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Rodríguez-García DR, Rondón Guerrero YDC, Ferrero L, Rossi AH, Miglietta EA, Aptekmann AA, Marzol E, Martínez Pacheco J, Carignani M, Berdion Gabarain V, Lopez LE, Díaz Dominguez G, Borassi C, Sánchez-Serrano JJ, Xu L, Nadra AD, Rojo E, Ariel F, Estevez JM. Transcription factor NAC1 activates expression of peptidase-encoding AtCEPs in roots to limit root hair growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:81-93. [PMID: 37801618 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant genomes encode a unique group of papain-type Cysteine EndoPeptidases (CysEPs) containing a KDEL endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal (KDEL-CysEPs or CEPs). CEPs process the cell-wall scaffolding EXTENSIN (EXT) proteins that regulate de novo cell-wall formation and cell expansion. Since CEPs cleave EXTs and EXT-related proteins, acting as cell-wall-weakening agents, they may play a role in cell elongation. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome encodes 3 CEPs (AtCPE1-AtCEP3). Here, we report that the genes encoding these 3 Arabidopsis CEPs are highly expressed in root-hair (RH) cell files. Single mutants have no evident abnormal RH phenotype, but atcep1-3 atcep3-2 and atcep1-3 atcep2-2 double mutants have longer RHs than wild-type (Wt) plants, suggesting that expression of AtCEPs in root trichoblasts restrains polar elongation of the RH. We provide evidence that the transcription factor NAC1 (petunia NAM and Arabidopsis ATAF1, ATAF2, and CUC2) activates AtCEPs expression in roots to limit RH growth. Chromatin immunoprecipitation indicates that NAC1 binds to the promoter of AtCEP1, AtCEP2, and, to a lower extent, AtCEP3 and may directly regulate their expression. Inducible NAC1 overexpression increases AtCEP1 and AtCEP2 transcript levels in roots and leads to reduced RH growth while the loss of function nac1-2 mutation reduces AtCEP1-AtCEP3 gene expression and enhances RH growth. Likewise, expression of a dominant chimeric NAC1-SRDX repressor construct leads to increased RH length. Finally, we show that RH cell walls in the atcep1-3 atcep3-2 double mutant have reduced levels of EXT deposition, suggesting that the defects in RH elongation are linked to alterations in EXT processing and accumulation. Our results support the involvement of AtCEPs in controlling RH polar growth through EXT processing and insolubilization at the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana R Rodríguez-García
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | | | - Lucía Ferrero
- CONICET, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Colectora Ruta Nacional 168 km 0, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Andrés Hugo Rossi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Esteban A Miglietta
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Ariel A Aptekmann
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Eliana Marzol
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Javier Martínez Pacheco
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Mariana Carignani
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Victoria Berdion Gabarain
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Leonel E Lopez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Díaz Dominguez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Borassi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - José Juan Sánchez-Serrano
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lin Xu
- National Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Alejandro D Nadra
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Enrique Rojo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Ariel
- CONICET, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Colectora Ruta Nacional 168 km 0, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - José M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
- ANID-Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), 7500000 Santiago, Chile
- ANID-Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), 8331150 Santiago, Chile
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Moloi SJ, Ngara R. The roles of plant proteases and protease inhibitors in drought response: a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1165845. [PMID: 37143877 PMCID: PMC10151539 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1165845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Upon exposure to drought, plants undergo complex signal transduction events with concomitant changes in the expression of genes, proteins and metabolites. For example, proteomics studies continue to identify multitudes of drought-responsive proteins with diverse roles in drought adaptation. Among these are protein degradation processes that activate enzymes and signalling peptides, recycle nitrogen sources, and maintain protein turnover and homeostasis under stressful environments. Here, we review the differential expression and functional activities of plant protease and protease inhibitor proteins under drought stress, mainly focusing on comparative studies involving genotypes of contrasting drought phenotypes. We further explore studies of transgenic plants either overexpressing or repressing proteases or their inhibitors under drought conditions and discuss the potential roles of these transgenes in drought response. Overall, the review highlights the integral role of protein degradation during plant survival under water deficits, irrespective of the genotypes' level of drought resilience. However, drought-sensitive genotypes exhibit higher proteolytic activities, while drought-tolerant genotypes tend to protect proteins from degradation by expressing more protease inhibitors. In addition, transgenic plant biology studies implicate proteases and protease inhibitors in various other physiological functions under drought stress. These include the regulation of stomatal closure, maintenance of relative water content, phytohormonal signalling systems including abscisic acid (ABA) signalling, and the induction of ABA-related stress genes, all of which are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis under water deficits. Therefore, more validation studies are required to explore the various functions of proteases and their inhibitors under water limitation and their contributions towards drought adaptation.
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Jia C, Lu X, Gao J, Wang R, Sun Q, Huang J. TMT-labeled quantitative proteomic analysis to identify proteins associated with the stability of peanut milk. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:6424-6433. [PMID: 33987828 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut milk benefits human health mainly due to its high protein content and suitable amino acid composition. To reveal the molecular mechanism affecting the quality of peanut milk, tandem mass tag (TMT)-labeled proteomic analysis was applied to identify the proteome variation between two peanut cultivars that produced peanut milk with the best and worst stability. RESULTS A total of 478 differentially abundant proteins (fold change >1.2 or <0.83, P < 0.05) were identified. Most of these proteins were located in the cytoplasm and chloroplasts. Correlation analysis showed that RNA recognition motif (RRM) domain-containing protein (17.1 kDa) had a negative relationship with the sedimentation rate of peanut milk and that 22.0 kDa class IV heat shock protein was negatively correlated with the creaming index (P < 0.05). Bioinformatic analysis showed that the molecular function of RRM domain-containing protein (17.1 kDa) was associated with RNA binding and nucleotide binding, and 22.0 kDa class IV heat shock protein was involved in the pathway of protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. CONCLUSION Overall, the differentially abundant proteins in the biological metabolic pathway might offer some potential markers to guide future peanut breeding, especially for the production of peanut milk. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Jia
- Institute of Agricultural and Sideline Products Processing, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Institute of Agricultural and Sideline Products Processing, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinhong Gao
- Institute of Agricultural and Sideline Products Processing, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Bioactive Substances in Agricultural Products, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruidan Wang
- Institute of Agricultural and Sideline Products Processing, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Institute of Agricultural and Sideline Products Processing, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Bioactive Substances in Agricultural Products, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinian Huang
- Institute of Agricultural and Sideline Products Processing, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Oil Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
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Li H, Dai X, Huang X, Xu M, Wang Q, Yan X, Sederoff RR, Li Q. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals a high-resolution cell atlas of xylem in Populus. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1906-1921. [PMID: 34347368 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has advantages over traditional RNA-seq to explore spatiotemporal information on gene dynamic expressions in heterogenous tissues. We performed Drop-seq, a method for the dropwise sequestration of single cells for sequencing, on protoplasts from the differentiating xylem of Populus alba × Populus glandulosa. The scRNA-seq profiled 9,798 cells, which were grouped into 12 clusters. Through characterization of differentially expressed genes in each cluster and RNA in situ hybridizations, we identified vessel cells, fiber cells, ray parenchyma cells and xylem precursor cells. Diffusion pseudotime analyses revealed the differentiating trajectory of vessels, fiber cells and ray parenchyma cells and indicated a different differentiation process between vessels and fiber cells, and a similar differentiation process between fiber cells and ray parenchyma cells. We identified marker genes for each cell type (cluster) and key candidate regulators during developmental stages of xylem cell differentiation. Our study generates a high-resolution expression atlas of wood formation at the single cell level and provides valuable information on wood formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xinren Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Mengxuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
- Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xiaojing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ronald R Sederoff
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Quanzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
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Ambastha V, Sopory SK, Tripathy BC, Tiwari BS. Salt induced programmed cell death in rice: evidence from chloroplast proteome signature. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 48:8-27. [PMID: 32702286 DOI: 10.1071/fp19356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity, depending on its intensity, drives a challenged plant either to death, or survival with compromised productivity. On exposure to moderate salinity, plants can often survive by sacrificing some of their cells 'in target' following a route called programmed cell death (PCD). In animals, PCD has been well characterised, and involvement of mitochondria in the execution of PCD events has been unequivocally proven. In plants, mechanistic details of the process are still in grey area. Previously, we have shown that in green tissues of rice, for salt induced PCD to occur, the presence of active chloroplasts and light are equally important. In the present work, we have characterised the chloroplast proteome in rice seedlings at 12 and 24 h after salt exposure and before the time point where the signature of PCD was observed. We identified almost 100 proteins from chloroplasts, which were divided in to 11 categories based on the biological functions in which they were involved. Our results concerning the differential expression of chloroplastic proteins revealed involvement of some novel candidates. Moreover, we observed maximum phosphorylation pattern of chloroplastic proteins at an early time point (12 h) of salt exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Ambastha
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- Plant Molecular Biology, International Centre of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Baishnab C Tripathy
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; and Corresponding author. ; ;
| | - Budhi Sagar Tiwari
- Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, Gujrat 482007, India; and Corresponding author. ; ;
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Zhang S, Han B, Wu F, Huang H. Quantitative proteomic analysis provides insights into the algicidal mechanism of Halobacillus sp. P1 against the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:137048. [PMID: 32070889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Algicidal behavior is a common interaction between marine microalgae and bacteria, especially in the dissipation phase of algal blooms. The marine bacterium Halobacillus sp. P1 was previously isolated and exhibits high algicidal activity against the diatom Skeletonema costatum. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying this algicidal process. Here, a tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomic approach was coupled with physiological analysis to investigate the cellular responses of S. costatum when treated with P1 culture supernatant. Among the 4582 proteins identified, 82 and 437 proteins were differentially expressed after treatment for 12 and 24 h, respectively. The proteomic results were in accordance with the results of verification by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) assays. Proteins involved in reactive oxygen species scavenging, protein degradation and transport were upregulated, while proteins participating in nitrogen metabolism, protein translation, photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis and cell cycle regulation were significantly downregulated (p-value ≤0.05), corresponding to the increasing malondialdehyde content and the decreasing nitrogen, protein and chlorophyll a contents. A nutrient competitive relationship might exist between the bacterium P1 and S. costatum, and the inhibition of nitrogen metabolism by the P1 culture supernatant might be the key lethal factor that results in the dysfunction of S. costatum metabolism. Our study sheds light on the algicidal mechanism of P1 at the molecular level and provides new insights into algae-bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Beibei Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Fengxia Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Honghui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China.
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Mangena P. Phytocystatins and their Potential Application in the Development of Drought Tolerance Plants in Soybeans (Glycine max L.). Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:135-144. [PMID: 31612812 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666191014125453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant cystatins, also called phytocystatins constitute a family of specific cysteine protease inhibitors found in several monocots and dicots. In soybean, phytocystatins regulate several endogenous processes contributing immensely to this crop's tolerance to abiotic stress factors. Soybeans offer numerous nutritional, pharmaceutical and industrial benefits; however, their growth and yields is hampered by drought, which causes more than 10% yield losses recorded every harvest period worldwide. This review analyses the role of papain-like cysteine proteases and their inhibitors in soybean plant growth and development under drought stress. It also describes their localisation, regulation, target organs and tissues, and the overall impact of cystatins on generating drought tolerance soybean plants. These proteins have many functions that remain poorly characterized, particularly under abiotic stress. Although much information is available on the utilisation of proteases for industrial applications, very few reports have focused on the impact of proteases on plant stress responses. The exploitation of cystatins in plant engineering, as competitive proteases inhibitors is one of the means that will guarantee the continued utilisation of soybeans as an important oilseed crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phetole Mangena
- Department of Biodiversity, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727,South Africa
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Ma D, Gao H, Du C, Li L, Sun W, Liu S, Wang C, Xie Y, Kang G. Transcriptomic and Metabolomics Analysis of Different Endosperm Region under Nitrogen Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174212. [PMID: 31466282 PMCID: PMC6747615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Storage protein distribution in wheat-grain endosperm is heterogeneous, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Two parts of the endosperm region, the innermost endosperm (IE) region and the remaining endosperm (RE) region, grown under low nitrogen (LN) and high nitrogen (HN) treatments were used to perform metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis. We identified 533 and 503 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with at least a two-fold expression change (p < 0.05) between IE and RE, among which 81 and 78 transcripts under LN and HN, respectively, related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and encoded transcription factors or proteins involved in post-translational modification (PTM). The significantly differentially abundant metabolites between IE and RE were mainly amino acids, N-compounds, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. More upregulated transcripts and metabolites were identified in RE than IE under HN conditions, indicating that HN activates metabolism in the endosperm periphery. In addition to carbon and nitrogen metabolism, transcription factors and protein PTMs, such as phosphorylation and acetylation, might determine the protein heterogeneous distribution between IE and RE and its response to nitrogen fertilizer supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyun Ma
- Agronomy College/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Honghuan Gao
- Agronomy College/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Chenyang Du
- Agronomy College/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Lingli Li
- Agronomy College/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Wan Sun
- Agronomy College/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Sujun Liu
- Agronomy College/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- Agronomy College/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yingxin Xie
- Agronomy College/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guozhang Kang
- Agronomy College/National Engineering Research Center for Wheat, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Cooper JW, Hu Y, Beyyoudh L, Yildiz Dasgan H, Kunert K, Beveridge CA, Foyer CH. Strigolactones positively regulate chilling tolerance in pea and in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1298-1310. [PMID: 29341173 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SL) fulfil important roles in plant development and stress tolerance. Here, we characterized the role of SL in the dark chilling tolerance of pea and Arabidopsis by analysis of mutants that are defective in either SL synthesis or signalling. Pea mutants (rms3, rms4, and rms5) had significantly greater shoot branching with higher leaf chlorophyll a/b ratios and carotenoid contents than the wild type. Exposure to dark chilling significantly decreased shoot fresh weights but increased leaf numbers in all lines. Moreover, dark chilling treatments decreased biomass (dry weight) accumulation only in rms3 and rms5 shoots. Unlike the wild type plants, chilling-induced inhibition of photosynthetic carbon assimilation was observed in the rms lines and also in the Arabidopsis max3-9, max4-1, and max2-1 mutants that are defective in SL synthesis or signalling. When grown on agar plates, the max mutant rosettes accumulated less biomass than the wild type. The synthetic SL, GR24, decreased leaf area in the wild type, max3-9, and max4-1 mutants but not in max2-1 in the absence of stress. In addition, a chilling-induced decrease in leaf area was observed in all the lines in the presence of GR24. We conclude that SL plays an important role in the control of dark chilling tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Cooper
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Yan Hu
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Leila Beyyoudh
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - H Yildiz Dasgan
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Horticulture, Agricultural Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana, 01330, Turkey
| | - Karl Kunert
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Department Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hillcrest, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Christine A Beveridge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
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Liu J, Sharma A, Niewiara MJ, Singh R, Ming R, Yu Q. Papain-like cysteine proteases in Carica papaya: lineage-specific gene duplication and expansion. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:26. [PMID: 29306330 PMCID: PMC5756445 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCPs), a large group of cysteine proteases structurally related to papain, play important roles in plant development, senescence, and defense responses. Papain, the first cysteine protease whose structure was determined by X-ray crystallography, plays a crucial role in protecting papaya from herbivorous insects. Except the four major PLCPs purified and characterized in papaya latex, the rest of the PLCPs in papaya genome are largely unknown. Results We identified 33 PLCP genes in papaya genome. Phylogenetic analysis clearly separated plant PLCP genes into nine subfamilies. PLCP genes are not equally distributed among the nine subfamilies and the number of PLCPs in each subfamily does not increase or decrease proportionally among the seven selected plant species. Papaya showed clear lineage-specific gene expansion in the subfamily III. Interestingly, all four major PLCPs purified from papaya latex, including papain, chymopapain, glycyl endopeptidase and caricain, were grouped into the lineage-specific expansion branch in the subfamily III. Mapping PLCP genes on chromosomes of five plant species revealed that lineage-specific expansions of PLCP genes were mostly derived from tandem duplications. We estimated divergence time of papaya PLCP genes of subfamily III. The major duplication events leading to lineage-specific expansion of papaya PLCP genes in subfamily III were estimated at 48 MYA, 34 MYA, and 16 MYA. The gene expression patterns of the papaya PLCP genes in different tissues were assessed by transcriptome sequencing and qRT-PCR. Most of the papaya PLCP genes of subfamily III expressed at high levels in leaf and green fruit tissues. Conclusions Tandem duplications played the dominant role in affecting copy number of PLCPs in plants. Significant variations in size of the PLCP subfamilies among species may reflect genetic adaptation of plant species to different environments. The lineage-specific expansion of papaya PLCPs of subfamily III might have been promoted by the continuous reciprocal selective effects of herbivore attack and plant defense. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4394-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Corps, Ministry of Education; College of Life Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Anupma Sharma
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Texas A&M University System, Dallas, TX, 75252, USA
| | - Marie Jamille Niewiara
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ratnesh Singh
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Texas A&M University System, Dallas, TX, 75252, USA
| | - Ray Ming
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Corps, Ministry of Education; College of Life Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.,Department of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Qingyi Yu
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology; Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Corps, Ministry of Education; College of Life Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China. .,Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center at Dallas, Texas A&M University System, Dallas, TX, 75252, USA. .,Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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11
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Rao GS, Deveshwar P, Sharma M, Kapoor S, Rao KV. Evolvement of transgenic male-sterility and fertility-restoration system in rice for production of hybrid varieties. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:35-51. [PMID: 29090429 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a unique male-sterility and fertility-restoration system in rice by combining Brassica napus cysteine-protease gene (BnCysP1) with anther-specific P12 promoter of rice for facilitating production of hybrid varieties. In diverse crop plants, male-sterility has been exploited as a useful approach for production of hybrid varieties to harness the benefits of hybrid vigour. The promoter region of Os12bglu38 gene of rice has been isolated from the developing panicles and was designated as P12. The promoter was fused with gusA reporter gene and was expressed in Arabidopsis and rice systems. Transgenic plants exhibited GUS activity in tapetal cells and pollen of the developing anthers indicating anther/pollen-specific expression of the promoter. For engineering nuclear male sterility, the coding region of Brassica napus cysteine protease1 (BnCysP1) was isolated from developing seeds and fused to P12 promoter. Transgenic rice plants obtained with P12-BnCysP1 failed to produce functional pollen grains. The F1 seeds obtained from BnCysP1 male-sterile plants and untransformed controls showed 1:1 (tolerant:sensitive) ratio when germinated on the MS medium supplemented with phosphinothricin (5 mg/l), confirming that the male sterility has been successfully engineered in rice. For male fertility restoration, transgenic rice plants carrying BnCysP1Si silencing system were developed. The pollination of BnCysP1 male-sterile (female-fertile) plants with BnCysP1Si pollen resulted in normal grain filling. The F1 seeds of BnCysP1 × BnCysP1Si when germinated on the MS basal medium containing PPT (5 mg/l) and hygromycin (70 mg/l) exhibited 1:1 (tolerant:sensitive) ratio and the tolerant plants invariably showed normal grain filling. The overall results clearly suggest that the customized male-sterility & fertility-restoration system can be exploited for quality hybrid seed production in various crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priyanka Deveshwar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Malini Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Sanjay Kapoor
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
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12
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Serge NE, Laurette Blandine MK, Kumar S, Clergé T, Vijayalakshmi M. Extraction, purification, and biochemical characterization of serine protease from leaves of Abrus precatorius. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 47:1016-1024. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2017.1373289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ngangoum Eric Serge
- Bioprocess Laboratory, Institute University of Technology, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
- Centre for Bio-separation Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sanjit Kumar
- Bioprocess Laboratory, Institute University of Technology, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Tchiégang Clergé
- Bioprocess Laboratory, Institute University of Technology, University of Ngaoundere, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
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13
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Botha AM, Kunert KJ, Cullis CA. Cysteine proteases and wheat (Triticum aestivum L) under drought: A still greatly unexplored association. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1679-1690. [PMID: 28664627 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) provides about 19% of global dietary energy. Environmental stress, such as drought, affects wheat growth causing premature plant senescence and ultimately plant death. A plant response to drought is an increase in protease-mediated proteolysis with rapid degradation of proteins required for metabolic processes. Among the plant proteases that are increased in their activity following stress, cysteine proteases are the best characterized. Very little is known about particular wheat cysteine protease sequences, their expression and also localization. The current knowledge on wheat cysteine proteases belonging to the five clans (CA, CD, CE, CF and CP) is outlined, in particular their expression and possible function under drought. The first successes in establishing an annotated wheat genome database are further highlighted which has allowed more detailed mining of cysteine proteases. We also share our thoughts on future research directions considering the growing availability of genomic resources of this very important food crop. Finally, we also outline future application of developed knowledge in transgenic wheat plants for environmental stress protection and also as senescence markers to monitor wheat growth under environmental stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Botha
- Department of Genetics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, 7601, South Africa
| | - Karl J Kunert
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Christopher A Cullis
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
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14
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da Silva MD, de Oliveira Silva RL, Ferreira Neto JRC, Benko-Iseppon AM, Kido EA. Genotype-dependent regulation of drought-responsive genes in tolerant and sensitive sugarcane cultivars. Gene 2017; 633:17-27. [PMID: 28855118 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drought is the most damaging among the major abiotic stresses. Transcriptomic studies allow a global overview of expressed genes, providing the basis for molecular markers development. Here, the HT-SuperSAGE technique allowed the evaluation of four drought-tolerant cultivars and four-sensitive cultivars, after 24h of irrigation suppression. We identified 9831 induced unitags from roots of the tolerant cultivars with different regulations by the -sensitive cultivars after the applied stress. These unitags allowed a proposal of 15 genes, whose expressed profiles were validated by RT-qPCR, evaluating each cultivar independently. These genes covered broad metabolic processes: ethylene stress attenuation (ACCD); root growth (β-EXP8); protein degradation [ubiquitination pathway (E2, 20SPβ4); plant proteases (AP, C13)]; oxidative detoxification (TRX); fatty acid synthesis (ACC); amino acid transport (AAT), and carbohydrate metabolism [glycolysis (PFK, TPI, FBA); TCA cycle (LDP, MDH); pentose phosphate pathway (TKT)]. The expressed profiles showed a genotype-dependent regulation of the target genes. Two drought-tolerant cultivars (SP83-2847; CTC6) presented each one, nine of the induced genes. Among the -sensitive cultivars, CTC13 induced only one, while SP90-1636 induced two genes. These genes should help breeders to identify accessions managing drought stress tolerance responses, showing better ethylene stress attenuation, energy allocation, amino acid transport, and protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manassés Daniel da Silva
- Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Bioscience Center, Department of Genetics, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Maria Benko-Iseppon
- Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Bioscience Center, Department of Genetics, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ederson Akio Kido
- Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Bioscience Center, Department of Genetics, 50670-420 Recife, PE, Brazil.
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15
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Yang H, Barros-Rios J, Kourteva G, Rao X, Chen F, Shen H, Liu C, Podstolski A, Belanger F, Havkin-Frenkel D, Dixon RA. A re-evaluation of the final step of vanillin biosynthesis in the orchid Vanilla planifolia. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 139:33-46. [PMID: 28411481 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A recent publication describes an enzyme from the vanilla orchid Vanilla planifolia with the ability to convert ferulic acid directly to vanillin. The authors propose that this represents the final step in the biosynthesis of vanillin, which is then converted to its storage form, glucovanillin, by glycosylation. The existence of such a "vanillin synthase" could enable biotechnological production of vanillin from ferulic acid using a "natural" vanilla enzyme. The proposed vanillin synthase exhibits high identity to cysteine proteases, and is identical at the protein sequence level to a protein identified in 2003 as being associated with the conversion of 4-coumaric acid to 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. We here demonstrate that the recombinant cysteine protease-like protein, whether expressed in an in vitro transcription-translation system, E. coli, yeast, or plants, is unable to convert ferulic acid to vanillin. Rather, the protein is a component of an enzyme complex that preferentially converts 4-coumaric acid to 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, as demonstrated by the purification of this complex and peptide sequencing. Furthermore, RNA sequencing provides evidence that this protein is expressed in many tissues of V. planifolia irrespective of whether or not they produce vanillin. On the basis of our results, V. planifolia does not appear to contain a cysteine protease-like "vanillin synthase" that can, by itself, directly convert ferulic acid to vanillin. The pathway to vanillin in V. planifolia is yet to be conclusively determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailian Yang
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Jaime Barros-Rios
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Galina Kourteva
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73402, USA
| | - Xiaolan Rao
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Fang Chen
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Hui Shen
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Chenggang Liu
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Andrzej Podstolski
- Institute of Plant Experimental Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Faith Belanger
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Daphna Havkin-Frenkel
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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16
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Seifbarghi S, Borhan MH, Wei Y, Coutu C, Robinson SJ, Hegedus DD. Changes in the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum transcriptome during infection of Brassica napus. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:266. [PMID: 28356071 PMCID: PMC5372324 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes stem rot in Brassica napus, which leads to lodging and severe yield losses. Although recent studies have explored significant progress in the characterization of individual S. sclerotiorum pathogenicity factors, a gap exists in profiling gene expression throughout the course of S. sclerotiorum infection on a host plant. In this study, RNA-Seq analysis was performed with focus on the events occurring through the early (1 h) to the middle (48 h) stages of infection. Results Transcript analysis revealed the temporal pattern and amplitude of the deployment of genes associated with aspects of pathogenicity or virulence during the course of S. sclerotiorum infection on Brassica napus. These genes were categorized into eight functional groups: hydrolytic enzymes, secondary metabolites, detoxification, signaling, development, secreted effectors, oxalic acid and reactive oxygen species production. The induction patterns of nearly all of these genes agreed with their predicted functions. Principal component analysis delineated gene expression patterns that signified transitions between pathogenic phases, namely host penetration, ramification and necrotic stages, and provided evidence for the occurrence of a brief biotrophic phase soon after host penetration. Conclusions The current observations support the notion that S. sclerotiorum deploys an array of factors and complex strategies to facilitate host colonization and mitigate host defenses. This investigation provides a broad overview of the sequential expression of virulence/pathogenicity-associated genes during infection of B. napus by S. sclerotiorum and provides information for further characterization of genes involved in the S. sclerotiorum-host plant interactions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3642-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Seifbarghi
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - M Hossein Borhan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Cathy Coutu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Stephen J Robinson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada. .,Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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17
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López M, Gómez E, Faye C, Gerentes D, Paul W, Royo J, Hueros G, Muñiz LM. zmsbt1 and zmsbt2, two new subtilisin-like serine proteases genes expressed in early maize kernel development. PLANTA 2017; 245:409-424. [PMID: 27830397 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two subtilisin-like proteases show highly specific and complementary expression patterns in developing grains. These genes label the complete surface of the filial-maternal interface, suggesting a role in filial epithelial differentiation. The cereal endosperm is the most important source of nutrition and raw materials for mankind, as well as the storage compartment enabling initial growth of the germinating plantlets. The development of the different cell types in this tissue is regulated environmentally, genetically and epigenetically, resulting in the formation of top-bottom, adaxial-abaxial and surface-central axes. However, the mechanisms governing the interactions among the different inputs are mostly unknown. We have screened a kernel cDNA library for tissue-specific transcripts as initial step to identify genes relevant in cell differentiation. We report here on the isolation of two maize subtilisin-related genes that show grain-specific, surficial expression. zmsbt1 (Zea mays Subtilisin1) is expressed at the developing aleurone in a time-regulated manner, while zmsbt2 concentrates at the pedicel in front of the endosperm basal transfer layer. We have shown that their presence, early in the maize caryopsis development, is dependent on proper initial tissue determination, and have isolated their promoters to produce transgenic reporter lines that assist in the study of their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel López
- Departamento Biomedicina and Biotecnología (Genética), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Elisa Gómez
- Departamento Biomedicina and Biotecnología (Genética), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Christian Faye
- GM Trait Discovery, Biogemma, Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Chappes, France
| | - Denise Gerentes
- GM Trait Discovery, Biogemma, Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Chappes, France
| | - Wyatt Paul
- GM Trait Discovery, Biogemma, Centre de Recherche de Chappes, Chappes, France
| | - Joaquín Royo
- Departamento Biomedicina and Biotecnología (Genética), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Gregorio Hueros
- Departamento Biomedicina and Biotecnología (Genética), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
| | - Luis M Muñiz
- Departamento Biomedicina and Biotecnología (Genética), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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18
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Labudda M, Różańska E, Szewińska J, Sobczak M, Dzik JM. Protease activity and phytocystatin expression in Arabidopsis thaliana upon Heterodera schachtii infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 109:416-429. [PMID: 27816823 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The activity of plant proteases is important for amino acids recycling, removal of damaged proteins as well as defence responses. The second-stage juvenile of the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii penetrates host roots and induces the feeding site called a syncytium. To determine whether infection by H. schachtii affects proteolysis, the protease activity was studied in Arabidopsis roots and shoots at the day of inoculation and 3, 7 and 15 days post inoculation (dpi). Nematode infection caused a decrease of protease activities in infected roots over the entire examination period at all studied pH values. In contrast, the activities of the low molecular mass as well as Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases were found to be stimulated. In shoots of infected plants, the protease activity was diminished only at 15 dpi at all tested pH values. It was accompanied by changes in total soluble protein content, a higher protein carbonylation and a total polyphenol content. To go deeper into proteolysis regulation, the expression of phytocystatin genes, endogenous inhibitors of cysteine proteases, was examined in syncytia, roots and shoots. Expression of AtCYS1, AtCYS5 and AtCYS6 genes was enhanced upon cyst nematode infection. Our results suggest that changes in protease activities in roots and shoots and altered cystatin expression patterns in syncytia, roots and shoots are important for protein metabolism during cyst nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Szewińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Maria Dzik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Lapshina LA, Reunov AV, Nagorskaya VP. Effects of exogenous H2O2 on the content of endogenous H2O2, activities of catalase and hydrolases, and cell ultrastructure in tobacco leaves. BIOL BULL+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359016050058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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KiBeom L, KwanSoon P. Proteomic variation in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) isolates from different geographic regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/ajb2016.15470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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21
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Carmo LST, Murad AM, Resende RO, Boiteux LS, Ribeiro SG, Jorrín-Novo JV, Mehta A. Plant responses to tomato chlorotic mottle virus: Proteomic view of the resistance mechanisms to a bipartite begomovirus in tomato. J Proteomics 2016; 151:284-292. [PMID: 27457268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tomato chlorotic mottle virus (ToCMoV) is a widespread bipartite Begomovirus species found in tomato fields in Brazil. In this study, plant responses and putative mechanisms associated with the 'Tyking'-derived recessive resistance to ToCMoV were investigated. Changes in the protein profile in the inoculated plants of two near isogenic tomato lines resistant ('LAM 157') and susceptible ('Santa Clara') to ToCMoV were analyzed. Seedlings were biolistically inoculated with an infectious ToCMoV clone. Leaves from infected plants (confirmed by PCR) were sampled at 15days after inoculation. Proteins were extracted using phenol and analyzed by shotgun MS (2D-nanoUPLC/HDMSE). Out of the 534 identified proteins, 82 presented statistically significant differences in abundance, including 35 unique proteins displayed in the resistant tomato inoculated with ToCMoV. Proteins associated to chromatin structure, cytoskeleton structure, cuticle biosynthesis, and ubiquitin pathway were identified and their putative roles during virus infection process were discussed. The protein profile analysis allowed for the development of a hypothetical model showing how the resistant host cell responds to ToCMoV infection. The data obtained provide a better understanding of resistant mechanisms used by the host plant to contain viral infection and could be the basis for further investigation in other plant-begomovirus pathosystems. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE In this study we propose a model of resistance to begomovirus in tomato and highlight host proteins, which could be targets for future investigations in plant-begomovirus pathosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lílian S T Carmo
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - André M Murad
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Renato O Resende
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Simone G Ribeiro
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Angela Mehta
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Boex-Fontvieille E, Rustgi S, von Wettstein D, Pollmann S, Reinbothe S, Reinbothe C. An Ethylene-Protected Achilles' Heel of Etiolated Seedlings for Arthropod Deterrence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1246. [PMID: 27625656 PMCID: PMC5003848 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A small family of Kunitz protease inhibitors exists in Arabidopsis thaliana, a member of which (encoded by At1g72290) accomplishes highly specific roles during plant development. Arabidopsis Kunitz-protease inhibitor 1 (Kunitz-PI;1), as we dubbed this protein here, is operative as cysteine PI. Activity measurements revealed that despite the presence of the conserved Kunitz-motif the bacterially expressed Kunitz-PI;1 was unable to inhibit serine proteases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, but very efficiently inhibited the cysteine protease RESPONSIVE TO DESICCATION 21. Western blotting and cytolocalization studies using mono-specific antibodies recalled Kunitz-PI;1 protein expression in flowers, young siliques and etiolated seedlings. In dark-grown seedlings, maximum Kunitz-PI;1 promoter activity was detected in the apical hook region and apical parts of the hypocotyls. Immunolocalization confirmed Kunitz-PI;1 expression in these organs and tissues. No transmitting tract (NTT) and HECATE 1 (HEC1), two transcription factors previously implicated in the formation of the female reproductive tract in flowers of Arabidopsis, were identified to regulate Kunitz-PI;1 expression in the dark and during greening, with NTT acting negatively and HEC1 acting positively. Laboratory feeding experiments with isopod crustaceans such as Porcellio scaber (woodlouse) and Armadillidium vulgare (pillbug) pinpointed the apical hook as ethylene-protected Achilles' heel of etiolated seedlings. Because exogenous application of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and mechanical stress (wounding) strongly up-regulated HEC1-dependent Kunitz-PI;1 gene expression, our results identify a new circuit controlling herbivore deterrence of etiolated plants in which Kunitz-PI;1 is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Boex-Fontvieille
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique, Université Grenoble-Alpes – Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et AppliquéeGrenoble, France
| | - Sachin Rustgi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences–Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, FlorenceSC, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences – Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, PullmanWA, USA
- *Correspondence: Steffen Reinbothe Sachin Rustgi
| | - Diter von Wettstein
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences – Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, PullmanWA, USA
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Univerdidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentaciónMadrid, Spain
| | - Steffen Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique, Université Grenoble-Alpes – Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et AppliquéeGrenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Steffen Reinbothe Sachin Rustgi
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes and Biologie Environnementale et Systémique, Université Grenoble-Alpes – Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et AppliquéeGrenoble, France
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Sytwala S, Domsalla A, Melzig MF. Investigation of plant latices of Asteraceae and Campanulaceae regarding proteolytic activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 97:117-123. [PMID: 26458257 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of plant latices is widespread, there are more than 40 families of plants characterized to establish lactiferous structures. The appearance of hydrolytic active proteins, incorporated in latices is already characterized, and hydrolytic active proteins are considerable, and for several plant families, the occurrence of hydrolytic active proteins is already specified e.g. Apocynaceae Juss., Caricaceae Dumort, Euphorbiaceae Juss., Moraceae Gaudich and Papaveraceae Juss. In our investigation, focused on latex bearing plants of order Asterales, Asteraceae and Campanulaceae in particular. The present outcomes represent a comprehensive study, relating to the occurrence of proteolytic active enzymes of order Asterales for the first time. 131 different species of Asteraceae and Campanulaceae were tested, and the appearance of plant latex proteases were determined in different quantities. Proteolytic activity was investigated by inhibitory studies and determination of residual activity in the following, enable us to characterize the proteases. Most of the considered species exhibit a serine protease activity and a multiplicity of species exhibited two or more subclasses of proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Sytwala
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Domsalla
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet, Berlin, Germany
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Parkash J, Kashyap S, Kirti S, Singh AK, Dutt S. Cathepsin B cysteine protease gene is upregulated during leaf senescence and exhibits differential expression behavior in response to phytohormones in Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Quain MD, Makgopa ME, Cooper JW, Kunert KJ, Foyer CH. Ectopic phytocystatin expression increases nodule numbers and influences the responses of soybean (Glycine max) to nitrogen deficiency. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:179-87. [PMID: 25659749 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine proteases and cystatins have many functions that remain poorly characterised, particularly in crop plants. We therefore investigated the responses of these proteins to nitrogen deficiency in wild-type soybeans and in two independent transgenic soybean lines (OCI-1 and OCI-2) that express the rice cystatin, oryzacystatin-I (OCI). Plants were grown for four weeks under either a high (5 mM) nitrate (HN) regime or in the absence of added nitrate (LN) in the absence or presence of symbiotic rhizobial bacteria. Under the LN regime all lines showed similar classic symptoms of nitrogen deficiency including lower shoot biomass and leaf chlorophyll. However, the LN-induced decreases in leaf protein and increases in root protein tended to be smaller in the OCI-1 and OCI-2 lines than in the wild type. When LN-plants were grown with rhizobia, OCI-1 and OCI-2 roots had significantly more crown nodules than wild-type plants. The growth nitrogen regime had a significant effect on the abundance of transcripts encoding vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs), LN-dependent increases in VPE2 and VPE3 transcripts in all lines. However, the LN-dependent increases of VPE2 and VPE3 transcripts were significantly lower in the leaves of OCI-1 and OCI-2 plants than in the wild type. These results show that nitrogen availability regulates the leaf and root cysteine protease, VPE and cystatin transcript profiles in a manner that is in some cases influenced by ectopic OCI expression. Moreover, the OCI-dependent inhibition of papain-like cysteine proteases favours increased nodulation and enhanced tolerance to nitrogen limitation, as shown by the smaller LN-dependent decreases in leaf protein observed in the OCI-1 and OCI-2 plants relative to the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian D Quain
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Crops Research Institute, P.O. Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Matome E Makgopa
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Plant Science Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - James W Cooper
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Karl J Kunert
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Plant Science Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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26
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Quain MD, Makgopa ME, Márquez-García B, Comadira G, Fernandez-Garcia N, Olmos E, Schnaubelt D, Kunert KJ, Foyer CH. Ectopic phytocystatin expression leads to enhanced drought stress tolerance in soybean (Glycine max) and Arabidopsis thaliana through effects on strigolactone pathways and can also result in improved seed traits. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:903-13. [PMID: 24754628 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic cystatin expression has long been used in plant pest management, but the cysteine protease, targets of these inhibitors, might also have important functions in the control of plant lifespan and stress tolerance that remain poorly characterized. We therefore characterized the effects of expression of the rice cystatin, oryzacystatin-I (OCI), on the growth, development and stress tolerance of crop (soybean) and model (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. Ectopic OCI expression in soybean enhanced shoot branching and leaf chlorophyll accumulation at later stages of vegetative development and enhanced seed protein contents and decreased the abundance of mRNAs encoding strigolactone synthesis enzymes. The OCI-expressing A. thaliana showed a slow-growth phenotype, with increased leaf numbers and enhanced shoot branching at flowering. The OCI-dependent inhibition of cysteine proteases enhanced drought tolerance in soybean and A. thaliana, photosynthetic CO2 assimilation being much less sensitive to drought-induced inhibition in the OCI-expressing soybean lines. Ectopic OCI expression or treatment with the cysteine protease inhibitor E64 increased lateral root densities in A. thaliana. E64 treatment also increased lateral root densities in the max2-1 mutants that are defective in strigolactone signalling, but not in the max3-9 mutants that are defective in strigolactone synthesis. Taken together, these data provide evidence that OCI-inhibited cysteine proteases participate in the control of growth and stress tolerance through effects on strigolactones. We conclude that cysteine proteases are important targets for manipulation of plant growth, development and stress tolerance, and also seed quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian D Quain
- Faculty of Biology, Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Crops Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Kumasi, Ghana
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27
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The diversity of rice phytocystatins. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 289:1321-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0892-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pierre O, Hopkins J, Combier M, Baldacci F, Engler G, Brouquisse R, Hérouart D, Boncompagni E. Involvement of papain and legumain proteinase in the senescence process of Medicago truncatula nodules. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:849-863. [PMID: 24527680 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The symbiotic interaction between legumes and Rhizobiaceae leads to the formation of new root organs called nodules. Within the nodule, Rhizobiaceae differentiate into nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. However, this symbiotic interaction is time-limited as a result of the initiation of a senescence process, leading to a complete degradation of bacteroids and host plant cells. The increase in proteolytic activity is one of the key features of this process. In this study, we analysed the involvement of two different classes of cysteine proteinases, MtCP6 and MtVPE, in the senescence process of Medicago truncatula nodules. Spatiotemporal expression of MtCP6 and MtVPE was investigated using promoter- β-glucuronidase fusions. Corresponding gene inductions were observed during both developmental and stress-induced nodule senescence. Both MtCP6 and MtVPE proteolytic activities were increased during stress-induced senescence. Down-regulation of both proteinases mediated by RNAi in the senescence zone delayed nodule senescence and increased nitrogen fixation, while their early expression promoted nodule senescence. Using green fluorescent protein fusions, in vivo confocal imaging showed that both proteinases accumulated in the vacuole of uninfected cells or the symbiosomes of infected cells. These data enlighten the crucial role of MtCP6 and MtVPE in the onset of nodule senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Pierre
- UMR INRA 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
- CNRS 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Julie Hopkins
- UMR INRA 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
- CNRS 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Maud Combier
- UMR INRA 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
- CNRS 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Fabien Baldacci
- UMR INRA 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
- CNRS 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Gilbert Engler
- UMR INRA 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
- CNRS 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Brouquisse
- UMR INRA 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
- CNRS 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Didier Hérouart
- UMR INRA 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
- CNRS 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Eric Boncompagni
- UMR INRA 1355, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
- CNRS 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 400 route des Chappes, BP167, F-06903, Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
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Hierl G, Höwing T, Isono E, Lottspeich F, Gietl C. Ex vivo processing for maturation of Arabidopsis KDEL-tailed cysteine endopeptidase 2 (AtCEP2) pro-enzyme and its storage in endoplasmic reticulum derived organelles. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 84:605-20. [PMID: 24287716 PMCID: PMC3950626 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ricinosomes are specialized ER-derived organelles that store the inactive pro-forms of KDEL-tailed cysteine endopeptidases (KDEL-CysEP) associated with programmed cell death (PCD). The Arabidopsis genome encodes three KDEL-CysEP (AtCEP1, AtCEP2, and AtCEP3) that are differentially expressed in vegetative and generative tissues undergoing PCD. These Arabidopsis proteases have not been characterized at a biochemical level, nor have they been localized intracellularly. In this study, we characterized AtCEP2. A 3xHA-mCherry-AtCEP2 gene fusion including pro-peptide and KDEL targeting sequences expressed under control of the endogenous promoter enabled us to isolate AtCEP2 "ex vivo". The purified protein was shown to be activated in a pH-dependent manner. After activation, however, protease activity was pH-independent. Analysis of substrate specificity showed that AtCEP2 accepts proline near the cleavage site, which is a rare feature specific for KDEL-CysEPs. mCherry-AtCEP2 was detected in the epidermal layers of leaves, hypocotyls and roots; in the root, it was predominantly found in the elongation zone and root cap. Co-localization with an ER membrane marker showed that mCherry-AtCEP2 was stored in two different types of ER-derived organelles: 10 μm long spindle shaped organelles as well as round vesicles with a diameter of approximately 1 μm. The long organelles appear to be ER bodies, which are found specifically in Brassicacae. The round vesicles strongly resemble the ricinosomes first described in castor bean. This study provides a first evidence for the existence of ricinosomes in Arabidopsis, and may open up new avenues of research in the field of PCD and developmental tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hierl
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl fuer Botanik, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Timo Höwing
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl fuer Botanik, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Erika Isono
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Department of Plant Systems Biology, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85350 Freising, Germany
| | - Friedrich Lottspeich
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Protein Analysis, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christine Gietl
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Lehrstuhl fuer Botanik, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85350 Freising, Germany
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Christoff AP, Turchetto-Zolet AC, Margis R. Uncovering legumain genes in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 215-216:100-109. [PMID: 24388520 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Legumains are Asn specific cysteine proteases physiologically related to the biosynthesis of vacuolar components, degradation of storage proteins and programmed cell death. The present work identifies and characterizes the genic family of legumains in rice (Oryza sativa), which comprises five different loci. Rice legumains (OsaLegs) were ubiquitously detected in all plant tissues analyzed. However, phylogenetic analyses and gene expression studies demonstrated greater association of OsaLeg2 and OsaLeg3 to seed-related legumains, whereas OsaLeg1, 4 and 5 would act as vegetative-related proteases. Additionally, OsaLeg1 mRNA is strongly induced in senescent leaves. All rice legumain genes respond in different ways to environmental conditions such as wounding, salt and abscisic acid treatments. Mainly, wounding is capable of inducing all the four expressed genes OsaLeg1, 2, 3 and 4. Alternative splicing isoforms, with potential to generate pre-activated OsaLeg1 and OsaLeg2 nonvacuolar enzymes under different environmental situations were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Christoff
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Rogerio Margis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia e Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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31
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Kim ST, Kim SG, Agrawal GK, Kikuchi S, Rakwal R. Rice proteomics: a model system for crop improvement and food security. Proteomics 2014; 14:593-610. [PMID: 24323464 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rice proteomics has progressed at a tremendous pace since the year 2000, and that has resulted in establishing and understanding the proteomes of tissues, organs, and organelles under both normal and abnormal (adverse) environmental conditions. Established proteomes have also helped in re-annotating the rice genome and revealing the new role of previously known proteins. The progress of rice proteomics had recognized it as the corner/stepping stone for at least cereal crops. Rice proteomics remains a model system for crops as per its exemplary proteomics research. Proteomics-based discoveries in rice are likely to be translated in improving crop plants and vice versa against ever-changing environmental factors. This review comprehensively covers rice proteomics studies from August 2010 to July 2013, with major focus on rice responses to diverse abiotic (drought, salt, oxidative, temperature, nutrient, hormone, metal ions, UV radiation, and ozone) as well as various biotic stresses, especially rice-pathogen interactions. The differentially regulated proteins in response to various abiotic stresses in different tissues have also been summarized, indicating key metabolic and regulatory pathways. We envision a significant role of rice proteomics in addressing the global ground level problem of food security, to meet the demands of the human population which is expected to reach six to nine billion by 2040.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea
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32
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Höwing T, Huesmann C, Hoefle C, Nagel MK, Isono E, Hückelhoven R, Gietl C. Endoplasmic reticulum KDEL-tailed cysteine endopeptidase 1 of Arabidopsis (AtCEP1) is involved in pathogen defense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:58. [PMID: 24605116 PMCID: PMC3932416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a genetically determined process in all multicellular organisms. Plant PCD is effected by a unique group of papain-type cysteine endopeptidases (CysEP) with a C-terminal KDEL endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal (KDEL CysEP). KDEL CysEPs can be stored as pro-enzymes in ER-derived endomembrane compartments and are released as mature CysEPs in the final stages of organelle disintegration. KDEL CysEPs accept a wide variety of amino acids at the active site, including the glycosylated hydroxyprolines of the extensins that form the basic scaffold of the cell wall. In Arabidopsis, three KDEL CysEPs (AtCEP1, AtCEP2, and AtCEP3) are expressed. Cell- and tissue-specific activities of these three genes suggest that KDEL CysEPs participate in the abscission of flower organs and in the collapse of tissues in the final stage of PCD as well as in developmental tissue remodeling. We observed that AtCEP1 is expressed in response to biotic stress stimuli in the leaf. atcep1 knockout mutants showed enhanced susceptibility to powdery mildew caused by the biotrophic ascomycete Erysiphe cruciferarum. A translational fusion protein of AtCEP1 with a three-fold hemaglutinin-tag and the green fluorescent protein under control of the endogenous AtCEP1 promoter (PCEP1::pre-pro-3xHA-EGFP-AtCEP1-KDEL) rescued the pathogenesis phenotype demonstrating the function of AtCEP1 in restriction of powdery mildew. The spatiotemporal AtCEP1-reporter expression during fungal infection together with microscopic inspection of the interaction phenotype suggested a function of AtCEP1 in controlling late stages of compatible interaction including late epidermal cell death. Additionally, expression of stress response genes appeared to be deregulated in the interaction of atcep1 mutants and E. cruciferarum. Possible functions of AtCEP1 in restricting parasitic success of the obligate biotrophic powdery mildew fungus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Höwing
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Christina Huesmann
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Caroline Hoefle
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Marie-Kristin Nagel
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Erika Isono
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Lehrstuhl für Phytopathologie, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Christine Gietl
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christine Gietl, Lehrstuhl für Botanik, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, D-85350 Freising, Germany e-mail:
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Zhu W, Zhang E, Li H, Chen X, Zhu F, Hong Y, Liao B, Liu S, Liang X. Comparative proteomics analysis of developing peanut aerial and subterranean pods identifies pod swelling related proteins. J Proteomics 2013; 91:172-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bollhöner B, Zhang B, Stael S, Denancé N, Overmyer K, Goffner D, Van Breusegem F, Tuominen H. Post mortem function of AtMC9 in xylem vessel elements. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:498-510. [PMID: 23834670 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell death of xylem elements is manifested by rupture of the tonoplast and subsequent autolysis of the cellular contents. Metacaspases have been implicated in various forms of plant cell death but regulation and execution of xylem cell death by metacaspases remains unknown. Analysis of the type II metacaspase gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana supported the function of METACASPASE 9 (AtMC9) in xylem cell death. Progression of xylem cell death was analysed in protoxylem vessel elements of 3-d-old atmc9 mutant roots using reporter gene analysis and electron microscopy. Protoxylem cell death was normally initiated in atmc9 mutant lines, but detailed electron microscopic analyses revealed a role for AtMC9 in clearance of the cell contents post mortem, that is after tonoplast rupture. Subcellular localization of fluorescent AtMC9 reporter fusions supported a post mortem role for AtMC9. Further, probe-based activity profiling suggested a function of AtMC9 on activities of papain-like cysteine proteases. Our data demonstrate that the function of AtMC9 in xylem cell death is to degrade vessel cell contents after vacuolar rupture. We further provide evidence on a proteolytic cascade in post mortem autolysis of xylem vessel elements and suggest that AtMC9 is part of this cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bollhöner
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Zhang
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Denancé
- UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Kirk Overmyer
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Deborah Goffner
- UPS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR 5546, Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Hannele Tuominen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
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Molecular cloning and expression analysis of the main gliadin-degrading cysteine endopeptidase EP8 from triticale. J Cereal Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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The Cysteine Protease–Cysteine Protease Inhibitor System Explored in Soybean Nodule Development. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy3030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Kim SG, Wang Y, Lee KH, Park ZY, Park J, Wu J, Kwon SJ, Lee YH, Agrawal GK, Rakwal R, Kim ST, Kang KY. In-depth insight into in vivo apoplastic secretome of rice-Magnaporthe oryzae interaction. J Proteomics 2013; 78:58-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kohl S, Hollmann J, Blattner FR, Radchuk V, Andersch F, Steuernagel B, Schmutzer T, Scholz U, Krupinska K, Weber H, Weschke W. A putative role for amino acid permeases in sink-source communication of barley tissues uncovered by RNA-seq. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:154. [PMID: 22935196 PMCID: PMC3495740 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of nitrogen accumulating in cereal grains originates from proteins remobilised from vegetative organs. However, interactions between grain filling and remobilisation are poorly understood. We used transcriptome large-scale pyrosequencing of flag leaves, glumes and developing grains to identify cysteine peptidase and N transporter genes playing a role in remobilisation and accumulation of nitrogen in barley. RESULTS Combination of already known and newly derived sequence information reduced redundancy, increased contig length and identified new members of cysteine peptidase and N transporter gene families. The dataset for N transporter genes was aligned with N transporter amino acid sequences of rice and Arabidopsis derived from Aramemnon database. 57 AAT, 45 NRT1/PTR and 22 OPT unigenes identified by this approach cluster to defined subgroups in the respective phylogenetic trees, among them 25 AAT, 8 NRT1/PTR and 5 OPT full-length sequences. Besides, 59 unigenes encoding cysteine peptidases were identified and subdivided into different families of the papain cysteine peptidase clade. Expression profiling of full-length AAT genes highlighted amino acid permeases as the group showing highest transcriptional activity. HvAAP2 and HvAAP6 are highly expressed in vegetative organs whereas HvAAP3 is grain-specific. Sequence similarities cluster HvAAP2 and the putative transporter HvAAP6 together with Arabidopsis transporters, which are involved in long-distance transfer of amino acids. HvAAP3 is closely related to AtAAP1 and AtAAP8 playing a role in supplying N to developing seeds. An important role in amino acid re-translocation can be considered for HvLHT1 and HvLHT2 which are specifically expressed in glumes and flag leaves, respectively. PCA and K-means clustering of AAT transcript data revealed coordinate developmental stages in flag leaves, glumes and grains. Phloem-specific metabolic compounds are proposed that might signal high grain demands for N to distantly located plant organs. CONCLUSIONS The approach identified cysteine peptidases and specific N transporters of the AAT family as obviously relevant for grain filling and thus, grain yield and quality in barley. Up to now, information is based only on transcript data. To make it relevant for application, the role of identified candidates in sink-source communication has to be analysed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kohl
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Julien Hollmann
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität (CAU), Kiel, D-24118, Germany
| | - Frank R Blattner
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Radchuk
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Franka Andersch
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Burkhard Steuernagel
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmutzer
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Uwe Scholz
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität (CAU), Kiel, D-24118, Germany
| | - Hans Weber
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Winfriede Weschke
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
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Ré MD, Gonzalez C, Sdrigotti MA, Sorrequieta A, Valle EM, Boggio SB. Ripening tomato fruit after chilling storage alters protein turnover. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:1490-6. [PMID: 22162046 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato fruit is of prime importance owing to its qualities for human nutrition and its economic value. In order to extend its commercial life, it is harvested at mature but unripe stages and stored at low temperatures. The goal of this work was to study the influence of harvest and chilling storage of mature green tomato fruit (cv. Micro-Tom) on the protein pattern, amino acid content and protease activity during fruit ripening. RESULTS Fruits were sampled during ripening in three different conditions: 1, on the vine; 2, off the vine; 3, off the vine after 4 weeks at 4 °C. During all fruit ripening conditions, protein level decreased while amino acid content increased. Chilling storage of mature green fruit led to a reduction in protein content. Ripening off the vine (conditions 2 and 3) resulted in a threefold increase in red fruit amino acid levels when compared with red fruit on the vine. Protease activities (autoproteolytic, azocaseinolytic and gelatinolytic) were detected in all fruits evaluated and were differently affected by ripening stage, ripening conditions and the presence of specific inhibitors. CONCLUSION Harvest and chilling storage increased endogenous substrate proteolysis, azocaseinolytic activity and free amino acid levels, which could be related to fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín D Ré
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
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Hierl G, Vothknecht U, Gietl C. Programmed cell death in Ricinus and Arabidopsis: the function of KDEL cysteine peptidases in development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 145:103-13. [PMID: 22268582 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) in plants is a prerequisite for development as well as seed and fruit production. It also plays a significant role in pathogen defense. A unique group of papain-type cysteine endopeptidases, characterized by a C-terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal (KDEL CysEP), is involved in plant PCD. Genes for these endopeptidases have been sequenced and analyzed from 25 angiosperms and gymnosperms. They have no structural relationship to caspases involved in mammalian PCD and homologs to this group of plant cysteine endopeptidases have not been found in mammals or yeast. In castor beans (Ricinus communis), the CysEP is synthesized as pre-pro-enzyme. The pro-enzyme is transported to the cytosol of cells undergoing PCD in ER-derived vesicles called ricinosomes. These vesicles release the mature CysEP in the final stages of organelle disintegration triggered by acidification of the cytoplasm resulting from the disruption of the vacuole. Mature CysEP digests the hydroxyproline (Hyp)-rich proteins (extensins) that form the basic scaffold of the plant cell wall. The KDEL CysEPs accept a wide variety of amino acids at the active site, including the glycosylated Hyp residues of the extensins. In Arabidopsis, three KDEL CysEPs (AtCEP1, AtCEP2 and AtCEP3) are expressed in tissues undergoing PCD. In transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing β-glucuronidase under the control of the promoters for these three genes, cell- and tissue-specific activities were mapped during seedling, flower and seed development. KDEL CysEPs participate in the collapse of tissues in the final stage of PCD and in tissue re-modeling such as lateral root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hierl
- Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Institute of Botany, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising, Germany
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41
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A proteomic analysis of storage stress responses in Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. tuberous root. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:8015-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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42
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Control of Programmed Cell Death During Plant Reproductive Development. BIOCOMMUNICATION OF PLANTS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23524-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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43
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Rossano R, Larocca M, Riccio P. 2-D zymographic analysis of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica) florets proteases: follow up of cysteine protease isotypes in the course of post-harvest senescence. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:1517-1525. [PMID: 21496945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Zymographic analysis of Broccoli florets (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica) revealed the presence of acidic metallo-proteases, serine proteases and cysteine proteases. Under conditions which were denaturing for the other proteases, the study was restricted to cysteine proteases. 2-D zymography, a technique that combines IEF and zymography was used to show the presence of 11 different cysteine protease spots with molecular mass of 44 and 47-48kDa and pIs ranging between 4.1 and 4.7. pI differences could be ascribed to different degrees of phosphorylation that partly disappeared in the presence of alkaline phosphatase. Post-harvest senescence of Broccoli florets was characterized by decrease in protein and chlorophyll contents and increase of protease activity. In particular, as determined by 2-D zymography, the presence of cysteine protease clearly increased during senescence, a finding that may represent a useful tool for the control of the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Rossano
- Department of Biology, Defence and Agro-Forestal Biotechnology, Center of Bioproteomics, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
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González-Rábade N, Badillo-Corona JA, Aranda-Barradas JS, Oliver-Salvador MDC. Production of plant proteases in vivo and in vitro--a review. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:983-96. [PMID: 21889977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the latest two decades, the interest received by plant proteases has increased significantly. Plant enzymes such as proteases are widely used in medicine and the food industry. Some proteases, like papain, bromelain and ficin are used in various processes such as brewing, meat softening, milk-clotting, cancer treatment, digestion and viral disorders. These enzymes can be obtained from their natural source or through in vitro cultures, in order to ensure a continuous source of plant enzymes. The focus of this review will be the production of plant proteases both in vivo and in vitro, with particular emphasis on the different types of commercially important plant proteases that have been isolated and characterized from naturally grown plants. In vitro approaches for the production of these proteases is also explored, focusing on the techniques that do not involve genetic transformation of the plants and the attempts that have been made in order to enhance the yield of the desired proteases.
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Li H, Yuan Z, Vizcay-Barrena G, Yang C, Liang W, Zong J, Wilson ZA, Zhang D. PERSISTENT TAPETAL CELL1 encodes a PHD-finger protein that is required for tapetal cell death and pollen development in rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:615-30. [PMID: 21515697 PMCID: PMC3177263 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.175760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, timely degradation of tapetal cells, the innermost sporophytic cells of the anther wall layer, is a prerequisite for the development of viable pollen grains. However, relatively little is known about the mechanism underlying programmed tapetal cell development and degradation. Here, we report a key regulator in monocot rice (Oryza sativa), PERSISTANT TAPETAL CELL1 (PTC1), which controls programmed tapetal development and functional pollen formation. The evolutionary significance of PTC1 was revealed by partial genetic complementation of the homologous mutation MALE STERILITY1 (MS1) in the dicot Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). PTC1 encodes a PHD-finger (for plant homeodomain) protein, which is expressed specifically in tapetal cells and microspores during anther development in stages 8 and 9, when the wild-type tapetal cells initiate a typical apoptosis-like cell death. Even though ptc1 mutants show phenotypic similarity to ms1 in a lack of tapetal DNA fragmentation, delayed tapetal degeneration, as well as abnormal pollen wall formation and aborted microspore development, the ptc1 mutant displays a previously unreported phenotype of uncontrolled tapetal proliferation and subsequent commencement of necrosis-like tapetal death. Microarray analysis indicated that 2,417 tapetum- and microspore-expressed genes, which are principally associated with tapetal development, degeneration, and pollen wall formation, had changed expression in ptc1 anthers. Moreover, the regulatory role of PTC1 in anther development was revealed by comparison with MS1 and other rice anther developmental regulators. These findings suggest a diversified and conserved switch of PTC1/MS1 in regulating programmed male reproductive development in both dicots and monocots, which provides new insights in plant anther development.
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Sinha R, Chattopadhyay S. Changes in the leaf proteome profile of Mentha arvensis in response to Alternaria alternata infection. J Proteomics 2011; 74:327-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wu MC, Hu HT, Yang L, Yang L. Proteomic analysis of up-accumulated proteins associated with fruit quality during autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata) fruit ripening. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:577-583. [PMID: 21175188 DOI: 10.1021/jf103957k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a complex phenomenon that makes berries attractive and also determines their nutritional value. Autumn olive ( Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) fruit is a rich source of many human health-related nutrients. The changes in pericarp color are initiated at early developmental stages, coinciding with the fast increase in fruit size. Fruit quality traits with special emphasis on soluble sugars, organic acids, lycopene, and total protein contents were assayed during the fruit ripening. In the fully ripe fruit, glucose and fructose were the principal sugars, malic acid was the most abundant organic acid, and lycopene concentration was extremely high. A proteomic analysis was used to identify up-accumulated proteins induced by the ripening. Among 63 up-accumulated protein spots, 43 were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. All 43 proteins were novel for autumn olive, and 8 were first reported in the fruit. Twenty-one proteins of known function were involved in sugar metabolism, citric acid cycle, isoprenoid metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and protein hydrolysis. The possible roles of these 21 accumulated proteins in autumn olive fruit quality are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Cheng Wu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, China
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Ahn CS, Han JA, Lee HS, Lee S, Pai HS. The PP2A regulatory subunit Tap46, a component of the TOR signaling pathway, modulates growth and metabolism in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:185-209. [PMID: 21216945 PMCID: PMC3051261 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.074005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tap42/α4, a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A, is a downstream effector of the target of rapamycin (TOR) protein kinase, which regulates cell growth in coordination with nutrient and environmental conditions in yeast and mammals. In this study, we characterized the functions and phosphatase regulation of plant Tap46. Depletion of Tap46 resulted in growth arrest and acute plant death with morphological markers of programmed cell death. Tap46 interacted with PP2A and PP2A-like phosphatases PP4 and PP6. Tap46 silencing modulated cellular PP2A activities in a time-dependent fashion similar to TOR silencing. Immunoprecipitated full-length and deletion forms of Arabidopsis thaliana TOR phosphorylated recombinant Tap46 protein in vitro, supporting a functional link between Tap46 and TOR. Tap46 depletion reproduced the signature phenotypes of TOR inactivation, such as dramatic repression of global translation and activation of autophagy and nitrogen mobilization, indicating that Tap46 may act as a positive effector of TOR signaling in controlling those processes. Additionally, Tap46 silencing in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) BY-2 cells caused chromatin bridge formation at anaphase, indicating its role in sister chromatid segregation. These findings suggest that Tap46, in conjunction with associated phosphatases, plays an essential role in plant growth and development as a component of the TOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hyun-Sook Pai
- Department of Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Abstract
Ruminant farming is an important component of the human food chain. Ruminants can use offtake from land unsuitable for cereal crop cultivation via interaction with the diverse microbial population in their rumens. The rumen is a continuous flow fermenter for the digestion of ligno-cellulose, with microbial protein and fermentation end-products incorporated by the animal directly or during post-ruminal digestion. However, ruminal fermentation is inefficient in capturing the nutrient resource presented, resulting in environmental pollution and generation of greenhouse gases. Methane is generated as a consequence of ruminal fermentation and poor retention of ingested forage nitrogen causes nitrogenous pollution of water and land and contributes to the generation of nitrous oxide. One possible cause is the imbalanced provision of dietary substrates to the rumen micro-organisms. Deamination of amino acids by ammonia-producing bacteria liberates ammonia which can be assimilated by the rumen bacteria and used for microbial protein synthesis. However, when carbohydrate is limiting, microbial growth is slow, meaning low demand for ammonia for microbial protein synthesis and excretion of the excess. Protein utilisation can therefore be improved by increasing the availability of readily fermentable sugars in forage or by making protein unavailable for proteolysis through complexing with plant secondary products. Alternatively, realisation that grazing cattle ingest living cells has led to the discovery that plant cells undergo endogenous, stress-mediated protein degradation due to the exposure to rumen conditions. This presents the opportunity to decrease the environmental impact of livestock farming by using decreased proteolysis as a selection tool for the development of improved pasture grass varieties.
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50
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Meunier CF, Rooke JC, Hajdu K, Van Cutsem P, Cambier P, Léonard A, Su BL. Insight into cellular response of plant cells confined within silica-based matrices. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:6568-75. [PMID: 20146496 DOI: 10.1021/la9039286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The encapsulation of living plant cells into materials could offer the possibility to develop new green biochemical technologies. With the view to designing new functional materials, the physiological activity and cellular response of entrapped cells within different silica-based matrices have been assessed. A fine-tuning of the surface chemistry of the matrix has been achieved by the in situ copolymerization of an aqueous silica precursor and a biocompatible trifunctional silane bearing covalently bound neutral sugars. This method allows a facile control of chemical and physical interactions between the entrapped plant cells and the scaffold. The results show that the cell-matrix interaction has to be carefully controlled in order to avoid the mineralization of the cell wall which typically reduces the bioavailability of nutrients. Under appropriate conditions, the introduction of a trifunctional silane (ca. 10%) during the preparation of hybrid gels has shown to prolong the biological activity as well as the cellular viability of plant cells. The relations of cell behavior with some other key factors such as the porosity and the contraction of the matrix are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe F Meunier
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry (CMI), The University of Namur (FUNDP), 61 Rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium
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