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Comparison of the effects of the intestinal permeation enhancers, SNAC and sodium caprate (C 10): Isolated rat intestinal mucosae and sacs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 158:105685. [PMID: 33359131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SNAC and C10 are intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) used in formulations of peptides for oral delivery in clinical trials. Our aims were to compare their: (i) mechanism of action in isolated rat intestinal mucosae mounted in Ussing chambers and in non-everted gut sacs, (ii) effects on mucosa integrity in those models and also in in situ intra-jejunal instillations and (iii) interactions with intestinal mucus. SNAC increased the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) of the paracellular marker, FITC-dextran 4000 (FD4), across isolated rat gastric mucosae in concentration-dependent fashion, whereas C10 did not, while both reduced the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). In isolated jejunal and colonic mucosae, both agents increased the Papp of [14C]-mannitol and FD4 whereas C10 but not SNAC reduced TEER. 20 mM SNAC was required to achieve the efficacy of 10 mM C10 in jejunal and colonic mucosae. In isolated non-everted jejunal and colonics sacs, FD4 flux increases were observed in the presence of both PEs. Histology of mucosae revealed that both PEs induced minor epithelial damage to the mucosa at concentrations that increased fluxes. Jejunal tissue withstood epithelial damage in the following order: intra jejunal in situ instillations > jejunal sacs > isolated jejunal mucosae. Both PEs modulated viscoelastic properties of porcine jejunal mucus without altering rheological properties. In conclusion, SNAC and C10 are reasonably efficacious PEs in rat intestinal tissue with common overall mechanistic features. Their potency and toxic potential are low, in agreement with clinical trial data.
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Suzuki T. Regulation of the intestinal barrier by nutrients: The role of tight junctions. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13357. [PMID: 32219956 PMCID: PMC7187240 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) play an important role in intestinal barrier function. TJs in intestinal epithelial cells are composed of different junctional molecules, such as claudin and occludin, and regulate the paracellular permeability of water, ions, and macromolecules in adjacent cells. One of the most important roles of the TJ structure is to provide a physical barrier to luminal inflammatory molecules. Impaired integrity and structure of the TJ barrier result in a forcible activation of immune cells and chronic inflammation in different tissues. According to recent studies, the intestinal TJ barrier could be regulated, as a potential target, by dietary factors to prevent and reduce different inflammatory disorders, although the precise mechanisms underlying the dietary regulation remain unclear. This review summarizes currently available information on the regulation of the intestinal TJ barrier by food components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Suzuki
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Food and AgriLife Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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Stuettgen V, Brayden DJ. Investigations of Piperazine Derivatives as Intestinal Permeation Enhancers in Isolated Rat Intestinal Tissue Mucosae. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:33. [PMID: 31989362 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-0416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A limiting factor for oral delivery of macromolecules is low intestinal epithelial permeability. 1-Phenylpiperazine (PPZ), 1-(4-methylphenyl) piperazine (1-4-MPPZ) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpiperazine (1-M-4-PPZ) have emerged as potential permeation enhancers (PEs) from a screen carried out by others in Caco-2 monolayers. Here, their efficacy, mechanism of action and potential for epithelial toxicity were further examined in Caco-2 cells and isolated rat intestinal mucosae. Using high-content analysis, PPZ and 1-4-MPPZ decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased plasma membrane potential in Caco-2 cells to a greater extent than 1-M-4-PPZ. The Papp of the paracellular marker, [14C]-mannitol, and of the peptide, [3H]-octreotide, was measured across rat colonic mucosae following apical addition of the three piperazines. PPZ and 1-4-MPPZ induced a concentration-dependent decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and an increase in the Papp of [14C]-mannitol without causing histological damage. 1-M-4-PPZ was without effect. The piperazines caused the Krebs-Henseleit buffer pH to become alkaline, which partially attenuated the increase in Papp of [14C]-mannitol caused by PPZ and 1-4-MPPZ. Only addition of 1-4-MPPZ increased the Papp of [3H]-octreotide. Pre-incubation of mucosae with two 5-HT4 receptor antagonists, a loop diuretic and a myosin light chain kinase inhibitor, reduced the permeation enhancement capacity of PPZ and 1-4-MPP for [14C]-mannitol. 1-4-MPPZ holds most promise as a PE, but intestinal physiology may also be impacted due to multiple mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Stuettgen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - D J Brayden
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Kataoka M, Ohi Y, Sakanoue K, Minami K, Higashino H, Yamashita S. Impact of Dietary Intake of Medium-Chain Triacylglycerides on the Intestinal Absorption of Poorly Permeable Compounds. Mol Pharm 2019; 17:212-218. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kataoka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-Cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Yuriko Ohi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-Cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Kana Sakanoue
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-Cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Keiko Minami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-Cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Haruki Higashino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-Cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-Cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
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Twarog C, Fattah S, Heade J, Maher S, Fattal E, Brayden DJ. Intestinal Permeation Enhancers for Oral Delivery of Macromolecules: A Comparison between Salcaprozate Sodium (SNAC) and Sodium Caprate (C 10). Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E78. [PMID: 30781867 PMCID: PMC6410172 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Salcaprozate sodium (SNAC) and sodium caprate (C10) are two of the most advanced intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) that have been tested in clinical trials for oral delivery of macromolecules. Their effects on intestinal epithelia were studied for over 30 years, yet there is still debate over their mechanisms of action. C10 acts via openings of epithelial tight junctions and/or membrane perturbation, while for decades SNAC was thought to increase passive transcellular permeation across small intestinal epithelia based on increased lipophilicity arising from non-covalent macromolecule complexation. More recently, an additional mechanism for SNAC associated with a pH-elevating, monomer-inducing, and pepsin-inhibiting effect in the stomach for oral delivery of semaglutide was advocated. Comparing the two surfactants, we found equivocal evidence for discrete mechanisms at the level of epithelial interactions in the small intestine, especially at the high doses used in vivo. Evidence that one agent is more efficacious compared to the other is not convincing, with tablets containing these PEs inducing single-digit highly variable increases in oral bioavailability of payloads in human trials, although this may be adequate for potent macromolecules. Regarding safety, SNAC has generally regarded as safe (GRAS) status and is Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved as a medical food (Eligen®-Vitamin B12, Emisphere, Roseland, NJ, USA), whereas C10 has a long history of use in man, and has food additive status. Evidence for co-absorption of microorganisms in the presence of either SNAC or C10 has not emerged from clinical trials to date, and long-term effects from repeat dosing beyond six months have yet to be assessed. Since there are no obvious scientific reasons to prefer SNAC over C10 in orally delivering a poorly permeable macromolecule, then formulation, manufacturing, and commercial considerations are the key drivers in decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Twarog
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Sarinj Fattah
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Joanne Heade
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Sam Maher
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Elias Fattal
- School of Pharmacy, Institut Galien, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Interactions of Gut Microbiota, Endotoxemia, Immune Function, and Diet in Exertional Heatstroke. JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2018; 2018:5724575. [PMID: 29850597 PMCID: PMC5926483 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5724575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exertional heatstroke (EHS) is a medical emergency that cannot be predicted, requires immediate whole-body cooling to reduce elevated internal body temperature, and is influenced by numerous host and environmental factors. Widely accepted predisposing factors (PDF) include prolonged or intense exercise, lack of heat acclimatization, sleep deprivation, dehydration, diet, alcohol abuse, drug use, chronic inflammation, febrile illness, older age, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. The present review links these factors to the human intestinal microbiota (IM) and diet, which previously have not been appreciated as PDF. This review also describes plausible mechanisms by which these PDF lead to EHS: endotoxemia resulting from elevated plasma lipopolysaccharide (i.e., a structural component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria) and tissue injury from oxygen free radicals. We propose that recognizing the lifestyle and host factors which are influenced by intestine-microbial interactions, and modifying habitual dietary patterns to alter the IM ecosystem, will encourage efficient immune function, optimize the intestinal epithelial barrier, and reduce EHS morbidity and mortality.
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Effects of surfactant-based permeation enhancers on mannitol permeability, histology, and electrogenic ion transport responses in excised rat colonic mucosae. Int J Pharm 2018; 539:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Measurement of ion fluxes across epithelia. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 127:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Maher S, Mrsny RJ, Brayden DJ. Intestinal permeation enhancers for oral peptide delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:277-319. [PMID: 27320643 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) are one of the most widely tested strategies to improve oral delivery of therapeutic peptides. This article assesses the intestinal permeation enhancement action of over 250 PEs that have been tested in intestinal delivery models. In depth analysis of pre-clinical data is presented for PEs as components of proprietary delivery systems that have progressed to clinical trials. Given the importance of co-presentation of sufficiently high concentrations of PE and peptide at the small intestinal epithelium, there is an emphasis on studies where PEs have been formulated with poorly permeable molecules in solid dosage forms and lipoidal dispersions.
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Effect of chum salmon egg lectin on tight junctions in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Molecules 2015; 20:8094-106. [PMID: 25951005 PMCID: PMC6272223 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20058094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a chum salmon egg lectin (CSL3) on tight junction (TJ) of Caco-2 cell monolayers was investigated. The lectin opened TJ as indicated by the decrease of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) value and the increase of the permeation of lucifer yellow, which is transported via the TJ-mediated paracellular pathway. The effects of CSL3 were inhibited by the addition of 10 mM L-rhamnose or D-galactose which were specific sugars for CSL3. The lectin increased the intracellular Ca2+ of Caco-2 cell monolayers, that could be inhibited by the addition of L-rhamnose. The fluorescence immunostaining of β-actin in Caco-2 cell monolayers revealed that the cytoskeleton was changed by the CSL3 treatment, suggesting that CSL3 depolymerized β-actin to cause reversible TJ structural and functional disruption. Although Japanese jack bean lectin and wheat germ lectin showed similar effects in the decrease of the TER values and the increase of the intracellular Ca2+, they could not be inhibited by the same concentrations of simple sugars, such as D-glucose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
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11
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Parmentier J, Hofhaus G, Thomas S, Cuesta LC, Gropp F, Schröder R, Hartmann K, Fricker G. Improved Oral Bioavailability of Human Growth Hormone by a Combination of Liposomes Containing Bio-Enhancers and Tetraether Lipids and Omeprazole. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:3985-3993. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mine T, Miyamoto H, Yoshikawa N, Fumoto S, Sasaki H, Nakamura J, Nishida K. Effect of absorption enhancers on the absorption of FD-4 as a poorly absorbable marker macromolecule from the liver surface in rats. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(14)50078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Polydextrose Enhances Calcium Absorption and Bone Retention in Ovariectomized Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2013; 2013:450794. [PMID: 26904599 PMCID: PMC4745538 DOI: 10.1155/2013/450794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. To evaluate the effect of polydextrose (PDX) on Ca bioavailability and prevention of loss of bone mass. Methods. Twenty-four two-month-old ovariectomized rats were fed three isocaloric diets only varied in fiber source and content up to 60 days (FOS group, a commercial mixture of short- and long-chain fructooligosaccharide, OVX group fed AIN 93 diet, and PDX group). A SHAM group was included as control. Apparent Ca absorption percentage (%ABS), changes in total skeleton bone mineral content (tsBMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) and femur BMD, % Bone Volume, Ca and organic femur content, caecal weight, and pH were evaluated. Results. %ABS and caecum weight of PDX and FOS were higher, and caecum pH was lower compared to OVX and SHAM. PDX reached a higher pH and lower caecum weight than FOS possibly because PDX is not completely fermented in the colon. Changes in tsBMC and femur BMD in FOS and PDX were significant lower than SHAM but significantly higher than OVX. % Bone Volume and femur % of Ca in PDX were significantly higher than OVX and FOS but lower than SHAM. Conclusions. PDX increased Ca absorption and prevented bone loss in OVX rats.
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Tomita M, Doi N, Kimura A, Hayashi M. Increases in Bioavailability of Poorly Absorbed Drug by Acylcarnitine. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3511-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mohan HM, Collins D, Maher S, Walsh EG, Winter DC, O'Brien PJ, Brayden DJ, Baird AW. The mycotoxin patulin increases colonic epithelial permeability in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:4097-102. [PMID: 22906760 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal lumen is directly exposed to dietary contaminants, including patulin, a mycotoxin produced by moulds. Patulin is known to increase permeability across intestinal Caco-2 monolayers. This study aimed to determine the effect of patulin on permeability, ion transport and morphology in isolated rat colonic mucosae. Mucosal sheets were mounted in Ussing chambers and voltage clamped. Apical addition of patulin (100-500 μM) rapidly reduced transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and increased permeability to [(14)C] mannitol (2.9-fold). Patulin also inhibited carbachol-induced electrogenic chloride secretion and histological evidence of mucosal damage was observed. To examine potential mechanisms of action of patulin on colonic epithelial cells, high-content analysis of Caco-2 cells was performed and this novel, quantitative fluorescence-based approach confirmed its cytotoxic effects. With regard to time course, the cytotoxicity determined by high content analysis took longer than the almost immediate reduction of electrical resistance in isolated mucosal sheets. These data indicate patulin is not only cytotoxic to enterocytes but also has the capacity to directly alter permeability and ion transport in intact intestinal mucosae. These data corroborate and extend findings in intestinal cell culture monolayers, and further suggest that safety limits on consumption of patulin may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Mohan
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Chun IK, Lee KM, Lee KE, Gwak HS. Effects of Bile Salts on Gastrointestinal Absorption of Pravastatin. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2281-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Tight junction regulates epidermal calcium ion gradient and differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 406:506-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Doi N, Tomita M, Hayashi M. Absorption enhancement effect of acylcarnitines through changes in tight junction protein in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2010; 26:162-70. [PMID: 21206134 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-10-rg-071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of lauroylcarnitine and palmitoylcarnitine on major tight junction proteins such as claudins in Caco-2 cell monolayers and also examined the involvement of cholesterol in the effects induced by both acylcarnitines on these proteins. We investigated the effects of lauroylcarnitine and palmitoylcarnitine on the barrier function of tight junctions by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran 40,000 (FD-40) flux. A decrease in the TEER value and an increase in FD-40 flux were observed after incubating Caco-2 cell monolayers with lauroylcarnitine and palmitoylcarnitine for 1 h, suggesting the loss of the barrier function of tight junctions. In addition, lauroylcarnitine and palmitoylcarnitine decreased the protein levels of claudin 1, 4, and 5 but not those of claudin 2, 3, 6, or 7. In addition, palmitoylcarnitine and methyl-β-cyclodextrin increased cholesterol release from the plasma membrane. It is suggested that the effects of palmitoylcarnitine and methyl-β-cyclodextrin on claudin 4 and 5 may be associated with cholesterol leakage from the plasma membrane into the apical side. These results indicate that the protein levels of claudin 4 and 5 are decreased by treatment with palmitoylcarnitine and lauroylcarnitine, and that this change is involved in the absorption-enhancing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Doi
- Department of Drug Absorption and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Japan
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Brandhonneur N, Dollo G, Ratajczak-Enselme M, Deniau AL, Chevanne F, Estèbe JP, Legrand A, Le Corre P. Ex vivo and in vivo diffusion of ropivacaine through spinal meninges: influence of absorption enhancers. Int J Pharm 2010; 404:36-41. [PMID: 21056096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Following epidural administration, cerebrospinal fluid bioavailability of local anesthetics is low, one major limiting factor being diffusion across the arachnoid mater barrier. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of absorption enhancers on the meningeal permeability of epidurally administered ropivacaine. Five enhancers known for their ability to increase drug permeability via transcellular and/or paracellular pathways, i.e. palmitoyl carnitine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, sodium caprate, dodecylphosphocholine and pentylglycerol, were tested ex vivo on fresh specimen of meninges removed from cervical to lumbar level of rabbit spine following laminectomy and placed in diffusion chambers. Among them, sodium caprate lead to the best permeability improvement for both marker and drug (440% and 112% for mannitol and ropivacaine, respectively) and was therefore selected for in vivo study in a sheep model using microdialysis technique to evaluate epidural and intrathecal ropivacaine concentrations following epidural administration. Resulting dialysate and plasma concentrations were used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters. Following sodium caprate pre-treatment, ropivacaine intrathecal maximal concentration (Cmax) was 1.6 times higher (78 ± 16 μg ml(-1) vs 129 ± 26 μg ml(-1), p<0.05) but the influence of the absorption enhancer was only effective the first 30 min following ropivacaine injection, as seen with the significantly increase of intrathecal AUC(0-30 min) (1629 ± 437 μg min ml(-1) vs 2477 ± 559 μg min ml(-1), p<0.05) resulting in a bioavailable fraction 130% higher 30 min after ropivavaine administration. Co-administration of local anesthetics with sodium caprate seems to allow a transient and reversible improvement of transmeningeal passage into intrathecal space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Brandhonneur
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique, Biopharmacie et Pharmacie Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Rennes 1, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France
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Parmentier J, Hartmann FJ, Fricker G. In vitro evaluation of liposomes containing bio-enhancers for the oral delivery of macromolecules. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010; 76:394-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Revised: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kim K, Yoon I, Chun I, Lee N, Kim T, Gwak HS. Effects of bile salts on the lovastatin pharmacokinetics following oral administration to rats. Drug Deliv 2010; 18:79-83. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2010.512024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Maher S, Leonard TW, Jacobsen J, Brayden DJ. Safety and efficacy of sodium caprate in promoting oral drug absorption: from in vitro to the clinic. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:1427-49. [PMID: 19800376 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in oral drug delivery is the development of novel dosage forms to promote absorption of poorly permeable drugs across the intestinal epithelium. To date, no absorption promoter has been approved in a formulation specifically designed for oral delivery of Class III molecules. Promoters that are designated safe for human consumption have been licensed for use in a recently approved buccal insulin spray delivery system and also for many years as part of an ampicillin rectal suppository. Unlike buccal and rectal delivery, oral formulations containing absorption promoters have the additional technical hurdle whereby the promoter and payload must be co-released in high concentrations at the small intestinal epithelium in order to generate significant but rapidly reversible increases in permeability. An advanced promoter in the clinic is the medium chain fatty acid (MCFA), sodium caprate (C(10)), a compound already approved as a food additive. We discuss how it has evolved to a matrix tablet format suitable for administration to humans under the headings of mechanism of action at the cellular and tissue level as well as in vitro and in vivo efficacy and safety studies. In specific clinical examples, we review how C(10)-based formulations are being tested for oral delivery of bisphosphonates using Gastro Intestinal Permeation Enhancement Technology, GIPET (Merrion Pharmaceuticals, Ireland) and in a related solid dose format for antisense oligonucleotides (ISIS Pharmaceuticals, USA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Maher
- UCD School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Maher S, Kennelly R, Bzik VA, Baird AW, Wang X, Winter D, Brayden DJ. Evaluation of intestinal absorption enhancement and local mucosal toxicity of two promoters. I. Studies in isolated rat and human colonic mucosae. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 38:291-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kurasawa M, Kuroda S, Kida N, Murata M, Oba A, Yamamoto T, Sasaki H. Regulation of tight junction permeability by sodium caprate in human keratinocytes and reconstructed epidermis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 381:171-5. [PMID: 19338770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) restrict paracellular flux of water and solutes in epithelia and endothelia. In epidermis, the physiological role of TJs is not fully understood. In this study, sodium caprate (C10), which dilates intestinal TJs, was applied to cultured human epidermal keratinocytes and reconstructed human epidermis to investigate the effects of C10 on epidermal TJs. C10 treatment decreased transepithelial electrical resistance and increased paracellular permeability, although Western blots showed that the expression of TJ-related transmembrane proteins was not decreased. The effects of C10 were reversible. Immunofluorescence microscopy and immuno-replica electron microscopy showed that the localization of TJ strands were disintegrated, concomitant with the dispersion and/or disappearance of TJ-related molecules from the cell surface. These findings suggest that C10 impairs barrier function by physically disrupting TJ conformation in the epidermis. Furthermore, these results also show that proper localization of the molecules on the cellular membrane is important for TJ barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Kurasawa
- Pola Chemical Industries Inc., 560 Kashio-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 244-0812, Japan
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Sugibayashi K, Onuki Y, Takayama K. Displacement of tight junction proteins from detergent-resistant membrane domains by treatment with sodium caprate. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 36:246-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Whitehead K, Mitragotri S. Mechanistic Analysis of Chemical Permeation Enhancers for Oral Drug Delivery. Pharm Res 2008; 25:1412-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Li HY, Seville PC, Williamson IJ, Birchall JC. The use of absorption enhancers to enhance the dispersibility of spray-dried powders for pulmonary gene therapy. J Gene Med 2007; 7:1035-43. [PMID: 15756712 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary gene therapy requires aerosolisation of the gene vectors to the target region of the lower respiratory tract. Pulmonary absorption enhancers have been shown to improve the penetration of pharmaceutically active ingredients in the airway. In this study, we investigate whether certain absorption enhancers may also enhance the aerosolisation properties of spray-dried powders containing non-viral gene vectors. METHODS Spray-drying was used to prepare potentially respirable trehalose-based dry powders containing lipid-polycation-pDNA (LPD) vectors and absorption enhancers. Powder morphology and particle size were characterised using scanning electron microscopy and laser diffraction, respectively, with gel electrophoresis used to assess the structural integrity of the pDNA. The biological functionality of the powders was quantified using in vitro cell (A549) transfection. Aerosolisation from a Spinhaler dry powder inhaler into a multistage liquid impinger (MSLI) was used to assess the in vitro dispersibility and deposition of the powders. RESULTS Spray-dried powder containing dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (DMC) demonstrated substantially altered particle morphology and an optimal particle size distribution for pulmonary delivery. The inclusion of DMC did not adversely affect the structural integrity of the LPD complex and the powder displayed significantly greater transfection efficiency as compared to unmodified powder. All absorption enhancers proffered enhanced powder deposition characteristics, with the DMC-modified powder facilitating high deposition in the lower stages of the MSLI. CONCLUSIONS Incorporation of absorption enhancers into non-viral gene therapy formulations prior to spray-drying can significantly enhance the aerosolisation properties of the resultant powder and increase biological functionality at the site of deposition in an in vitro model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Li
- Gene Delivery Research Group, Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK
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Hayashi M, Tomita M. Mechanistic Analysis for Drug Permeation Through Intestinal Membrane. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2007; 22:67-77. [PMID: 17495413 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.22.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For drug absorption, intestinal drug permeability's through both the paracellular and transcellular routes were analyzed. Absorption enhancers, such as sodium caprate (C10), decanoylcarnitine (DC) and tartaric acid (TA), increased the paracellular permeability of water-soluble, low lipophilic and poorly absorbable drugs by enlargement of tight junction (TJ) adhering to the intercellular portion; that is, expansion of the paracellular routes. C10 increased the intracellular calcium level to induce contraction of calmodulin-dependent actin filaments. Although DC also increased the intracellular calcium level, the action was independent of calmodulin, and thus the action mechanism of DC was considered to differ from that of C10. DC and TA decreased the intracellular ATP level and the intracellular pH, suggesting that intracellular acidosis increases the calcium level through decrease in ATP level followed by opening TJ. TA had no effect on Western blot analysis, but TA significantly inhibited excretion of rhodamine 123, one of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates, from the serosal to mucosal side, suggesting that TA increases the intestinal absorption of P-gp substrates, possibly by inhibiting the P-gp function without changing the expression of P-gp. During ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury during small intestine grafting, TJ opening and decrease in P-gp function simultaneously occurred. The in vitro model of I/R showed that lipid peroxidation is a trigger of the injury, and superoxide and iron ion participate in TJ opening and decrease in P-gp function. Colonic epithelial cells have the specific transcellular transport systems for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), one of which shows substrate specificity in the interaction with CD14 and/or that of TLR4. In the infective disease induced by LPS, the mucosal LPS sensitive transport capability was decreased and in the secretory direction, the receptor-mediated uptake mechanism disappeared. LPS taken up into the cells can be excreted by P-gp or mrp. The expression levels and function of the secretory transporters were considered to be increased in the infective condition. In conclusion, changes in TJ as the membrane structure and P-gp as the membrane function are important factors controlling intestinal membrane transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Hayashi
- Department of Drug Absorption and Pharmacokinetics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Japan.
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Seki T, Kanbayashi H, Nagao T, Chono S, Tabata Y, Morimoto K. Effect of cationized gelatins on the paracellular transport of drugs through caco-2 cell monolayers. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:1393-401. [PMID: 16625653 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cationized gelatins, candidate absorption enhancers, were prepared by addition of ethylenediamine or spermine to gelatin and the effects of the resulting ethylenediaminated gelatin (EG) and sperminated gelatin (SG) on the paracellular transport of 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF), FITC-dextran-4 (FD4), and insulin through caco-2 cell monolayers were examined. The Renkin function was used for characterization of the paracellular pathway and changes in the pore radius (R) and pore occupancy/length ratio (epsilon/L) calculated from the apparent permeability coefficients (P(app)) of CF and FD4 are discussed. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) increased the R of the caco-2 cell monolayer and the P(app) of all compounds examined was markedly increased by the addition of EDTA. On the other hand, EG and SG did not increase R and their enhancing effects were not as strong as those of EDTA. The increase in epsilon/L could be the enhancing mechanism for the cationized gelatins. The number of pathways for water-soluble drugs, such as CF and FD4, in the caco-2 monolayers could be increased by the addition of the cationized gelatins. The ratios of the permeability coefficients of insulin (observed/calculated based on the Renkin function) suggest that insulin undergoes enzymatic degradation during transport which is not inhibited by enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinobu Seki
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0264, Japan.
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MOTLEKAR NUSRATA, SRIVENUGOPAL KALKUNTES, WACHTEL MITCHELLS, YOUAN BIBOTTIC. Oral delivery of low-molecular-weight heparin using sodium caprate as absorption enhancer reaches therapeutic levels. J Drug Target 2006; 13:573-83. [PMID: 16390818 PMCID: PMC1993550 DOI: 10.1080/10611860500471906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate sodium caprate as an oral penetration enhancer for low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), ardeparin. In vitro studies using Caco-2 cell monolayer indicated that 0.0625% of sodium caprate gave approximately 2-fold enhancement of ardeparin compared to negative control with almost 100% cell survival as evaluated by MTT cytotoxicity assay. In vivo studies in rats with ardeparin (1,200 IU/kg) and sodium caprate (100 mg/kg) led to a relative bioavailability of 27% with plasma anti-factor Xa levels within the therapeutic range (>0.2 IU/ml). Moreover, under these conditions, histological examination provided evidence that there was no damage to the gastrointestinal wall. Regional permeability studies using rat intestine indicated the colon as the region of maximum permeation. These results suggest that, at the dose administered, sodium caprate acts as a relatively safe and efficient absorption enhancer in the quest for alternatives for the oral delivery of LMWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- NUSRAT A. MOTLEKAR
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy,
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA, and
| | - KALKUNTE S. SRIVENUGOPAL
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy,
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA, and
| | - MITCHELL S. WACHTEL
- Department of Pathology, Divisions of Anatomic Pathology and
Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas,
USA
| | - BI-BOTTI C. YOUAN
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy,
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA, and
- Correspondence: B. C. Youan, Texas Tech University Health Sciences
Center, 1300 Coulter Drive, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA. Tel: 806 356 4015. Ext.
236. Fax: 806 354 4034. E-mail:
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Ilbäck NG, Nyblom M, Carlfors J, Fagerlund-Aspenström B, Tavelin S, Glynn AW. Do surface-active lipids in food increase the intestinal permeability to toxic substances and allergenic agents? Med Hypotheses 2004; 63:724-30. [PMID: 15325024 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2003.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2003] [Accepted: 10/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of many common diseases has increased during the last decades. High fat intake is a risk factor for many diseases. We propose that some of the negative effects of fat are caused by lipid-induced damage of the gastrointestinal epithelium, thus compromising the epithelial function as a barrier for passage of toxic substances and allergenic agents to the circulatory system. Monoglycerides (MGs), phospholipids and fatty acids (FAs) are surface-active molecules that in pharmaceutical studies act as permeability enhancers for hydrophilic drugs with low absorption. Three possible mechanisms were proposed: (a) lipid-induced alterations in intracellular events may cause destabilization of tight junctions between the GI epithelial cells, (b) lipids may destabilize cell membranes, (c) lipids cause intestinal cell damage, which increase the permeability of the GI epithelium. These "side effects" of lipids may partly explain the association between fat intake and disease observed in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N-G Ilbäck
- Toxicology Division, National Food Administration, P.O. Box 622, S-751 26, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Mori S, Matsuura A, Rama Prasad YV, Takada K. Studies on the Intestinal Absorption of Low Molecular Weight Heparin Using Saturated Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives as an Absorption Enhancer in Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27:418-21. [PMID: 14993814 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal absorption of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) as well as unfractionated heparin (UFH) is limited due to its large molecular size and extensive negative charge. Development of its oral formulations would allow outpatient treatment with LMWH and UFH, and contribute a reduction in hospital expenses. The present study was aimed at evaluating the absorption enhancers Labrasol and Gelucire 44/14, which mainly consist of glycerides and fatty acids esters, to improve the intestinal absorption of LMWH. The absorption effects of saturated fatty acids with several carbon chain lengths (C6-C14) were also investigated. LMWH formulated with or without absorption enhancer was administered to the duodenum of fasted rats. The doses of LMWH and absorption enhancer were 20 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, respectively. Plasma anti-Xa activity was measured as a marker of the LMWH absorption. By administration of the LMWH formulation with Labrasol but not with Gelucire 44/14, the plasma anti-Xa activity was increased to a level above 0.2 IU/ml which is the critical level for elucidation of its anticoagulant activity. Saturated fatty acids also enhanced the intestinal absorption of LMWH, and the order of absorption-enhancing effect was C10=C12>C14>C16>C8> or =C6. These results suggest that the intestinal absorption of LMWH varies with carbon chain lengths of the saturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Mori
- Shimizu Research Center, Shimizu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shimizu Miyakami, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Coyne CB, Ribeiro CMP, Boucher RC, Johnson LG. Acute mechanism of medium chain fatty acid-induced enhancement of airway epithelial permeability. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305:440-50. [PMID: 12606647 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.047654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The localization of viral receptors to the basolateral surface of airway epithelia is an obstacle to the effectiveness of luminal viral-mediated gene transfer to the lung. The tight junction (TJ) serves as a rate-limiting barrier to the penetration of viral vectors. We have previously identified the sodium salt of the medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) capric acid (C10) as an agent that can enhance the ability of adenoviral vectors to transduce well differentiated (WD) primary human airway epithelial (HAE) cells. Previous studies have suggested that intracellular calcium (Ca(i)2+) levels may play a central role in the long-term C10-mediated increases in junctional permeability. In this study, we investigated the effects of C10 and lauric acid (C12) on Ca(i)2+ in WD primary HAE cells and determined whether these effects were necessary for the acute MCFA-induced reduction in transepithelial resistance (R(T)) and increased permeability. In addition, we characterized the effects of C10 and C12 on components localized to the TJ, including ZO-1, junctional adhesion molecule (JAM), and the claudin family of transmembrane proteins. In addition to rapidly decreasing R(T), C10 and C12 increased cellular and paracellular permeability. C10 induced a rapid, sustained increase in Ca(i)2+. However, buffering Ca(i)2+ did not block the effects of C10 on R(T). Both C10 and C12 caused reorganization of claudins-1, -4, JAM, and beta-catenin, but not ZO-1. These data suggest that C10 and C12 exert their acute effects on airway TJs via a Ca(2+)-independent mechanism of action and may alter junctional permeability via direct effects on the claudin family of TJ proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn B Coyne
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, 7123A Thurston Bowles Bldg., CB no. 7248, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7248, USA
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Kai M, Hayashi K, Kaida I, Aki H, Yamamoto M. Permeation-enhancing effect of aloe-emodin anthrone on water-soluble and poorly permeable compounds in rat colonic mucosa. Biol Pharm Bull 2002; 25:1608-13. [PMID: 12499649 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.25.1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to examine the enhancing effects of aloe-emodin anthrone (AEA) on the colonic membrane permeability of water-soluble and poorly permeable compounds and to clarify the mechanism of the permeation-enhancing activity of AEA. The permeation-enhancing activity of AEA was estimated from changes in the permeability coefficient of 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF) in rat colonic mucosa using a Ussing-type chamber. Various inhibitors were used to investigate the mechanism of action of AEA. The structural change in the membrane and the cytotoxicity of AEA in the intestinal mucosa were evaluated by measuring the electrical resistance of the membrane (R(m)) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, respectively. AEA significantly increased the permeation of CF in a dose-dependent manner. The enhanced permeability was significantly suppressed by a histamine H(1) receptor antagonist, pyrilamine, and a mast cell stabilizer, ketotifen, but not by a histamine H(2) receptor antagonist, cimetidine. The enhancing effect was also inhibited by an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC). Potential difference and short-circuit current values decreased, while R(m) values remained constant throughout the experiment. The addition of AEA to the mucosal solution decreased R(m) to 30%, but then remained constant. LDH activity with AEA was not significantly different from that of the control. In conclusion, AEA is a candidate for effective absorption enhancers without damage of the membrane and cytotoxicity. We propose that AEA stimulates mast cells within the colonic mucosa to release histamine, which probably bind to the H(1) receptor. The intracellular PKC route activated by H(1) receptor activation enhances the permeability of water-soluble and poorly permeable drugs via opening of tight junctions in rat colonic membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Kai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan
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Mineo H, Hara H, Shigematsu N, Okuhara Y, Tomita F. Melibiose, difructose anhydride III and difructose anhydride IV enhance net calcium absorption in rat small and large intestinal epithelium by increasing the passage of tight junctions in vitro. J Nutr 2002; 132:3394-9. [PMID: 12421857 DOI: 10.1093/jn/132.11.3394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An Ussing chamber technique was used to determine the effects of three indigestible disaccharides on net Ca transport from the luminal side to the basolateral side of isolated preparations of jejunal, ileal, cecal and colonic epithelium in rats. Permeability of Lucifer Yellow (LY) and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), which are indicators of intercellular passage of the intestinal mucosa, were also determined. The concentrations of Ca in the serosal and mucosal media were 1.25 mmol/L and 10 mmol/L, respectively. After a 30-min incubation, the net Ca transport, LY passage and TEER were determined. In the control experiment, LY permeability was lowest, and TEER value was highest in the colon. The addition of 1-100 mmol/L melibiose, difructose anhydride (DFA)III, or DFAIV to the mucosal medium increased the net Ca absorption and LY permeability dose-dependently in the jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon preparations. Melibiose decreased TEER dose-dependently in the jejunum and cecum, but not in the ileum and colon. DFAIII decreased TEER dose-dependently in the jejunum, cecum and colon, but not in the ileum. DFAIV decreased TEER dose-dependently in all four intestinal portions. Positive linear relationships were found between net Ca transport and LY passage in all portions of the intestine, whereas negative linear relationships were found between net Ca absorption and TEER. We concluded that the three indigestible saccharides directly affect the epithelial tissue and activate the passage of tight junctions, thereby promoting Ca absorption in the small and large intestine in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Mineo
- Northern Advancement Center for Scientific and Technology, Colabo-Hokkaido, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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Kalabay L, Fekete B, Czirják L, Horváth L, Daha MR, Veres A, Fónyad G, Horváth A, Viczián A, Singh M, Hoffer I, Füst G, Romics L, Prohászka Z. Helicobacter pylori infection in connective tissue disorders is associated with high levels of antibodies to mycobacterial hsp65 but not to human hsp60. Helicobacter 2002; 7:250-6. [PMID: 12165033 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-5378.2002.00092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate whether the Helicobacter pylori status influences levels of antibodies against mycobacterial heat shock protein (hsp) 65 and human hsp60 in systemic autoimmune diseases and to study the concentration of anti-H. pylori antibodies in autoimmune patients and healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antibodies against human heat-shock protein hsp60, mycobacterial heat-shock protein hsp65 were analyzed by ELISA. Anti-Helicobacter antibodies were determined by enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS There was a markedly higher prevalence of H. pylori infection in undifferentiated connective tissue disease (82%) (n = 33) and systemic sclerosis (78%) (n = 55) but not in systemic lupus erythematosus (n = 49), polymyositis/dermatomyositis (n = 14), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 21) or primary Raynaud's syndrome (n = 26) compared with controls (59%) (n = 349). In autoimmune diseases H. pylori infection was associated with elevated levels of antihsp65 (p =.008) but not of antihsp60. Anti-hsp65 levels were significantly higher in H. pylori-infected (n = 129) than in uninfected patients (n = 69) (p =.0007). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that in autoimmune diseases the infection with the H. pylori bacterium is associated with increased concentration of antimycobacterial hsp65.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Kalabay
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University and Research Group of Metabolism, Genetics and Immunology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Nakamura K, Maitani Y, Takayama K. The enhancing effect of nasal absorption of FITC-dextran 4,400 by beta-sitosterol beta-D-glucoside in rabbits. J Control Release 2002; 79:147-55. [PMID: 11853926 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect and mechanism of action of beta-sitosterol beta-D-glucoside (Sit-G) on the in vitro and in vivo nasal absorption of FITC-dextran (molecular weight, 4400; FD-4) in rabbits were studied in comparison with beta-sitosterol (Sit). The FD-4 permeation in the powder dosage form was increased by Sit-G and Sit and related to the uptake of Sit-G and Sit with no changes in the amount of cholesterol in the excised nasal mucosa. The application of Sit and Sit-G increased FD-4 permeation with and without a decrease in transepithelial resistance (TEER), respectively. These results suggested that the mechanism of the enhancement by Sit-G was different from those of Sit and sodium caprate; Sit-G may exert its effects mainly via the transcellular pathway due to perturbation of the mucosal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakamura
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, 142-8501, Tokyo, Japan
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Mineo H, Hara H, Kikuchi H, Sakurai H, Tomita F. Various indigestible saccharides enhance net calcium transport from the epithelium of the small and large intestine of rats in vitro. J Nutr 2001; 131:3243-6. [PMID: 11739874 DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.12.3243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An Ussing chamber technique was used to determine the effects of six indigestible saccharides on net Ca absorption from the luminal side to the basolateral side of isolated preparations of rat jejunal, ileal, cecal and colonic epithelium in vitro. The concentrations of Ca in the Tris buffer solution on the serosal side and on the mucosal side were 1.25 and 10 mmol/L, respectively. After a 30-min incubation, the Ca concentration in the serosal medium was determined and the net transepithelial Ca transport was calculated. The addition of 0.1-200 mmol/L maltitol, difructose anhydride (DFA)III, DFAIV, raffinose, fructooligosaccharide (FOS) or polydextrose (PD) to the mucosal medium increased the net Ca absorption dose-dependently in the jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon preparations. The threshold concentration required to enhance Ca transport and the extent of enhancement of Ca transport differed among the saccharides tested and among the portions of the intestine examined. Among the saccharides tested, DFA IV had the strongest effect on Ca absorption in the jejunum and cecum. We conclude that indigestible carbohydrates directly affect the epithelial tissue and promote Ca absorption in both the small and large intestine in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mineo
- Hokkaido Foundation for the Promotion of Scientific and Industrial Technology, Colabo-Hokkaido, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
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40
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Abstract
This review addresses the field of improving oral bioavailability through the use of excipients that increase intestinal membrane permeability. The critical issues to consider in evaluating these approaches are 1) the extent of bioavailability enhancement achieved, 2) the influence of formulation and physiological variables, 3) toxicity associated with permeation enhancement, and 4) the mechanism of permeation enhancement. The categories of permeation enhancers discussed are surfactants, fatty acids, medium chain glycerides, steroidal detergents, acyl carnitine and alkanoylcholines, N-acetylated alpha-amino acids and N-acetylated non-alpha-amino acids, and chitosans and other mucoadhesive polymers. Some of these approaches have been developed to the stage of initial clinical trials. Several seem to have potential to improve oral bioavailabilities of poorly absorbed compounds without causing significant intestinal damage. In addition, the possible use of excipients that inhibit secretory transport is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Aungst
- DuPont Pharmaceuticals Co., P. O. Box 80400, Wilmington, DE 19880-0400, USA.
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Lo YL, Huang JD. Effects of sodium deoxycholate and sodium caprate on the transport of epirubicin in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell layers and everted gut sacs of rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:665-72. [PMID: 10677583 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of sodium deoxycholate (Deo-Na), a bile salt, and sodium caprate (Cap-Na), a fatty acid, on the transport of epirubicin were investigated in both the human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell line and the everted gut sacs of the rat jejunum and ileum. The possible use of these two potent absorption enhancers as multidrug resistance (MDR) reversing agents also was examined. Epirubicin uptake experiments using a flow cytometer showed that Deo-Na and Cap-Na significantly increased the accumulation of epirubicin in Caco-2 cells. These two enhancers significantly increased apical to basolateral absorption of epirubicin across Caco-2 monolayers and mucosal to serosal absorption of epirubicin in the rat jejunum and ileum. Moreover, the addition of Deo-Na or Cap-Na significantly reduced the basolateral to apical efflux of epirubicin across Caco-2 monolayers. The co-presence of verapamil, one typical P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate, and Deo-Na or Cap-Na demonstrated further reduction of epirubicin efflux. The study suggests that inhibition of P-gp or other transporter proteins located in the intestines may be involved, at least partially, in the reduction of epirubicin efflux. In conclusion, the therapeutic efficacy of epirubicin may be improved by the use of such low toxicity excipients as absorption enhancers and MDR modulators in formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Lo
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan College of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan Hsien, Taiwan.
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Chao AC, Nguyen JV, Broughall M, Griffin A, Fix JA, Daddona PE. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of effects of sodium caprate on enteral peptide absorption and on mucosal morphology. Int J Pharm 1999; 191:15-24. [PMID: 10556736 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(99)00213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sodium salts of medium-chain fatty acids, sodium caprate (C10) in particular, have been used as absorption-enhancing agents to promote transmucosal drug absorption. In this study, we conducted both in vitro and in vivo experiments to investigate the effects of C10 on intestinal permeabilities and mucosal morphology. Mucosal addition of C10 (13-25 mM) reduced the transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) of cultured monolayers of the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 by 40-65% and, upon removal of C10, a marked tendency of TEER recovery was recorded. C10 added mucosally at 13-50 mM increased the transports of mannitol and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 900 across Caco-2 in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the transport of a model D-decapeptide was maximally enhanced with 20-25 mM C10. No noticeable morphological alteration of the Caco-2 monolayers was observed after a 1-h mucosal pretreatment with C10. Co-delivery with C10 (0.05-0.5 mmol/kg) into the rat terminal ileum increased the D-decapeptide bioavailability (BA) dose-dependently. With 0.5 mmol/kg C10 co-administered, D-decapeptide percent BA was elevated from 2 to 11%. Following a 1-h incubation with 0.5 mmol/kg C10 (in liquid or powder form) non-invasively delivered into the rectal lumen, no signs of histological change in the rectal mucosa were detected. These results demonstrate that C10 can promote intestinal absorption of a small peptide without causing detrimental alterations of the intestinal mucosa. C10 thus seems to be a good candidate as an enhancing agent for improving the oral BA of small therapeutic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Chao
- Biological Sciences, ALZA Corporation, 950 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94303-0802, USA
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Liu DZ, LeCluyse EL, Thakker DR. Dodecylphosphocholine-mediated enhancement of paracellular permeability and cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Pharm Sci 1999; 88:1161-8. [PMID: 10564065 DOI: 10.1021/js990094e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a significant barrier for oral absorption of hydrophilic drugs because they cannot easily traverse the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane and their passage through the intercellular space (paracellular transport) is restricted by the tight junctions. In this report we show that dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) can improve the paracellular permeability of hydrophilic compounds across Caco-2 cell monolayers by modulating the tight junctions. The results show that the alkyl chain as well as the zwitterionic head group of DPC are required for its activity. DPC appears to act by modulating the permeability of tight junctions as evidenced by the fact that treatment of Caco-2 cell monolayers by this agent results in a decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), increased permeability of paracellular markers (e. g., mannitol) with no change in the permeability of the transcellular marker testosterone, and redistribution of the tight junction-associated protein ZO-1. The effect of DPC on Caco-2 cells (e.g., decrease in TEER) is reversible, and is not caused by gross cytotoxicity (as indicated by the MTT test) or by nonspecific disruption of the cell membrane (as indicated by only slight nuclear staining due to the nonpermeable DNA-specific dye propidium iodide). We propose in the present study a parameter, potency index, that allows comparison of various enhancers of paracellular transport in relation to their cytotoxicity. The potency index is a ratio between the IC(50) value (concentration at which 50% inhibition of control mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity occurs in the MTT test) and the EC(50) value (concentration at which TEER drops to 50% of its control (untreated) value). By this parameter, DPC is significantly safer than the commonly used absorption enhancer palmitoyl carnitine (PC), which has the potency index of approximately 1 (i.e., no separation between effective and toxic concentration).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Z Liu
- Division of Drug Delivery and Disposition, School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA
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Liu DZ, Morris-Natschke SL, Kucera LS, Ishaq KS, Thakker DR. Structure-activity relationships for enhancement of paracellular permeability by 2-alkoxy-3-alkylamidopropylphosphocholines across Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Pharm Sci 1999; 88:1169-74. [PMID: 10564066 DOI: 10.1021/js9900957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oral route is the preferred route of delivery for a large number of drug molecules. However, the intestinal epithelium presents a formidable barrier for delivery of drugs into systemic circulation. Phospholipids are among compounds that enhance the absorption of drugs across the intestinal epithelium. In this paper, we describe structure-activity relationships for phospholipid derivatives as enhancers of paracellular permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers. In a series of 2-alkoxy-3-alkylamidopropylphosphocholine derivatives, compounds with a long chain at C-3 (R3) and short chain at C-2 (R2) were potent in causing a decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and an increase in mannitol transport, but also showed significant cytotoxicity. Compounds with 9-11 carbons at C-3 and 6-10 carbons at C-2 provided good separation (up to 2.7-fold) between activity and cytotoxicity. Notably, a good correlation (r2 = 0.93) was observed between EC(50) (TEER) [concentration that caused a drop in TEER to 50% of its control (untreated) value] and EC10x (mannitol) [concentration that caused 10-fold increase in mannitol transport over the control (untreated) value], confirming that a decrease in TEER is associated with enhanced permeability of the hydrophilic compounds across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Compounds with medium to long carbon chains at C-2 and C-3, and the total carbons in the alkyl chains > 20, showed poor activity and no cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Z Liu
- Division of Drug Delivery and Disposition, and Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA
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