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Wiley JL, Marusich JA, Blough BE, Namjoshi O, Brackeen M, Akinfiresoye LR, Walker TD, Prioleau C, Barrus DG, Gamage TF. Evaluation of cannabimimetic effects of selected minor cannabinoids and Terpenoids in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 132:110984. [PMID: 38417478 PMCID: PMC11015967 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.110984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cannabis plant contains several cannabinoids, and many terpenoids that give cannabis its distinctive flavoring and aroma. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) is the plant's primary psychoactive constituent. Given the abuse liability of Δ9-THC, assessment of the psychoactive effects of minor cannabinoids and other plant constituents is important, especially for compounds that may be used medicinally. This study sought to evaluate select minor cannabinoids and terpenes for Δ9-THC-like psychoactivity in mouse Δ9-THC drug discrimination and determine their binding affinities at CB1 and CB2 receptors. METHODS Δ9-THC, cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabichromenevarin (CBCV), Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), (6aR,9R)-Δ10-tetrahydrocannabinol [(6aR,9R)-Δ10-THC], Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol varin (THCV), β-caryophyllene (BC), and β-caryophyllene oxide (BCO) were examined. RESULTS All minor cannabinoids showed measurable cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor binding, with CBC, CBCV, and CBD, showing the weakest CB1 receptor binding affinity. BC and BCO exhibited negligible affinity for both CB1 and CB2 receptors. In drug discrimination, only Δ8-THC fully substituted for Δ9-THC, while CBN and (6aR,9R)-Δ10-THC partially substituted for Δ9-THC. THCV and BCO did not alter the discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9-THC. CONCLUSION In summary, only some of myriad cannabinoids and other chemicals found in the cannabis plant bind potently to the identified cannabinoid receptors. Further, only four of the compounds tested herein [Δ9-THC, Δ8-THC, (6aR,9R)-Δ10-THC, and CBN] produced Δ9-THC-like discriminative stimulus effects, suggesting they may possess cannabimimetic subjective effects. Given that the medicinal properties of phytocannabinoids and terpenoids are being investigated scientifically, delineation of their potential adverse effects, including their ability to produce Δ9-THC-like intoxication, is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luli R Akinfiresoye
- United States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division, Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, VA, USA
| | - Teneille D Walker
- United States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division, Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, VA, USA
| | - Cassandra Prioleau
- United States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Diversion Control Division, Drug and Chemical Evaluation Section, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, VA, USA
| | | | - Thomas F Gamage
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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2
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Docampo-Palacios ML, Ramirez GA, Tesfatsion TT, Okhovat A, Pittiglio M, Ray KP, Cruces W. Saturated Cannabinoids: Update on Synthesis Strategies and Biological Studies of These Emerging Cannabinoid Analogs. Molecules 2023; 28:6434. [PMID: 37687263 PMCID: PMC10490552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural and non-natural hexahydrocannabinols (HHC) were first described in 1940 by Adam and in late 2021 arose on the drug market in the United States and in some European countries. A background on the discovery, synthesis, and pharmacology studies of hydrogenated and saturated cannabinoids is described. This is harmonized with a summary and comparison of the cannabinoid receptor affinities of various classical, hybrid, and non-classical saturated cannabinoids. A discussion of structure-activity relationships with the four different pharmacophores found in the cannabinoid scaffold is added to this review. According to laboratory studies in vitro, and in several animal species in vivo, HHC is reported to have broadly similar effects to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the main psychoactive substance in cannabis, as demonstrated both in vitro and in several animal species in vivo. However, the effects of HHC treatment have not been studied in humans, and thus a biological profile has not been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite L. Docampo-Palacios
- Colorado Chromatography Labs, 10505 S. Progress Way, Unit 105, Parker, CO 80134, USA; (G.A.R.); (T.T.T.); (A.O.); (M.P.); (K.P.R.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Westley Cruces
- Colorado Chromatography Labs, 10505 S. Progress Way, Unit 105, Parker, CO 80134, USA; (G.A.R.); (T.T.T.); (A.O.); (M.P.); (K.P.R.)
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3
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Wood JS, Gordon WH, Morgan JB, Williamson RT. Cannabicitran: Its unexpected racemic nature and potential origins. Chirality 2023; 35:540-548. [PMID: 37142400 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cannabicitran is a cannabinoid found in levels up to ~10% in commercial "purified" cannabidiol (CBD) extracts. The structure of this natural product was first reported more than 50 years ago. However, few studies have investigated cannabicitran or its origin despite the rapidly increasing interest in the use of cannabinoids for the treatment of a wide range of physiological conditions. Following on a recent detailed NMR and computational characterization of cannabicitran, our group initiated ECD and TDDFT studies aimed at unequivocally determining the absolute configuration of cannabicitran present in Cannabis sativa extracts. To our surprise, we discovered the natural product was racemic, raising questions around its presumed enzymatic origin. Herein, we report the isolation and absolute configuration of (-)-cannabicitran and (+)-cannabicitran. Several possible scenarios for production of the racemate in the plant and/or during extract processing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared S Wood
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - William H Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeremy B Morgan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
| | - R Thomas Williamson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Alfei S, Schito GC, Schito AM. Synthetic Pathways to Non-Psychotropic Phytocannabinoids as Promising Molecules to Develop Novel Antibiotics: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1889. [PMID: 37514074 PMCID: PMC10384972 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the rapid emergence of multi drug resistant (MDR) pathogens against which current antibiotics are no longer functioning, severe infections are becoming practically untreatable. Consequently, the discovery of new classes of effective antimicrobial agents with novel mechanism of action is becoming increasingly urgent. The bioactivity of Cannabis sativa, an herbaceous plant used for millennia for medicinal and recreational purposes, is mainly due to its content in phytocannabinoids (PCs). Among the 180 PCs detected, cannabidiol (CBD), Δ8 and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinols (Δ8-THC and Δ9-THC), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN) and some of their acidic precursors have demonstrated from moderate to potent antibacterial effects against Gram-positive bacteria (MICs 0.5-8 µg/mL), including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), epidemic MRSA (EMRSA), as well as fluoroquinolone and tetracycline-resistant strains. Particularly, the non-psychotropic CBG was also capable to inhibit MRSA biofilm formation, to eradicate even mature biofilms, and to rapidly eliminate MRSA persiter cells. In this scenario, CBG, as well as other minor non-psychotropic PCs, such as CBD, and CBC could represent promising compounds for developing novel antibiotics with high therapeutic potential. Anyway, further studies are necessary, needing abundant quantities of such PCs, scarcely provided naturally by Cannabis plants. Here, after an extensive overture on cannabinoids including their reported antimicrobial effects, aiming at easing the synthetic production of the necessary amounts of CBG, CBC and CBD for further studies, we have, for the first time, systematically reviewed the synthetic pathways utilized for their synthesis, reporting both reaction schemes and experimental details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Schito
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Schito
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Sukandar ER, Kaennakam S, Wongsuwan S, Chatwichien J, Krobthong S, Yingchutrakul Y, Mahatnirunkul T, Mulya F, Parasuk V, Harding DJ, Poldorn P, Rungrotmongkol T, Tip-Pyang S, Aonbangkhen C, Chavasiri W. Schomburginones A‒J, geranylated benzophenones from the leaves of Garcinia schomburgkiana and their cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 211:113701. [PMID: 37127017 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ten undescribed benzophenones, schomburginones A-J, together with 14 known analogs were isolated from the leaves of Garcinia schomburgkiana, an edible plant native to the Indochina region. The structures of the undescribed compounds were elucidated by NMR combined with HRMS spectroscopy, while their absolute configurations were determined using ECD and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The isolated metabolites represent benzophenone derivatives containing a modified monoterpene unit, including tri- and tetracyclic skeletons, which are rarely found in genus Garcinia. The cytotoxic evaluation on three cancerous cell lines demonstrated that schomburginone G, schomburginone H, and 3-geranyl-2,4,6-trihydroxybenzophenone were active against HeLa cells with IC50 values in the range of 12.2-15.7 μM, respectively, and selective compared to the non-cancerous L929 cells (SI > 3.5). In addition, the three cytotoxic compounds together with clusiacyclol A showed significant NO inhibitory activity in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells over 85% inhibition without obvious cytotoxicity at a final concentration of 100 μM. The promising activities of these compounds in cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory assays make them attractive for further study in the development of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Sukandar
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Sutin Kaennakam
- Department of Agro-Industrial, Food, and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Sutthida Wongsuwan
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jaruwan Chatwichien
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Sucheewin Krobthong
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Yodying Yingchutrakul
- Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; National Omics Center (NOC), NSTDA, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Thanisorn Mahatnirunkul
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Fadjar Mulya
- Center of Excellence in Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Vudhichai Parasuk
- Center of Excellence in Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - David J Harding
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Preeyaporn Poldorn
- Center of Excellence in Biocatalyst and Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thanyada Rungrotmongkol
- Center of Excellence in Biocatalyst and Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Santi Tip-Pyang
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Chanat Aonbangkhen
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Warinthorn Chavasiri
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Yang P, Jia Q, Song S, Huang X. [2 + 2]-Cycloaddition-derived cyclobutane natural products: structural diversity, sources, bioactivities, and biomimetic syntheses. Nat Prod Rep 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2np00034b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the structural diversity, bioactivities, and biomimetic synthesis of [2 + 2]-type cyclobutane natural products, along with discussion of their biosynthesis, stereochemical analysis, racemic occurrence, and biomimetic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Qi Jia
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Shaojiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
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7
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Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Effects of Cannabinoids: An Updated Review with Future Perspectives and Current Challenges. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101228. [PMID: 36297340 PMCID: PMC9607911 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new antibiotics is urgently needed to combat the threat of bacterial resistance. New classes of compounds that have novel properties are urgently needed for the development of effective antimicrobial agents. The extract of Cannabis sativa L. has been used to treat multiple ailments since ancient times. Its bioactivity is largely attributed to the cannabinoids found in its plant. Researchers are currently searching for new anti-infective agents that can treat various infections. Although its phytocannabinoid ingredients have a wide range of medical benefits beyond the treatment of infections, they are primarily associated to psychotropic effects. Different cannabinoids have been demonstrated to be helpful against harmful bacteria, including Gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, combination therapy involving the use of different antibiotics has shown synergism and broad-spectrum activity. The purpose of this review is to gather current data on the actions of Cannabis sativa (C. sativa) extracts and its primary constituents such as terpenes and cannabinoids towards pathogens in order to determine their antimicrobial properties and cytotoxic effects together with current challenges and future perspectives in biomedical application.
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8
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Phang YL, Liu S, Zheng C, Xu H. Recent advances in the synthesis of natural products containing the phloroglucinol motif. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1766-1802. [PMID: 35762867 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00077b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Covering: June 2009 to 2021Natural products containing a phloroglucinol motif include simple and oligomeric phloroglucinols, polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols, phloroglucinol-terpenes, xanthones, flavonoids, and coumarins. These compounds represent a major class of secondary metabolites which exhibit a wide range of biological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hypoglycaemic properties. A number of these compounds have been authorized for therapeutic use or are currently being studied in clinical trials. Their structural diversity and utility in both traditional and conventional medicine have made them popular synthetic targets over the years. In this review, we compile and summarise the recent synthetic approaches to the natural products bearing a phloroglucinol motif. Focus has been given on ingenious strategies to functionalize the phloroglucinol moiety at multiple positions. The isolation and bioactivities of the compounds are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Lin Phang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Song Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Changwu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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9
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Nguyen GN, Jordan EN, Kayser O. Synthetic Strategies for Rare Cannabinoids Derived from Cannabis sativa. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:1555-1568. [PMID: 35648593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient syntheses of eight key cannabinoids were established and optimized. Predominant cannabinoids such as cannabigerol (CBG-C5) and cannabidiol (CBD-C5) were prepared from olivetol via regioselective condensation. Further treatments of CBD led to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-C5), Δ8-iso-tetrahydrocannabinol (iso-THC-C5), and cannabinol (CBN-C5). Alternatively, a [3 + 3] annulation between olivetol and citral yielded the minor cannabinoid cannabichromene (CBC-C5), which was converted into two very rare polycycles, cannabicyclol (CBL-C5) and cannabicitran (CBT-C5), in a one-pot reaction. Finally, all eight syntheses were extended by utilizing resorcinol and two phenolic analogues, achieving a cannabinoid group with more than 30 compounds through a facile synthesis strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gia-Nam Nguyen
- Technical Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical, University Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- MINDbioscience GmbH, Emil-Figge-Strasse 76a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Erin Noel Jordan
- Technical Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical, University Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver Kayser
- Technical Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Technical, University Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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10
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Dethe DH, Dherange BD, Das S, Srivastava A. Bioinspired enantioselective total syntheses of antibacterial callistrilones enabled by double S N2' cascade. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5474-5477. [PMID: 35416218 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01398c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bioinspired, catalytic approach to the enantioselective total syntheses of antibacterial callistrilones A, C-E and 13-epi-callistrilone E natural products containing an unprecedented, sterically compact [1]benzofuro-[2,3-a]xanthene 6/6/6/5/6/3-fused hexacyclic skeleton is described. The key features of the synthesis include a highly regio- and diastereoselective double SN2' cascade reaction, Lewis acid catalysed Michael addition and late stage diastereoselective epoxide formation from the sterically hindered β-face of the alkene as the key steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dattatraya H Dethe
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India.
| | - Balu D Dherange
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India.
| | - Saikat Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India.
| | - Aparna Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India.
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11
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Tang Z, Chen L, Yin P, Yang L, Shi Z, Zhao Z, Ye L, Li X. Diastereoselective construction of tetracyclic chromanes via a triply annulative strategy. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3342-3347. [PMID: 35352745 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00326k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A triple Michael/aldol cascade reaction has been established to construct tetracyclic chromanes in a diastereoselective fashion (≥5 : 1 dr). The polycyclic products were generated in 50-78% isolated yields under mild and metal-free conditions. Five reactive sites of enolate-tethered divinyl ketones were sequentially utilized to form four C-C bonds in a one-pot operation, leading to a construction of three new rings. Up to six consecutive stereocenters, including two quarternary stereogenic centers, were created in this domino process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishun Tang
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Linghong Chen
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Pengxuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Lu Yang
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Zhichuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Ling Ye
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Key Laboratory of Pollution Control Chemistry and Environmental Functional Materials for Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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12
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Franco C, Protti S, Porta A, Pollastro F, Profumo A, Mannucci B, Merli D. Stability of cannabidiol (CBD) in solvents and formulations: A GC–MS approach. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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13
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Seccamani P, Franco C, Protti S, Porta A, Profumo A, Caprioglio D, Salamone S, Mannucci B, Merli D. Photochemistry of Cannabidiol (CBD) Revised. A Combined Preparative and Spectrometric Investigation. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:2858-2865. [PMID: 34668704 PMCID: PMC8765678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is a plant with an astonishing ability to biosynthesize cannabinoids, and more than 100 molecules belonging to this class have been isolated. Among them in recent years cannabidiol (CBD) has received the interest of pharmacology as the major nonpsychotropic cannabinoid with many potential clinical applications. Although the reactivity of CBD has been widely investigated, only little attention has been given to the possible photodegradation of this cannabinoid, and the data available in the literature are outdated and, in some cases, conflicting. The aim of the present work is providing a characterization of the photochemical behavior of CBD in organic solvents, through a detailed GC-MS analyses, isolation, and NMR characterization of the photoproducts obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Seccamani
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Franco
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessio Porta
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Diego Caprioglio
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Stefano Salamone
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Barbara Mannucci
- Centro
Grandi Strumenti, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Merli
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- INFN
Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Tel: +39 0382 987581. Fax: +39 0382 528544. E-mail:
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14
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Agua AR, Barr PJ, Marlowe CK, Pirrung MC. Cannabichromene Racemization and Absolute Stereochemistry Based on a Cannabicyclol Analog. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8036-8040. [PMID: 34078070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cannabichromene (CBC) is unusual among cannabinoids in having been described as both a racemic and a scalemic compound from natural Cannabis sources. Several explanations are available for this circumstance, including facile racemization. Cannabichromene was resolved chromatographically, and the enantiomer matching CBC from local Cannabis was identified. To preclude racemization, CBC was converted to cannabicyclol for further stereochemical analysis. This permitted the (R) absolute stereochemistry to be assigned to natural CBC based on chiroptical data for related natural products and the absolute configuration of a cannabicyclol analog determined by X-ray crystallography. The racemization of CBC was found to be rather slow in the laboratory, but handling practices for natural cannabis products can be inferred to promote the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon R Agua
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Philip J Barr
- BayMedica, 458 Carlton Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Charles K Marlowe
- BayMedica, 458 Carlton Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Michael C Pirrung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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15
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Vacek J, Vostalova J, Papouskova B, Skarupova D, Kos M, Kabelac M, Storch J. Antioxidant function of phytocannabinoids: Molecular basis of their stability and cytoprotective properties under UV-irradiation. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:258-270. [PMID: 33453360 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, a comprehensive study of the redox transformation, electronic structure, stability and photoprotective properties of phytocannabinoids is presented. The non-psychotropic cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), and psychotropic tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) isomers and iso-THC were included in the study. The results show that under aqueous ambient conditions at pH 7.4, non-psychotropic cannabinoids are slight or moderate electron-donors and they are relatively stable, in the following order: CBD > CBG ≥ CBN > CBC. In contrast, psychotropic Δ9-THC degrades approximately one order of magnitude faster than CBD. The degradation (oxidation) is associated with the transformation of OH groups and changes in the double-bond system of the investigated molecules. The satisfactory stability of cannabinoids is associated with the fact that their OH groups are fully protonated at pH 7.4 (pKa is ≥ 9). The instability of CBN and CBC was accelerated after exposure to UVA radiation, with CBD (or CBG) being stable for up to 24 h. To support their topical applications, an in vitro dermatological comparative study of cytotoxic, phototoxic and UVA or UVB photoprotective effects using normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and keratinocytes (HaCaT) was done. NHDF are approx. twice as sensitive to the cannabinoids' toxicity as HaCaT. Specifically, toxicity IC50 values for CBD after 24 h of incubation are 7.1 and 12.8 μM for NHDF and HaCaT, respectively. None of the studied cannabinoids were phototoxic. Extensive testing has shown that CBD is the most effective protectant against UVA radiation of the studied cannabinoids. For UVB radiation, CBN was the most effective. The results acquired could be used for further redox biology studies on phytocannabinoids and evaluations of their mechanism of action at the molecular level. Furthermore, the UVA and UVB photoprotectivity of phytocannabinoids could also be utilized in the development of new cannabinoid-based topical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vacek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jitka Vostalova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Papouskova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Skarupova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kos
- Department of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojova 135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kabelac
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Storch
- Department of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojova 135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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16
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Quílez Del Moral JF, Ruiz Martínez C, Pérez Del Pulgar H, Martín González JE, Fernández I, López-Pérez JL, Fernández-Arteaga A, Barrero AF. Synthesis of Cannabinoids: "In Water" and "On Water" Approaches: Influence of SDS Micelles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3344-3355. [PMID: 33533618 PMCID: PMC9087200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
have proven that the biomimetic-like synthesis of cannabinoids
from citral and the corresponding phenolic counterpart may well be
carried out using water as a solvent. The influence of different additives
such as surfactants was also analyzed. Rationalization of the reaction
mode and regiochemistry of the processes were provided in terms of
“on water” and “in water” reactions. The
same reactions were conducted in organic media using Ga(III) salts
as catalysts. Worthy of being underlined, an unprecedented formal
[2+2+2] process was found to occur between two citral molecules and
the corresponding phenolic species in both aqueous and organic environments.
Computational studies were performed in order to gain a comprehensive
mechanistic and energetic understanding of the different steps of
this singular process. Finally, the influence of SDS micelles in the
chemical behavior of olivetol and citral was also pursued using PGSE
diffusion and NOESY NMR studies. These data permitted to tentatively
propose the existence of a mixed micelle between olivetol and SDS
assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Quílez Del Moral
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Ruiz Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Helena Pérez Del Pulgar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Fernández
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - José Luis López-Pérez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IBSAL-CIETUS, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro F Barrero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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17
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Anderson LL, Ametovski A, Lin Luo J, Everett-Morgan D, McGregor IS, Banister SD, Arnold JC. Cannabichromene, Related Phytocannabinoids, and 5-Fluoro-cannabichromene Have Anticonvulsant Properties in a Mouse Model of Dravet Syndrome. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:330-339. [PMID: 33395525 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis-based products are increasingly being used to treat refractory childhood epilepsies such as Dravet syndrome. Cannabis contains at least 140 terpenophenolic compounds known as phytocannabinoids. These include the known anticonvulsant compound cannabidiol (CBD) and several molecules showing emergent anticonvulsant properties in animal models. Cannabichromene (CBC) is a phytocannabinoid frequently detected in artisanal cannabis oils used in the community by childhood epilepsy patients. Here we examined the brain and plasma pharmacokinetic profiles of CBC, cannabichromenic acid (CBCA), cannabichromevarin (CBCV), and cannabichromevarinic acid (CBCVA) following intraperitoneal administration in mice. The anticonvulsant potential of each was then tested against hyperthermia-induced seizures in the Scn1a+/- mouse model of Dravet syndrome. All phytocannabinoids within the CBC series were readily absorbed and showed substantial brain penetration (brain-plasma ratios ranging from 0.2 to 5.8). Anticonvulsant efficacy was evident with CBC, CBCA, and CBCVA, each significantly increasing the temperature threshold at which Scn1a+/- mice had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. We synthesized a fluorinated derivative of CBC (5-fluoro-CBC), which showed improved brain penetration relative to the parent CBC molecule but not any greater anticonvulsant effect. Since CBC and derivatives are anticonvulsant in a model of intractable pediatric epilepsy, they may constitute part of the mechanism through which artisanal cannabis oils are anticonvulsant in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey L. Anderson
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Adam Ametovski
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Jia Lin Luo
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Declan Everett-Morgan
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Iain S. McGregor
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Samuel D. Banister
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Jonathon C. Arnold
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
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18
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Burchill L, Day AJ, Yahiaoui O, George JH. Biomimetic Total Synthesis of the Rubiginosin Meroterpenoids. Org Lett 2021; 23:578-582. [PMID: 33372801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Total synthesis of the Rhododendron meroterpenoids rubiginosins A and G, which both contain unusual 6-6-6-4 ring systems, has been achieved using a bioinspired cascade approach. Stepwise synthesis of these natural products, and the related 6-6-5-4 meroterpenoids fastinoid B and rhodonoid B, from naturally occurring chromene precursors is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Burchill
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Aaron J Day
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Oussama Yahiaoui
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Jonathan H George
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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19
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Gao D, Wang F, Liu X, Feng K, Zhao J, Wang Y, Yang X, Tian P, Lin G. Synthesis of Decahydrocyclobuta[
cd
]indene Skeletons: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation and Relay Thiophene‐Promoted Intramolecular [2+2] Cycloaddition. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dingding Gao
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Feng Wang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Xing‐Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Kai‐Rui Feng
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Jia‐Ying Zhao
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yu‐Hui Wang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Xiao‐Di Yang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Ping Tian
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Guo‐Qiang Lin
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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20
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Klahn P. Cannabinoids-Promising Antimicrobial Drugs orIntoxicants with Benefits? Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E297. [PMID: 32498408 PMCID: PMC7345649 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel antimicrobial drugs are urgently needed to counteract the increasing occurrence ofbacterial resistance. Extracts of Cannabis sativa have been used for the treatment of several diseasessince ancient times. However, its phytocannabinoid constituents are predominantly associated withpsychotropic effects and medical applications far beyond the treatment of infections. It has beendemonstrated that several cannabinoids show potent antimicrobial activity against primarily Grampositivebacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). As first in vivoefficacy has been demonstrated recently, it is time to discuss whether cannabinoids are promisingantimicrobial drug candidates or overhyped intoxicants with benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Klahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30,D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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21
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Hancock EN, Wahl JM, Brown MK. Recent advances in the synthesis of gem-dimethylcyclobutane natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 36:1383-1393. [PMID: 30855044 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00083b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: January 2000 to July 2018 gem-Dimethylcyclobutanes are a common motif found in a multitude of natural products, and thus these structures have captivated synthetic chemists for years. However, until the turn of the century, most synthetic efforts relied upon the use of widely available terpenes, such as pinene or caryophyllene, that already contain the gem-dimethylcyclobutane motif. This approach limits the scope of molecules that can be accessed readily. This review highlights recent syntheses in which the gem-dimethylcyclobutane is assembled via de novo approaches. An outlook on the future of this research area is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Hancock
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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22
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Navaratne PV, Wilkerson JL, Ranasinghe KD, Semenova E, Felix JS, Ghiviriga I, Roitberg A, McMahon LR, Grenning AJ. Axially Chiral Cannabinols: A New Platform for Cannabinoid‐Inspired Drug Discovery. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:728-732. [PMID: 32061146 PMCID: PMC10173896 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids (and synthetic analogs thereof) are gaining significant attention as promising leads in modern medicine. Considering this, new directions for the design of phytocannabinoid-inspired molecules is of immediate interest. In this regard, we have hypothesized that axially-chiral-cannabinols (ax-CBNs), unnatural and unknown isomers of cannabinol (CBN) may be valuable scaffolds for cannabinoid-inspired drug discovery. There are two main factors directing our interest to these scaffolds: (a) ax-CBNs would have ground-state three-dimensionality; ligand-receptor interactions can be more significant with complimentary 3D-topology, and (b) ax-CBNs at their core structure are biaryl molecules, generally attractive platforms for pharmaceutical development due to their ease of functionalization and stability. Herein we report a synthesis of ax-CBNs, examine physical properties experimentally and computationally, and perform a comparative analysis of ax-CBN and THC in mice behavioral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny L. Wilkerson
- Department of PharmacodynamicsUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | | | - Evgeniya Semenova
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Jasmine S. Felix
- Department of PharmacodynamicsUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Adrian Roitberg
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Lance R. McMahon
- Department of PharmacodynamicsUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yayue Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zheming Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Haibing He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shuanhu Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
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24
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Schwan J, Kleoff M, Heretsch P, Christmann M. Five-Step Synthesis of Yaequinolones J1 and J2. Org Lett 2020; 22:675-678. [PMID: 31909626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A concise synthesis of yaequinolones J1 and J2 is reported. The route is based on the aryne insertion into the σ-C-N bond of an unsymmetric imide followed by a diastereoselective aldol cyclization of the resulting N-acylated aminobenzophenone. The chromene motif is generated in the first step by an organocatalytic tandem Knoevenagel electrocyclization of citral and 2-bromoresorcinol. The approach adheres to the ideality principle, using almost exclusively strategic bond-forming reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schwan
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Merlin Kleoff
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Philipp Heretsch
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Mathias Christmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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25
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Garlets ZJ, Wertz BD, Liu W, Voight EA, Davies HML. Regio- and Stereoselective Rhodium(II)-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization of Cyclobutanes. Chem 2020; 6:304-313. [PMID: 32426551 PMCID: PMC7233328 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in controlled C-H functionalization transformations continue to inspire new retrosynthetic disconnections. One tactic in C-H functionalization is the intermolecular C-H insertion reaction of rhodium bound carbenes. These intermediates can undergo highly selective transformations through the modulation of the ligand framework of the rhodium catalyst. This work describes our continued efforts towards differentiating C-H bonds in the same molecule by judicious catalyst choice. Substituted cyclobutanes which exist as a mixture of interconverting conformers and possess neighboring C-H bonds within a highly strained framework are the targets herein for challenging the current suite of catalysts. While most C-H functionalization tactics focus on generating 1,2-disubstituted cyclobutanes via substrate-controlled directing group methods, the regiodivergent methods in this paper provide access to chiral 1,1-disubstituted and cis-1,3-disubstituted cyclobutanes simply by changing the catalyst identity, thus permitting entry to novel chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Garlets
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Benjamin D. Wertz
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Eric A. Voight
- Research & Development, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois, 60064 (USA)
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Lead Contact
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26
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Lokshin V, Clavier H, Khodorkovsky V. Spiro 1,3-indandiones: intramolecular photochemical reactions of carbonyl groups with carbon–carbon double bonds. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02923h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Spiro-1,3-indandiones involving a double CC bond undergo photochemical intramolecular reactions affording a variety of polycyclic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lokshin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325
- Campus de Luminy – Case 913
- Marseille
- France
| | - Hervé Clavier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille
- iSm2
- 13397 Marseille
- France
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27
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Rahmatpour A. Regioselective condensation of hydroxyaromatic compounds with 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran: facile one-pot synthesis of new substituted diaryl-fused 2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.3.2]nonanes comprising central ketal moieties. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj06232g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective synthesis of a series of novel diaryl- and naphthyl-fused 2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.3.2]nonanes was accomplished by a one-pot reaction of p-substituted phenols and 2-naphthol with 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rahmatpour
- Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Shahid Beheshti University
- Tehran
- Iran
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28
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Day AJ, Sumby CJ, George JH. Biomimetic Synthetic Studies on the Bruceol Family of Meroterpenoid Natural Products. J Org Chem 2019; 85:2103-2117. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Day
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Sumby
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Jonathan H. George
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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29
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Yuan X, Wu L, Xu C, Pan Z, Shi L, Yang G, Wang C, Fan S. A consecutive one-pot two-step approach to novel trifluoromethyl-substituted bis(indolyl)methane derivatives promoted by Sc(OTf)3 and p-TSA. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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30
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Burchill L, Pepper HP, Sumby CJ, George JH. ortho-Quinone Methide Cyclizations Inspired by the Busseihydroquinone Family of Natural Products. Org Lett 2019; 21:8304-8307. [PMID: 31593469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A series of cascade reactions of o-quinone methides have been developed based on the proposed biosynthesis of busseihydroquinone and parvinaphthol meroterpenoid natural products. The polycyclic framework of the most complex family members, busseihydroquinone E and parvinaphthol C, was assembled by an intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition of an electron-rich chromene substrate. The resultant cyclic enol ether underwent rearrangements under acidic or oxidative conditions, which led to a new total synthesis of rhodonoid D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Burchill
- Department of Chemistry , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia 5005 , Australia
| | - Henry P Pepper
- Department of Chemistry , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia 5005 , Australia
| | - Christopher J Sumby
- Department of Chemistry , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia 5005 , Australia
| | - Jonathan H George
- Department of Chemistry , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia 5005 , Australia
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31
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Caprioglio D, Mattoteia D, Minassi A, Pollastro F, Lopatriello A, Muňoz E, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Appendino G. One-Pot Total Synthesis of Cannabinol via Iodine-Mediated Deconstructive Annulation. Org Lett 2019; 21:6122-6125. [PMID: 31339327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The thermal degradation of cannabichromene (CBC, 3) is dominated by cationic reactions and not by the pericyclic rearrangements observed in model compounds. The rationalization of these differences inspired the development of a process that coupled, in an aromatization-driven single operational step, the condensation of citral and alkylresorciniols to homoprenylchromenes and their in situ deconstructive annulation to benzo[c]chromenes. This process was applied to a total synthesis of cannabinol (CBN, 5) and to its molecular editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Caprioglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Largo Donegani 2 , 28100 Novara , Italy
| | - Daiana Mattoteia
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Largo Donegani 2 , 28100 Novara , Italy
| | - Alberto Minassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Largo Donegani 2 , 28100 Novara , Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Largo Donegani 2 , 28100 Novara , Italy
| | - Annalisa Lopatriello
- Dipartimento di Farmacia , Università di Napoli Federico II , Via Montesano 49 , 80131 Napoli , Italy
| | - Eduardo Muňoz
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba , University of Córdoba , Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n , 14004 Córdoba , Spain
| | | | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Largo Donegani 2 , 28100 Novara , Italy
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32
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Akaberi M, Danton O, Tayarani-Najaran Z, Asili J, Iranshahi M, Emami SA, Hamburger M. HPLC-Based Activity Profiling for Antiprotozoal Compounds in the Endemic Iranian Medicinal Plant Helichrysum oocephalum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:958-969. [PMID: 30916554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In a screening of Iranian plants for antiprotozoal activity a dichlomethane extract from the aerial parts of Helichrysum oocephalum showed in vitro antiprotozoal activity against Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania donovani, with IC50 values of 4.01 ± 0.50 and 5.08 ± 0.07 μg/mL, respectively. The activity in the extract was tracked by HPLC-based activity profiling, and subsequent targeted preparative isolation afforded 24 compounds, including pyrones 22-24, phloroglucinol derivatives 12-19, and compounds containing both structural motifs (1-11, 20, and 21). Of these, 15 compounds were new natural products. The in vitro antiprotozoal activity of isolates was determined. Compound 3 showed good potency and selectivity in vitro against L. donovani (IC50 1.79 ± 0.17 μM; SI 53).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Akaberi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Ombeline Danton
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Zahra Tayarani-Najaran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Javad Asili
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Mehrdad Iranshahi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - S Ahmad Emami
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
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33
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Pollastro F, Caprioglio D, Del Prete D, Rogati F, Minassi A, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Munoz E, Appendino G. Cannabichromene. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinochromene (CBC, 1a) is the archetypal member of a class of more than twenty isoprenylated 5-hydroxy-7-alkyl(aralky)benzo[2 H]pyranes first reported from Cannabis sativa L. but also occurring in unrelated plants ( Rhododendron species) as well as liverworts and fungi. The chemistry, synthesis, and bioactivity of CBC (1a) is reviewed, highlighting its underexploited pharmacological potential and rich chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Caprioglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara
| | - Danilo Del Prete
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara
| | - Federica Rogati
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara
| | - Alberto Minassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara
| | | | - Eduardo Munoz
- VivaCell Biotechnology España, Parque Científico Tecnológico de Córdoba. 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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34
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Li D, Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Li J, Zhao J, Qu J. Synthesis of 2-trifluoromethyl-2-hydroxy-2H-chromenes via cyclization of (Z)-trifluoromethyl alkenyl triflates and salicylaldehydes. J Fluor Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiwu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanxing Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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36
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37
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Katakawa K, Kainuma M, Suzuki K, Tanaka S, Kumamoto T. Asymmetric total syntheses of teretifolione B and methylteretifolione B via Diels-Alder reaction of optically active pyranobenzyne and substituted furans. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Wu H, Hsung RP, Tang Y. Total Syntheses of (±)-Rhodonoids C, D, E, F, and G and Ranhuadujuanine B. Org Lett 2017; 19:3505-3507. [PMID: 28604000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the divergent, biosynthetically inspired syntheses of (±)-rhodonoids C-G and (±)-ranhuadujuanine B. The key steps of the syntheses include the construction of the chromene unit through a formal oxa-[3 + 3] annulation and a biomimetic acid-catalyzed ring cyclization. Cationic [2 + 2] cycloaddition is accomplished to form the cyclobutane core of (±)-rhodonoids E and F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Richard P Hsung
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Yu Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
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39
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A natural product from Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa inhibits homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2), attenuating MPP + -induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Bioorg Chem 2017; 72:64-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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40
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Day AJ, Lam HC, Sumby CJ, George JH. Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Rhodonoids C and D, and Murrayakonine D. Org Lett 2017; 19:2463-2465. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Day
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Hiu C. Lam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | | | - Jonathan H. George
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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41
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Wu H, Hsung RP, Tang Y. Total Syntheses of (±)-Rhodonoids A and B and C12-epi-Rhodonoid B. J Org Chem 2017; 82:1545-1551. [PMID: 28034311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Total syntheses of (±)-rhodonoids A and B and C12-epi-rhodonoid B are described here. A unified strategy employed in these syntheses is an intramolecular oxa-[3 + 3] annulation for accessing the chromene unit. A Fe(OTf)3-promoted diastereoselective cationic [2 + 2] cycloaddition and a photochemical [2 + 2] cycloaddition were featured to construct the cyclobutane core of (±)-rhodonoids A and B and C12-epi-rhodonoid B, respectively. Fe(OTf)3 also leads to an interesting bridged tetracycle, which was unambiguously confirmed by single crystal X-ray analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin, 300072 P. R. China
| | - Richard P Hsung
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin , Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Yu Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin, 300072 P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology , Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
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42
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Swamy MMM, Mándi A, Anetai M, Monde K. Stereochemistry of a Rhododaurichromanic Acid Derivative. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A rhododaurichromanic acid A derivative was synthesized from the naturally occurring daurichromenic acid in enantiomeric pure form. Its absolute configuration was elucidated by applying VCD, ECD and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadeva M. M. Swamy
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Attila Mándi
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Masaki Anetai
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kenji Monde
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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43
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Hong YJ, Tantillo DJ. How cyclobutanes are assembled in nature--insights from quantum chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 43:5042-50. [PMID: 24710596 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60452g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthetic production of cyclobutanes leads to many complex natural products. Recently, theoretical work employing quantum chemical calculations has shed light on many of the details of cyclobutane-formation, in particular, for terpene natural products. Specific insights and general principles derived from these theoretical studies are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young J Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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44
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Saicic RN. Protecting group-free syntheses of natural products and biologically active compounds. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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45
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Kim KH, Lim JW, Lee J, Go MJ, Kim JN. Thermal Intramolecular [2+2] Cycloaddition: Synthesis of 3-Azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes from Morita-Baylis-Hillman Adduct-Derived 4,4-Diaryl-1,3-dienes. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Nakano SI, Kakugawa K, Nemoto T, Hamada Y. Scandium-Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization to Produce Cyclobutane-Fused Tetrahydroquinoline, Chromane, Thiochromane, and Tetrahydronaphthalene Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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47
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Song A, Zhang X, Song X, Chen X, Yu C, Huang H, Li H, Wang W. Construction of Chiral Bridged Tricyclic Benzopyrans: Enantioselective Catalytic Diels-Alder Reaction and a One-Pot Reduction/Acid-Catalyzed Stereoselective Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Song A, Zhang X, Song X, Chen X, Yu C, Huang H, Li H, Wang W. Construction of chiral bridged tricyclic benzopyrans: enantioselective catalytic Diels-Alder reaction and a one-pot reduction/acid-catalyzed stereoselective cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4940-4. [PMID: 24664928 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An asymmetric two-step approach to chiral bridged tricyclic benzopyrans, core structures featured in various natural products, is described. In the synthesis, an unprecedented enantioselective catalytic decarboxylative Diels-Alder reaction is developed using readily available coumarin-3-carboxylic acids and aldehydes as reactants under mild reaction conditions. Notably, the decarboxylation-assisted release of the catalyst enables the process to proceed efficiently with high enantio- and diastereoselectivity. Furthermore, a one-pot procedure for either a LiAlH4 - or NaBH4 -mediated reduction with subsequent acid-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of the Diels-Alder adducts was identified for the efficient formation of the chiral bridged tricyclic benzopyrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Song
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 (USA) http://chemistry.unm.edu/faculty_bio/wwang.html
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49
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Xia L, Cai H, Lee YR. Catalyst-controlled regio- and stereoselective synthesis of diverse 12H-6,12-methanodibenzo[d,g][1,3]dioxocines. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:4386-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00691g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of 12H-6,12-methanodibenzo[d,g][1,3]dioxocines has been accomplished by the EDDA and PTSA-catalyzed cascade reactions of resorcinols and 2-hydroxychalcones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likai Xia
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyun Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Yeungnam University
- Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
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50
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Li X, Lee YR. Efficient and novel one-pot synthesis of polycycles bearing cyclols by FeCl3-promoted [2 + 2] cycloaddition: application to cannabicyclol, cannabicyclovarin, and ranhuadujuanine A. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:1250-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42110d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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