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Bloch D, Diel P, Epe B, Hellwig M, Lampen A, Mally A, Marko D, Villar Fernández MA, Guth S, Roth A, Marchan R, Ghallab A, Cadenas C, Nell P, Vartak N, van Thriel C, Luch A, Schmeisser S, Herzler M, Landsiedel R, Leist M, Marx-Stoelting P, Tralau T, Hengstler JG. Basic concepts of mixture toxicity and relevance for risk evaluation and regulation. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:3005-3017. [PMID: 37615677 PMCID: PMC10504116 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03565-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to multiple substances is a challenge for risk evaluation. Currently, there is an ongoing debate if generic "mixture assessment/allocation factors" (MAF) should be introduced to increase public health protection. Here, we explore concepts of mixture toxicity and the potential influence of mixture regulation concepts for human health protection. Based on this analysis, we provide recommendations for research and risk assessment. One of the concepts of mixture toxicity is additivity. Substances may act additively by affecting the same molecular mechanism within a common target cell, for example, dioxin-like substances. In a second concept, an "enhancer substance" may act by increasing the target site concentration and aggravating the adverse effect of a "driver substance". For both concepts, adequate risk management of individual substances can reliably prevent adverse effects to humans. Furthermore, we discuss the hypothesis that the large number of substances to which humans are exposed at very low and individually safe doses may interact to cause adverse effects. This commentary identifies knowledge gaps, such as the lack of a comprehensive overview of substances regulated under different silos, including food, environmentally and occupationally relevant substances, the absence of reliable human exposure data and the missing accessibility of ratios of current human exposure to threshold values, which are considered safe for individual substances. Moreover, a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms and most susceptible target cells is required. We conclude that, currently, there is no scientific evidence supporting the need for a generic MAF. Rather, we recommend taking more specific measures, which focus on compounds with relatively small ratios between human exposure and doses, at which adverse effects can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Bloch
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Hellwig
- Chair of Special Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Risk Assessment Strategies, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - María A Villar Fernández
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sabine Guth
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Angelika Roth
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Marchan
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Cristina Cadenas
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patrick Nell
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nachiket Vartak
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christoph van Thriel
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmeisser
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Herzler
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel Leist
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Inaugurated by the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation, University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - Philip Marx-Stoelting
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- Department of Pesticides Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Department of Toxicology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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Spyrakis F, Dragani TA. The EU's Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Ban: A Case of Policy over Science. TOXICS 2023; 11:721. [PMID: 37755732 PMCID: PMC10536631 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The proposal by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) to ban over 12,000 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has sparked a debate about potential consequences for the economy, industry, and the environment. Although some PFAS are known to be harmful, a blanket ban may lead to significant problems in attempting to replace PFAS-based materials for environmental transition, as well as in medical devices and everyday products. Alternative materials may potentially be less safe, as a rush to replace PFAS would reduce the time needed for toxicological analyses. Studies have shown that PFAS exhibit a diverse range of mechanisms of action, biopersistence, and bioaccumulation potential, and should thus not be treated as a single group. This is particularly true for the class of fluoropolymers. A targeted approach that considers the specific risks and benefits of each chemical may be more effective. Moreover, the proposed ban may also have unintended consequences for the environment as PFAS use is also associated with benefits such as reducing greenhouse-gas emissions and improving energy efficiency. Policymakers must carefully weigh up the potential consequences before making a final decision on the ban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy;
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Villeneuve DL, Blackwell BR, Cavallin JE, Collins J, Hoang JX, Hofer RN, Houck KA, Jensen KM, Kahl MD, Kutsi RN, Opseth AS, Santana Rodriguez KJ, Schaupp CM, Stacy EH, Ankley GT. Verification of In Vivo Estrogenic Activity for Four Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Identified as Estrogen Receptor Agonists via New Approach Methodologies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3794-3803. [PMID: 36800546 PMCID: PMC10898820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Given concerns about potential toxicological hazards of the thousands of data-poor per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) currently in commerce and detected in the environment, tiered testing strategies that employ high-throughput in vitro screening as an initial testing tier have been implemented. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of previous in vitro screening for identifying PFAS capable, or incapable, of inducing estrogenic responses in fish exposed in vivo. Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed for 96 h to five PFAS (perfluorooctanoic acid [PFOA]; 1H,1H,8H,8H-perfluorooctane-1,8-diol [FC8-diol]; 1H,1H,10H,10H-perfluorodecane-1,10-diol [FC10-diol]; 1H,1H,8H,8H-perfluoro-3,6-dioxaoctane-1,8-diol [FC8-DOD]; and perfluoro-2-methyl-3-oxahexanoic acid [HFPO-DA]) that showed varying levels of in vitro estrogenic potency. In agreement with in vitro screening results, exposure to FC8-diol, FC10-diol, and FC8-DOD caused concentration-dependent increases in the expression of transcript coding for vitellogenin and estrogen receptor alpha and reduced expression of insulin-like growth factor and apolipoprotein eb. Once differences in bioconcentration were accounted for, the rank order of potency in vivo matched that determined in vitro. These results provide a screening level benchmark for worst-case estimates of potential estrogenic hazards of PFAS and a basis for identifying structurally similar PFAS to scrutinize for putative estrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Villeneuve
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Brett R. Blackwell
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Jenna E. Cavallin
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Jacob Collins
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US EPA, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - John X. Hoang
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US EPA, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Rachel N. Hofer
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US EPA, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Keith A. Houck
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Biomolecular and Computational Toxicology Division, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Jensen
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Michael D. Kahl
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Robin N. Kutsi
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US EPA, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Anne S. Opseth
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Kelvin J. Santana Rodriguez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US EPA, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Christopher M. Schaupp
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US EPA, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Emma H. Stacy
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US EPA, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Gerald T. Ankley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
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Thomas S, Ricke WA, Li L. Toxicoproteomics of Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid in Models of Prostatic Diseases. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:251-259. [PMID: 36749316 PMCID: PMC10041651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Benign and malignant prostatic diseases are common, costly, and burdensome; moreover, they share fundamental underlying molecular processes. Several ubiquitous contaminants may perturb these processes, possibly via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling, but the role of environmental exposures─particularly mixtures─in prostatic diseases is undefined. In the present study, nontumorigenic prostate stromal cells and metastatic prostate epithelial cells were exposed to ubiquitous exogenous PPAR ligands under different dosing paradigms, including a mixture, and effects were assessed via mass spectrometry-based global proteomics. In prostate stromal cells, environmentally relevant levels of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), alone and in combination with perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, led to significant changes in proteins involved in key processes underlying prostatic diseases: oxidative stress defense, proteostasis, damage-associated molecular pattern signaling, and innate immune response signaling. A follow-up experiment in metastatic prostate epithelial cells showed that the occupationally relevant levels of MEHP perturbed similar processes, including lipid, cholesterol, steroid, and alcohol metabolism; apoptosis and coagulation regulation; wound response; and aging. This work shows that environmental exposures may contribute to prostatic diseases by perturbing key processes of a proposed adverse outcome pathway, including lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Future in vivo research will investigate the role of contaminants in prostatic diseases and in preventative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Thomas
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - William A. Ricke
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- George M. O’Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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5
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Andra SS, Teitelbaum SL, Wolff MS. Comment on "Internal Relative Potency Factors for the Risk Assessment of Mixtures of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Human Biomonitoring". ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:108001. [PMID: 36197374 PMCID: PMC9534282 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Syam S. Andra
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Susan L. Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mary S. Wolff
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Exposomic Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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6
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Colnot T, Dekant W. Commentary: cumulative risk assessment of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and perfluoralkyl sulfonic acids: what is the scientific support for deriving tolerable exposures by assembling 27 PFAS into 1 common assessment group? Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3127-3139. [PMID: 35976416 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This commentary proposes an approach to risk assessment of mixtures of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) as EFSA was tasked to derive a tolerable intake for a group of 27 PFAS. The 27 PFAS to be considered contain different functional groups and have widely variable physicochemical (PC) properties and toxicokinetics and thus should not treated as one group based on regulatory guidance for risk assessment of mixtures. The proposed approach to grouping is to split the 27 PFAS into two groups, perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, and apply a relative potency factor approach (as proposed by RIVM) to obtain two separate group TDIs based on liver toxicity in rodents since liver toxicity is a sensitive response of rodents to PFAS. Short chain PFAS and other PFAS structures should not be included in the groups due to their low potency and rapid elimination. This approach is in better agreement with scientific and regulatory guidance for mixture risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Dekant
- Department of Toxicology, Institut für Toxikologie, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
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Chemical Effects on Breast Development, Function, and Cancer Risk: Existing Knowledge and New Opportunities. Curr Environ Health Rep 2022; 9:535-562. [PMID: 35984634 PMCID: PMC9729163 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-022-00376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Population studies show worrisome trends towards earlier breast development, difficulty in breastfeeding, and increasing rates of breast cancer in young women. Multiple epidemiological studies have linked these outcomes with chemical exposures, and experimental studies have shown that many of these chemicals generate similar effects in rodents, often by disrupting hormonal regulation. These endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can alter the progression of mammary gland (MG) development, impair the ability to nourish offspring via lactation, increase mammary tissue density, and increase the propensity to develop cancer. However, current toxicological approaches to measuring the effects of chemical exposures on the MG are often inadequate to detect these effects, impairing our ability to identify exposures harmful to the breast and limiting opportunities for prevention. This paper describes key adverse outcomes for the MG, including impaired lactation, altered pubertal development, altered morphology (such as increased mammographic density), and cancer. It also summarizes evidence from humans and rodent models for exposures associated with these effects. We also review current toxicological practices for evaluating MG effects, highlight limitations of current methods, summarize debates related to how effects are interpreted in risk assessment, and make recommendations to strengthen assessment approaches. Increasing the rigor of MG assessment would improve our ability to identify chemicals of concern, regulate those chemicals based on their effects, and prevent exposures and associated adverse health effects.
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Barhoumi B, Sander SG, Driss MR, Tolosa I. Survey of legacy and emerging per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in Mediterranean seafood from a North African ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118398. [PMID: 34695516 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ubiquity of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in all environmental compartments, little is known about the pollution they cause on the African continent, neither on levels, nor effects. Here we examined the occurrence and levels of 21 legacy and emerging PFAS in 9 marine species (3 fish, 2 crustaceans and 4 mollusks) collected from Bizerte lagoon, Northern Tunisia. Furthermore, assessment of potential human health risks through consumption of contaminated seafood was examined. This is the first study assessing PFAS in Mediterranean coastal areas of North Africa. Twelve out of the 21 targeted PFAS were detected, evidencing the occurrence of PFAS in seafood from North Africa, albeit at low levels. The Ʃ21PFAS concentrations in all seafood samples ranged from 0.202 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) to 2.89 ng g-1 dw, with a mean value of 1.10 ± 0.89 ng g-1 dw. The profiles of PFAS varied significantly among different species, which might be related to their different trophic level, protein content, feeding behaviour and metabolism. Generally, current exposure to PFAS through seafood consumption indicates that it should not be of concern to the local consumers, at least for those PFAS for which information is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Barhoumi
- IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco, Monaco.
| | - Sylvia G Sander
- IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco, Monaco; GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mohamed Ridha Driss
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Imma Tolosa
- IAEA Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, 98000, Monaco, Principality of Monaco, Monaco.
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Schara S, Blau R, Church DC, Pokorski JK, Lipomi DJ. Polymer Chemistry for Haptics, Soft Robotics, and Human-Machine Interfaces. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2008375. [PMID: 34924911 PMCID: PMC8673772 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202008375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Progress in the field of soft devices-i.e., haptics, robotics, and human-machine interfaces (HRHMIs)-has its basis in the science of polymeric materials and chemical synthesis. However, in examining the relevant literature, we find that most developments have been enabled by off-the-shelf materials used either alone or as components of physical blends and composites. In this Progress Report, we take the position that a greater awareness of the capabilities of synthetic chemistry will accelerate the capabilities of HRHMIs. Conversely, an awareness of the applications sought by engineers working in this area may spark the development of new molecular designs and synthetic methodologies by chemists. We highlight several applications of active, stimuli-responsive polymers, which have demonstrated or shown potential use in HRHMIs. These materials share the fact that they are products of state-of-the-art synthetic techniques. The Progress Report is thus organized by the chemistry by which the materials were synthesized, including controlled radical polymerization, metal-mediated cross-coupling polymerization, ring-opening polymerization, various strategies for crosslinking, and hybrid approaches. These methods can afford polymers with multiple properties (i.e. conductivity, stimuli-responsiveness, self-healing and degradable abilities, biocompatibility, adhesiveness, and mechanical robustness) that are of great interest to scientists and engineers concerned with soft devices for human interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Schara
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Rachel Blau
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Derek C. Church
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Jonathan K. Pokorski
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Darren J. Lipomi
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
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Mumtaz MM, Buser MC, Pohl HR. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl mixtures toxicity assessment "Proof-of-Concept" illustration for the hazard index approach. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:553-567. [PMID: 33754950 PMCID: PMC9069224 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1901251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The 2018 ATSDR mixture framework recommends three approaches including the hazard index (HI) for environmental mixture toxicity assessment. Per- and polyfluoroalkyls (PFAS) are found in our environment and general populations. Recent experimental mixture toxicity studies of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and an assessment of 17 PFAS indicate the use of additivity for their joint toxicity assessment. The aim of this investigation was to detail the stepwise procedures and examine the extent and use of the HI approach for PFAS mixture assessment. Using estimated general public lifetime exposures (high, medium, and low), binary mixtures of PFOS and PFOA yielded, respectively, hazard indices (HIs) of 30.67, 8.33, and 3.63 for developmental toxicity; 10.67, 5.04, and 2.34 for immunological toxicity; 3.57, 1.68, and 0.78 for endocrine toxicity; 4.51, 1.73, and 0.79 for hepatic toxicity; and 15.08, 2.29, and 0.88 for reproductive toxicity. A heterogeneous mixture of PFOA, PFAS, dioxin (CDD), and polybrominated compounds (PBDE) for high exposure scenario yielded HIs of 30.99 for developmental, 10.77 for immunological, 3.64 for endocrine, 4.61 for hepatic, and 17.36 for reproductive effects. The HI values are used as a screening tool; the potential concern for exposures rises as HI values increase. For HI values >1, a follow-up including further analysis of specific exposures, use of internal dosimetry, and uncertainty factors is conducted before recommending appropriate actions. The HI approach appears suitable to address present-day PFAS public health concerns for initial assessment of multiple health effects, until further insights are gained into their mechanistic toxicology.The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Mumtaz
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - M C Buser
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - H R Pohl
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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Ojo AF, Peng C, Ng JC. Assessing the human health risks of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: A need for greater focus on their interactions as mixtures. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124863. [PMID: 33373965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to complex mixtures of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). However, human health risk assessment of PFAS currently relies on animal toxicity data derived from individual substance exposure, which may not adequately predict the risk from combined exposure due to possible interactions that can influence the overall risk. Long-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), particularly perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are recognised as global emerging contaminants of concern due to their ubiquitous distribution in all environmental media, wildlife, and humans, persistency, bioaccumulative-, toxic-, and human health-risk potentials. This article reviews the current understanding of the human health risks associated with PFAS exposure focusing on more recent toxicological and epidemiological studies from 2010 to 2020. The existing information on PFAA mixtures was also reviewed in an attempt to highlight the need for greater focus on their potential interactions as mixtures within the class of these chemicals. A growing number of toxicological studies have indicated several adverse health outcomes of PFAA exposure, including developmental and reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, thyroid disruption, and carcinogenicity. Epidemiological findings further support some of these adverse human health outcomes. However, the mechanisms underlying these adverse effects are not well defined. A few in vitro studies focusing on PFAA mixtures revealed that these compounds may act additively or interact synergistically/antagonistically depending on the species, dose level, dose ratio, and mixture components. Hence, the combined effects or potential interactions of PFAS mixtures should be considered and integrated into toxicity assessment to obtain a realistic and more refined human health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atinuke F Ojo
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Cheng Peng
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jack C Ng
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
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Bil W, Zeilmaker M, Fragki S, Lijzen J, Verbruggen E, Bokkers B. Risk Assessment of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Mixtures: A Relative Potency Factor Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:859-870. [PMID: 32729940 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) often occur together as contamination in exposure media such as drinking water or food. The relative potency factor (RPF) methodology facilitates the risk assessment of mixture exposure. A database of liver endpoints was established for 16 PFAS, using data with the same species (rat), sex (male), and exposure route (oral) and comparable exposure duration (42-90 d). Dose-response analysis was applied to derive the relative potencies of 3 perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (perfluorobutane sulfonic acid, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid), 8 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (perfluorobutanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluoroundecanoic acid, perfluorododecanoic acid, perfluorotetradecanoic acid, perfluorohexadecanoic acid, perfluorooctadecanoic acid), 2 perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic acids (tetrafluoro-2-[heptafluoropropoxy]propanoic acid, 3H-perfluoro-3-[(3-methoxy-propoxy)propanoic acid]), and 2 fluorotelomer alcohols (6:2 FTOH, 8:2 FTOH) compared to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), based on liver effects. In addition, the RPFs of 7 other perfluoroalkyl acids were estimated based on read-across. This resulted in the relative potencies of 22 PFAS compared to the potency of index compound PFOA. The obtained RPFs can be applied to measured PFAS quantities, resulting in the sum of PFOA equivalents in a mixture. This sum can be compared with an established PFOA concentration limit (e.g., in drinking water or food) or an external health-based guidance value (e.g., tolerable daily intake, acceptable daily intake, or reference dose) to estimate the risk resulting from direct oral exposure to mixtures. Assessing mixture exposure is particularly relevant for PFAS, with omnipresent exposure in our daily lives. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:859-870. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Bil
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Zeilmaker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Styliani Fragki
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Lijzen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Verbruggen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Bokkers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Goodrum PE, Anderson JK, Luz AL, Ansell GK. Application of a Framework for Grouping and Mixtures Toxicity Assessment of PFAS: A Closer Examination of Dose-Additivity Approaches. Toxicol Sci 2021; 179:262-278. [PMID: 32735321 PMCID: PMC7846094 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental occurrence and biomonitoring data for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) demonstrate that humans are exposed to mixtures of PFAS. This article presents a new and systematic analysis of available PFAS toxicity study data using a tiered mixtures risk assessment framework consistent with United States and international mixtures guidance. The lines of evidence presented herein include a critique of whole mixture toxicity studies and analysis of dose-response models based on data from subchronic oral toxicity studies in rats. Based on available data to-date, concentration addition and relative potency factor methods are found to be inappropriate due to differences among sensitive effects and target organ potencies and noncongruent dose-response curves for the same effect endpoints from studies using the same species and protocols. Perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid lack a single mode of action or molecular initiating event and our evaluation herein shows they also have noncongruent dose-response curves. Dose-response curves for long-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids (PFSAs) also significantly differ in shapes of the curves from short-chain PFSAs and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids evaluated, and additional differences are apparent when curves are evaluated based on internal or administered dose. Following well-established guidance, the hazard index method applied to perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and PFSAs grouped separately is the most appropriate approach for conducting a screening level risk assessment for nonpolymeric PFAS mixtures, given the current state-of-the science. A clear presentation of assumptions, uncertainties, and data gaps is needed before dose-additivity methods, including hazard index , are used to support risk management decisions. Adverse outcome pathway(s) and mode(s) of action information for perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and for other nonpolymer PFAS are key data gaps precluding more robust mixtures methods. These findings can guide the prioritization of future studies on single chemical and whole mixture toxicity studies.
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Starling AP, Liu C, Shen G, Yang IV, Kechris K, Borengasser SJ, Boyle KE, Zhang W, Smith HA, Calafat AM, Hamman RF, Adgate JL, Dabelea D. Prenatal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, Umbilical Cord Blood DNA Methylation, and Cardio-Metabolic Indicators in Newborns: The Healthy Start Study. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:127014. [PMID: 33356526 PMCID: PMC7759236 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are environmentally persistent chemicals widely detected in women of reproductive age. Prenatal PFAS exposure is associated with adverse health outcomes in children. We hypothesized that DNA methylation changes may result from prenatal PFAS exposure and may be linked to offspring cardio-metabolic phenotype. OBJECTIVES We estimated associations of prenatal PFAS with DNA methylation in umbilical cord blood. We evaluated associations of methylation at selected sites with neonatal cardio-metabolic indicators. METHODS Among 583 mother-infant pairs in a prospective cohort, five PFAS were quantified in maternal serum (median 27 wk of gestation). Umbilical cord blood DNA methylation was evaluated using the Illumina HumanMethylation450 array. Differentially methylated positions (DMPs) were evaluated at a false discovery rate ( FDR ) < 0.05 and differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified using comb-p (Šidák-adjusted p < 0.05 ). We estimated associations between methylation at candidate DMPs and DMR sites and the following outcomes: newborn weight, adiposity, and cord blood glucose, insulin, lipids, and leptin. RESULTS Maternal serum PFAS concentrations were below the median for females in the U.S. general population. Moderate to high pairwise correlations were observed between PFAS concentrations (ρ = 0.28 - 0.76 ). Methylation at one DMP (cg18587484), annotated to the gene TJAP1, was associated with perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) at FDR < 0.05 . Comb-p detected between 4 and 15 DMRs for each PFAS. Associated genes, some common across multiple PFAS, were implicated in growth (RPTOR), lipid homeostasis (PON1, PON3, CIDEB, NR1H2), inflammation and immune activity (RASL11B, RNF39), among other functions. There was suggestive evidence that two PFAS-associated loci (cg09093485, cg09637273) were associated with cord blood triglycerides and birth weight, respectively (FDR < 0.1 ). DISCUSSION DNA methylation in umbilical cord blood was associated with maternal serum PFAS concentrations during pregnancy, suggesting potential associations with offspring growth, metabolism, and immune function. Future research should explore whether DNA methylation changes mediate associations between prenatal PFAS exposures and child health outcomes. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6888.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne P. Starling
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cuining Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Guannan Shen
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ivana V. Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Katerina Kechris
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah J. Borengasser
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristen E. Boyle
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Weiming Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Harry A. Smith
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Antonia M. Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard F. Hamman
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - John L. Adgate
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Hassell KL, Coggan TL, Cresswell T, Kolobaric A, Berry K, Crosbie ND, Blackbeard J, Pettigrove VJ, Clarke BO. Dietary Uptake and Depuration Kinetics of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate, Perfluorooctanoic Acid, and Hexafluoropropylene Oxide Dimer Acid (GenX) in a Benthic Fish. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:595-603. [PMID: 31751491 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitously distributed throughout aquatic environments and can bioaccumulate in organisms. We examined dietary uptake and depuration of a mixture of 3 PFAS: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; C8 HF15 O2 ), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; C8 HF17 SO3 ), and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HPFO-DA; C6 HF11 O3 ; trade name GenX). Benthic fish (blue spot gobies, Pseudogobius sp.) were fed contaminated food (nominal dose 500 ng g-1 ) daily for a 21-d uptake period, followed by a 42-d depuration period. The compounds PFOA, linear-PFOS (linear PFOS), and total PFOS (sum of linear and branched PFOS) were detected in freeze-dried fish, whereas GenX was not, indicating either a lack of uptake or rapid elimination (<24 h). Depuration rates (d-1 ) were 0.150 (PFOA), 0.045 (linear-PFOS), and 0.042 (linear+branched-PFOS) with corresponding biological half-lives of 5.9, 15, and 16 d, respectively. The PFOS isomers were eliminated differently, resulting in enrichment of linear-PFOS (70-90%) throughout the depuration period. The present study is the first reported study of GenX dietary bioaccumulation potential in fish, and the first dietary study to investigate uptake and depuration of multiple PFASs simultaneously, allowing us to determine that whereas PFOA and PFOS accumulated as expected, GenX, administered in the same way, did not appear to bioaccumulate. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:595-603. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Hassell
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Aquatic Environmental Stress Research Group, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timothy L Coggan
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tom Cresswell
- Institute for Environmental Research, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Kirrawee, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam Kolobaric
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathryn Berry
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Vincent J Pettigrove
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Aquatic Environmental Stress Research Group, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bradley O Clarke
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Kayser LV, Russell MD, Rodriquez D, Abuhamdieh SN, Dhong C, Khan S, Stein AN, Ramírez J, Lipomi DJ. RAFT Polymerization of an Intrinsically Stretchable Water-Soluble Block Copolymer Scaffold for PEDOT. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018; 30:4459-4468. [PMID: 30930534 PMCID: PMC6435338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite the common association of π-conjugated polymers with flexible and stretchable electronics, these materials can be rigid and brittle unless they are designed otherwise. For example, low modulus, high extensibility, and high toughness are treated as prerequisites for integration with soft and biological structures. One of the most successful and commercially available organic electronic materials is the conductive and brittle polyelectrolyte complex poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). To make this material stretchable, additives such as ionic liquids must be used. These additives may render the composite incompatible with biological tissue. In this work, we describe the synthesis of an intrinsically stretchable variant of the conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS that is free of additives. The approach involves the synthesis of a block copolymer comprising soft segments of poly(polyethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate) (PPEGMEA) and hard segments of poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) using a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Subsequently, we used the newly synthesized ionic elastomer PSS-b-PPEGMEA as a matrix for the oxidative polymerization of EDOT. The resulting polyelectrolyte elastomer, PEDOT:PSS-b-PPEGMEA, can withstand elongations up to 128% and has a toughness up to 10.1 MJ m-3. While the polyelectrolyte elastomer is not as conductive as the commercial material, the toughness and extensibility are each more than an order of magnitude higher. Moreover, the electrical conductivity of the polyelectrolyte elastomer exhibits minimal decrease with strain within the elastic regime. We then compared the block copolymer to physical blends of PEDOT:PSS and PPEGMEA. The blend material had a much lower failure strain of only 38% and a maximum toughness of 4.9 MJ m-3. This approach thus emphasizes the importance of the covalent linking of the PSS and PPEGMEA blocks. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the conductivity of scratched films can be restored upon exposure to water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure V. Kayser
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Madeleine D. Russell
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Daniel Rodriquez
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Sami N. Abuhamdieh
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Charles Dhong
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Salik Khan
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Alexander N. Stein
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Julian Ramírez
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Darren J. Lipomi
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
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Rodgers KM, Udesky JO, Rudel RA, Brody JG. Environmental chemicals and breast cancer: An updated review of epidemiological literature informed by biological mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 160:152-182. [PMID: 28987728 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many common environmental chemicals are mammary gland carcinogens in animal studies, activate relevant hormonal pathways, or enhance mammary gland susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Breast cancer's long latency and multifactorial etiology make evaluation of these chemicals in humans challenging. OBJECTIVE For chemicals previously identified as mammary gland toxicants, we evaluated epidemiologic studies published since our 2007 review. We assessed whether study designs captured relevant exposures and disease features suggested by toxicological and biological evidence of genotoxicity, endocrine disruption, tumor promotion, or disruption of mammary gland development. METHODS We systematically searched the PubMed database for articles with breast cancer outcomes published in 2006-2016 using terms for 134 environmental chemicals, sources, or biomarkers of exposure. We critically reviewed the articles. RESULTS We identified 158 articles. Consistent with experimental evidence, a few key studies suggested higher risk for exposures during breast development to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dioxins, perfluorooctane-sulfonamide (PFOSA), and air pollution (risk estimates ranged from 2.14 to 5.0), and for occupational exposure to solvents and other mammary carcinogens, such as gasoline components (risk estimates ranged from 1.42 to 3.31). Notably, one 50-year cohort study captured exposure to DDT during several critical windows for breast development (in utero, adolescence, pregnancy) and when this chemical was still in use. Most other studies did not assess exposure during a biologically relevant window or specify the timing of exposure. Few studies considered genetic variation, but the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project reported higher breast cancer risk for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in women with certain genetic variations, especially in DNA repair genes. CONCLUSIONS New studies that targeted toxicologically relevant chemicals and captured biological hypotheses about genetic variants or windows of breast susceptibility added to evidence of links between environmental chemicals and breast cancer. However, many biologically relevant chemicals, including current-use consumer product chemicals, have not been adequately studied in humans. Studies are challenged to reconstruct exposures that occurred decades before diagnosis or access biological samples stored that long. Other problems include measuring rapidly metabolized chemicals and evaluating exposure to mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Rodgers
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Newton, MA 02460, United States.
| | - Julia O Udesky
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Newton, MA 02460, United States.
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Newton, MA 02460, United States.
| | - Julia Green Brody
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Newton, MA 02460, United States.
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18
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Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Ahmed MK, Raknuzzaman M, Islam MS, Ali MM, Tokumura M, Masunaga S. Occurrence and assessment of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in commonly consumed seafood from the coastal area of Bangladesh. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 124:775-785. [PMID: 28258724 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the first evidence of the occurrence of PFAAs in commonly consumed seafood from the coastal area of Bangladesh. Fifteen target PFAAs in 48 seafood samples (5 finfish and 2 shellfish species) were measured by HPLC-MS/MS. The ΣPFAAs in finfish and shellfish were in the range of 0.32-14.58 and 1.31-8.34 (ng/g wet weight), respectively. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in finfish (0.1-3.86ng/g ww), whereas perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in shellfish (0.07-2.39ng/g ww) were the most abundant PFAAs. The results were comparable with other studies worldwide, particularly from China, Spain, Sweden, and USA. The majority of monitored PFAAs did not show clear seasonal variation. However, seafood from the southeast area (Cox's Bazar and Chittagong) showed relatively higher levels of PFAAs. Moreover, the dietary exposure assessment revealed that the daily intakes of PFAAs via seafood consumption were far less than the health-based guidelines, indicating low health risk for the Bangladeshi coastal residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Habibullah-Al-Mamun
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9 Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan; Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Kawser Ahmed
- Department of Oceanography, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Raknuzzaman
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9 Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan; Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Mir Mohammad Ali
- Department of Aquaculture, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Masahiro Tokumura
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9 Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeki Masunaga
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9 Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
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19
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Bangma JT, Reiner JL, Botha H, Cantu TM, Gouws MA, Guillette MP, Koelmel JP, Luus-Powell WJ, Myburgh J, Rynders O, Sara JR, Smit WJ, Bowden JA. Tissue distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids and health status in wild Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 61:59-67. [PMID: 29191316 PMCID: PMC6584947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined concentrations of 15 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in tissues from male Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) collected at Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa in 2014 and 2016. Nine of the 15 PFAAs were detected frequently and were included in statistical analysis and included two of the most commonly known PFAAs, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (median, 41.6ng/g) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (median, 0.0825ng/g). Of the tissues measured, plasma (2016 and 2014 median, 22.2ng/g) contained the highest PFAA burden followed by (in descending order): liver (median, 11.6ng/g), kidney (median, 9.04ng/g), spleen (median, 5.92ng/g), adipose (median, 2.54ng/g), and muscle (median, 1.11ng/g). Loskop Dam tilapia have been affected by an inflammatory disease of the adipose tissue known as pansteatitis, so this study also aimed to investigate relationships between PFAA tissue concentrations and incidence of pansteatitis or fish health status. Results revealed that healthy tilapia exhibited an overall higher (p-value<0.05) PFAA burden than pansteatitis-affected tilapia across all tissues. Further analysis showed that organs previously noted in the literature to contain the highest PFAA concentrations, such as kidney, liver, and plasma, were the organs driving the difference in PFAA burden between the two tilapia groups. Care must be taken in the interpretations we draw from not only the results of our study, but also other PFAA measurements made on populations (human and wildlife alike) under differing health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline T Bangma
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Hannes Botha
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa; Scientific Services, Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa
| | - Theresa M Cantu
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Marco A Gouws
- Department of Science, School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, George 6529, South Africa
| | - Matthew P Guillette
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Jeremy P Koelmel
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | | | - Jan Myburgh
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Olivia Rynders
- Department of Science, School of Natural Resource Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, George 6529, South Africa
| | - Joseph R Sara
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| | - Willem J Smit
- Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa
| | - John A Bowden
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, United States.
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Effects of Perfluorooctanoic Acid on Metabolic Profiles in Brain and Liver of Mouse Revealed by a High-throughput Targeted Metabolomics Approach. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23963. [PMID: 27032815 PMCID: PMC4817033 DOI: 10.1038/srep23963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a perfluoroalkyl acid, can result in hepatotoxicity and neurobehavioral effects in animals. The metabolome, which serves as a connection among transcriptome, proteome and toxic effects, provides pathway-based insights into effects of PFOA. Since understanding of changes in the metabolic profile during hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity were still incomplete, a high-throughput targeted metabolomics approach (278 metabolites) was used to investigate effects of exposure to PFOA for 28 d on brain and liver of male Balb/c mice. Results of multivariate statistical analysis indicated that PFOA caused alterations in metabolic pathways in exposed individuals. Pathway analysis suggested that PFOA affected metabolism of amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates and energetics. Ten and 18 metabolites were identified as potential unique biomarkers of exposure to PFOA in brain and liver, respectively. In brain, PFOA affected concentrations of neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and glutamate in brain, which provides novel insights into mechanisms of PFOA-induced neurobehavioral effects. In liver, profiles of lipids revealed involvement of β-oxidation and biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in PFOA-induced hepatotoxicity, while alterations in metabolism of arachidonic acid suggesting potential of PFOA to cause inflammation response in liver. These results provide insight into the mechanism and biomarkers for PFOA-induced effects.
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Braun JM, Chen A, Romano ME, Calafat AM, Webster GM, Yolton K, Lanphear BP. Prenatal perfluoroalkyl substance exposure and child adiposity at 8 years of age: The HOME study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:231-7. [PMID: 26554535 PMCID: PMC4688224 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine relationships between prenatal perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure and adiposity in children born to women who lived downstream from a fluoropolymer manufacturing plant. METHODS Data are from a prospective cohort in Cincinnati, Ohio (HOME Study). Perfluorooctanoic (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic (PFOS), perfluorononanoic (PFNA), and perfluorohexane sulfonic (PFHxS) acids were measured in prenatal serum samples. Differences were measured in body mass index z-scores (BMI), waist circumference, and body fat at 8 years of age (n = 204) and BMI between 2-8 years of age (n = 285) according to PFAS concentrations. RESULTS Children born to women in the top two PFOA terciles had greater adiposity at 8 years than children in the 1st tercile. For example, waist circumference (cm) was higher among children in the 2nd (4.3; 95% CI: 1.7, 6.9) and 3rd tercile (2.2; 95% CI: -0.5, 4.9) compared to children in the 1st tercile. Children in the top two PFOA terciles also had greater BMI gains from 2 to 8 years compared to children in the 1st tercile (P < 0.05). PFOS, PFNA, and PFHxS were not associated with adiposity. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort, higher prenatal serum PFOA concentrations were associated with greater adiposity at 8 years and a more rapid increase in BMI between 2-8 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Megan E. Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Glenys M. Webster
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Bruce P. Lanphear
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s and Women’s Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
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Karaman M, Yenice E. Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Poly(2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobutyl acrylate) Thin Films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cvde.201507168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Karaman
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Selcuk University; 42031 Konya Turkey
- Advanced Technology Research and Application Center, Department of Chemical Engineering; Selcuk University; 42031 Konya Turkey
| | - Ezgi Yenice
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Selcuk University; 42031 Konya Turkey
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Botelho SC, Saghafian M, Pavlova S, Hassan M, DePierre JW, Abedi-Valugerdi M. Complement activation is involved in the hepatic injury caused by high-dose exposure of mice to perfluorooctanoic acid. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 129:225-31. [PMID: 25108893 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
High-dose exposure of mice to perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) induces both hepatotoxicity and immunotoxicity. Here, we characterized the effects of 10-day dietary treatment with PFOA (0.002-0.02%, w/w) on the liver and complement system of male C57BL/6 mice. At all four doses, this compound caused hepatomegaly and reduced the serum level of triglycerides (an indicator for activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα)). At the highest dose (0.02%, w/w), this hepatomegaly was associated with the hepatic injury, as reflected in increased activity of alanine aminotranferase (ALAT) in the serum, severe hepatocyte hypertrophy and hepatocellular necrosis. PFOA-induced hepatic injury was associated with in vivo activation of the complement system as indicated by (i) significant attenuation of the serum activities of both the classical and alternative pathways; (ii) a marked reduction in the serum level of the complement factor C3; and (iii) deposition of the complement factor C3 fragment (C3a) in the hepatic parenchyma. PFOA did not activate the alternative pathway of complement in vitro. At doses lower than 0.02%, PFOA induced hepatocyte hypertrophy without causing liver injury or activating complement. These results reveal substantial involvement of activation of complement in the pathogenesis of PFOA-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Calado Botelho
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for the Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maryam Saghafian
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Novum, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Svetlana Pavlova
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Novum, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Moustapha Hassan
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Novum, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Joseph W DePierre
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for the Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Manuchehr Abedi-Valugerdi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories for the Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Experimental Cancer Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Novum, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; ImmunoBioTox (IBT) AB, 16954 Solna, Sweden.
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Hirata-Koizumi M, Fujii S, Hina K, Matsumoto M, Takahashi M, Ono A, Hirose A. Repeated dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity of long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids in rats: perfluorohexadecanoic acid and perfluorotetradecanoic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2131/fts.2.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuko Hirata-Koizumi
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Sakiko Fujii
- Safety Research Institute for Chemical Compounds Co., Ltd
| | - Kato Hina
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Mariko Matsumoto
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Mika Takahashi
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Akihiko Hirose
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
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Rigden M, Pelletier G, Poon R, Zhu J, Auray-Blais C, Gagnon R, Kubwabo C, Kosarac I, Lalonde K, Cakmak S, Xiao B, Leingartner K, Ku KL, Bose R, Jiao J. Assessment of urinary metabolite excretion after rat acute exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid and other peroxisomal proliferators. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 68:148-58. [PMID: 25015730 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a persistent environmental contaminant. Activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα) resulting from exposure to PFOA has been extensively studied in rodents. However, marked differences in response to peroxisome proliferators prevent extrapolation of rodent PPARα activation to human health risks and additional molecular mechanisms may also be involved in the biological response to PFOA exposure. To further explore the potential involvement of such additional pathways, the effects of PFOA exposure on urinary metabolites were directly compared with those of other well-known PPARα agonists. Male rats were administered PFOA (10, 33, or 100 mg/kg/d), fenofibrate (100 mg/kg/d), or di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (100 mg/kg/d) by gavage for 3 consecutive days and allowed to recover for 4 days, and overnight urine was collected. Greater urinary output was observed exclusively in PFOA-treated rats as the total fraction of PFOA excreted in urine increased with the dose administered. Assessment of urinary metabolites (ascorbic acid, quinolinic acid, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, and malondialdehyde) provided additional information on PFOA's effects on hepatic glucuronic acid and tryptophan-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) pathways and on oxidative stress, whereas increased liver weight and palmitoyl-CoA oxidase activity indicative of PPARα activation and peroxisomal proliferation persisted up to day five after the last exposure.
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Pan CG, Ying GG, Zhao JL, Liu YS, Jiang YX, Zhang QQ. Spatiotemporal distribution and mass loadings of perfluoroalkyl substances in the Yangtze River of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:580-587. [PMID: 24982023 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A systematic investigation into contamination profiles of eighteen perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in both surface water and sediments of Yangtze River was carried out by using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in summer and winter of 2013. The total concentrations of the PFASs in the water and sediment of Yangtze River ranged from 2.2 to 74.56 ng/L and 0.05 to 1.44 ng/g dry weights (dw), respectively. The PFAS concentrations were correlated to some selected water quality parameters such as pH, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and conductivity in water, and some sediment properties, such as total organic carbon (TOC), TP, and TN in sediment. The monitoring results for the water and sediment samples showed no obvious seasonal variations. Among the selected 18 PFASs, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the dominant PFAS compound found both in water and sediment for the two seasons with its maximum concentration of 18.03 ng/L in water and 0.72 ng/g in sediment, followed by perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS) with its maximum concentration of 41.9 ng/L in water in Wuhan, whereas the lowest concentrations of PFASs were observed at Poyang lake. The annual loadings of PFOA, perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), PFBS, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and the total PFASs in the Yangtze River were 6.8 tons, 2.2 tons, 8.2 tons, 0.88 tons, and 20.7 tons, respectively. Wuhan and Er'zhou of Hubei contributed the most amounts of PFASs into the Yangtze River. A correlation was found between some PFASs, for example PFBS and PFOS, which suggests that both of these PFASs originate from common sources in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yu-Xia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Pan CG, Zhao JL, Liu YS, Zhang QQ, Chen ZF, Lai HJ, Peng FJ, Liu SS, Ying GG. Bioaccumulation and risk assessment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in wild freshwater fish from rivers in the Pearl River Delta region, South China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 107:192-199. [PMID: 25011114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are used in various industries, which results in their ubiquitous occurrence in the environment. This study determined the concentrations of eighteen PFASs in muscle and liver of nine wild freshwater fish species collected from rivers in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, South China, and assessed their bioaccumulation and potential health risks to local people. The results showed that eight and twelve PFASs were detected in the fish muscle and liver samples, respectively. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was found to be the predominant PFAS both in muscle and liver with its highest concentrations of 79ng/g wet weight (ww) in muscle and 1500ng/g ww in liver, followed by Perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) and Perfluorotridecanoic acid (PFTrDA) with trace concentrations. The mean PFOS concentrations in fish muscle and liver tissues of the nine collected species ranged from 0.40ng/g in mud carp to 25ng/g in snakehead, and from 5.6ng/g in mud carp to 1100ng/g in snakehead, respectively. Significant positive correlations were found among PFASs both in water and fish, indicating a similar pollution source for these PFASs. In tilapia samples, PFOS concentrations showed an increasing trend with increasing length and weight, but no significant difference between genders. Bioaccumulation factors (logBAF) in fish for the PFASs were in the range from 2.1 to 5.0. The calculated hazard ratios (HR) of PFOS for all fishes were in the range of 0.05-2.8, with four out of nine species (tilapia, chub, leather catfish and snakehead) having their HR values more than 1.0. The results suggest that frequent consumption of these four fish species may pose health risks to local population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hua-Jie Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Feng-Jiao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Takahashi M, Ishida S, Hirata-Koizumi M, Ono A, Hirose A. Repeated dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity of perfluoroundecanoic acid in rats. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:97-108. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Takahashi
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | | | - Mutsuko Hirata-Koizumi
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Akihiko Hirose
- Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences
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Yan S, Wang J, Zhang W, Dai J. Circulating microRNA profiles altered in mice after 28d exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid. Toxicol Lett 2014; 224:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Borg D, Lund BO, Lindquist NG, Håkansson H. Cumulative health risk assessment of 17 perfluoroalkylated and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) in the Swedish population. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 59:112-123. [PMID: 23792420 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Humans are simultaneously exposed to a multitude of chemicals. Human health risk assessment of chemicals is, however, normally performed on single substances, which may underestimate the total risk, thus bringing a need for reliable methods to assess the risk of combined exposure to multiple chemicals. Per- and polyfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) is a large group of chemicals that has emerged as global environmental contaminants. In the Swedish population, 17 PFASs have been measured, of which the vast majority lacks human health risk assessment information. The objective of this study was to for the first time perform a cumulative health risk assessment of the 17 PFASs measured in the Swedish population, individually and in combination, using the Hazard Index (HI) approach. Swedish biomonitoring data (blood/serum concentrations of PFASs) were used and two study populations identified: 1) the general population exposed indirectly via the environment and 2) occupationally exposed professional ski waxers. Hazard data used were publicly available toxicity data for hepatotoxicity and reproductive toxicity as well as other more sensitive toxic effects. The results showed that PFASs concentrations were in the low ng/ml serum range in the general population, reaching high ng/ml and low μg/ml serum concentrations in the occupationally exposed. For those congeners lacking toxicity data with regard to hepatotoxicity and reproductive toxicity read-across extrapolations was performed. Other effects at lower dose levels were observed for some well-studied congeners. The risk characterization showed no concern for hepatotoxicity or reproductive toxicity in the general population except in a subpopulation eating PFOS-contaminated fish, illustrating that high local exposure may be of concern. For the occupationally exposed there was concern for hepatotoxicity by PFOA and all congeners in combination as well as for reproductive toxicity by all congeners in combination, thus a need for reduced exposure was identified. Concern for immunotoxicity by PFOS and for disrupted mammary gland development by PFOA was identified in both study populations as well as a need of additional toxicological data for many PFAS congeners with respect to all assessed endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Borg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Department of Environmental Health Risk Assessment, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Yeung LWY, Taniyasu S, Yamazaki E, Wang R, Lam PKS, Yamashita N, Dai J. Age- and gender-related accumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances in captive Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 179:61-7. [PMID: 23660395 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were measured in serum of the highly endangered captive Chinese alligators, whole body homogenates of six kinds of fish (alligator prey species), and pond water (alligator habitat) in the Anhui Research Center for Chinese Alligator Reproduction. Six PFASs, including PFOS and five perfluorinated carboxylates, were detected in all alligator samples. The most dominant PFAS was PFUnDA, with a mean value of 31.4 ng/mL. Significant positive correlations were observed among the six PFASs, suggesting that they shared similar sources of contamination. Significantly higher PFOS and PFUnDA levels were observed in males, but the other four PFCAs did not differ between genders. An age related PFAS bioaccumulation analysis showed a significant negative correlation of the concentrations for five PFCAs to age, which means that higher concentrations were found in younger animals. Bioaccumulation factors (BAF) in fish for PFASs ranged from 21 to 28,000, with lower BAF for PFOA than that for longer carbon chain PFCAs, including PFUnDA, PFDA, and PFNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
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Gallo V, Leonardi G, Brayne C, Armstrong B, Fletcher T. Serum perfluoroalkyl acids concentrations and memory impairment in a large cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2013; 3:bmjopen-2012-002414. [PMID: 23794579 PMCID: PMC3686223 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the cross-sectional association between serum perfluorooctanate (PFOA), perfuorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) concentrations with self-reported memory impairment in adults and the interaction of these associations with diabetes status. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Population-based in Mid-Ohio Valley, West Virginia following contamination by a chemical plant. PARTICIPANTS The C8 Health Project collected data and measured the serum level of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) of 21 024 adults aged 50+ years. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE Self-reported memory impairment as defined by the question 'have experienced short-term memory loss?' RESULTS A total of 4057 participants self-reported short-term memory impairment. Inverse associations between PFOS and PFOA and memory impairment were highly statistically significant with fully adjusted OR=0.93 (95% CI 0.90 to 0.96) for doubling PFOS and OR=0.96 (95% CI 0.94 to 0.98) for doubling PFOA concentrations. Comparable inverse associations with PFNA and PFHxS were of borderline statistical significance. Inverse associations of PFAAs with memory impairment were weaker or non-existent in patients with diabetes than overall in patients without diabetes. CONCLUSIONS An inverse association between PFAA serum levels and self-reported memory impairment has been observed in this large population-based, cross-sectional study that is stronger and more statistically significant for PFOA and PFOS. The associations can be potentially explained by a preventive anti-inflammatory effect exerted by a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist effect of these PFAAs, but confounding or even reverse causation cannot be excluded as an alternative explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gallo
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Giovanni Leonardi
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Carol Brayne
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ben Armstrong
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tony Fletcher
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Fair PA, Romano T, Schaefer AM, Reif JS, Bossart GD, Houde M, Muir D, Adams J, Rice C, Hulsey TC, Peden-Adams M. Associations between perfluoroalkyl compounds and immune and clinical chemistry parameters in highly exposed bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2013; 32:736-746. [PMID: 23322558 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) are ubiquitous, persistent chemical contaminants found in the environment, wildlife, and humans. Despite the widespread occurrence of PFCs, little is known about the impact these contaminants have on the health of wildlife populations. The authors investigated the relationship between PFCs (including ∑perfluorocarboxylates, ∑perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorodecanoic acid) and the clinocopathologic and immune parameters in a highly exposed population (n = 79) of Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (mean ∑PFCs = 1970 ng/ml; range 574-8670 ng/ml) sampled from 2003 to 2005 near Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Age-adjusted linear regression models showed statistically significant positive associations between exposure to one or more of the PFC totals and/or individual analytes and the following immunological parameters: absolute numbers of CD2+ T cells, CD4+ helper T cells, CD19+ immature B cells, CD21+ mature B cells, CD2/CD21 ratio, MHCII+ cells, B cell proliferation, serum IgG1, granulocytic, and monocytic phagocytosis. Several PFC analyte groups were also positively associated with serum alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, creatinine, phosphorus, amylase, and anion gap and negatively associated with cholesterol levels, creatinine phosphokinase, eosinophils, and monocytes. Based on these relationships, the authors suggest that the PFC concentrations found in Charleston dolphins may have effects on immune, hematopoietic, kidney, and liver function. The results contribute to the emerging data on PFC health effects in this first study to describe associations between PFCs and health parameters in dolphins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Fair
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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Post GB, Cohn PD, Cooper KR. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), an emerging drinking water contaminant: a critical review of recent literature. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 116:93-117. [PMID: 22560884 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is an anthropogenic contaminant that differs in several ways from most other well-studied organic chemicals found in drinking water. PFOA is extremely resistant to environmental degradation processes and thus persists indefinitely. Unlike most other persistent and bioaccumulative organic pollutants, PFOA is water-soluble, does not bind well to soil or sediments, and bioaccumulates in serum rather than in fat. It has been detected in finished drinking water and drinking water sources impacted by releases from industrial facilities and waste water treatment plants, as well as in waters with no known point sources. However, the overall occurrence and population exposure from drinking water is not known. PFOA persists in humans with a half-life of several years and is found in the serum of almost all U.S. residents and in populations worldwide. Exposure sources include food, food packaging, consumer products, house dust, and drinking water. Continued exposure to even relatively low concentrations in drinking water can substantially increase total human exposure, with a serum:drinking water ratio of about 100:1. For example, ongoing exposures to drinking water concentrations of 10 ng/L, 40 ng/L, 100 ng/L, or 400 ng/L are expected to increase mean serum levels by about 25%, 100%, 250%, and 1000%, respectively, from the general population background serum level of about 4 ng/mL. Infants are potentially a sensitive subpopulation for PFOA's developmental effects, and their exposure through breast milk from mothers who use contaminated drinking water and/or from formula prepared with contaminated drinking water is higher than in adults exposed to the same drinking water concentration. Numerous health endpoints are associated with human PFOA exposure in the general population, communities with contaminated drinking water, and workers. As is the case for most such epidemiology studies, causality for these effects is not proven. Unlike most other well-studied drinking water contaminants, the human dose-response curve for several effects appears to be steepest at the lower exposure levels, including the general population range, with no apparent threshold for some endpoints. There is concordance in animals and humans for some effects, while humans and animals appear to react differently for other effects such as lipid metabolism. PFOA was classified as "likely to be carcinogenic in humans" by the USEPA Science Advisory Board. In animal studies, developmental effects have been identified as more sensitive endpoints for toxicity than carcinogenicity or the long-established hepatic effects. Notably, exposure to an environmentally relevant drinking water concentration caused adverse effects on mammary gland development in mice. This paper reviews current information relevant to the assessment of PFOA as an emerging drinking water contaminant. This information suggests that continued human exposure to even relatively low concentrations of PFOA in drinking water results in elevated body burdens that may increase the risk of health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria B Post
- Office of Science, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, NJ 08625, USA.
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Senthilkumar CS, Sah NK, Ganesh N. Methyl Isocyanate and Carcinogenesis: Bridgeable Gaps in Scientific Knowledge. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:2429-35. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.6.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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