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Umar M, Rehman Y, Ambreen S, Mumtaz SM, Shaququzzaman M, Alam MM, Ali R. Innovative approaches to Alzheimer's therapy: Harnessing the power of heterocycles, oxidative stress management, and nanomaterial drug delivery system. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 97:102298. [PMID: 38604453 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) presents a complex pathology involving amyloidogenic proteolysis, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cholinergic deficits. Oxidative stress exacerbates AD progression through pathways like macromolecular peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and metal ion redox potential alteration linked to amyloid-beta (Aβ). Despite limited approved medications, heterocyclic compounds have emerged as promising candidates in AD drug discovery. This review highlights recent advancements in synthetic heterocyclic compounds targeting oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation in AD. Additionally, it explores the potential of nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems to overcome challenges in AD treatment. Nanoparticles with heterocyclic scaffolds, like polysorbate 80-coated PLGA and Resveratrol-loaded nano-selenium, show improved brain transport and efficacy. Micellar CAPE and Melatonin-loaded nano-capsules exhibit enhanced antioxidant properties, while a tetra hydroacridine derivative (CHDA) combined with nano-radiogold particles demonstrates promising acetylcholinesterase inhibition without toxicity. This comprehensive review underscores the potential of nanotechnology-driven drug delivery for optimizing the therapeutic outcomes of novel synthetic heterocyclic compounds in AD management. Furthermore, the inclusion of various promising heterocyclic compounds with detailed ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) data provides valuable insights for planning the development of novel drug delivery treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Umar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Yasir Rehman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Subiya Ambreen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Sayed Md Mumtaz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd Shaququzzaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Mumtaz Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ruhi Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India.
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Huang ST, Luo JC, Zhong GH, Teng LP, Yang CY, Tang CL, Jing L, Zhou ZB, Liu J, Jiang N. In vitro and in vivo Biological Evaluation of Newly Tacrine-Selegiline Hybrids as Multi-Target Inhibitors of Cholinesterases and Monoamine Oxidases for Alzheimer's Disease. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:133-159. [PMID: 38283137 PMCID: PMC10822116 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s432170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, and its multifactorial nature increases the difficulty of medical research. To explore an effective treatment for AD, a series of novel tacrine-selegiline hybrids with ChEs and MAOs inhibitory activities were designed and synthesized as multifunctional drugs. Methods All designed compounds were evaluated in vitro for their inhibition of cholinesterases (AChE/BuChE) and monoamine oxidases (MAO-A/B) along with their blood-brain barrier permeability. Then, further biological activities of the optimizing compound 7d were determined, including molecular model analysis, in vitro cytotoxicity, acute toxicity studies in vivo, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic property studies in vivo. Results Most synthesized compounds demonstrated potent inhibitory activity against ChEs/MAOs. Particularly, compound 7d exhibited good and well-balanced activity against ChEs (hAChE: IC50 = 1.57 μM, hBuChE: IC50 = 0.43 μM) and MAOs (hMAO-A: IC50 = 2.30 μM, hMAO-B: IC50 = 4.75 μM). Molecular modeling analysis demonstrated that 7d could interact simultaneously with both the catalytic active site (CAS) and peripheral anionic site (PAS) of AChE in a mixed-type manner and also exhibits binding affinity towards BuChE and MAO-B. Additionally, 7d displayed excellent permeability of the blood-brain barrier, and under the experimental conditions, it elicited low or no toxicity toward PC12 and BV-2 cells. Furthermore, 7d was not acutely toxic in mice at doses up to 2500 mg/kg and could improve the cognitive function of mice with scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Lastly, 7d possessed well pharmacokinetic characteristics. Conclusion In light of these results, it is clear that 7d could potentially serve as a promising multi-functional drug for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Tong Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Chong Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hui Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Teng
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cai-Yan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Li Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Bo Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Neng Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
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Ipe RS, Kumar S, Benny F, Jayan J, Manoharan A, Sudevan ST, George G, Gahtori P, Kim H, Mathew B. A Concise Review of the Recent Structural Explorations of Chromones as MAO-B Inhibitors: Update from 2017 to 2023. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1310. [PMID: 37765118 PMCID: PMC10534638 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are a family of flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent enzymes that catalyze the oxidative deamination of a wide range of endogenous and exogenous amines. Multiple neurological conditions, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), are closely correlated with altered biogenic amine concentrations in the brain caused by MAO. Toxic byproducts of this oxidative breakdown, including hydrogen peroxide, reactive oxygen species, and ammonia, can cause oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in brain cells. Certain MAO-B blockers have been recognized as effective treatment options for managing neurological conditions, including AD and PD. There is still a pressing need to find potent therapeutic molecules to fight these disorders. However, the focus of neurodegeneration studies has recently increased, and certain compounds are now in clinical trials. Chromones are promising structures for developing therapeutic compounds, especially in neuronal degeneration. This review focuses on the MAO-B inhibitory potential of several synthesized chromones and their structural activity relationships. Concerning the discovery of a novel class of effective chromone-based selective MAO-B-inhibiting agents, this review offers readers a better understanding of the most recent additions to the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Susan Ipe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India; (R.S.I.); (S.K.); (F.B.); (J.J.); (A.M.); (S.T.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India; (R.S.I.); (S.K.); (F.B.); (J.J.); (A.M.); (S.T.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Feba Benny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India; (R.S.I.); (S.K.); (F.B.); (J.J.); (A.M.); (S.T.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Jayalakshmi Jayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India; (R.S.I.); (S.K.); (F.B.); (J.J.); (A.M.); (S.T.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Amritha Manoharan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India; (R.S.I.); (S.K.); (F.B.); (J.J.); (A.M.); (S.T.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Sachitra Thazhathuveedu Sudevan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India; (R.S.I.); (S.K.); (F.B.); (J.J.); (A.M.); (S.T.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Ginson George
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India; (R.S.I.); (S.K.); (F.B.); (J.J.); (A.M.); (S.T.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Prashant Gahtori
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248007, India;
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India; (R.S.I.); (S.K.); (F.B.); (J.J.); (A.M.); (S.T.S.); (G.G.)
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Ayuso P, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Gómez-Tabales J, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E, Agúndez JAG. An update on the pharmacogenetic considerations when prescribing dopamine receptor agonists for Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2023; 19:447-460. [PMID: 37599424 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2023.2249404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative multisystemic disorder that affects approximately 2% of the population over 65 years old. This disorder is characterized by motor symptoms which are frequently accompanied by non-motor symptoms such as cognitive disorders. Current drug therapies aim to reduce the symptoms and increase the patient's life expectancy. Nevertheless, there is heterogeneity in therapy response in terms of efficacy and adverse effects. This wide range in response may be linked to genetic variability. Thus, it has been suggested that pharmacogenomics may help to tailor and personalize drug therapy for Parkinson's disease. AREAS COVERED This review describes and updates the clinical impact of genetic factors associated with the efficacy and adverse drug reactions related to common medications used to treat Parkinson's disease. Additionally, we highlight current informative recommendations for the drug treatment of Parkinson's disease. EXPERT OPINION The pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and safety profiles of Parkinson's disease drugs do not favor the development of pharmacogenetic tests with a high probability of success. The chances of obtaining ground-breaking pharmacogenetics biomarkers for Parkinson's disease therapy are limited. Nevertheless, additional information on the metabolism of certain drugs, and an analysis of the potential of pharmacogenetics in novel drugs could be of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ayuso
- Universidad de Extremadura, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Javier Gómez-Tabales
- Universidad de Extremadura, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Elena García-Martín
- Universidad de Extremadura, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Cáceres, Spain
| | - José A G Agúndez
- Universidad de Extremadura, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Cáceres, Spain
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Krueger K, Lamenza F, Gu H, El-Hodiri H, Wester J, Oberdick J, Fischer AJ, Oghumu S. Sex differences in susceptibility to substance use disorder: Role for X chromosome inactivation and escape? Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103859. [PMID: 37207894 PMCID: PMC10286730 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a sex-based disparity associated with substance use disorders (SUDs) as demonstrated by clinical and preclinical studies. Females are known to escalate from initial drug use to compulsive drug-taking behavior (telescoping) more rapidly, and experience greater negative withdrawal effects than males. Although these biological differences have largely been attributed to sex hormones, there is evidence for non-hormonal factors, such as the influence of the sex chromosome, which underlie sex disparities in addiction behavior. However, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying sex chromosome influences on substance abuse behavior are not completely understood. In this review, we discuss the role that escape from X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in females plays in sex-associated differences in addiction behavior. Females have two X chromosomes (XX), and during XCI, one X chromosome is randomly chosen to be transcriptionally silenced. However, some X-linked genes escape XCI and display biallelic gene expression. We generated a mouse model using an X-linked gene specific bicistronic dual reporter mouse as a tool to visualize allelic usage and measure XCI escape in a cell specific manner. Our results revealed a previously undiscovered X-linked gene XCI escaper (CXCR3), which is variable and cell type dependent. This illustrates the highly complex and context dependent nature of XCI escape which is largely understudied in the context of SUD. Novel approaches such as single cell RNA sequencing will provide a global molecular landscape and impact of XCI escape in addiction and facilitate our understanding of the contribution of XCI escape to sex disparities in SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Krueger
- Department of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Felipe Lamenza
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Howard Gu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Heithem El-Hodiri
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jason Wester
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John Oberdick
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andy J Fischer
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steve Oghumu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Cardiovascular effects of bufotenin on human 5-HT 4 serotonin receptors in cardiac preparations of transgenic mice and in human atrial preparations. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s00210-023-02414-8. [PMID: 36754881 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear whether bufotenin (= N,N-dimethyl-serotonin = 5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine), a hallucinogenic drug, can act on human cardiac serotonin 5-HT4 receptors. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine the cardiac effects of bufotenin and for comparison tryptamine in transgenic mice that only express the human 5-HT4 receptor in cardiomyocytes (5-HT4-TG), in their wild-type littermates (WT) and in isolated electrically driven (1 Hz) human atrial preparations. In 5-HT4-TG, we found that both bufotenin and tryptamine enhanced the force of contraction in left atrial preparations (pD2 = 6.77 or 5.5, respectively) and the beating rate in spontaneously beating right atrial preparations (pD2 = 7.04 or 5.86, respectively). Bufotenin (1 µM) increased left ventricular force of contraction and beating rate in Langendorff perfused hearts from 5-HT4-TG, whereas it was inactive in hearts from WT animals, as was tryptamine. The positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of bufotenin and tryptamine were potentiated by an inhibitor of monoamine oxidases (50 µM pargyline). Furthermore, bufotenin concentration- (0.1-10 µM) and time-dependently elevated force of contraction in isolated electrically stimulated musculi pectinati from the human atrium and these effects were likewise reversed by tropisetron (10 µM). We found that bufotenin (10 µM) increased the phosphorylation state of phospholamban in the isolated perfused hearts, left and right atrial muscle strips of 5-HT4-TG but not from WT and in isolated human right atrial preparations. In summary, we showed that bufotenin can increase the force of contraction via stimulation of human 5-HT4 receptors transgenic mouse cardiac preparations but notably also in human atrial preparations.
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Herraiz T. Assay of MAO Inhibition by Chromatographic Techniques (HPLC/HPLC-MS). Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2558:97-114. [PMID: 36169858 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2643-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes (MAO A and B) catalyze the oxidative deamination of biogenic amines, neurotransmitters, and xenobiotic amines and contribute to the regulation of the content of these active substances in mammalian organisms. The oxidation of biogenic amines by MAO produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and aldehydes that represent risk factors for oxidative injury. The inhibitors of MAO are useful as antidepressants and neuroprotective agents. Usually, the assays of MAO determine amine deamination products or measure the H2O2 released by using direct spectrophotometric or fluorimetric methods. Direct methods are more prone to interferences and can afford inaccurate results. Those limitations can be avoided by using chromatographic techniques. This work describes a chromatographic method to assay MAO A and MAO B activity by using kynuramine as a nonselective substrate and the subsequent analysis of 4-hydroxyquinoline by RP-HPLC-DAD-fluorescence and mass spectrometry (MS). Alternatively, the assay uses the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxin as a substrate of MAO that is oxidized (bioactivated) to neurotoxic pyridinium cations which are analyzed by HPLC. These methods are applied to assess the inhibition of MAO by bioactive β-carboline alkaloids occurring in foods, plants, and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Herraiz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Abstract
MAO activity measurement can be monitored by direct peroxidase-free assays following different spectroscopy methods. Typically, these are assays that follow the conversion of different MAO substrates into its corresponding products monitored in either absorbance or fluorescence. Herein, we describe the assays for enzyme activity assessment with MAO B and particularly the MAO A substrate kynuramine, as well as the MAO B substrate benzylamine. Moreover, we also describe MAO activity determination using the tertiary amine substrate allyl amine 1-methyl-4-(1-methyl-1 H-pyrrol-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MMTP). These are very useful methods for the investigation of MAO inhibitory activity by molecules known to be HRP-interfering. In the present chapter we demonstrate the application of these methods in MAO activity and Michaelis-Menten curve determinations as well as inhibitory activity experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Reis
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Binda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Reis J, Binda C. The Peroxidase-Coupled Assay to Measure MAO Enzymatic Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2558:23-34. [PMID: 36169853 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2643-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
MAO activity measurement is generally performed following different spectroscopy methods, in most cases using peroxidase as a coupled reaction catalyst. In the presence of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the assay follows the oxidation of the typical MAO substrate (aromatic amines) which generates hydrogen peroxide as a secondary product. There are several chromogens and fluorogens that, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, are converted by HRP to detectable products. In the present chapter we describe the spectrophotometric 4-aminoantipyrine assay as well as the fluorogenic assay with the Amplex® Red chemical probe. These methods are applied on MAO activity and Michaelis-Menten curve determinations as well as inhibitory activity experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Reis
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Binda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Ramsay RR. MAO Visible Spectroscopy for Ligand Interactions, Redox Chemistry, and Kinetics of Irreversible Inhibition. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2558:63-74. [PMID: 36169856 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2643-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The covalently bound FAD cofactor in monoamine oxidase (MAO) is reduced by the amine substrate and reoxidized by oxygen. Visible spectroscopy provides a convenient tool to study the interaction of ligands and the kinetics of the half-reactions for mechanistic investigations. Equilibrium redox titrations allow measurement of redox potentials, while rapid mixing experiments allow determination of the rate of reduction by different substrates and of covalent adduct formation by irreversible inactivators. Three techniques are described: (1) measuring ligand interactions by alterations in the spectrum, especially at 495 nm; (2) reducing MAO, including the essentials for anaerobic procedures; and (3) studying kinetics of reduction, reoxidation, or inactivation of MAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona R Ramsay
- School of Biology, Biomolecular Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, Fife, UK.
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Therapeutic Implications of microRNAs in Depressive Disorders: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113530. [PMID: 36362315 PMCID: PMC9658840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are hidden players in complex psychophysical phenomena such as depression and anxiety related disorders though the activation and deactivation of multiple proteins in signaling cascades. Depression is classified as a mood disorder and described as feelings of sadness, loss, or anger that interfere with a person’s everyday activities. In this review, we have focused on exploration of the significant role of miRNAs in depression by affecting associated target proteins (cellular and synaptic) and their signaling pathways which can be controlled by the attachment of miRNAs at transcriptional and translational levels. Moreover, miRNAs have potential role as biomarkers and may help to cure depression through involvement and interactions with multiple pharmacological and physiological therapies. Taken together, miRNAs might be considered as promising novel therapy targets themselves and may interfere with currently available antidepressant treatments.
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Khan BA, Hamdani SS, Ahmed MN, Rashid U, Hameed S, Ibrahim MA, Iqbal J, Granados CC, Macías MA. Design, synthesis, crystal structures, computational studies, in vitro and in silico monoamine oxidase-A&B inhibitory activity of two novel S-benzyl dithiocarbamates. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Babina M, Franke K, Bal G. How "Neuronal" Are Human Skin Mast Cells? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810871. [PMID: 36142795 PMCID: PMC9505265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are evolutionarily old cells and the principal effectors in allergic responses and inflammation. They are seeded from the yolk sac during embryogenesis or are derived from hematopoietic progenitors and are therefore related to other leukocyte subsets, even though they form a separate clade in the hematopoietic system. Herein, we systematically bundle information from several recent high-throughput endeavors, especially those comparing MCs with other cell types, and combine such information with knowledge on the genes’ functions to reveal groups of neuronal markers specifically expressed by MCs. We focus on recent advances made regarding human tissue MCs, but also refer to studies in mice. In broad terms, genes hyper-expressed in MCs, but largely inactive in other myelocytes, can be classified into subcategories such as traffic/lysosomes (MLPH and RAB27B), the dopamine system (MAOB, DRD2, SLC6A3, and SLC18A2), Ca2+-related entities (CALB2), adhesion molecules (L1CAM and NTM) and, as an overall principle, the transcription factors and modulators of transcriptional activity (LMO4, PBX1, MEIS2, and EHMT2). Their function in MCs is generally unknown but may tentatively be deduced by comparison with other systems. MCs share functions with the nervous system, as they express typical neurotransmitters (histamine and serotonin) and a degranulation machinery that shares features with the neuronal apparatus at the synapse. Therefore, selective overlaps are plausible, and they further highlight the uniqueness of MCs within the myeloid system, as well as when compared with basophils. Apart from investigating their functional implications in MCs, a key question is whether their expression in the lineage is due to the specific reactivation of genes normally silenced in leukocytes or whether the genes are not switched off during mastocytic development from early progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Babina
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Allergology, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Kristin Franke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Allergology, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gürkan Bal
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology IA, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Allergology, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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14
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Bhawna, Kumar A, Bhatia M, Kapoor A, Kumar P, Kumar S. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: A concise review with special emphasis on structure activity relationship studies. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 242:114655. [PMID: 36037788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase enzyme is necessary for the management of brain functions. It oxidatively metabolizes monoamines and produces ammonia, aldehyde and hydrogen peroxide as by-products. Excessive production of by-products of monoamine metabolism generates free radicals which cause cellular apoptosis and several neurodegenerative disorders for example Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression and autism. The inhibition of MAOs is an attractive target for the treatment of neurological disorders. Clinically approved MAO inhibitors for example selegiline, rasagiline, clorgyline, pargyline etc. are irreversible in nature and cause some adverse effects while recently studied reversible MAO inhibitors are devoid of harmful effects of old monoamine oxidase inhibitors. In this review article we have listed various synthesized molecules containing different moieties like coumarin, chalcone, thiazole, thiourea, caffeine, pyrazole, chromone etc. along with their activity, mode of action, structure activity relationship and molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Meenakshi Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Archana Kapoor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Parvin Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India.
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15
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Osmaniye D, Sağlık BN, Levent S, Özkay Y, Kaplancıklı ZA, Turan G. Synthesis of new derivatives containing pyridine, investigation of MAO inhibitory activities and molecular docking studies. Z NATURFORSCH C 2022; 77:509-517. [PMID: 35858184 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2022-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, novel pyridine-containing thiazolyl hydrazone derivatives were synthesized. Structure determinations of the compounds were performed using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS techniques. The biological activities of the compounds were evaluated against MAO enzymes by in vitro fluorometric method. As a result of activity studies, compound 3a showed selective inhibitory activity against MAO-B enzyme with IC50 = 0.088 + 0.003 µM. The selectivity index of this compound is greater than 1136. Molecular docking studies were carried out using 2V5Z crystal. It has been observed that docking studies and activity studies are in harmony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Osmaniye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.,Central Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Begüm Nurpelin Sağlık
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.,Central Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Serkan Levent
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.,Central Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özkay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey.,Central Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Zafer Asım Kaplancıklı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Gülhan Turan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
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16
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Rendić SP, Crouch RD, Guengerich FP. Roles of selected non-P450 human oxidoreductase enzymes in protective and toxic effects of chemicals: review and compilation of reactions. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2145-2246. [PMID: 35648190 PMCID: PMC9159052 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic reactions of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and other (general) chemicals catalyzed by flavin monooxygenase (FMO), monoamine oxidase (MAO), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO), and molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase (AOX) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)), including roles as substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of the enzymes. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group (i.e., drugs, “general chemicals,” natural products, and physiological compounds) are discussed. We identified a higher fraction of bioactivation reactions for FMO enzymes compared to other enzymes, predominately involving drugs and general chemicals. With MAO enzymes, physiological compounds predominate as substrates, and some products lead to unwanted side effects or illness. AOX and XOR enzymes are molybdenum hydroxylases that catalyze the oxidation of various heteroaromatic rings and aldehydes and the reduction of a number of different functional groups. While neither of these two enzymes contributes substantially to the metabolism of currently marketed drugs, AOX has become a frequently encountered route of metabolism among drug discovery programs in the past 10–15 years. XOR has even less of a role in the metabolism of clinical drugs and preclinical drug candidates than AOX, likely due to narrower substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
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17
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Palombo P, Bürkle A, Moreno-Villanueva M. Culture medium-dependent isoproterenol stability and its impact on DNA strand breaks formation and repair. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 357:109877. [PMID: 35276129 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In vitro mechanistic research is mostly performed without taking into consideration the potential influence of cell culture media and/or their supplements and therefore, interactions between compounds of interest and medium ingredients may be overlooked. Isoproterenol (isoprenaline) is a synthetic catecholamine used as sympathomimetic drug that stimulates β-adrenergic receptors and is widely used in biomedical research. Clinical studies have shown that isoproterenol is rapidly metabolized in the human body with a plasma half-life of about 2-5 min. However, despite its use in many in vitro and ex vivo studies, the stability of isoproterenol in cell culture media has not been characterized. Our results show a decrease of isoproterenol concentration in RPMI medium but high stability of the compound in TexMACS medium. The isoproterenol oxidation product isoprenochrome forms during treatment in both media. However, isoprenochrome formation is significantly lower in TexMACS medium. The effective level of isoproterenol and the formation of oxidation products might explain the discrepancies observed in isoproterenol-induced genotoxicity and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Palombo
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, Box 628, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Alexander Bürkle
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, Box 628, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Maria Moreno-Villanueva
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, Box 628, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany; Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Box 30, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
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18
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Jia Z, Wen H, Huang S, Luo Y, Gao J, Wang R, Wan K, Xue W. “Click” assembly of novel dual inhibitors of AChE and MAO-B from pyridoxine derivatives for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study fast synthesizes numerous functionalized pyridoxines using click chemistry and assayed in vitro as inhibitors of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase, and two monoamine oxidase (MAO) isoforms, MAO-A and MAO-B. Most of the obtained compounds demonstrate good AChE and selective MAO-B inhibitory activities in the micromolar range, especially one compound, called 4k5, exhibits excellent inhibitory performance against AChE (IC50 = 0.0816 ± 0.075 μM) and MAO-B (IC50 = 0.039 ± 0.003 μM). Finally, a docking study is carried out, demonstrating potential binding orientations and interactions of the compounds in terms of the AChE and MAO-B active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , Xi’an , 710069 , People’s Republic of China
- Shangluo University, Shangluo , Shaanxi , 726000 , People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiyun Wen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , Xi’an , 710069 , People’s Republic of China
| | - Saipeng Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , Xi’an , 710069 , People’s Republic of China
| | - Yane Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University , Xi’an 710069 , People’s Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , Xi’an , 710069 , People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruijie Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , Xi’an , 710069 , People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaikai Wan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , Xi’an , 710069 , People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiming Xue
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University , Xi’an , 710069 , People’s Republic of China
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19
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Comment on: "Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) in Psychiatric Practice: How to Use them Safely and Effectively". CNS Drugs 2022; 36:101-102. [PMID: 34874532 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-021-00881-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Patel RB, Rao HR, Thakkar DV, Patel MR. Comprehending the potential of metallic, lipid, and polymer-based nanocarriers for treatment and management of depression. Neurochem Int 2021; 153:105259. [PMID: 34942308 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) ranked depression as the third leading cause of global burden of disease in 2004, and it is predicted to overtake it and move to first place by 2030. It is a mental disorder that causes significant changes in the mood and day-to-day activity of an individual. Various approaches already exist for treating depression but, none of them are completely successful in treating depression. At present, discovering a new medication or delivery mechanism that can manage depression safely and efficiently is a huge challenge. Conventional formulations used in the management of depression have drawbacks like limited penetration, frequent dosing, toxicity, patient compliance concerns as well as brain barriers which are a big hurdle for antidepressant drugs to reach the brain through conventional formulations. Nano-based formulations are gaining popularity as one of the possibilities to overcome the limitations of conventional formulations by reducing the dose and dosing frequency, increasing the efficacy as well as proving it to be safe and effective means of treating depression. This review targets the neurochemistry and pathophysiological concerns of depression, strategies and problems of conventional therapies, and also recent advances in the metallic, lipid, and polymer-based nanoformulations for a variety of antidepressants. A detailed discussion of the expediency of various nanoformulations like liposomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, ethosomes, nanocapsules, dendrimer, gold and silver nanoparticles are addressed in the current review. In essence, nanoformulations hold great promises for the treatment of depression as they provide a platform with high penetration potential, targeted transmission, and improved protection and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmin B Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT - Campus, Changa, 388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Hiteshree R Rao
- Department of Pharmacy, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT - Campus, Changa, 388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Dinesh V Thakkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, A.R. College of Pharmacy & G. H. Patel Institute of Pharmacy, Vallabh Vidya Nagar, 388120, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Mrunali R Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT - Campus, Changa, 388421, Anand, Gujarat, India.
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21
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Non-cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics: Focus on the regulation of gene expression and enzyme activity. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108020. [PMID: 34637840 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative metabolism is one of the major biotransformation reactions that regulates the exposure of xenobiotics and their metabolites in the circulatory system and local tissues and organs, and influences their efficacy and toxicity. Although cytochrome (CY)P450s play critical roles in the oxidative reaction, extensive CYP450-independent oxidative metabolism also occurs in some xenobiotics, such as aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, flavin-containing monooxygenase, monoamine oxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, or aldehyde dehydrogenase-dependent oxidative metabolism. Drugs form a large portion of xenobiotics and are the primary target of this review. The common reaction mechanisms and roles of non-CYP450 enzymes in metabolism, factors affecting the expression and activity of non-CYP450 enzymes in terms of inhibition, induction, regulation, and species differences in pharmaceutical research and development have been summarized. These non-CYP450 enzymes are detoxifying enzymes, although sometimes they mediate severe toxicity. Synthetic or natural chemicals serve as inhibitors for these non-CYP450 enzymes. However, pharmacokinetic-based drug interactions through these inhibitors have rarely been reported in vivo. Although multiple mechanisms participate in the basal expression and regulation of non-CYP450 enzymes, only a limited number of inducers upregulate their expression. Therefore, these enzymes are considered non-inducible or less inducible. Overall, this review focuses on the potential xenobiotic factors that contribute to variations in gene expression levels and the activities of non-CYP450 enzymes.
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22
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Elkamhawy A, Kim HJ, Elsherbeny MH, Paik S, Park JH, Gotina L, Abdellattif MH, Gouda NA, Cho J, Lee K, Nim Pae A, Park KD, Roh EJ. Discovery of 3,4-dichloro-N-(1H-indol-5-yl)benzamide: A highly potent, selective, and competitive hMAO-B inhibitor with high BBB permeability profile and neuroprotective action. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105352. [PMID: 34562673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Since there is no disease-modifying treatment discovered yet for Parkinson's disease (PD), there is still a vital need to develop novel selective monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors as promising therapeutically active candidates for PD patients. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and full characterization of new twenty-six indole derivatives as potential human MAO-B (hMAO-B) selective inhibitors. Six compounds (2i, 3b-e, and 5) exhibited low micromolar to nanomolar inhibitory activities over hMAO-B; compared to our recently reported N-substituted indole-based lead compound VIII (hMAO-B IC50 = 777 nM), compound 5 (3,4-dichloro-N-(1H-indol-5-yl)benzamide) exhibited 18-fold increase in potency (IC50 = 42 nM). A selectivity study over hMAO-A revealed an excellent selectivity index of compound 5 (SI > 2375) with a 47-fold increase compared to rasagiline (II, a well-known MAO-B inhibitor, SI > 50). A further kinetic evaluation of compound 5 over hMAO-B showed a reversible and competitive mode of inhibition with Ki value of 7 nM. Highly effective permeability and high CNS bioavailability of compound 5 with Pe = 54.49 × 10-6 cm/s were demonstrated. Compound 5 also exhibited a low cytotoxicity profile and a promising neuroprotective effect against the 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal cell damage in PC12 cells, which was more effective than that of rasagiline. Docking simulations on both hMAO-B and hMAO-A supported the in vitro data and served as further molecular evidence. Accordingly, we report the discovery of compound 5 as one of the most potent indole-based MAO-B inhibitors to date which is noteworthy to be further evaluated as a promising agent for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elkamhawy
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Hyeon Jeong Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohamed H Elsherbeny
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza 12566, Egypt
| | - Sora Paik
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Lizaveta Gotina
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Magda H Abdellattif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha A Gouda
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Roh
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Kumar S, Nair AS, Bhashkar V, Sudevan ST, Koyiparambath VP, Khames A, Abdelgawad MA, Mathew B. Navigating into the Chemical Space of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors by Artificial Intelligence and Cheminformatics Approach. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:23399-23411. [PMID: 34549139 PMCID: PMC8444296 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme class is a prevalent target for many neurodegenerative and depressive disorders. Even though scrutinization of many promising drugs for the treatment of MAO inhibition has been carried out in recent times, a conclusive structural requirement for potent activity needs to be developed. Numerous approaches have been examined for the identification of structural features for potent MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) that mainly involve an array of computational studies, synthetic approaches, and biological evaluation. In this paper, we have analyzed ∼2200 well-known MAOIs to expand perceptions in the chemical space of MAOIs. The physicochemical properties of the MAOIs disclosed a discernible hydrophobic feature making a bunch discrete from the central nervous system (CNS) acting drugs, as exposed using the principal component analysis (PCA). The Murcko scaffold structure study revealed unfavorable and favorable scaffold structures, in both data sets, with the highest biological activity shown by the 3-phenyl-2H-chromen-2-one scaffold. This scaffold showed a polypharmacological effect. R-group disintegration and automatic structure-activity relationship (SAR) study resulted in identification of substructures responsible for the inhibitory bioactivity of the MAO-A and MAO-B enzymes. Moreover, with activity cliff analysis, significant biological activity was detected by simple molecular conversion in the chemical compound structure. In addition, we used the machine learning tool to generate a hypothesis wherein pyrazole, benzene ring, and amide containing structural functionalities can exhibit potential biological activities. This hypothesis revealed that CNS target drugs, C4155, C13390, C21265, C43862, C31524, C24810, C37100, C42075, and C43644, could be repurposed as valuable candidates for the MAO-B enzyme. For researchers, this study will bring new perceptions in the discovery and development of MAOIs and direct lead and hit optimization for the progress of small molecules beneficial for MAO-targeting associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Aathira Sujathan Nair
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Vaishnav Bhashkar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Sachithra Thazhathuveedu Sudevan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Vishal Payyalot Koyiparambath
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India
| | - Ahmed Khames
- Department
of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi 682041, India
- ,
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24
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Silva-Adaya D, Garza-Lombó C, Gonsebatt ME. Xenobiotic transport and metabolism in the human brain. Neurotoxicology 2021; 86:125-138. [PMID: 34371026 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Organisms have metabolic pathways responsible for eliminating endogenous and exogenous toxicants. Generally, we associate the liver par excellence as the organ in charge of detoxifying the body; however, this process occurs in all tissues, including the brain. Due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), the Central Nervous System (CNS) is considered a partially isolated organ, but similar to other organs, the CNS possess xenobiotic transporters and metabolic pathways associated with the elimination of xenobiotic agents. In this review, we describe the different systems related to the detoxification of xenobiotics in the CNS, providing examples in which their association with neurodegenerative processes is suspected. The CNS detoxifying systems include carrier-mediated, active efflux and receptor-mediated transport, and detoxifying systems that include phase I and phase II enzymes, as well as those enzymes in charge of neutralizing compounds such as electrophilic agents, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and free radicals, which are products of the bioactivation of xenobiotics. Moreover, we discuss the differential expression of these systems in different regions of the CNS, showing the different detoxifying needs and the composition of each region in terms of the cell type, neurotransmitter content, and the accumulation of xenobiotics and/or reactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Silva-Adaya
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico; Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico, 14269, Mexico
| | - Carla Garza-Lombó
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 West 15th Street, NB, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - María E Gonsebatt
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.
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25
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Zhang ZM, Yang L, Wan Y, Jiang S, Shang EX, Qian DW, Duan JA. The synergic renoprotective effect of Rehmanniae Radix Preparata and Corni Fructus on adenine-induced chronic kidney disease rats based on integrated plasma metabolomics and network pharmacology approach. Life Sci 2021; 278:119545. [PMID: 33930370 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Rehmanniae Radix Preparata (RR) and Corni Fructus (CF) are commonly used together for the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the clinical practices for thousands of years. However, little information on their synergy mechanism is available. MAIN METHODS In this study, an integrated approach combining ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS)-based metabonomics and network pharmacology was adopted to elucidate the cooperation mechanism of RR and CF on the amelioration of CKD. Furthermore, the targets from network pharmacology and metabolism pathways were jointly analyzed. Finally, the activities of key metabolic enzymes were experimentally validated by ELISA. KEY FINDINGS Metabolic profiling indicated that the metabolic disturbance in plasma was markedly alleviated after treatment. Nine putative biomarkers mainly involving in phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis and tyrosine metabolism were identified. Moreover, the compound-target-pathway network of RR and CF for CKD treatment was constructed by network pharmacology, which was related to tyrosine metabolism and arginine and proline metabolism. The results were partly consistent with the findings of plasma metabolomics. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, this study solidly supported and enhanced current understanding of the synergy effects of RR and CF on CKD. Meanwhile, it also confirmed the feasibility of combining metabolomics and network pharmacology to identify active components and elucidate the pharmacological effects of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Miao Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Lei Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yue Wan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Er-Xin Shang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Da-Wei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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26
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Gulcan HO, Orhan IE. A Recent Look into Natural Products that have Potential to Inhibit Cholinesterases and Monoamine Oxidase B: Update for 2010-2019. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 23:862-876. [PMID: 31985374 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200127145246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With respect to the unknowns of pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease (AD)-, and Parkinson's Disease (PD)-like neurodegenerative disorders, natural product research is still one of the valid tools in order to provide alternative and/or better treatment options. At one hand, various extracts of herbals provide a combination of actions targeting multiple receptors, on the other hand, the discovery of active natural products (i.e., secondary metabolites) generally offers alternative chemical structures either ready to be employed in clinical studies or available to be utilized as important scaffolds for the design of novel agents. Regarding the importance of certain enzymes (e.g. cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase B), for the treatment of AD and PD, we have surveyed the natural product research within this area in the last decade. Particularly novel natural agents discovered within this period, concomitant to novel biological activities displayed for known natural products, are harmonized within the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayrettin O Gulcan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TR. North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Ilkay E Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06300, Turkey
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27
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Majali MA, Sunnaa M, Chand P. Emerging Pharmacotherapies for Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2021; 34:263-273. [PMID: 34219526 DOI: 10.1177/08919887211018275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second commonest neurodegenerative disorder in the older adult and is characterized by progressive disabling motor symptoms of bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, postural instability and also non motor symptoms that affect quality of life. The pharmacotherapy of PD consists of oral, transdermal, and subcutaneous medications, as well as invasive advanced therapies at later stages of the disease. PD medications are often started as monotherapy but with the progression of the illness often there is a need to add more medications and frequently comprises of a challenging polypharmacotherapy. Adverse effects of pharmacotherapy often add to the problems of adequate treatment. Patients and physicians have to prioritize treatment goals on the most disabling symptoms and the safest and most effective treatments. Almost every year newer medications and modes of delivery continue to be researched and added to the therapeutic armamentarium. This review article outlines existing and emerging pharmacotherapies for motor symptoms in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al Majali
- Department Of Neurology, 12274St Louis University School of Medicine, Spring, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael Sunnaa
- Department Of Neurology, 12274St Louis University School of Medicine, Spring, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pratap Chand
- Department Of Neurology, 12274St Louis University School of Medicine, Spring, St Louis, MO, USA
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28
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Dhuria NV, Haro B, Kapadia A, Lobo KA, Matusow B, Schleiff MA, Tantoy C, Sodhi JK. Recent developments in predicting CYP-independent metabolism. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:188-206. [PMID: 33941024 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1923728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As lead optimization efforts have successfully reduced metabolic liabilities due to cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism, there has been an increase in the frequency of involvement of non-CYP enzymes in the metabolism of investigational compounds. Although there have been numerous notable advancements in the characterization of non-CYP enzymes with respect to their localization, reaction mechanisms, species differences and identification of typical substrates, accurate prediction of non-CYP-mediated clearance, with a particular emphasis with the difficulties in accounting for any extrahepatic contributions, remains a challenge. The current manuscript comprehensively summarizes the recent advancements in the prediction of drug metabolism and the in vitro to in vitro extrapolation of clearance for substrates of non-CYP drug metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhilesh V Dhuria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bianka Haro
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amit Kapadia
- California Poison Control Center, University of California San Francisco, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Bernice Matusow
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mary A Schleiff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Christina Tantoy
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Plexxikon Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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29
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Bai A, Shanmugasundaram V, Selkirk JV, Surapaneni S, Dalvie D. Investigation into MAO B-Mediated Formation of CC112273, a Major Circulating Metabolite of Ozanimod, in Humans and Preclinical Species: Stereospecific Oxidative Deamination of ( S)-Enantiomer of Indaneamine (RP101075) by MAO B. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:601-609. [PMID: 34011531 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozanimod, recently approved for treating relapsing multiple sclerosis, produced a disproportionate, active, MAO B-catalyzed metabolite (CC112273) that showed remarkable interspecies differences and led to challenges in safety testing. This study explored the kinetics of CC112273 formation from its precursor RP101075. Incubations with human liver mitochondrial fractions revealed K Mapp, V max, and intrinsic clearance (Clint) for CC112273 formation to be 4.8 μM, 50.3 pmol/min/mg protein, and 12 μl/min/mg, respectively, whereas Michaelis-Menten constant (K M) with human recombinant MAO B was 1.1 μM. Studies with liver mitochondrial fractions from preclinical species led to K Mapp, V max, and Clint estimates of 3.0, 35, and 33 μM, 80.6, 114, 37.3 pmol/min/mg, and 27.2, 3.25, and 1.14 μl/min/mg in monkey, rat, and mouse, respectively, and revealed marked differences between rodents and primates, primarily attributable to differences in the K M Comparison of Clint estimates revealed monkey to be ∼2-fold more efficient and the mouse and rat to be 11- and 4-fold less efficient than humans in CC112273 formation. The influence of stereochemistry on MAO B-mediated oxidation was also investigated using the R-isomer of RP101075 (RP101074). This showed marked selectivity toward catalysis of the S-isomer (RP101075) only. Docking into MAO B crystal structure suggested that although both the isomers occupied its active site, only the orientation of RP101075 presented the C-H on the α-carbon that was ideal for the C-H bond cleavage, which is a requisite for oxidative deamination. These studies explain the basis for the observed interspecies differences in the metabolism of ozanimod as well as the substrate stereospecificity for formation of CC112273. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study evaluates the enzymology and the species differences of the major circulating metabolite of ozanimod, CC112273. Additionally, the study also explores the influence of stereochemistry on MAO B-catalyzed reactions. The study is of significance to the DMD readers given that this oxidation is catalyzed by a non-cytochrome P450 enzyme, and that marked species difference and notable stereospecificity was observed in MAO B-catalyzed biotransformation when the indaneamine enantiomers were used as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Bai
- Non-clinical Research and Development (A.B., D.D.) and Neuroscience TRC (J.V.S.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, San Diego, California; Molecular Structure and Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cambridge, Massachusetts (V.S.); and Non-clinical Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Summit, New Jersey (S.S.)
| | - Veerabahu Shanmugasundaram
- Non-clinical Research and Development (A.B., D.D.) and Neuroscience TRC (J.V.S.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, San Diego, California; Molecular Structure and Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cambridge, Massachusetts (V.S.); and Non-clinical Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Summit, New Jersey (S.S.)
| | - Julie V Selkirk
- Non-clinical Research and Development (A.B., D.D.) and Neuroscience TRC (J.V.S.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, San Diego, California; Molecular Structure and Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cambridge, Massachusetts (V.S.); and Non-clinical Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Summit, New Jersey (S.S.)
| | - Sekhar Surapaneni
- Non-clinical Research and Development (A.B., D.D.) and Neuroscience TRC (J.V.S.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, San Diego, California; Molecular Structure and Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cambridge, Massachusetts (V.S.); and Non-clinical Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Summit, New Jersey (S.S.)
| | - Deepak Dalvie
- Non-clinical Research and Development (A.B., D.D.) and Neuroscience TRC (J.V.S.), Bristol-Myers Squibb, San Diego, California; Molecular Structure and Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cambridge, Massachusetts (V.S.); and Non-clinical Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Summit, New Jersey (S.S.)
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30
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Elkamhawy A, Paik S, Kim HJ, Park JH, Londhe AM, Lee K, Pae AN, Park KD, Roh EJ. Discovery of N-(1-(3-fluorobenzoyl)-1 H-indol-5-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide: a novel, selective, and competitive indole-based lead inhibitor for human monoamine oxidase B. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 35:1568-1580. [PMID: 32752896 PMCID: PMC7470070 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1800666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, two new series of N-substituted indole-based analogues were rationally designed, synthesized via microwave heating technology, and evaluated as noteworthy MAO-B potential inhibitors. Compared to the reported indazole-based hits VI and VII, compounds 4b and 4e exhibited higher inhibitory activities over MAO-B with IC50 values of 1.65 and 0.78 µM, respectively. When compared to the modest selectivity index of rasagiline (II, a well-known MAO-B inhibitor, SI > 50), both 4b and 4e also showed better selectivity indices (SI > 60 and 120, respectively). A further kinetic evaluation of the most potent derivative (4e) displayed a competitive mode of inhibition (inhibition constant (Ki)/MAO-B = 94.52 nM). Reasonable explanations of the elicited biological activities were presented via SAR study and molecular docking simulation. Accordingly, the remarkable MAO-B inhibitory activity of 4e (N-(1-(3-fluorobenzoyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide), with its selectivity and competitive inhibition, advocates its potential role as a promising lead worthy of further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elkamhawy
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sora Paik
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jeong Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashwini M Londhe
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Roh
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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31
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Kubicskó K, Farkas Ö. Quantum chemical (QM:MM) investigation of the mechanism of enzymatic reaction of tryptamine and N,N-dimethyltryptamine with monoamine oxidase A. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:9660-9674. [PMID: 33215182 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01118e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous psychedelic (mind-altering) N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) molecule has an important role in tissue protection, regeneration, and immunity via sigma-1 receptor activation as its natural ligand. The immunologic properties of DMT suggest this biogenic compound should be investigated thoroughly in other aspects as well. In our in silico project, we examined the metabolism of DMT and its primary analogue, the tryptamine (T), by the monoamine oxidase (MAO) flavoenzyme. MAO has two isoforms, MAO-A and MAO-B. MAOs perform the oxidation of various monoamines by their flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor. Two-layer QM:MM calculations at the ONIOM(M06-2X/6-31++G(d,p):UFF=QEq) level were performed including the whole enzyme to explore the potential energy surface (PES) of the reactions. Our findings reinforced that a hybrid mechanism, a mixture of pure H+ and H- transfer pathways, describes precisely the rate-determining step of amine oxidation as suggested by earlier works. Additionally, our results show that the oxidation of tertiary amine DMT requires a lower activation barrier than the primary amine T. This may reflect a general rule, thus we recommend further investigations. Furthermore, we demonstrated that at pH 7.4 the protonated form of these substrates enter the enzyme. As the deprotonation of substrates is crucial, we presumed protonated cofactor, FADH+, may form. Surprisingly, the activation barriers are much lower compared to FAD with both substrates. Therefore, we suggest further investigations in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Kubicskó
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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32
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Guo J, Mi Z, Jiang X, Zhang C, Guo Z, Li L, Gu J, Zhou T, Bai R, Xie Y. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of potential anti-AD hybrids with monoamine oxidase B inhibitory and iron-chelating effects. Bioorg Chem 2020; 108:104564. [PMID: 33353806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of active hybrids combining 3-hydroxypyridin-4(1H)-one and coumarin pharmacophores were designed and synthesized as potential agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). All the compounds exhibited excellent iron-chelating activities (pFe3+ = 14.8-19.2) and showed favorable monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitory effects compared to the reference drug Pargyline (IC50 = 86.9 nM). Among them, compound 11 g displayed the best MAO-B inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 99.3 nM. Molecular docking analysis showed that compound 11 g could enter the entrance cavity and substrate cavity of MAO-B. Furthermore, the compound 11 g had an excellent antioxidant effect and was capable of protecting from the amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42) induced PC12 cell damage. In silico tools were applied for predicting the blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration and compound 11 g was proved to overcome the brain exposure challenge. In the mice behavioral study, compound 11 g significantly ameliorated cognitive impairment induced by Scopolamine. More importantly, compound 11 g displayed favorable pharmacokinetic profiles in a rat model. In summary, compound 11 g, with both anti-MAO-B and iron-chelating ability, was proved to be a promising potential anti-AD agent for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhisheng Mi
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Changjun Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zili Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Linzi Li
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jinping Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Renren Bai
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.
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33
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Manzoor S, Hoda N. A comprehensive review of monoamine oxidase inhibitors as Anti-Alzheimer's disease agents: A review. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 206:112787. [PMID: 32942081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B) are mammalian flavoenzyme, which catalyze the oxidative deamination of several neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, dopamine, tyramine, serotonin, and some other amines. The oxidative deamination produces several harmful side products like ammonia, peroxides, and aldehydes during the biochemical reaction. The concentration of biochemical neurotransmitter alteration in the brain by MAO is directly related with several neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD). Activated MAO also contributes to the amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation by two successive cleft β-secretase and γ-secretase of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Additionally, activated MAO is also involved in aggregation of neurofibrillary tangles and cognitive destruction through the cholinergic neuronal damage and disorder of the cholinergic system. MAO inhibition has general anti-Alzheimer's disease effect as a consequence of oxidative stress reduction prompted by MAO enzymes. In this review, we outlined and addressed recent understanding on MAO enzymes such as their structure, physiological function, catalytic mechanism, and possible therapeutic goals in AD. In addition, it also highlights the current development and discovery of potential MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) from various chemical scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Manzoor
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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34
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Is YS, Aksoydan B, Senturk M, Yurtsever M, Durdagi S. Integrated Binary QSAR-Driven Virtual Screening and In Vitro Studies for Finding Novel hMAO-B-Selective Inhibitors. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:4047-4055. [PMID: 32672456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The increased activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes may lead to serious consequences since they reduce the level of neurotransmitters and are associated with severe neurodegenerative diseases. The inhibition of this enzyme, especially the B isoform, plays a vital role in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study is aimed to find novel human MAO-B (hMAO-B) selective inhibitors. A total of 256.750 compounds from the Otava small molecules database were virtually screened gradually by employing several screening techniques for this purpose. Initially, a high-throughput virtual screening (HTVS) method was employed, and 10% of the molecules having high docking scores were subjected to binary QSAR models for further screening of their therapeutic activities against PD, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and depression as well as for their toxicity and pharmacokinetic properties. Then, enzyme selectivity of the ligands towards the A and B forms that passed through all the filters were studied using the induced-fit docking method and molecular dynamics simulations. At the end of this exhaustive research, we identified two hit molecules ligand 3 (Otava ID: 7131545) and ligand 4 (Otava ID: 7566820). Based on the in vitro results, these two compounds (ligands 3 and 4) together with ligands 1 and 2 found in our previous study showed activity at the nanomolar (nM) level, and the results indicated that these four ligands inhibit hMAO-B better than the FDA-approved drug selegiline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Serhat Is
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, 34734 Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34467 Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Chemical Technology, Istanbul Gedik University, 34876 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busecan Aksoydan
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, 34734 Istanbul, Turkey.,Neuroscience Program, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Bahçeşehir University, 34349 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Senturk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, 04100 Agri, Turkey
| | - Mine Yurtsever
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, 34467 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, 34734 Istanbul, Turkey.,Neuroscience Program, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Bahçeşehir University, 34349 Istanbul, Turkey.,Virtual Drug Screening and Development Laboratory, School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, 34734 Istanbul, Turkey
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35
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Plieger T, Reuter M. Stress & executive functioning: A review considering moderating factors. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 173:107254. [PMID: 32485224 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A multitude of studies investigating the effects of stress on cognition has produced an inconsistent picture on whether - and under which conditions - stress has advantageous or disadvantageous effects on executive functions (EF). This review provides a short introduction to the concept of stress and its neurobiology, before discussing the need to consider moderating factors in the association between stress and EF. Three core domains are described and discussed in relation to the interplay between stress and cognition: the influence of different paradigms on physiological stress reactivity, individual differences in demographic and biological factors, and task-related features of cognitive tasks. Although some moderating variables such as the endocrine stress response have frequently been considered in single studies, no attempt of a holistic overview has been made so far. Therefore, we propose a more nuanced and systematic framework to study the effects of stress on executive functioning, comprising a holistic overview from the induction of stress, via biological mechanisms and interactions with individual differences, to the influence of stress on cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Plieger
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, D-53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Martin Reuter
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Neurogenetics University of Bonn, Kaiser-Karl-Ring 9, D-53111 Bonn, Germany
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36
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Chaumont-Olive P, Cossy J. A One-Pot Iodo-Cyclization/Transition Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Sequence: Synthesis of Substituted Oxazolidin-2-ones from N-Boc-allylamines. Org Lett 2020; 22:3870-3874. [PMID: 32343584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot iodo-cyclization/transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling sequence is reported to access various C5-functionalized oxazolidin-2-ones from unsaturated N-Boc-allylamines. Depending on the Grignard reagents used for the cross-coupling, e.g., aryl- or cyclopropylmagnesium bromide, a cobalt or copper catalyst has to be used to obtain the functionalized oxazolidin-2-ones in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Chaumont-Olive
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Janine Cossy
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry and Materials, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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Wu SM, Qiu XY, Liu SJ, Sun J. Single Heterocyclic Compounds as Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: From Past to Present. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:908-920. [PMID: 32116191 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200302114620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAO) have shown therapeutic values in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases such as depression, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Heterocyclic compounds exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities and vital leading compounds for the development of chemical drugs. Herein, we focus on the synthesis and screening of novel single heterocyclic derivatives with MAO inhibitory activities during the past decade. This review covers recent pharmacological advancements of single heterocyclic moiety along with structure- activity relationship to provide better correlation among different structures and their receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Wu
- College of Science & Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315212, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Qiu
- College of Science & Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315212, China.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Shu-Juan Liu
- College of Science & Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315212, China
| | - Juan Sun
- School of Biological & Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science & Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
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Dasgupta S, Mukherjee S, Sekar K, Mukhopadhyay BP. The conformational dynamics of wing gates Ile199 and Phe103 on the binding of dopamine and benzylamine substrates in human monoamine Oxidase B. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:1879-1886. [PMID: 32093545 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1734483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology-Durgapur, West Bengal, Durgapur, India
| | - Soumita Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology-Durgapur, West Bengal, Durgapur, India
| | - Kanakaraj Sekar
- Laboratory for Structural Biology and Bio-Computing, Department of Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, India
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Martins J, Brijesh S. Anti-depressant activity of Erythrina variegata bark extract and regulation of monoamine oxidase activities in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112280. [PMID: 31600560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Erythrina variegata, commonly referred to as 'Indian coral tree' belongs to the Fabaceae family. It is a plant native to the coast of India, China and is distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. In traditional medicine, E. variegata is known to exhibit anxiolytic and anti-convulsant activities and has been used as a nervine sedative. As per the Indian Materia Medica, E. variegata barks have been traditionally known to act on the central nervous system. However, there is a lack of data demonstrating this. AIM OF THE STUDY Our study focuses on previously unreported anti-depressant activity of E. variegata bark ethanolic extract (EBE) and determination of its mechanism of action possibly through regulation of monoamine oxidase activity in mouse brain homogenates. MATERIALS AND METHODS EBE was characterized using standard protocols for phytochemical analysis, followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The compounds in EBE (previously reported for anti-depressant activity), were further studied by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS analysis. Anti-depressant activity of EBE (50, 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg) was evaluated in Swiss albino mice using acute and chronic tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) models. Furthermore, the possible mechanism of action of EBE was evaluated using the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model, wherein inhibitory effects on monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B were assessed by spectrophotometric-chemical analysis in mouse whole brain homogenates. RESULTS EBE showed significant reduction in immobility time periods in both TST (acute: 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg and chronic: 100 and 200 mg/kg) and FST (acute: 200 mg/kg and chronic: 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg) models. Moreover, the locomotor activity test confirmed that acute and chronic administration of EBE did not significantly affect the motor activity of mice. In the CUMS model, EBE when administered alone (100 and 200 mg/kg) and in combination (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) with escitalopram (15 mg/kg), showed significant reductions in immobility time periods compared to the control group, in the acute FST performed on 22nd day of CUMS. Furthermore, when administered alone (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg), EBE showed significant inhibition in MAO-A and B activities compared to the control group. When used in combination, EBE (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) showed synergistic action with escitalopram (15 mg/kg), resulting in significantly greater inhibition of MAO-A and B activities, compared to both EBE alone and escitalopram alone. Phytochemical analysis of EBE revealed presence of sugars, steroids, glycosides, alkaloids and tannins. LC-MS, LC-MS/MS, GC-MS and GC-MS/MS analysis identified components in EBE, previously reported for their anti-depressant activity. CONCLUSIONS The study thus concluded the anti-depressant like activity of EBE. The study identified components present in EBE that may be responsible for its anti-depressant activity. The possible mechanism of action of EBE was also investigated in the CUMS model, wherein inhibitory effects of EBE on MAO-A and B activities in the mouse brain were demonstrated. Furthermore, the study confirms the traditional use of E. variegata barks in CNS related activities through its anti-depressant like activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Martins
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS (Deemed-to be) University, 3rd Floor, Bhaidas Sabhagriha Building, Bhaktivedanta Swami Marg, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, India.
| | - S Brijesh
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS (Deemed-to be) University, 3rd Floor, Bhaidas Sabhagriha Building, Bhaktivedanta Swami Marg, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, 400 056, India.
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Reyes-Parada M, Iturriaga-Vasquez P, Cassels BK. Amphetamine Derivatives as Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1590. [PMID: 32038257 PMCID: PMC6989591 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphetamine and its derivatives exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities, including psychostimulant, hallucinogenic, entactogenic, anorectic, or antidepressant effects. The mechanisms of action underlying these effects are usually related to the ability of the different amphetamines to interact with diverse monoamine transporters or receptors. Moreover, many of these compounds are also potent and selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors. In the present work, we review how structural modifications on the aromatic ring, the amino group and/or the aliphatic side chain of the parent scaffold, modulate the enzyme inhibitory properties of hundreds of amphetamine derivatives. Furthermore, we discuss how monoamine oxidase inhibition might influence the pharmacology of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Reyes-Parada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Patricio Iturriaga-Vasquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Bruce K Cassels
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Is there enough evidence to classify cycloalkyl amine substituents as structural alerts? Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 174:113796. [PMID: 31926938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Basic amine substituents provide several pharmacokinetic benefits relative to acidic and neutral functional groups, and have been extensively utilized as substituents of choice in drug design. On occasions, basic amines have been associated with off-target pharmacology via interactions with aminergic G-protein coupled receptors, ion-channels, kinases, etc. Structural features associated with the promiscuous nature of basic amines have been well-studied, and can be mitigated in a preclinical drug discovery environment. In addition to the undesirable secondary pharmacology, α-carbon oxidation of certain secondary or tertiary cycloalkyl amines can generate electrophilic iminium and aldehyde metabolites, potentially capable of covalent adduction to proteins or DNA. Consequently, cycloalkyl amines have been viewed as structural alerts (SAs), analogous to functional groups such as anilines, furans, thiophenes, etc., which are oxidized to reactive metabolites that generate immunogenic haptens by covalently binding to host proteins. Detailed survey of the literature, however, suggests that cases where preclinical or clinical toxicity has been explicitly linked to the metabolic activation of a cycloalkyl amine group are extremely rare. Moreover, there is a distinct possibility for the formation of electrophilic iminium/amino-aldehyde metabolites with numerous cycloalkyl amine-containing marketed drugs, since stable ring cleavage products have been characterized as metabolites in human mass balance studies. In the present work, a critical analysis of the evidence for and against the role of iminium ions/aldehydes as mediators of toxicity is discussed with a special emphasis on often time overlooked detoxication pathways of these reactive species to innocuous metabolites.
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43
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Nilsen FM, Tulve NS. A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the interrelationships between chemical and non-chemical stressors and inherent characteristics in children with ADHD. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 180:108884. [PMID: 31706600 PMCID: PMC6937727 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Children may be more vulnerable to the combined interactions of chemical and non-chemical stressors from their built, natural, and social environments when compared to adults. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed childhood neurodevelopmental disorder and is considered a major public health issue, as 75% of childhood cases persist into adulthood. ADHD is characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention, with the neurotransmitter serotonin regulating these symptoms. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) aids in serotonin uptake and is often implicated in behavioral and emotional disorders, including ADHD. When children are exposed to cigarette smoke, bisphenol A (BPA), or organophosphate pesticides, MAOA activity is inhibited. Non-chemical stressors, such as traumatic childhood experiences, and lifestyle factors, complicate the relationship between genotype and exposures to chemical stressors. But the co-occurrence among outcomes between exposures to chemical stressors, non-chemical stressors, and the low activity MAOA genotype suggest that mental illness in children may be influenced by multiple interacting factors. In this systematic review, we examine the existing literature that combines exposures to chemical and non-chemical stressors (specifically childhood trauma), MAOA characteristics, and ADHD diagnosis to investigate the interrelationships present. We observe that chemical (lead [Pb], phthalates/plasticizers, persistent organic pollutants, and cigarette smoke) exposure is significantly related to ADHD in children. We also observed that existing literature examining the interaction between MAOA, exposures to chemical stressors, and traumatic experiences and their effect on ADHD outcomes is sparse. We recommend that future studies investigating childhood ADHD include chemical and non-chemical stressors and inherent characteristics to gain a holistic understanding of childhood mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Nilsen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Post-Doctoral Participant, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Nicolle S Tulve
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Mergemeier K, Galster F, Lehr M. HPLC-UV assay for the evaluation of inhibitors of plasma amine oxidase using crude bovine plasma. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:144-149. [PMID: 30427224 PMCID: PMC6237158 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1524890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have described a method for evaluation of plasma amine oxidase (PAO) inhibitors, which monitors the formation of 6-(5-phenyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)hexanal from the corresponding amine substrate by HPLC with UV-detection using purified bovine PAO. We now investigated, whether crude bovine plasma can be used as enzyme source in this assay instead of the purified enzyme. With the aid of specific inhibitors, it was ensured that there was no detectable activity of other important amine oxidases in the plasma, namely monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B and diamine oxidase (DAO). For a series of ω-(5-phenyl-2H-tetrazol-2-yl)alkan-1-amine substrates similar conversion rates were measured for both the purified PAO and crude plasma. The inhibition values determined for the PAO inhibitor 2-(4-phenylphenyl)acetohydrazide (16) under different conditions also corresponded. Additionally, inhibition data of the known PAO inhibitor 2-amino-N-(3-phenylbenzyl)acetamide (17) and a newly synthesised meta-substituted derivative of 16 were determined, which together reflect the two-step inhibition mechanism of these covalent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Mergemeier
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Florian Galster
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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45
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Guo Q, Niu W, Li X, Guo H, Zhang N, Wang X, Wu L. Study on Hypoglycemic Effect of the Drug Pair of Astragalus Radix and Dioscoreae Rhizoma in T2DM Rats by Network Pharmacology and Metabonomics. Molecules 2019; 24:E4050. [PMID: 31717456 PMCID: PMC6891682 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease accompanied by a series of diseases such as diabetic nephropathy. The drug pair (HS) of Astragalus Radix (HQ) and Dioscoreae Rhizoma (SY) was designed by Dr. Shi Jinmo to improve the treatment of T2DM. However, the exact mechanism involved requires further clarification. In this work, 1H-NMR-based metabonomics and network pharmacology were adopted. Metabolic profiling indicated that the metabolic perturbation was reduced after HS treatment. The results found 21 biomarkers. According to the network pharmacology, we found that the regulation of T2DM was primarily associated with 18 active compounds in HS. These active compounds mainly had an effect on 135 targets. Subsequently, combining network pharmacology and metabonomics, we found four target proteins, which indicated that HS has potential hypoglycemic effects through regulating monoamine oxidases B (MAOB), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACACA), carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA2), and catalase (CAT). In conclusion, the result showed that these four targets might be the most relevant targets for the treatment of T2DM with HS. This study clarified the mechanism of HS in the treatment of T2DM and also confirmed the feasibility of combining metabonomics and network pharmacology to study the mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In the future, this approach may be a potentially powerful tool to discovery active components of traditional Chinese medicines and elucidate their mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; (Q.G.); (W.N.); (X.L.)
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanlin Niu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; (Q.G.); (W.N.); (X.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China;
| | - Xuejia Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; (Q.G.); (W.N.); (X.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China;
| | - Hongru Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China;
| | - Na Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China;
| | - Xiufeng Wang
- College of Medical Information Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Lirong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China; (Q.G.); (W.N.); (X.L.)
- School of Biosciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
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Dalvie D, Di L. Aldehyde oxidase and its role as a drug metabolizing enzyme. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 201:137-180. [PMID: 31128989 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a cytosolic enzyme that belongs to the family of structurally related molybdoflavoproteins like xanthine oxidase (XO). The enzyme is characterized by broad substrate specificity and marked species differences. It catalyzes the oxidation of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes and various heteroaromatic rings as well as reduction of several functional groups. The references to AO and its role in metabolism date back to the 1950s, but the importance of this enzyme in the metabolism of drugs has emerged in the past fifteen years. Several reviews on the role of AO in drug metabolism have been published in the past decade indicative of the growing interest in the enzyme and its influence in drug metabolism. Here, we present a comprehensive monograph of AO as a drug metabolizing enzyme with emphasis on marketed drugs as well as other xenobiotics, as substrates and inhibitors. Although the number of drugs that are primarily metabolized by AO are few, the impact of AO on drug development has been extensive. We also discuss the effect of AO on the systemic exposure and clearance these clinical candidates. The review provides a comprehensive analysis of drug discovery compounds involving AO with the focus on developmental candidates that were reported in the past five years with regards to pharmacokinetics and toxicity. While there is only one known report of AO-mediated clinically relevant drug-drug interaction (DDI), a detailed description of inhibitors and inducers of AO known to date has been presented here and the potential risks associated with DDI. The increasing recognition of the importance of AO has led to significant progress in predicting the site of AO-mediated metabolism using computational methods. Additionally, marked species difference in expression of AO makes it is difficult to predict human clearance with high confidence. The progress made towards developing in vivo, in vitro and in silico approaches for predicting AO metabolism and estimating human clearance of compounds that are metabolized by AO have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Dalvie
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Celgene Corporation, 10300, Campus Point Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, UK
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Rodríguez-Ramos Á, Moriana JA, García-Torres F, Ruiz-Rubio M. Emotional stability is associated with the MAOA promoter uVNTR polymorphism in women. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01376. [PMID: 31448578 PMCID: PMC6749489 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroticism is associated with low emotional stability, and it is characterized by a tendency to perceive ordinary situations as threatening and difficult to manage. This personality trait has been associated with psychological distress and predicts some mental disorders. Previous studies have shown that women tend to be more neurotic than men and, in general, females have also a higher incidence of anxious and depressive disorders. METHODS We analyzed in a sample of 99 female university students (from 18 to 26 years old) if emotional stability, measured using the Big Five Questionnaire, was linked to polymorphic variants in candidate genes related to dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, and other personality variables. RESULTS We found that emotional stability and its subdimensions are genetically associated with MAOA-uVNTR polymorphism. Thus, women carriers of the 3-repeat allele (lower MAO-A expression) showed higher levels of emotional stability. No associations were found with other polymorphisms analyzed, including COMT Val158 Met, 5-HTTLPR, and DAT 3'UTR VNTR. Furthermore, our results showed a negative correlation between emotional stability and depression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. In fact, MAOA-uVNTR and trait anxiety also explained emotional stability and its subdimensions. We also found that other genetic characteristic, phenylthiocarbamide tasting, explained impulsivity, specifically tasters controlled impulses better than nontasters. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that neuroticism might be regulated by MAOA and could be a common factor between different phenotypes, such as aggressive behaviors or personality disorders, observed in women with higher activity genotype who had been exposed to negative environments during childhood. This study could lead to a better understanding of the basis of emotional stability and could lead to future projects for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Rodríguez-Ramos
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University Hospital Reina Sofía of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Moriana
- Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University Hospital Reina Sofía of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco García-Torres
- Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University Hospital Reina Sofía of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Ruiz-Rubio
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,University Hospital Reina Sofía of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Parental morphine exposure enhances morphine (but not methamphetamine) preference and increases monoamine oxidase-B level in the nucleus accumbens. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 30:435-445. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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49
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Zhou J, Jiang X, He S, Jiang H, Feng F, Liu W, Qu W, Sun H. Rational Design of Multitarget-Directed Ligands: Strategies and Emerging Paradigms. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8881-8914. [PMID: 31082225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complexity of multifactorial diseases, single-target drugs do not always exhibit satisfactory efficacy. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that simultaneous modulation of multiple targets may improve both therapeutic safety and efficacy, compared with single-target drugs. However, few multitarget drugs are on market or in clinical trials, despite the best efforts of medicinal chemists. This article discusses the systematic establishment of target combination, lead generation, and optimization of multitarget-directed ligands (MTDLs). Moreover, we analyze some MTDLs research cases for several complex diseases in recent years and the physicochemical properties of 117 clinical multitarget drugs, with the aim to reveal the trends and insights of the potential use of MTDLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , People's Republic of China.,Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , 211198 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyang Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , People's Republic of China.,Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , 211198 , People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu He
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , People's Republic of China.,Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , 211198 , People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , 211198 , People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College , Huaian 223003 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Qu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , 211198 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 211198 , People's Republic of China
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50
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Li S, Lv X, Cheng K, Tian Y, Huang X, Kong H, Duan Y, Han J, Liao C, Xie Z. Discovery of novel 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-amine derivatives as selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1090-1093. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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