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Kurhaluk N. Supplementation with l-arginine and nitrates vs age and individual physiological reactivity. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:1239-1259. [PMID: 37903373 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a natural ontogenetic phenomenon that entails a decrease in the adaptive capacity of the organism, as a result of which the body becomes less adaptable to stressful conditions. Nitrate and nitrite enter the body from exogenous sources and from nitrification of ammonia nitrogen by intestinal microorganisms. This review considers the mechanisms of action of l-arginine, a known inducer of nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis, and nitrates as supplements in the processes of ageing and aggravated stress states, in which mechanisms of individual physiological reactivity play an important role. This approach can be used as an element of individual therapy or prevention of premature ageing processes depending on the different levels of initial reactivity of the functional systems. A search was performed of the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases (n = 181 articles) and the author's own research (n = 4) up to May 5, 2023. The review presents analyses of data on targeted treatment of NO generation by supplementation with l-arginine or nitrates, which is a promising means for prevention of hypoxic conditions frequently accompanying pathological processes in an ageing organism. The review clarifies the role of the individual state of physiological reactivity, using the example of individuals with a high predominance of cholinergic regulatory mechanisms who already have a significant reserve of adaptive capacity. In studies of the predominance of adrenergic influences, a poorly trained organism as well as an elderly organism correspond to low resistance, which is an additional factor of damage at increased energy expenditure. CONCLUSION It is suggested that the role of NO synthesis from supplementation of dietary nitrates and nitrites increases with age rather than from oxygen-dependent biosynthetic reactions from l-arginine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kurhaluk
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Słupsk, Poland
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2
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Monda E, Rubino M, Lioncino M, Di Fraia F, Pacileo R, Verrillo F, Cirillo A, Caiazza M, Fusco A, Esposito A, Fimiani F, Palmiero G, Pacileo G, Calabrò P, Russo MG, Limongelli G. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Children: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Non-sarcomeric Causes. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:632293. [PMID: 33718303 PMCID: PMC7947260 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.632293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a myocardial disease characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy not solely explained by abnormal loading conditions. Despite its rare prevalence in pediatric age, HCM carries a relevant risk of mortality and morbidity in both infants and children. Pediatric HCM is a large heterogeneous group of disorders. Other than mutations in sarcomeric genes, which represent the most important cause of HCM in adults, childhood HCM includes a high prevalence of non-sarcomeric causes, including inherited errors of metabolism (i.e., glycogen storage diseases, lysosomal storage diseases, and fatty acid oxidation disorders), malformation syndromes, neuromuscular diseases, and mitochondrial disease, which globally represent up to 35% of children with HCM. The age of presentation and the underlying etiology significantly impact the prognosis of children with HCM. Moreover, in recent years, different targeted approaches for non-sarcomeric etiologies of HCM have emerged. Therefore, the etiological diagnosis is a fundamental step in designing specific management and therapy in these subjects. The present review aims to provide an overview of the non-sarcomeric causes of HCM in children, focusing on the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of these rare disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Monda
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Marta Rubino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Lioncino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Fraia
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Pacileo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Verrillo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Annapaola Cirillo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Caiazza
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Adelaide Fusco
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Augusto Esposito
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Fimiani
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palmiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pacileo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabrò
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Russo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Limongelli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College of London and St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Sapuppo A, Pavone P, Praticò AD, Ruggieri M, Bertino G, Fiumara A. Genotype-phenotype variable correlation in Wilson disease: clinical history of two sisters with the similar genotype. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:128. [PMID: 32532207 PMCID: PMC7291468 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Wilson disease (WD) is an Autosomal-Recessive disorder due to mutations of ATP7B gene on chromosome 13q14.3. Inadequate protein function leads to low ceruloplasmin blood levels and copper accumulation in liver, basal ganglia and chornea. Main clinical manifestations are hypertransaminasemia, tremors, dysarthria, dystonia and psychiatric symptoms. The phenotypic variability in WD is considerable and its onset can be heterogeneous: the most common type in childhood is the hepatic involvement, followed by the neurological one or others. The presence of a genotype-phenotype correlation has not yet been fully demonstrated. The phenotypic variability may be explained by the intervention of other modifier genes regulating copper metabolism in the presence of mutations ATP7B. Case presentation A streaking phenotypic variability was observed in two Sicilian sisters carrying the same genotype for ATB7B gene [c.3207C > A / c.3904-2A > G]. Although both started to present signs at age 10 years, onset was characterized by neurological signs in the first (tremors, motor incoordination, language and cognitive impairment), while liver involvement has been the only sign in the other. They started the same chelation therapy. After a 20-year follow-up the former is severely affected (MRI evidence of basal ganglia copper deposits and hyperchogenic liver, thrombocytopenia), while the latter presents only a moderate liver enlargement. In literature, the splice mutation c.3904-2A > G is also reported in Egypt population, associated with acute liver failure or chronic hepatic disease, and it could be typical of Mediterranean area, not being reported in other geographical zones. Conclusion Based on our clinical experience in Eastern Sicily, there is a considerable phenotypic variability in WD, even in the presence of an identical genotype. The mutation c.3904-2A > G could be associated with this phenotypic variability in Mediterranean population, but further studies should be conducted. This condition could be explained by the intervention of modifier genes regulating copper metabolism in the presence of defective ATP7B protein function. Further investigations on their role by Next Generation Sequencing or Whole Exome Analysis might have a profound impact on patients’ management and in particular on therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Sapuppo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Piero Pavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Martino Ruggieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Bertino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Fiumara
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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4
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Punzi G, Porcelli V, Ruggiu M, Hossain MF, Menga A, Scarcia P, Castegna A, Gorgoglione R, Pierri CL, Laera L, Lasorsa FM, Paradies E, Pisano I, Marobbio CMT, Lamantea E, Ghezzi D, Tiranti V, Giannattasio S, Donati MA, Guerrini R, Palmieri L, Palmieri F, De Grassi A. SLC25A10 biallelic mutations in intractable epileptic encephalopathy with complex I deficiency. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:499-504. [PMID: 29211846 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a plethora of inherited neuromuscular disorders sharing defects in mitochondrial respiration, but largely different from one another for genetic basis and pathogenic mechanism. Whole exome sequencing was performed in a familiar trio (trio-WES) with a child affected by severe epileptic encephalopathy associated with respiratory complex I deficiency and mitochondrial DNA depletion in skeletal muscle. By trio-WES we identified biallelic mutations in SLC25A10, a nuclear gene encoding a member of the mitochondrial carrier family. Genetic and functional analyses conducted on patient fibroblasts showed that SLC25A10 mutations are associated with reduction in RNA quantity and aberrant RNA splicing, and to absence of SLC25A10 protein and its transporting function. The yeast SLC25A10 ortholog knockout strain showed defects in mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial DNA content, similarly to what observed in the patient skeletal muscle, and growth susceptibility to oxidative stress. Albeit patient fibroblasts were depleted in the main antioxidant molecules NADPH and glutathione, transport assays demonstrated that SLC25A10 is unable to transport glutathione. Here, we report the first recessive mutations of SLC25A10 associated to an inherited severe mitochondrial neurodegenerative disorder. We propose that SLC25A10 loss-of-function causes pathological disarrangements in respiratory-demanding conditions and oxidative stress vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Punzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Porcelli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Ruggiu
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Md F Hossain
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Alessio Menga
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Scarcia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Castegna
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Gorgoglione
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ciro L Pierri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Luna Laera
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.,Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco M Lasorsa
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Paradies
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Isabella Pisano
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo M T Marobbio
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lamantea
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology "C. Besta", 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Ghezzi
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology "C. Besta", 20126 Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology "C. Besta", 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Giannattasio
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria A Donati
- Department of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital "A. Meyer", 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Department of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital "A. Meyer", 50139 Florence, Italy.,IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.,Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.,Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna De Grassi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
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5
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Congenital sideroblastic anemia: Advances in gene mutations and pathophysiology. Gene 2018; 668:182-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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6
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Thangarajan S, Ramachandran S, Krishnamurthy P. Chrysin exerts neuroprotective effects against 3-Nitropropionic acid induced behavioral despair-Mitochondrial dysfunction and striatal apoptosis via upregulating Bcl-2 gene and downregulating Bax-Bad genes in male wistar rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:514-525. [PMID: 27690136 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is an irreversible inhibitor of mitochondrial complex-II that causes transcriptional dysregulation, bioenergetics failure, protein aggregation and oxidative damage similar to Huntington's disease (HD) pathogenesis. Chrysin, a bioactive flavonoid reported to have anti-inflammation, antioxidant, vasorelaxant and neuroprotective property. The present study was framed to determine the neuroprotective efficiency of chrysin upon 3-NP induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunctions and neurodegeneration. 3-NP (10mg/kg b.w. i.p.) administration for 14days exhibited significant (P<0.01) behavioral alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damages to biomolecules, finally causes cell death. Chrysin at 50mg/kg b.w. orally for 14days improved all the behavioral performances and regulated the complex activities in mitochondria. Further, chrysin diminished the oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxidation, nitrite and protein carbonyls) by significantly (P<0.01) improving the antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione) in striatal mitochondria. Indeed, chrysin prevents apoptosis by upregulating the Bcl-2 mRNA expression and downregulating the pro-apoptotic (Bax, Bad) mRNAs in 3-NP induced condition. Furthermore, the survival of striatal neurons against 3-NP toxicity was enhanced upon chrysin treatment which was evidenced by observing histopathological studies. Hence, the present study collectively suggests that the chrysin can serve as a potential therapeutic agent on 3-NP induced mitochondrial deficits and subsequent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumathi Thangarajan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 600 113,Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Surekha Ramachandran
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 600 113,Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priya Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Rajalakshmi Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, 602 105, Tamil Nadu, India
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7
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Abstract
The molecular basis of migraine is still not completely understood. An impairment of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism might play a role in the pathophysiology of this disease, by influencing neuronal information processing. Biochemical assays of platelets and muscle biopsies performed in migraine sufferers have shown a decreased activity of the respiratory chain enzymes. Studies with phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) have demonstrated an impairment of the brain oxidative energy metabolism both during and between migraine attacks. However, molecular genetic studies have not detected specific mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in patients with migraine, although other studies suggest that particular genetic markers (i.e. neutral polymorphisms or secondary mtDNA mutations) might be present in some migraine sufferers. Further studies are still needed to clarify if migraine is associated with unidentified mutations on the mtDNA or on nuclear genes that code mitochondrial proteins. In this paper, we review morphological, biochemical, imaging and genetic studies which bear on the hypothesis that migraine may be related to mitochondrial dysfunction at least in some individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sparaco
- Department of Neurology and Headache Centre, Hospital G. Rummo Benevento, Benevento, Italy.
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8
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Morava E, Rahman S, Peters V, Baumgartner MR, Patterson M, Zschocke J. Quo vadis: the re-definition of "inborn metabolic diseases". J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:1003-6. [PMID: 26420281 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9893-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Morava
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University Medical School, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical School of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Shamima Rahman
- Mitochondrial Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, and Metabolic Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Verena Peters
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescence Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias R Baumgartner
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Patterson
- Division of Child and Adolescent Neurology, Children's Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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9
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Brunel-Guitton C, Levtova A, Sasarman F. Mitochondrial Diseases and Cardiomyopathies. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31:1360-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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10
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Park J, Ryu H, Jang W, Chae H, Kim M, Kim Y, Kim J, Lee JW, Chung NG, Cho B, Suh BK. Novel 5.712 kb mitochondrial DNA deletion in a patient with Pearson syndrome: a case report. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:3741-5. [PMID: 25543536 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pearson marrow‑pancreas syndrome (PS) is a progressive multi‑organ disorder caused by deletions and duplications of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). PS is often fatal in infancy, and the majority of patients with PS succumb to the disease before reaching three‑years‑of‑age, due to septicemia, metabolic acidosis or hepatocellular insufficiency. The present report describes the case of a four‑month‑old infant with severe normocytic normochromic anemia, vacuolization of hematopoietic precursors and metabolic acidosis. After extensive clinical investigation, the patient was diagnosed with PS, which was confirmed by molecular analysis of mtDNA. The molecular analysis detected a novel large‑scale (5.712 kb) deletion spanning nucleotides 8,011 to 13,722 of mtDNA, which lacked direct repeats at the deletion boundaries. The present report is, to the best of our knowledge, the first case reported in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonhong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejin Ryu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Woori Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Chae
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungshin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggoo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Wook Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Nack-Gyun Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bin Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Kyu Suh
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137‑701, Republic of Korea
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11
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Bahitham W, Liao X, Peng F, Bamforth F, Chan A, Mason A, Stone B, Stothard P, Sergi C. Mitochondriome and cholangiocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104694. [PMID: 25137133 PMCID: PMC4138114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCA) of the liver was the target of more interest, recently, due mainly to its increased incidence and possible association to new environmental factors. Somatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations have been found in several cancers. Some of these malignancies contain changes of mtDNA, which are not or, very rarely, found in the mtDNA databases. In terms of evolutionary genetics and oncology, these data are extremely interesting and may be considered a sign of poor fitness, which may conduct in some way to different cellular processes, including carcinogenesis. MitoChip analysis is a strong tool for investigations in experimental oncology and was carried out on three CCA cell lines (HuCCT1, Huh-28 and OZ) with different outcome in human and a Papova-immortalized normal hepatocyte cell line (THLE-3). Real time quantitative PCR, western blot analysis, transmission electron microscopy, confocal laser microscopy, and metabolic assays including L-Lactate and NAD+/NADH assays were meticulously used to identify mtDNA copy number, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) content, ultrastructural morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and differential composition of metabolites, respectively. Among 102 mtDNA changes observed in the CCA cell lines, 28 were non-synonymous coding region alterations resulting in an amino acid change. Thirty-eight were synonymous and 30 involved ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA) regions. We found three new heteroplasmic mutations in two CCA cell lines (HuCCT1 and Huh-28). Interestingly, mtDNA copy number was decreased in all three CCA cell lines, while complexes I and III were decreased with depolarization of mitochondria. L-Lactate and NAD+/NADH assays were increased in all three CCA cell lines. MtDNA alterations seem to be a common event in CCA. This is the first study using MitoChip analysis with comprehensive metabolic studies in CCA cell lines potentially creating a platform for future studies on the interactions between normal and neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam Bahitham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiaoping Liao
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fred Peng
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fiona Bamforth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alicia Chan
- Department of Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew Mason
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bradley Stone
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Paul Stothard
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Consolato Sergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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12
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Salehi MH, Kamalidehghan B, Houshmand M, Aryani O, Sadeghizadeh M, Mossalaeie MM. Association of fibroblast growth factor (FGF-21) as a biomarker with primary mitochondrial disorders, but not with secondary mitochondrial disorders (Friedreich Ataxia). Mol Biol Rep 2014; 40:6495-9. [PMID: 24078096 PMCID: PMC3824290 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiencies are a group of more than 100 disorders of adults and children, with highly variable phenotypes. The high prevalence of mitochondrial disorders (MIDs) urges the clinician to diagnose these disorders accurately, which is difficult in the light of highly variable and overlapping phenotypes, transmission patterns and molecular backgrounds. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is an important endocrine and paracrine regulator of metabolic homeostasis. The FGF-21 transcript is reported to be abundantly expressed in liver, but little is known about the regulation of FGF-21 expression in other tissues. FGF-21 could play a role in the metabolic alterations that are often associated with mitochondrial diseases. The aim of this study was to show the association of the FGF-21 biomarker with human primary MIDs and secondary MIDs in suspected patients in Iran. Serum FGF-21 levels were determined using ELISA in 47 mitochondrial patients, including 32 with primary MIDs, 15 patients with Friedreich ataxia as a secondary MID and 30 control subjects. Serum FGF-21 levels were significantly higher in subjects with the primary MIDs (p < 0.05), compared to subjects without MIDs. However, serum FGF-21 levels did not show significant increase in subjects with FA as a secondary MID. There is an association between increasing concentrations of FGF-21 with mitochondrial diseases, suggesting FGF-21 as a biomarker for diagnosis of primary MIDs in humans. However, this biomarker is not appropriate for the diagnosis of FA.
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13
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Banerjee D, Banerjee A, Mookherjee S, Vishal M, Mukhopadhyay A, Sen A, Basu A, Ray K. Mitochondrial genome analysis of primary open angle glaucoma patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70760. [PMID: 23940637 PMCID: PMC3733777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a multi-factorial optic disc neuropathy characterized by accelerating damage of the retinal ganglion cells and atrophy of the optic nerve head. The vulnerability of the optic nerve damage leading to POAG has been postulated to result from oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the possible involvement of the mitochondrial genomic variants in 101 patients and 71 controls by direct sequencing of the entire mitochondrial genome. The number of variable positions in the mtDNA with respect to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS), have been designated "Segregating Sites". The segregating sites present only in the patients or controls have been designated "Unique Segregating Sites (USS)". The population mutation rate (θ = 4Neμ) as estimated by Watterson's θ (θw), considering only the USS, was significantly higher among the patients (p = 9.8 × 10(-15)) compared to controls. The difference in θw and the number of USS were more pronounced when restricted to the coding region (p<1.31 × 10(-21) and p = 0.006607, respectively). Further analysis of the region revealed non-synonymous variations were significantly higher in Complex I among the patients (p = 0.0053). Similar trends were retained when USS was considered only within complex I (frequency 0.49 vs 0.31 with p<0.0001 and mutation rate p-value <1.49×10(-43)) and ND5 within its gene cluster (frequency 0.47 vs 0.23 with p<0.0001 and mutation rate p-value <4.42×10(-47)). ND5 is involved in the proton pumping mechanism. Incidentally, glaucomatous trabecular meshwork cells have been reported to be more sensitive to inhibition of complex I activity. Thus mutations in ND5, expected to inhibit complex I activity, could lead to generation of oxidative stress and favor glaucomatous condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deblina Banerjee
- Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Suddhasil Mookherjee
- Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Mansi Vishal
- Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Analabha Basu
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
| | - Kunal Ray
- Molecular & Human Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Hoefs SJ, Rodenburg RJ, Smeitink JA, van den Heuvel LP. Molecular base of biochemical complex I deficiency. Mitochondrion 2012; 12:520-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2012.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
We report a rare case of juvenile cobalamin deficiency who presented at the age of 17 years. He was underweight and had skin changes, normocytic anemia, and autonomic dysfunction, which led to adynamic ileus and acute postrenal failure. The expected macrocytosis was masked by an underlying alpha-thalassemia trait. The patient had an excellent response to parenteral cobalamin treatment.
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Calabrese V, Cornelius C, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Iavicoli I, Di Paola R, Koverech A, Cuzzocrea S, Rizzarelli E, Calabrese EJ. Cellular stress responses, hormetic phytochemicals and vitagenes in aging and longevity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1822:753-83. [PMID: 22108204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of endogenous cellular defense mechanisms represents an innovative approach to therapeutic intervention in diseases causing chronic tissue damage, such as in neurodegeneration. This paper introduces the emerging role of exogenous molecules in hormetic-based neuroprotection and the mitochondrial redox signaling concept of hormesis and its applications to the field of neuroprotection and longevity. Maintenance of optimal long-term health conditions is accomplished by a complex network of longevity assurance processes that are controlled by vitagenes, a group of genes involved in preserving cellular homeostasis during stressful conditions. Vitagenes encode for heat shock proteins (Hsp) Hsp32, Hsp70, the thioredoxin and the sirtuin protein systems. Dietary antioxidants, such as polyphenols and L-carnitine/acetyl-L-carnitine, have recently been demonstrated to be neuroprotective through the activation of hormetic pathways, including vitagenes. Hormesis provides the central underpinning of neuroprotective responses, providing a framework for explaining the common quantitative features of their dose response relationships, their mechanistic foundations, their relationship to the concept of biological plasticity as well as providing a key insight for improving the accuracy of the therapeutic dose of pharmaceutical agents within the highly heterogeneous human population. This paper describes in mechanistic detail how hormetic dose responses are mediated for endogenous cellular defense pathways including sirtuin, Nrfs and related pathways that integrate adaptive stress responses in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Antioxidants and Antioxidant Treatment in Disease.
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Lapchak PA. Erythropoietin molecules to treat acute ischemic stroke: a translational dilemma! Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 19:1179-86. [PMID: 20828227 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2010.517954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Since the realization that erythropoietin (EPO) molecules have 'neuroprotective' properties, they have been investigated as treatments for acute ischemic stroke (AIS), but not systematically. The results of the 2009 clinical trial showed that EPO was ineffective as a stroke treatment, and moreover, increased mortality when combined with tissue plasminogen activator. Currently, CEPO, an EPO analog, is entering into a safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic clinical trial for the treatment of AIS. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review covers translational and clinical studies carried out over the period 1998 - 2010. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The primary aim of this article is to review the information available regarding the pharmacological and biological characteristics of EPO molecules. Second, based upon the translational research with EPO molecules in preclinical stroke models, a recommendation is made regarding the continued development of EPO molecules as an option to treat AIS. TAKE HOME MESSAGE EPO, CEPO and helix B peptide EPO analogs have significant neuroprotective activity is preclinical stroke models. However, given the detrimental effect of EPO in a recent clinical trial, preclinical safety studies of EPO molecules in embolic stroke models that parallel acute ischemic stroke in humans are warrented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lapchak
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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18
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Arenas-Pinto A, Weller I, Ekong R, Grant A, Karstaedt A, Reiss P, Telisinghe L, Weber R, Bolhaar M, Bradman N, Ingram C. Common inherited mitochondrial DNA mutations and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced severe hyperlactataemia in HIV-infected adults: an exploratory study. Antivir Ther 2011; 17:275-82. [DOI: 10.3851/imp1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Gil del Valle L. Oxidative stress in aging: Theoretical outcomes and clinical evidences in humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomag.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Cellular Stress Responses, Mitostress and Carnitine Insufficiencies as Critical Determinants in Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Role of Hormesis and Vitagenes. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1880-915. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Shawky RM, Abdel-Gaffar TY, Eladawy MS, El-Etriby MA, ElMoneiri MS, Elhefnawy NG, Elsherif R, Nour El-Din SM. Mitochondrial alterations in children with chronic liver disease. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Gil Del Valle L. WITHDRAWN: Oxidative stress in aging: Theoretical outcomes and clinical evidences in humans. Biomed Pharmacother 2010:S0753-3322(10)00146-0. [PMID: 20950991 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2010.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomag.2011.03.001. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizette Gil Del Valle
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Hospital of the Institute "Pedro Kourí", Institute of Tropical Medecine "Pedro Kourí", P.O. Box 601, Marianao 13, Ciudad de La Habana, Havana City, Cuba
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Oliveira JMA. Nature and cause of mitochondrial dysfunction in Huntington's disease: focusing on huntingtin and the striatum. J Neurochem 2010; 114:1-12. [PMID: 20403078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyglutamine expansion mutation in huntingtin causes Huntington's disease (HD). How mutant huntingtin (mHtt) preferentially kills striatal neurons remains unknown. The link between mitochondrial dysfunction and HD pathogenesis stemmed from postmortem brain data and mitochondrial toxin models. Current evidence from genetic models, containing mHtt, supports mitochondrial dysfunction with yet uncertain nature and cause. Because mitochondria composition and function varies across tissues and cell-types, mitochondrial dysfunction in HD vulnerable striatal neurons may have distinctive features. This review focuses on mHtt and the striatum, integrating experimental evidence from patients, mice, primary cultures and striatal cell-lines. I address the nature (specific deficits) and cause (mechanisms linked to mHtt) of HD mitochondrial dysfunction, considering limitations of isolated vs. in situ mitochondria approaches, and the complications introduced by glia and glycolysis in brain and cell-culture studies. Current evidence relegates respiratory chain impairment to a late secondary event. Upstream events include defective mitochondrial calcium handling, ATP production and trafficking. Also, transcription abnormalities affecting mitochondria composition, reduced mitochondria trafficking to synapses, and direct interference with mitochondrial structures enriched in striatal neurons, are possible mechanisms by which mHtt amplifies striatal vulnerability. Insights from common neurodegenerative disorders with selective vulnerability and mitochondrial dysfunction (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases) are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M A Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-047 Porto, Portugal.
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24
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Lin CH, Sloan DD, Dang CH, Wagner T, Cabrera AJE, Tobin NH, Frenkel LM, Jerome KR. Assessment of mitochondrial toxicity by analysis of mitochondrial protein expression in mononuclear cells. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2009; 76:181-90. [PMID: 18823003 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Real-time PCR has quantified decreased mitochondrial DNA levels in association with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) therapy of HIV-infected populations. However, real-time PCR is best suited to distinguish log differences in an analyte. In an effort to monitor individuals in more detail, we developed a flow cytometric assay to gauge mitochondrial function. METHODS Flow cytometric quantification of a mitochondrial DNA-encoded mitochondrial protein (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COX-I)) and a nuclear DNA-encoded mitochondrial protein [ATP synthase subunit D (Sub-D)] was optimized and validated. RESULTS Intra-assay and interassay variability was low using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (CV of 6.15% for COX-I and 7.11% Sub-D, and 9.38% and 9.83% for COX-I and Sub-D, respectively). Mitochondrial protein depletion was evident with in vitro treatment of cells with ethidium bromide (EtBr) and zalcitabine (ddC). Mitochondrial protein expression in 40 healthy adults clustered tightly. Depletion of mitochondrial protein, however, was neither detected in cryopreserved PBMC from NRTI-treated children (n = 9) nor in adults with a history of symptoms consistent with mitochondrial toxicity or ongoing treatment with didanosine (ddI) or stavudine (d4T) (n = 51). CONCLUSIONS A validated flow cytometric assay allows simultaneous detection of mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA encoded proteins at the single cell level, offering a method to monitor for mitochondrial function. Prospective studies are required to evaluate whether mitochondrial protein loss is observed in at-risk patients prior to the onset of symptoms from mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Han Lin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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25
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Zhang S, Ding JH, Zhou F, Wang ZY, Zhou XQ, Hu G. Iptakalim ameliorates MPP+-induced astrocyte mitochondrial dysfunction by increasing mitochondrial complex activity besides opening mitoK(ATP) channels. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87:1230-9. [PMID: 19006086 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the established role of the mitochondrion in energy metabolism, regulation of cell death has been regarded as a major function of this organelle. Our previous studies have demonstrated that iptakalim (IPT), a novel ATP-sensitive potassium channel (K(ATP) channel) opener, protects against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium ion (MPP+)-induced astrocyte apoptosis via mitochondria and mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathways. The present study aimed to investigate whether IPT can protect astrocyte mitochondria against MPP+-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. We showed that treatment with IPT could ameliorate the inhibitory effect of MPP+ on mitochondrial respiration and ATP production by using mitochondrial complex I-supported substrates. IPT could also inhibit the increased production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria induced by MPP+. However, mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoK(ATP)) channel blocker 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) could partly abolish all of the above effects of IPT. Because mitochondrial complex dysfunction impairs mitochondrial respiration and ATP production, a further experiment was undertaken to study the effects of IPT on the activity of mitochondrial complex (COX) I and COX IV. It was found that IPT inhibited the decrease in mitochondrial COX I and COX IV activity induced by MPP+, but 5-HD failed to abolish these effects. Taken together, these findings suggest that IPT may protect astrocyte mitochondrial function by regulating complex activity in addition to opening mitoK(ATP) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, Peoples Republic of China
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26
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Ozcay F, Bayrakci US, Baskin E, Sakalli H, Canan O, Karakayali H, Haberal M. Long term follow-up of glomerular and tubular functions in liver transplanted patients with Wilson's disease. Pediatr Transplant 2008; 12:785-9. [PMID: 18282208 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2008.00919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the long term outcome of renal glomerular and tubular functions in children receiving an LT for WD. Renal functions were examined in nine children with WD before and long after LT and compared with those of nine liver transplanted children with hepatic diseases other than WD. The duration of follow-up was at least two yr for both groups. GFR, fractional TRP and tubular maximum rate of phosphate reabsorption in relation to GFR (TP/GFR) as well as daily protein and Ca excretion were studied in both groups before and after LT. Pretransplant mean GFR, TRP and TP/GFR were significantly lower in the study group than the controls. A significant increase in the post-transplant TRP and TP/GFR was observed in the study group and the difference between the groups disappeared during the long term follow-up. Urinary protein excretion decreased in both groups after LT. Tubular dysfunction is frequent in patients with WD. LT for hepatic failure secondary to WD is a lifesaving procedure correcting the underlying hepatic defect as well as renal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Figen Ozcay
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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27
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Bayrakci US, Baskin E, Ozcay F, Ozdemir BH, Karakayali H, Haberal M. Renal Fanconi syndrome and myopathy after liver transplantation: drug-related mitochondrial cytopathy? Pediatr Transplant 2008; 12:109-12. [PMID: 18186898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2007.00839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the field of transplantation provide a better quality of life and allow more favorable conditions for growth and development in children. However, combinations of different therapeutic regimens require consideration of potential adverse reactions. We describe a 15-yr-old girl who had orthotopic liver transplantation because of Wilson's disease. Tacrolimus, MMF, and steroids were given as immunosuppressant. Lamivudine was added because of de nova hepatitis B infection during her follow-up. Three yr after transplantation she developed renal Fanconi syndrome with severe metabolic acidosis, hypophosphatemia, glycosuria, and aminoaciduria. Although tacrolimus was suspected to be the cause of late post-transplant renal acidosis and was replaced by sirolimus, acidosis, and electrolyte imbalance got worse. Proximal muscle weakness has developed during her follow-up. Fanconi syndrome, as well as myopathy, is well recognized in patients with mitochondrial disorders and caused by depletion of mtDNA. We suggest that our patient's tubular dysfunction and myopathy may have resulted from mitochondrial dysfunction which is triggered by tacrolimus and augmented by lamivudine.
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28
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Cáceres-Marzal C, Vaquerizo J, Galán E, Fernández S. Early mitochondrial dysfunction in an infant with Alexander disease. Pediatr Neurol 2006; 35:293-6. [PMID: 16996408 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Alexander disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by macrocephaly and progressive demyelination with frontal lobe preponderance. The infantile form, the most frequent variant, appears between birth and 2 years of age and involves a severe course with a rapid neurologic deterioration. Although magnetic resonance imaging is useful for diagnosis, currently diagnosis is confirmed by the finding of missense mutation in the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene. This case reports a female who presented at the age of 5 months with refractory epilepsy and hypotonia. Laboratory examinations, muscle biopsy examination, and energetic metabolic study in muscle indicated increased concentrations of lactate, mitochondria with structural abnormalities, and decreased cytochrome-c oxidase activity respectively. Later, both clinical course and magnetic resonance findings were compatible with Alexander disease, which was confirmed by the finding of a novel glial fibrillary acidic protein gene mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cáceres-Marzal
- Unit of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Materno-Infantil, Badajoz, Spain.
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29
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Janssen RJRJ, Nijtmans LG, van den Heuvel LP, Smeitink JAM. Mitochondrial complex I: structure, function and pathology. J Inherit Metab Dis 2006; 29:499-515. [PMID: 16838076 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-006-0362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) has a prominent role in energy metabolism of the cell. Being under bigenomic control, correct biogenesis and functioning of the OXPHOS system is dependent on the finely tuned interaction between the nuclear and the mitochondrial genome. This suggests that disturbances of the system can be caused by numerous genetic defects and can result in a variety of metabolic and biochemical alterations. Consequently, OXPHOS deficiencies manifest as a broad clinical spectrum. Complex I, the biggest and most complicated enzyme complex of the OXPHOS system, has been subjected to thorough investigation in recent years. Significant progress has been made in the field of structure, composition, assembly, and pathology. Important gains in the understanding of the Goliath of the OXPHOS system are: exposing the electron transfer mechanism and solving the crystal structure of the peripheral arm, characterization of almost all subunits and some of their functions, and creating models to elucidate the assembly process with concomitant identification of assembly chaperones. Unravelling the intricate mechanisms underlying the functioning of this membrane-bound enzyme complex in health and disease will pave the way for developing adequate diagnostic procedures and advanced therapeutic treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf J R J Janssen
- Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Laboratory of Paediatrics and Neurology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Brouillet E, Jacquard C, Bizat N, Blum D. 3-Nitropropionic acid: a mitochondrial toxin to uncover physiopathological mechanisms underlying striatal degeneration in Huntington's disease. J Neurochem 2005; 95:1521-40. [PMID: 16300642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the gene encoding Huntingtin. The mechanisms underlying the preferential degeneration of the striatum, the most striking neuropathological change in HD, are unknown. Of those probably involved, mitochondrial defects might play an important role. The behavioural and anatomical similarities found between HD and models using the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP) in rats and primates support this hypothesis. Here, we discuss the recently identified mechanisms of 3NP-induced striatal degeneration. Two types of important factor have been identified. The first are the 'executioner' components that have direct roles in cell death, such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase and Ca2+-activated protease calpains. The second are 'environmental' factors, such as glutamate, dopamine and adenosine, which modulate the striatal degeneration induced by 3NP. Interestingly, these recent studies support the hypothesis that 3NP and mutated Huntingtin have certain mechanisms of toxicity in common, suggesting that the use of 3NP might give new insights into the pathogenesis of HD. Research on 3NP provides additional proof that the neurochemical environment of a given neurone can determine its preferential vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Brouillet
- Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique 2210, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Départment de Recherches Médicales, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, CEA, Orsay France.
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Sabar M, Balk J, Leaver CJ. Histochemical staining and quantification of plant mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes using blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 44:893-901. [PMID: 16297078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the respiratory chain and associated defects depends on the study of the multisubunit protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Functional analysis of the plant mitochondrial respiratory chain has been successfully achieved by a combination of blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) for separation of the protein complexes, and in-gel histochemical staining of the enzyme activities. We have optimized this powerful technique by determining linear ranges of amount of protein and enzyme activity for each respiratory complex. Time courses of the in-gel enzyme activities were also performed to determine optimal reaction times. Using the in-gel activity staining method we have previously shown decreased activity of complex V (F(1)F(0)-ATPase) in male-sterile sunflowers (Sabar et al., 2003). Here we have identified unique supercomplexes comprising complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) in sunflower mitochondria. This method therefore represents a reliable tool for the diagnosis of respiratory dysfunction. In addition, the wider application of BN-PAGE in combination with enzyme activity staining is discussed.
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Silvestri L, Caputo V, Bellacchio E, Atorino L, Dallapiccola B, Valente EM, Casari G. Mitochondrial import and enzymatic activity of PINK1 mutants associated to recessive parkinsonism. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:3477-92. [PMID: 16207731 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative illness associated with a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway of the brain. Despite the overall rarity of the familial forms of PD, the identification of single genes linked to the disease has yielded crucial insights into possible mechanisms of neurodegeneration. Recently, a putative mitochondrial kinase, PINK1, has been found mutated in an inherited form of parkinsonism. Here, we describe that PINK1 mutations confer different autophosphorylation activity, which is regulated by the C-terminal portion of the protein. We also demonstrate the mitochondrial localization of both wild-type and mutant PINK1 proteins unequivocally and prove that a short N-terminal part of PINK1 is sufficient for its mitochondrial targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Silvestri
- Human Molecular Genetics Unit, Dibit-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Muscle biopsy provides the best tissue to confirm a mitochondrial cytopathy. Histochemical features often correlate with specific syndromes and facilitate the selection of biochemical and genetic studies. Ragged-red fibres nearly always indicate a combination defect of respiratory complexes I and IV. Increased punctate lipid within myofibers is a regular feature of Kearns-Sayre and PEO, but not of MELAS and MERRF. Total deficiency of succinate dehydrogenase indicates a severe defect in Complex II; total absence of cytochrome-c-oxidase activity in all myofibres correlates with a severe deficiency of Complex IV or of coenzyme-Q10. The selective loss of cytochrome-c-oxidase activity in scattered myofibers, particularly if accompanied by strong succinate dehydrogenase staining in these same fibres, is good evidence of mitochondrial cytopathy and often of a significant mtDNA mutation, though not specific for Complex IV disorders. Glycogen may be excessive in ragged-red zones. Ultrastructure provides morphological evidence of mitochondrial cytopathy, in axons and endothelial cells as well as myocytes. Abnormal axonal mitochondria may contribute to neurogenic atrophy of muscle, a secondary chronic feature. Quantitative determinations of respiratory chain enzyme complexes, with citrate synthase as an internal control, confirm the histochemical impressions or may be the only evidence of mitochondrial disease. Biological and technical artifacts may yield falsely low enzymatic activities. Genetic studies screen common point mutations in mtDNA. The brain exhibits characteristic histopathological alterations in mitochondrial diseases. Skin biopsy is useful for mitochondrial ultrastructure in smooth erector pili muscles and axons; skin fibroblasts may be grown in culture. Mitochondrial alterations occur in many nonmitochondrial diseases and also may be induced by drugs and toxins.
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Schönfeld P, Kahlert S, Reiser G. In brain mitochondria the branched-chain fatty acid phytanic acid impairs energy transduction and sensitizes for permeability transition. Biochem J 2005; 383:121-8. [PMID: 15198638 PMCID: PMC1134050 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2004] [Revised: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phytanic acid (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic acid) accumulates at high levels throughout the body in the adult form of Refsum disease, a peroxisomal genetic disorder. However, it is still unclear why increased levels of phytanic acid have cytotoxic effects. In the present study, we examined the influence of non-esterified phytanic acid on energy-related functions of mitochondria from adult rat brain. Phytanic acid at low concentrations (5-20 microM, i.e. 5-20 nmol/mg of mitochondrial protein) de-energized mitochondria, as indicated by depolarization, stimulation of non-phosphorylating oxygen uptake and inhibition of the reduction of the tetrazolium dye 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide. The unbranched homologue palmitic acid exerted much smaller effects. In addition, phytanic acid reduced state 3 respiration, which was partly due to inhibition of the ADP/ATP carrier. Phytanic acid decreased the rate of adenine nucleotide exchange and increased the degree of control, which the ADP/ATP carrier has on state 3 respiration. Important for functional consequences is the finding that mitochondria, which are preloaded with small amounts of Ca2+ (100 nmol/mg of protein), became highly sensitized to rapid permeability transition even when only low concentrations of phytanic acid (below 5 microM) were applied. In conclusion, the incorporation of phytanic acid into the inner mitochondrial membrane increases the membrane H+ conductance and disturbs the protein-linked functions in energy coupling. This is most probably essential for the short-term toxicity of phytanic acid. Thus in neural tissue, which becomes enriched with phytanic acid, the reduction in mitochondrial ATP supply and the facilitation of the opening of the permeability transition pore are two major mechanisms by which the branched-chain fatty acid phytanic acid induces the onset of degenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schönfeld
- Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Biochemie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Casademont J, Sanjurjo E, Garrabou G, Miró Ò. Diagnosis of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in HIV-Infected Patients under Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy: Possibilities beyond the Standard Procedures. Antivir Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350501002s07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Casademont
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Function, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduard Sanjurjo
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Function, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gloria Garrabou
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Function, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Òscar Miró
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Function, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Janes MS, Hanson BJ, Hill DM, Buller GM, Agnew JY, Sherwood SW, Cox WG, Yamagata K, Capaldi RA. Rapid analysis of mitochondrial DNA depletion by fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry: potential strategies for HIV therapeutic monitoring. J Histochem Cytochem 2004; 52:1011-8. [PMID: 15258176 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.3a6209.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) have been a mainstay in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus since the introduction of azidothymidine (AZT) in 1987. However, none of the current therapies can completely eradicate the virus, necessitating long-term use of anti-retroviral drugs to prevent viral re-growth. One of the side effects associated with long-term use of NRTIs is mitochondrial toxicity stemming from inhibition of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymerase gamma, which leads to mtDNA depletion and consequently to mitochondrial dysfunction. Here we report the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunocytochemistry (ICC) to monitor mtDNA depletion in cultured fibroblasts treated with the NRTI 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC). These techniques are amenable to both microscopy and flow cytometry, allowing analysis of populations of cells on a single-cell basis. We show that, as mtDNA depletion progresses, a mosaic population develops, with some cells being depleted of and others retaining mtDNA. These techniques could be useful as potential therapeutic monitors to indicate when NRTI therapy should be interrupted to prevent mitochondrial toxicity and could aid in the development of less toxic NRTIs by providing an assay suitable for pharmacodynamic evaluation of candidate molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Janes
- Molecular Probes, Inc., 29851 Willow Creek Road, Eugene, Oregon 97402, USA.
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Manczak M, Park BS, Jung Y, Reddy PH. Differential expression of oxidative phosphorylation genes in patients with Alzheimer's disease: implications for early mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage. Neuromolecular Med 2004; 5:147-62. [PMID: 15075441 DOI: 10.1385/nmm:5:2:147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, increasing evidence implicates mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from molecular defects in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). The objective of the present study was to determine the role of mRNA expression of mitochondrial genes responsible for OXPHOS in brain specimens from early AD and definite AD patients. In the present article, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, we studied mRNA expression of 11 mitochondrial-encoded genes in early AD patients (n = 6), definite AD patients (n = 6), and control subjects (n = 6). Using immunofluorescence techniques, we determined differentially expressed mitochondrial genes NADH 15-kDa subunit (complex I), cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (complex IV), and ATPase delta-subunit (complex V) in the brain sections of AD patients and control subjects. Our quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis revealed a downregulation of mitochondrial genes in complex I of OXPHOS in both early and definite AD brain specimens. Further, the decrease of mRNA fold changes was higher for subunit 1 compared to all other subunits studied, suggesting that subunit 1 is critical for OXPHOS. Contrary to the downregulation of genes in complex I, complexes III and IV showed increased mRNA expressions in the brain specimens of both early and definite AD patients, suggesting a great demand on energy production. Further, mitochondrial gene expression varied greatly across AD patients, suggesting that mitochondrial DNA defects may be responsible for the heterogeneity of the phenotype in AD patients. Our immunofluorescence analyses of cytochrome oxidase and of the ATPase delta-subunit suggest that only subpopulations of neurons are differentially expressed in AD brains. Our double-labeling immunofluorescence analyses of 8-hydroxyguanosine and of cytochrome oxidase suggest that only selective, overexpressed neurons with cytochrome oxidase undergo oxidative damage in AD brains. Based on these results, we propose that an increase in cytochrome oxidase gene expression might be the result of functional compensation by the surviving neurons or an early mitochondrial alteration related to increased oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manczak
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Neurological Sciences Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, USA
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Ristow M. Neurodegenerative disorders associated with diabetes mellitus. J Mol Med (Berl) 2004; 82:510-29. [PMID: 15175861 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-004-0552-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
More than 20 syndromes among the significant and increasing number of degenerative diseases of neuronal tissues are known to be associated with diabetes mellitus, increased insulin resistance and obesity, disturbed insulin sensitivity, and excessive or impaired insulin secretion. This review briefly presents such syndromes, including Alzheimer disease, ataxia-telangiectasia, Down syndrome/trisomy 21, Friedreich ataxia, Huntington disease, several disorders of mitochondria, myotonic dystrophy, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Werner syndrome, Wolfram syndrome, mitochondrial disorders affecting oxidative phosphorylation, and vitamin B(1) deficiency/inherited thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia syndrome as well as their respective relationship to malignancies, cancer, and aging and the nature of their inheritance (including triplet repeat expansions), genetic loci, and corresponding functional biochemistry. Discussed in further detail are disturbances of glucose metabolism including impaired glucose tolerance and both insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes caused by neurodegeneration in humans and mice, sometimes accompanied by degeneration of pancreatic beta-cells. Concordant mouse models obtained by targeted disruption (knock-out), knock-in, or transgenic overexpression of the respective transgene are also described. Preliminary conclusions suggest that many of the diabetogenic neurodegenerative disorders are related to alterations in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and mitochondrial nutrient metabolism, which coincide with aberrant protein precipitation in the majority of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ristow
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute for Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 114 Arthur-Scheunert-Allee, 14558, Nuthetal-Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Young onset dementia is a challenging clinical problem with potentially devastating medical and social consequences. The differential diagnosis is wide, and includes a number of rare sporadic and hereditary diseases. However, accurate diagnosis is often possible, and all patients should be thoroughly investigated to identify treatable processes. This review presents an approach to the diagnosis, investigation, and management of patients with young onset dementia, with particular reference to common and treatable causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Sampson
- Dementia Research Group, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Abstract
The quest for therapies based on molecular genetics (pharmacogenomics, DNA microarrays, etc.) drives pharmaceutical research into individual diseases of old age, but has failed to deliver an unequivocal clinical breakthrough. Attempts to treat most age-related diseases using antioxidant supplements have been equally disappointing, despite the clear benefits of a healthy diet. The double-agent theory is a new, unifying synthesis that draws on flaws in three leading theories of ageing. It argues that there is a tradeoff between oxidative stress as a critical redox signal that marshals genetic defences against physiological stress (such as infection) and oxidative stress as a cause of ageing and age-related disease. The stress response and ageing are linked by redox-sensitive transcription factors, such as NFkappaB. Ageing is a function of rising intracellular oxidative stress, rather than chronological time, but this relationship is obscured because free-radical leakage from mitochondria also tends to rise with age. Mitochondrial leakage produces a genetic response which mirrors that following infection, but because mitochondrial leakage is continuous the shift in gene expression is persistent, leading to the chronic inflammation characteristic of old age. Age-related diseases are thus the price we pay for redox control of stress-gene expression. Because the selective pressure favouring the stress response in youth is stronger than that penalising degenerative diseases after reproductive decline, we may be homeostatically refractory to antioxidant supplements that 'swamp' the redox switch. Furthermore, because genetic selection takes place predominantly in the reductive homeostatic environment of youth, alleles associated with age-related diseases are not inherently damaging (they do not inevitably express a negative effect over time), but are simply less effective in the oxidising conditions of old age. Gene therapies for age-related diseases are unlikely to succeed unless oxidative stress can be controlled physiologically, thereby altering the activity and function of potentially hundreds of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Lane
- Department of Surgery, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Pond Street, NW3 2QG London, UK.
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Griparic L, van der Wel NN, Orozco IJ, Peters PJ, van der Bliek AM. Loss of the intermembrane space protein Mgm1/OPA1 induces swelling and localized constrictions along the lengths of mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:18792-8. [PMID: 14970223 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400920200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mgm1 is a member of the dynamin family of GTP-binding proteins. Mgm1 was first identified in yeast, where it affects mitochondrial morphology. The human homologue of Mgm1 is called OPA1. Mutations in the OPA1 gene are the prevailing cause of dominant optic atrophy, a hereditary disease in which progressive degeneration of the optic nerve can lead to blindness. Here we investigate the properties of the Mgm1/OPA1 protein in mammalian cells. We find that Mgm1/OPA1 is localized to the mitochondrial intermembrane space, where it is tightly bound to the outer surface of the inner membrane. Overexpression of wild type or mutant forms of the Mgm1/OPA1 protein cause mitochondria to fragment and, in some cases, cluster near the nucleus, whereas the loss of protein caused by small interfering RNA (siRNA) leads to dispersal of mitochondrial fragments throughout the cytosol. The cristae of these fragmented mitochondria are disorganized. At early time points after transfection with Mgm1/OPA1 siRNA, the mitochondria are not yet fragmented. Instead, the mitochondria swell and stretch, after which they form localized constrictions similar to the mitochondrial abnormalities observed during the early stages of apoptosis. These abnormalities might be the earliest effects of losing Mgm1/OPA1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Griparic
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Wajner M, Latini A, Wyse ATS, Dutra-Filho CS. The role of oxidative damage in the neuropathology of organic acidurias: insights from animal studies. J Inherit Metab Dis 2004; 27:427-48. [PMID: 15303000 DOI: 10.1023/b:boli.0000037353.13085.e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Organic acidurias represent a group of inherited disorders resulting from deficient activity of specific enzymes of the catabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates or lipids, leading to tissue accumulation of one or more carboxylic (organic) acids. Patients affected by organic acidurias predominantly present neurological symptoms and structural brain abnormalities, of which the aetiopathogenesis is poorly understood. However, in recent years increasing evidence has emerged suggesting that oxidative stress is possibly involved in the pathology of some organic acidurias and other inborn errors of metabolism. This review addresses some of the recent developments obtained mainly from animal studies indicating oxidative damage as an important determinant of the neuropathophysiology of some organic acidurias. Recent data showing that various organic acids are capable of inducing free radical generation and decreasing brain antioxidant defences is presented. The discussion focuses on the relatively low antioxidant defences of the brain and the vulnerability of this tissue to reactive species. This offers new perspectives for potential therapeutic strategies for these disorders, which may include the early use of appropriate antioxidants as a novel adjuvant therapy, besides the usual treatment based on removing toxic compounds and using special diets and pharmacological agents, such as cofactors and L-carnitine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wajner
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Argent AC, Chetty MC, Fricke B, Bertrand Y, Philippe N, Khogali S, von Düring M, Delaunay J, Stewart GW. A family showing recessively inherited multisystem pathology with aberrant splicing of the erythrocyte Band 7.2b ('stomatin') gene. J Inherit Metab Dis 2004; 27:29-46. [PMID: 14970744 DOI: 10.1023/b:boli.0000016624.21475.de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The case of a French child, born of consanguineous parents of Tunisian origin, is described. He showed a severe multisystem disease with dyserythropoietic, sideroblastic anaemia, delayed neurological development with hypotonia and convulsions, salt-losing nephropathy, chronic watery diarrhoea, lactic acidosis with mitochondrial dysfunction, brittle hair, hypergammaglobulinaemia, fatty liver with intermittent transaminasaemia, and terminal pulmonary fibrosis. Two siblings, of both sexes, were stillborn; two more lived only a short time. One sister is alive and well. SDS gel analysis of the red cell membranes showed a deficiency within 'Band 7' at 32 kDa. Analysis of the gene encoding 'stomatin', or 'erythrocyte membrane protein 7.2b', the principal protein of 'Band 7', revealed a complex series of aberrant spliceforms centred around exon 3, for which no explanatory genomic lesion could be found. The true underlying molecular cause of this condition remains obscure, but it suggests that the stomatin gene should be studied in other cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Argent
- Department of Medicine, University College London School of Medicine, Rayne Institute, London, UK
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44
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Knerr I, Metzler M, Niemeyer CM, Holter W, Gerecke A, Baumann I, Trollmann R, Repp R. Hematologic features and clinical course of an infant with Pearson syndrome caused by a novel deletion of mitochondrial DNA. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2003; 25:948-51. [PMID: 14663277 DOI: 10.1097/00043426-200312000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pearson bone marrow-pancreas syndrome (PS) is a rare, usually fatal mitochondrial disorder involving the hematopoietic system in early infancy. Due to the diversity of clinical symptoms, the diagnosis can be difficult. The authors describe a boy with severe hypoplastic anemia in whom extensive clinical, biochemical, and morphologic findings led to the diagnosis of PS, and molecular analysis revealed a novel deletion of mitochondrial DNA from nucleotide position 10.371 to 14.607. METHODS The patient is a 2-year-old boy who presented at age 5 months with hypoplastic macrocytic anemia. His first months of life and the family history were uneventful. Extensive pretransfusion evaluations did not reveal a metabolic, infectious, or hematologic-neoplastic etiology, and he had no evidence of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. However, a second bone marrow aspirate at age 7 months showed a reduced cell number, vacuolated erythroblasts and myeloblasts, and ringed sideroblasts, so PS was suspected. RESULTS Additional molecular analysis from the boy's blood leukocytes revealed a deletion of mitochondrial DNA from nucleotide position 10.371 to 14.607, which was absent in his mother's blood cells, consistent with a sporadic mutation as commonly seen in PS. The muscle histology and the respiratory chain enzymes were normal. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondriopathies should be considered in children with persistent non-neuromuscular symptoms such as unexplained refractory anemia. Due to the often-fatal course of PS, the rapid detection of mitochondrial DNA deletions is imperative for diagnosis and family counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Knerr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
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Hersch SM. Huntington's disease: prospects for neuroprotective therapy 10 years after the discovery of the causative genetic mutation. Curr Opin Neurol 2003; 16:501-6. [PMID: 12869810 DOI: 10.1097/01.wco.0000084229.82329.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ten years of intensive research are now beginning to bring candidate neuroprotective therapies to clinical trials. This review describes recent progress in basic, preclinical, and clinical research that underlies current and potential neuroprotective trials. RECENT FINDINGS Basic research continues to elucidate the proteolytic processing of huntingtin into toxic fragments and has examined the toxic potential of huntingtin monomers versus oligomers versus insoluble aggregates. Energy depletion has been reinvigorated as a therapeutic target by studies identifying very early mitochondrial alterations. Toxic interactions between mutant huntingtin and a variety of transcription factors have emerged as a major focus with a variety of studies suggesting transcriptional dysfunction to be a central mechanism in Huntington's disease. Progress in preclinical research included therapeutic leads identified by compound library screens, by designing polypeptides that can interact with huntingtin, and by testing compounds in transgenic mice with the potential for affecting some of the mechanisms thought to underlie neurodegeneration. While early results of neurotransplantation are generating increasing controversy, a variety of compounds discovered to benefit transgenic mice are working their way into clinical trials in symptomatic patients. Studies in presymptomatic individuals at risk for developing Huntington's disease are underway to enable the testing of agents with the potential for delaying or preventing onset of symptoms. SUMMARY While laboratory research continues to advance and provide therapeutic leads, clinical trials are needed to test existing leads and guide further progress. With any luck, some of these tests will begin to identify treatments that make a difference for families with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Hersch
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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46
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Hersch S. Curr Opin Neurol 2003; 16:501-506. [DOI: 10.1097/00019052-200308000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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47
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Odièvre MH, Lombès A, Odièvre M. [Secondary mitochondrial cytopathy in childhood: a recent concept?]. Arch Pediatr 2003; 10:497-8. [PMID: 12915010 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(03)00302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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