontiers. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:053002. [PMID: 27911885 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/29/5/053002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) has emerged as a powerful technique for in situ and operando investigations of chemical reactions under relevant ambient atmospheres far from ultra-high vacuum conditions. This review focuses on exemplary cases of APXPS experiments, giving special consideration to experimental techniques, challenges, and limitations specific to distinct condensed matter interfaces. We discuss APXPS experiments on solid/vapor interfaces, including the special case of 2D films of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride on metal substrates with intercalated gas molecules, liquid/vapor interfaces, and liquid/solid interfaces, which are a relatively new class of interfaces being probed by APXPS. We also provide a critical evaluation of the persistent limitations and challenges of APXPS, as well as the current experimental frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Trotochaud
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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42
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Roth S, Greber T, Osterwalder J. Some Like It Flat: Decoupled h-BN Monolayer Substrates for Aligned Graphene Growth. ACS NANO 2016; 10:11187-11195. [PMID: 28024350 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
On the path to functional graphene electronics, suitable templates for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of high-mobility graphene are of great interest. Among various substrates, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has established itself as one of the most promising candidates. The nanomesh, a h-BN monolayer grown on the Rh(111) surface where the lattice mismatch of h-BN and rhodium leads to a characteristic corrugation of h-BN, offers an interesting graphene/h-BN interface, different from flat graphene/h-BN systems hitherto studied. In this report, we describe a two-step CVD process for graphene formation on h-BN/Rh(111) at millibar pressures and describe the influence of the surface texture on the CVD process. During a first exposure to the 3-pentanone precursor, carbon atoms are incorporated in the rhodium subsurface, which leads to decoupling of the h-BN layer from the Rh(111) surface. This is reflected in the electronic band structure, where the corrugation-induced splitting of the h-BN bands vanishes. In a second 3-pentanone exposure, a graphene layer is formed on the flat h-BN layer, evidenced by the appearance of the characteristic linear dispersion of its π band. The graphene layer grows incommensurate and highly oriented. The formation of graphene/h-BN on rhodium opens the door to scalable production of well-aligned heterostacks since single-crystalline thin-film Rh substrates are available in large dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvan Roth
- Insitut de Physique, Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Greber
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Osterwalder
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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43
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Gong C, He K, Lee GD, Chen Q, Robertson AW, Yoon E, Hong S, Warner JH. In Situ Atomic Level Dynamics of Heterogeneous Nucleation and Growth of Graphene from Inorganic Nanoparticle Seeds. ACS NANO 2016; 10:9397-9410. [PMID: 27643716 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An in situ heating holder inside an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope (AC-TEM) is used to investigate the real-time atomic level dynamics associated with heterogeneous nucleation and growth of graphene from Au nanoparticle seeds. Heating monolayer graphene to an elevated temperature of 800 °C removes the majority of amorphous carbon adsorbates and leaves a clean surface. The aggregation of Au impurity atoms into nanoparticle clusters that are bound to the surface of monolayer graphene causes nucleation of secondary graphene layers from carbon feedstock present within the microscope chamber. This enables the in situ study of heterogeneous nucleation and growth of graphene at the atomic level. We show that the growth mechanism consists of alternating C cluster attachment and indentation filling to maintain a uniform growth front of lowest energy. Back-folding of the graphene growth front is observed, followed by a process that involves flipping back and attaching to the surrounding region. We show how the highly polycrystalline graphene seed evolves with time into a higher order crystalline structure using a combination of AC-TEM and tight-binding molecular dynamics (TBMD) simulations. This helps understand the detailed lowest-energy step-by-step pathways associated with grain boundaries (GB) migration and crystallization processes. We find the motion of the GB is discontinuous and mediated by both bond rotation and atom evaporation, supported by density functional theory calculations and TBMD. These results provide insights into the formation of crystalline seed domains that are generated during bottom-up graphene synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuncheng Gong
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Kuang He
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Gun-Do Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Qu Chen
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Alex W Robertson
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Euijoon Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Suklyun Hong
- Department of Physics and Graphene Research Institute, Sejong University , Seoul 143-747, Korea
| | - Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
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44
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Weatherup RS, Shahani AJ, Wang ZJ, Mingard K, Pollard AJ, Willinger MG, Schloegl R, Voorhees PW, Hofmann S. In Situ Graphene Growth Dynamics on Polycrystalline Catalyst Foils. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6196-6206. [PMID: 27576749 PMCID: PMC5064306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of graphene growth on polycrystalline Pt foils during chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are investigated using in situ scanning electron microscopy and complementary structural characterization of the catalyst with electron backscatter diffraction. A general growth model is outlined that considers precursor dissociation, mass transport, and attachment to the edge of a growing domain. We thereby analyze graphene growth dynamics at different length scales and reveal that the rate-limiting step varies throughout the process and across different regions of the catalyst surface, including different facets of an individual graphene domain. The facets that define the domain shapes lie normal to slow growth directions, which are determined by the interfacial mobility when attachment to domain edges is rate-limiting, as well as anisotropy in surface diffusion as diffusion becomes rate-limiting. Our observations and analysis thus reveal that the structure of CVD graphene films is intimately linked to that of the underlying polycrystalline catalyst, with both interfacial mobility and diffusional anisotropy depending on the presence of step edges and grain boundaries. The growth model developed serves as a general framework for understanding and optimizing the growth of 2D materials on polycrystalline catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Weatherup
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley California 94720, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Ashwin J. Shahani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhu-Jun Wang
- Fritz Haber Institute, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ken Mingard
- National Physical
Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- National Physical
Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert Schloegl
- Fritz Haber Institute, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter W. Voorhees
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2220 Campus Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
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45
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Bayer BC, Bosworth DA, Michaelis FB, Blume R, Habler G, Abart R, Weatherup R, Kidambi PR, Baumberg JJ, Knop-Gericke A, Schloegl R, Baehtz C, Barber ZH, Meyer JC, Hofmann S. In Situ Observations of Phase Transitions in Metastable Nickel (Carbide)/Carbon Nanocomposites. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2016; 120:22571-22584. [PMID: 27746852 PMCID: PMC5056405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite thin films comprised of metastable metal carbides in a carbon matrix have a wide variety of applications ranging from hard coatings to magnetics and energy storage and conversion. While their deposition using nonequilibrium techniques is established, the understanding of the dynamic evolution of such metastable nanocomposites under thermal equilibrium conditions at elevated temperatures during processing and during device operation remains limited. Here, we investigate sputter-deposited nanocomposites of metastable nickel carbide (Ni3C) nanocrystals in an amorphous carbon (a-C) matrix during thermal postdeposition processing via complementary in situ X-ray diffractometry, in situ Raman spectroscopy, and in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. At low annealing temperatures (300 °C) we observe isothermal Ni3C decomposition into face-centered-cubic Ni and amorphous carbon, however, without changes to the initial finely structured nanocomposite morphology. Only for higher temperatures (400-800 °C) Ni-catalyzed isothermal graphitization of the amorphous carbon matrix sets in, which we link to bulk-diffusion-mediated phase separation of the nanocomposite into coarser Ni and graphite grains. Upon natural cooling, only minimal precipitation of additional carbon from the Ni is observed, showing that even for highly carbon saturated systems precipitation upon cooling can be kinetically quenched. Our findings demonstrate that phase transformations of the filler and morphology modifications of the nanocomposite can be decoupled, which is advantageous from a manufacturing perspective. Our in situ study also identifies the high carbon content of the Ni filler crystallites at all stages of processing as the key hallmark feature of such metal-carbon nanocomposites that governs their entire thermal evolution. In a wider context, we also discuss our findings with regard to the much debated potential role of metastable Ni3C as a catalyst phase in graphene and carbon nanotube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard C. Bayer
- Department of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, and Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Physics and Department of
Lithospheric Research, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - David A. Bosworth
- Department of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, and Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - F. Benjamin Michaelis
- Department of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, and Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Raoul Blume
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerlinde Habler
- Faculty of Physics and Department of
Lithospheric Research, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Abart
- Faculty of Physics and Department of
Lithospheric Research, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert
S. Weatherup
- Department of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, and Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Piran R. Kidambi
- Department of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, and Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- Department of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, and Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Knop-Gericke
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schloegl
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Baehtz
- Institute
of Radiation Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden−Rossendorf, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zoe H. Barber
- Department of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, and Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Jannik C. Meyer
- Faculty of Physics and Department of
Lithospheric Research, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Department of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, and Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
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46
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Yang Y, Fu Q, Wei W, Bao X. Segregation growth of epitaxial graphene overlayers on Ni(111). Sci Bull (Beijing) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-016-1169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Heine C, Lechner BAJ, Bluhm H, Salmeron M. Recycling of CO 2: Probing the Chemical State of the Ni(111) Surface during the Methanation Reaction with Ambient-Pressure X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13246-13252. [PMID: 27599672 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Using ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS), we studied the adsorption and reactions of CO2 and CO2 + H2 on the Ni(111) surface to identify the surface chemical state and the nature of the adsorbed species during the methanation reaction. In 200 mTorr CO2, we found that NiO is formed from CO2 dissociation into CO and atomic oxygen. Additionally, carbonate (CO32-) is present on the surface from further reaction of CO2 with NiO. The addition of H2 into the reaction environment leads to reduction of NiO and the disappearance of CO32-. At temperatures >160 °C, CO adsorbed on hollow sites, and atomic carbon and OH species are present on the surface. We conclude that the methanation reaction proceeds via dissociation of CO2, followed by reduction of CO to atomic carbon and its hydrogenation to methane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miquel Salmeron
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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48
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Liu N, Zhang J, Qiu Y, Yang J, Hu P. Fast growth of graphene on SiO2/Si substrates by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition with floating metal catalysts. Sci China Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-015-0536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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49
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Politano A, Cattelan M, Boukhvalov DW, Campi D, Cupolillo A, Agnoli S, Apostol NG, Lacovig P, Lizzit S, Farías D, Chiarello G, Granozzi G, Larciprete R. Unveiling the Mechanisms Leading to H2 Production Promoted by Water Decomposition on Epitaxial Graphene at Room Temperature. ACS NANO 2016; 10:4543-9. [PMID: 27054462 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
By means of a combination of surface-science spectroscopies and theory, we investigate the mechanisms ruling the catalytic role of epitaxial graphene (Gr) grown on transition-metal substrates for the production of hydrogen from water. Water decomposition at the Gr/metal interface at room temperature provides a hydrogenated Gr sheet, which is buckled and decoupled from the metal substrate. We evaluate the performance of Gr/metal interface as a hydrogen storage medium, with a storage density in the Gr sheet comparable with state-of-the-art materials (1.42 wt %). Moreover, thermal programmed reaction experiments show that molecular hydrogen can be released upon heating the water-exposed Gr/metal interface above 400 K. The Gr hydro/dehydrogenation process might be exploited for an effective and eco-friendly device to produce (and store) hydrogen from water, i.e., starting from an almost unlimited source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Politano
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria , via ponte Bucci, 31/C, I-87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Mattia Cattelan
- Department of Chemical Sciences and INSTM Research Unit, University of Padova , via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Danil W Boukhvalov
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University , 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
- Theoretical Physics and Applied Mathematics Department, Ural Federal University , Mira Street 19, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Davide Campi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca , via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Cupolillo
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria , via ponte Bucci, 31/C, I-87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Stefano Agnoli
- Department of Chemical Sciences and INSTM Research Unit, University of Padova , via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Nicoleta G Apostol
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A. , SS 14, km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Lacovig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A. , SS 14, km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvano Lizzit
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A. , SS 14, km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Daniel Farías
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada & Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales "Nicolás Cabrera" & Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gennaro Chiarello
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria , via ponte Bucci, 31/C, I-87036 Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Gaetano Granozzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and INSTM Research Unit, University of Padova , via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Rosanna Larciprete
- CNR, Institute for Complex Systems , via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, I-00133 Roma, Italy
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50
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Roiaz M, Monachino E, Dri C, Greiner M, Knop-Gericke A, Schlögl R, Comelli G, Vesselli E. Reverse Water–Gas Shift or Sabatier Methanation on Ni(110)? Stable Surface Species at Near-Ambient Pressure. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4146-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Roiaz
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Enrico Monachino
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Carlo Dri
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- IOM-CNR Laboratorio TASC, Area Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5, I-34149 Basovizza (Trieste), Italy
| | - Mark Greiner
- Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Fritz-Haber Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Knop-Gericke
- Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Fritz-Haber Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Fritz-Haber Institut der Max-Planck Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Giovanni Comelli
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- IOM-CNR Laboratorio TASC, Area Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5, I-34149 Basovizza (Trieste), Italy
| | - Erik Vesselli
- Physics Department, University of Trieste, via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- IOM-CNR Laboratorio TASC, Area Science Park, S.S. 14 km 163.5, I-34149 Basovizza (Trieste), Italy
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