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Ratsika A, Codagnone MG, Bastiaanssen TFS, Hoffmann Sarda FA, Lynch CMK, Ventura-Silva AP, Rosell-Cardona C, Caputi V, Stanton C, Fülling C, Clarke G, Cryan JF. Maternal high-fat diet-induced microbiota changes are associated with alterations in embryonic brain metabolites and adolescent behaviour. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 121:317-330. [PMID: 39032541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The developing central nervous system is highly sensitive to nutrient changes during the perinatal period, emphasising the potential impact of alterations of maternal diet on offspring brain development and behaviour. A growing body of research implicates the gut microbiota in neurodevelopment and behaviour. Maternal overweight and obesity during the perinatal period has been linked to changes in neurodevelopment, plasticity and affective disorders in the offspring, with implications for microbial signals from the maternal gut. Here we investigate the impact of maternal high-fat diet (mHFD)-induced changes in microbial signals on offspring brain development, and neuroimmune signals, and the enduring effects on behaviour into adolescence. We first demonstrate that maternal caecal microbiota composition at term pregnancy (embryonic day 18: E18) differs significantly in response to maternal diet. Moreover, mHFD resulted in the upregulation of microbial genes in the maternal intestinal tissue linked to alterations in quinolinic acid synthesis and elevated kynurenine levels in the maternal plasma, both neuronal plasticity mediators related to glutamate metabolism. Metabolomics of mHFD embryonic brains at E18 also detected molecules linked to glutamate-glutamine cycle, including glutamic acid, glutathione disulphide, and kynurenine. During adolescence, the mHFD offspring exhibited increased locomotor activity and anxiety-like behaviour in a sex-dependent manner, along with upregulation of glutamate-related genes compared to controls. Overall, our results demonstrate that maternal exposure to high-fat diet results in microbiota changes, behavioural imprinting, altered brain metabolism, and glutamate signalling during critical developmental windows during the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ratsika
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland
| | - Martin G Codagnone
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland
| | - Fabiana A Hoffmann Sarda
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland; Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Caoimhe M K Lynch
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland
| | - Ana Paula Ventura-Silva
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland
| | - Cristina Rosell-Cardona
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland
| | - Valentina Caputi
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland
| | | | - Christine Fülling
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12YT20, Ireland.
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2
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Fesharaki-Zadeh A. Oxidative Stress in Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113000. [PMID: 36361792 PMCID: PMC9657447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) remains a major cause of disability worldwide. It involves a complex neurometabolic cascade, including oxidative stress. The products of this manuscript is examining the underlying pathophysiological mechanism, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). This process in turn leads to secondary injury cascade, which includes lipid peroxidation products. These reactions ultimately play a key role in chronic inflammation and synaptic dysfunction in a synergistic fashion. Although there are no FDA approved antioxidant therapy for TBI, there is a number of antioxidant therapies that have been tested and include free radical scavengers, activators of antioxidant systems, inhibitors of free radical generating enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes. Antioxidant therapies have led to cognitive and functional recovery post TBI, and they offer a promising treatment option for patients recovering from TBI. Current major challenges in treatment of TBI symptoms include heterogenous nature of injury, as well as access to timely treatment post injury. The inherent benefits of antioxidant therapies include minimally reported side effects, and relative ease of use in the clinical setting. The current review also provides a highlight of the more studied anti-oxidant regimen with applicability for TBI treatment with potential use in the real clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Fesharaki-Zadeh
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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3
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Handy DE, Loscalzo J. The role of glutathione peroxidase-1 in health and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:146-161. [PMID: 35691509 PMCID: PMC9586416 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) is an important cellular antioxidant enzyme that is found in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of mammalian cells. Like most selenoenzymes, it has a single redox-sensitive selenocysteine amino acid that is important for the enzymatic reduction of hydrogen peroxide and soluble lipid hydroperoxides. Glutathione provides the source of reducing equivalents for its function. As an antioxidant enzyme, GPx1 modulates the balance between necessary and harmful levels of reactive oxygen species. In this review, we discuss how selenium availability and modifiers of selenocysteine incorporation alter GPx1 expression to promote disease states. We review the role of GPx1 in cardiovascular and metabolic health, provide examples of how GPx1 modulates stroke and provides neuroprotection, and consider how GPx1 may contribute to cancer risk. Overall, GPx1 is protective against the development and progression of many chronic diseases; however, there are some situations in which increased expression of GPx1 may promote cellular dysfunction and disease owing to its removal of essential reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Handy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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4
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A Historical Review of Brain Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061283. [PMID: 35745855 PMCID: PMC9229021 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The history of brain drug delivery is reviewed beginning with the first demonstration, in 1914, that a drug for syphilis, salvarsan, did not enter the brain, due to the presence of a blood-brain barrier (BBB). Owing to restricted transport across the BBB, FDA-approved drugs for the CNS have been generally limited to lipid-soluble small molecules. Drugs that do not cross the BBB can be re-engineered for transport on endogenous BBB carrier-mediated transport and receptor-mediated transport systems, which were identified during the 1970s-1980s. By the 1990s, a multitude of brain drug delivery technologies emerged, including trans-cranial delivery, CSF delivery, BBB disruption, lipid carriers, prodrugs, stem cells, exosomes, nanoparticles, gene therapy, and biologics. The advantages and limitations of each of these brain drug delivery technologies are critically reviewed.
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Kumar N, Yadav M, Kumar A, Kadian M, Kumar S. Neuroprotective effect of hesperidin and its combination with coenzyme Q10 on an animal model of ketamine-induced psychosis: behavioral changes, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and oxidative stress. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Psychosis is a complex mental illness divided by positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive decline. Clinically available medicines are associated with some serious side effects which limit their use. Treatment with flavonoids has been associated with delayed onset and development, decreased risk, or increased improvement of various neuropsychiatric disorders including psychosis with negligible side effects.
Therefore, the present study was aimed to investigate the protective effects of hesperidin (flavonoid) alone or its combination with coenzyme Q10 against ketamine-induced psychotic symptoms in mice.
Results
Ketamine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) was given for 21 days to induce psychosis in Laca mice of either sex. Locomotor activity and stereotypic behaviors, immobility duration (forced swim test), and increased transfer latency (elevated plus maze) were performed to test the effect of hesperidin (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and coenzyme Q10 (20 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, p.o.) and combination of hesperidin + coenzyme Q10 followed by biochemical and mitochondrial complexes assays. For 21 days, ketamine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) administration significantly produced increased locomotor activity and stereotypic behaviors (positive symptoms), increased immobility duration (negative symptoms) and cognitive deficits (increases transfer latency) weakens oxidative defense and mitochondrial function. Further, 21 days’ administration of hesperidin and coenzyme Q10 significantly reversed the ketamine-induced psychotic behavioral changes and biochemical alterations and mitochondrial dysfunction in the discrete areas (prefrontal cortex and hippocampus) of mice brains. The potential effect of these drugs was comparable to olanzapine treatment. Moreover, the combination of hesperidin with coenzyme Q10 and or a combination of hesperidin + coenzyme Q10 + olanzapine treatment did not produce a significant effect compared to their per se effect in ketamine-treated animals.
Conclusions
The study revealed that hesperidin alone or in combination with coenzyme Q10 could reduce psychotic symptoms and improve mitochondrial functions and antioxidant systems in mice, suggesting neuroprotective effects against psychosis.
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Pearson SA, Cowan JA. Glutathione-coordinated metal complexes as substrates for cellular transporters. Metallomics 2021; 13:mfab015. [PMID: 33770183 PMCID: PMC8086996 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione is the major thiol-containing species in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and plays a wide variety of roles, including detoxification of metals by sequestration, reduction, and efflux. ABC transporters such as MRP1 and MRP2 detoxify the cell from certain metals by exporting the cations as a metal-glutathione complex. The ability of the bacterial Atm1 protein to efflux metal-glutathione complexes appears to have evolved over time to become the ABCB7 transporter in mammals, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. No longer needed for the role of cellular detoxification, ABCB7 appears to be used to transport glutathione-coordinated iron-sulfur clusters from mitochondria to the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Pearson
- The Ohio State University Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - J A Cowan
- The Ohio State University Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Umezu T, Shibata Y. Toxicokinetic characteristics and effects of diphenylarsinic acid on dopamine in the striatum of free-moving mice. Neurotoxicology 2021; 83:106-115. [PMID: 33417988 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA), an artificial phenyl arsenic compound, is considered a groundwater pollutant in Japan. Previous human and animal studies suggested that DPAA affects the central nervous system; however, these effects are poorly understood. The present study investigated the toxicokinetic characteristics and effects of DPAA on dopamine (DA) in the striatum of free-moving mice after a single oral administration. In a simultaneous blood and brain microdialysis study, only DPAA was detectable in both blood and striatum dialysate samples immediately after DPAA administration. DPAA concentrations in the striatum and blood dialysate rapidly reached a maximum, then decreased over time in an essentially parallel manner. A more detailed brain microdialysis examination of intracerebral kinetics revealed that the concentration of DPAA in the striatum dialysate began to increase within 15 min, reaching a maximum approximately 1 h after administration, and then decreased with a biological half-life of approximately 2 h. Moreover, a single oral administration of DPAA at 0.5-32 mg/kg affected the extracellular DA level in the striatum. The effect on DA level changed slowly after DPAA administration, with a bell-shaped dose-response relationship. The present study suggests that DPAA is rapidly absorbed into the blood circulating in the gastrointestinal tract and passes through the blood-brain barrier to subsequently affect DA levels in the striatum in mice after a single oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoshi Umezu
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Shibata
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Analysis, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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Inhibition of glutathione and s-allyl glutathione on pancreatic lipase: Analysis through in vitro kinetics, fluorescence spectroscopy and in silico docking. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 160:623-631. [PMID: 32473219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of pancreatic lipase (PL) is considered one of the important therapeutic interventions against obesity. In the present study, the inhibition of porcine (mammalian) PL (PPL) by two tripeptides glutathione (GSH) and s-allyl glutathione (SAG) was studied. In vitro kinetic analysis was done to determine the inhibition of GSH and SAG against PPL. The binding of GSH and SAG with PPL was elucidated by fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. Docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis was carried out to understand the intermolecular interaction between both GSH and SAG with PPL as well as human PL (HPL). Both GSH and SAG inhibited PPL in mixed non-competitive manner. The IC50 value for GSH and SAG against PPL was found to be 2.97 and 6.4 mM, respectively. Both GSH and SAG quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of PPL through static quenching that is through forming complex with the PPL. SAG and GSH interacted with amino acids involved in catalysis of both PPL and HPL. MD simulation showed interactions of SAG and GSH with both PPL and HPL were stable. These results would lead to the further studies and application of GSH and SAG against obesity through inhibition of PL.
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9
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Shen L, Lin D, Li X, Wu H, Lenahan C, Pan Y, Xu W, Chen Y, Shao A, Zhang J. Ferroptosis in Acute Central Nervous System Injuries: The Future Direction? Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:594. [PMID: 32760721 PMCID: PMC7373735 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute central nervous system (CNS) injuries, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and spinal cord injury (SCI) present a grave health care challenge worldwide due to high morbidity and mortality, as well as limited clinical therapeutic strategies. Established literature has shown that oxidative stress (OS), inflammation, excitotoxicity, and apoptosis play important roles in the pathophysiological processes of acute CNS injuries. Recently, there have been many studies on the topic of ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death characterized by the accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Some studies have revealed an emerging connection between acute CNS injuries and ferroptosis. Ferroptosis, induced by the abnormal metabolism of lipids, glutathione (GSH), and iron, can accelerate acute CNS injuries. However, pharmaceutical agents, such as iron chelators, ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), and liproxstatin-1 (Lip-1), can inhibit ferroptosis and may have neuroprotective effects after acute CNS injuries. However, the specific mechanisms underlying this connection has not yet been clearly elucidated. In this paper, we discuss the general mechanisms of ferroptosis and its role in stroke, TBI, and SCI. We also summarize ferroptosis-related drugs and highlight the potential therapeutic strategies in treating various acute CNS injuries. Additionally, this paper suggests a testable hypothesis that ferroptosis may be a novel direction for further research of acute CNS injuries by providing corresponding evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesang Shen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danfeng Lin
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET-CT Center, The Second Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, United States.,Center for Neuroscience Research, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Yuanbo Pan
- Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, United States.,Center for Neuroscience Research, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Weilin Xu
- Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, United States.,Center for Neuroscience Research, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Yiding Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Di Pietro V, Yakoub KM, Caruso G, Lazzarino G, Signoretti S, Barbey AK, Tavazzi B, Lazzarino G, Belli A, Amorini AM. Antioxidant Therapies in Traumatic Brain Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9030260. [PMID: 32235799 PMCID: PMC7139349 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to a multiplicity of causes provoking traumatic brain injury (TBI), TBI is a highly heterogeneous pathology, characterized by high mortality and disability rates. TBI is an acute neurodegenerative event, potentially and unpredictably evolving into sub-chronic and chronic neurodegenerative events, with transient or permanent neurologic, cognitive, and motor deficits, for which no valid standardized therapies are available. A vast body of literature demonstrates that TBI-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress is involved in the development of both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Cellular defenses against this phenomenon are largely dependent on low molecular weight antioxidants, most of which are consumed with diet or as nutraceutical supplements. A large number of studies have evaluated the efficacy of antioxidant administration to decrease TBI-associated damage in various animal TBI models and in a limited number of clinical trials. Points of weakness of preclinical studies are represented by the large variability in the TBI model adopted, in the antioxidant tested, in the timing, dosages, and routes of administration used, and in the variety of molecular and/or neurocognitive parameters evaluated. The analysis of the very few clinical studies does not allow strong conclusions to be drawn on the real effectiveness of antioxidant administration to TBI patients. Standardizing TBI models and different experimental conditions, as well as testing the efficacy of administration of a cocktail of antioxidants rather than only one, should be mandatory. According to some promising clinical results, it appears that sports-related concussion is probably the best type of TBI to test the benefits of antioxidant administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Pietro
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (V.D.P.); (K.M.Y.)
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Kamal M. Yakoub
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (V.D.P.); (K.M.Y.)
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Laboratories, Oasi Research Institute – IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina (EN), Italy;
| | - Giacomo Lazzarino
- UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro 8, 00131 Rome, Italy;
| | - Stefano Signoretti
- UOC Neurochirurgia, ASL Roma2, S. Eugenio Hospital, Piazzale dell’Umanesimo 10, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Aron K. Barbey
- The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Barbara Tavazzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University of Rome, Largo F.Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Scienze di laboratorio e infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (B.T.); (G.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Lazzarino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S.Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence: (B.T.); (G.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonio Belli
- Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (V.D.P.); (K.M.Y.)
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Correspondence: (B.T.); (G.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Angela Maria Amorini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Division of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania, Via S.Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy;
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Fukuyama K, Kato R, Murata M, Shiroyama T, Okada M. Clozapine Normalizes a Glutamatergic Transmission Abnormality Induced by an Impaired NMDA Receptor in the Thalamocortical Pathway via the Activation of a Group III Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9060234. [PMID: 31213006 PMCID: PMC6628267 DOI: 10.3390/biom9060234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological mechanisms of gold-standard antipsychotics against treatment-refractory schizophrenia, such as clozapine (CLZ), remain unclear. We aimed to explore the mechanisms of CLZ by investigating the effects of MK801 and CLZ on tripartite synaptic transmission in the thalamocortical glutamatergic pathway using multi-probe microdialysis and primary cultured astrocytes. l-glutamate release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was unaffected by local MK801 administration into mPFC but was enhanced in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MDTN) and reticular thalamic nucleus (RTN) via GABAergic disinhibition in the RTN–MDTN pathway. The local administration of therapeutically relevant concentrations of CLZ into mPFC and MDTN increased and did not affect mPFC l-glutamate release. The local administration of the therapeutically relevant concentration of CLZ into mPFC reduced MK801-induced mPFC l-glutamate release via presynaptic group III metabotropic glutamate receptor (III-mGluR) activation. However, toxic concentrations of CLZ activated l-glutamate release associated with hemichannels. This study demonstrated that RTN is a candidate generator region in which impaired N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)/glutamate receptors likely produce thalamocortical hyperglutamatergic transmission. Additionally, we identified several mechanisms of CLZ relating to its superiority in treatment-resistant schizophrenia and its severe adverse effects: (1) the prevention of thalamocortical hyperglutamatergic transmission via activation of mPFC presynaptic III-mGluR and (2) activation of astroglial l-glutamate release associated with hemichannels. These actions may contribute to the unique clinical profile of CLZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Fukuyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Ryo Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Masahiko Murata
- National Hospital Organization Sakakibara Hospital, 777 Sakakibara, Tsu, Mie 514-1292, Japan.
| | - Takashi Shiroyama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Motohiro Okada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan.
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Amantadine Combines Astroglial System Xc - Activation with Glutamate/NMDA Receptor Inhibition. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9050191. [PMID: 31108896 PMCID: PMC6572554 DOI: 10.3390/biom9050191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A glutamate/NMDA receptor (NMDA-R) antagonist, amantadine (AMA) exhibits a broad spectrum of clinically important properties, including antiviral, antiparkinsonian, neuroprotective, neuro-reparative and cognitive-enhancing effects. However, both clinical and pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that noncompetitive NMDA-R antagonists induce severe schizophrenia-like cognitive deficits. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the clinical discrepancy between AMA and noncompetitive NMDA-R antagonists by comparing the effects of AMA with those of a noncompetitive NMDA-R antagonist, MK801, on rat tripartite glutamatergic synaptic transmission using microdialysis and primary cultured astrocytes. Microdialysis study demonstrated that the stimulatory effects of AMA on L-glutamate release differed from those of MK801 in the globus pallidus, entorhinal cortex and entopeduncular nucleus. The stimulatory effect of AMA on L-glutamate release was modulated by activation of cystine/glutamate antiporter (Sxc). Primary cultured astrocytes study demonstrated that AMA also enhanced glutathione synthesis via Sxc activation. Furthermore, carbon-monoxide induced damage of the astroglial glutathione synthesis system was repaired by AMA but not MK801. Additionally, glutamate/AMPA receptor (AMPA-R) antagonist, perampanel enhanced the protective effects of AMA. The findings of microdialysis and cultured astrocyte studies suggest that a combination of Sxc activation with inhibitions of ionotropic glutamate receptors contributes to neuroprotective, neuro-reparative and cognitive-enhancing activities that can mitigate several neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Girgis RR, Baker S, Mao X, Gil R, Javitt DC, Kantrowitz JT, Gu M, Spielman DM, Ojeil N, Xu X, Abi-Dargham A, Shungu DC, Kegeles LS. Effects of acute N-acetylcysteine challenge on cortical glutathione and glutamate in schizophrenia: A pilot in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Psychiatry Res 2019; 275:78-85. [PMID: 30884334 PMCID: PMC6515541 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Findings from in vivo brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) and preclinical studies have suggested region- and medication status-dependent increases in glutamate (Glu) levels and deficiencies in glutathione (GSH) levels in schizophrenia. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a GSH synthesis precursor, has demonstrated modest clinical benefit in schizophrenia. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of acute administration of NAC on GSH and Glu levels measured with 1H MRS in 19 patients with schizophrenia and 20 healthy control subjects. Levels of GSH were acquired in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and those of Glu in dACC and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), at baseline and 60 min following acute oral administration of 2400 mg of NAC. No differences in the levels of GSH or Glu were found at baseline or following NAC administration between patients with schizophrenia and control subjects in either of the targeted brain regions. Future studies measuring GSH levels in brain regions previously found to exhibit glutamatergic abnormalities or using genetic polymorphisms, while controlling for the age and medication status of the cohorts, are warranted to better identify groups of patients more likely to respond to NAC and its mode of action and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragy R Girgis
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 31, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Seth Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 31, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiangling Mao
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Roberto Gil
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, USA
| | - Daniel C Javitt
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 31, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joshua T Kantrowitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 31, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Meng Gu
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Najate Ojeil
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 31, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 31, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anissa Abi-Dargham
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, USA
| | - Dikoma C Shungu
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Lawrence S Kegeles
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 31, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Gonçalves CA, Rodrigues L, Bobermin LD, Zanotto C, Vizuete A, Quincozes-Santos A, Souza DO, Leite MC. Glycolysis-Derived Compounds From Astrocytes That Modulate Synaptic Communication. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1035. [PMID: 30728759 PMCID: PMC6351787 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the concept of the tripartite synapse, we have reviewed the role of glucose-derived compounds in glycolytic pathways in astroglial cells. Glucose provides energy and substrate replenishment for brain activity, such as glutamate and lipid synthesis. In addition, glucose metabolism in the astroglial cytoplasm results in products such as lactate, methylglyoxal, and glutathione, which modulate receptors and channels in neurons. Glucose has four potential destinations in neural cells, and it is possible to propose a crossroads in “X” that can be used to describe these four destinations. Glucose-6P can be used either for glycogen synthesis or the pentose phosphate pathway on the left and right arms of the X, respectively. Fructose-6P continues through the glycolysis pathway until pyruvate is formed but can also act as the initial compound in the hexosamine pathway, representing the left and right legs of the X, respectively. We describe each glucose destination and its regulation, indicating the products of these pathways and how they can affect synaptic communication. Extracellular L-lactate, either generated from glucose or from glycogen, binds to HCAR1, a specific receptor that is abundantly localized in perivascular and post-synaptic membranes and regulates synaptic plasticity. Methylglyoxal, a product of a deviation of glycolysis, and its derivative D-lactate are also released by astrocytes and bind to GABAA receptors and HCAR1, respectively. Glutathione, in addition to its antioxidant role, also binds to ionotropic glutamate receptors in the synaptic cleft. Finally, we examined the hexosamine pathway and evaluated the effect of GlcNAc-modification on key proteins that regulate the other glucose destinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Letícia Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Larissa D Bobermin
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caroline Zanotto
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriana Vizuete
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina C Leite
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Tardiolo G, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Overview on the Effects of N-Acetylcysteine in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123305. [PMID: 30551603 PMCID: PMC6320789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which is an acetylated cysteine compound, has aroused scientific interest for decades due to its important medical applications. It also represents a nutritional supplement in the human diet. NAC is a glutathione precursor and shows antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition to the uses quoted in the literature, NAC may be considered helpful in therapies to counteract neurodegenerative and mental health diseases. Furthermore, this compound has been evaluated for its neuroprotective potential in the prevention of cognitive aging dementia. NAC is inexpensive, commercially available and no relevant side effects were observed after its administration. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview on the effects and applications of NAC in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disorders and in neuropathic pain and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tardiolo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Mazzon
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy.
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Attenuation of toluene-induced brain stimulation reward enhancement and behavioral disturbances by N-acetylcysteine in mice. Toxicology 2018; 408:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ben-Azu B, Aderibigbe AO, Ajayi AM, Iwalewa EO. Neuroprotective effects of the ethanol stem bark extracts of Terminalia ivorensis in ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors and oxidative damage in mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2871-2879. [PMID: 27250524 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1190382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Schizophrenia is a heterogenous neurological disorder, which has been hypothetically linked to oxidative imbalance and associated behavioral perturbations. Preliminary evidence from animal models predictive of human psychosis suggests that Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev. (Combretaceae) has antipsychotic-like activity in mice. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the neuroprotective property of the ethanol stem bark extracts of T. ivorensis (EETI) in reversal treatment of ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like behaviors and oxidative alteration in adult male Swiss albino mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals were divided into six treatment groups (n = 5). Animals received distilled water or ketamine (20 mg/kg) once daily intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 14 days, and from the 8th to the 14th day, they were treated with EETI (125, 250 or 500 mg/kg), risperidone (RIS) or vehicle orally once daily. Behaviors related to positive (locomotor activity) and cognitive (Y maze) symptoms of schizophrenia were assessed. Glutathione (GSH) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, including malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration were measured in mice whole brains. RESULT The LD50 of EETI was 2236.06 mg/kg, p.o. body weight. EETI (125, 250 or 500 mg/kg, p.o.) demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion and cognitive dysfunction. The extract decreased MDA concentration (39.0, 62.6 and 67.5%) in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, EETI significantly (p < 0.05) reversed the depletion of GSH, and increased activities of SOD and CAT in brain tissues. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These findings suggest that EETI probably exert its antipsychotic-like activity, via a neuroprotective compensatory mechanism of action, and as such, could be relevant in the management of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benneth Ben-Azu
- a Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine , University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Oyo State , Nigeria
| | - Adegbuyi Oladele Aderibigbe
- a Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine , University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Oyo State , Nigeria
| | - Abayomi Mayowa Ajayi
- a Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine , University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Oyo State , Nigeria
| | - Ezekiel Oluwagbenga Iwalewa
- a Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine , University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Oyo State , Nigeria
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18
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Beard E, Shahab L, Cummings DM, Michie S, West R. New Pharmacological Agents to Aid Smoking Cessation and Tobacco Harm Reduction: What Has Been Investigated, and What Is in the Pipeline? CNS Drugs 2016; 30:951-83. [PMID: 27421270 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of support is available to help smokers to quit and to aid attempts at harm reduction, including three first-line smoking cessation medications: nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline and bupropion. Despite the efficacy of these, there is a continual need to diversify the range of medications so that the needs of tobacco users are met. This paper compares the first-line smoking cessation medications with (1) two variants of these existing products: new galenic formulations of varenicline and novel nicotine delivery devices; and (2) 24 alternative products: cytisine (novel outside Central and Eastern Europe), nortriptyline, other tricyclic antidepressants, electronic cigarettes, clonidine (an anxiolytic), other anxiolytics (e.g. buspirone), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, supplements (e.g. St John's wort), silver acetate, Nicobrevin, modafinil, venlafaxine, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), opioid antagonists, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonists, glucose tablets, selective cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonists, nicotine vaccines, drugs that affect gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmission, drugs that affect N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, dopamine agonists (e.g. levodopa), pioglitazone (Actos; OMS405), noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors and the weight management drug lorcaserin. Six 'ESCUSE' criteria-relative efficacy, relative safety, relative cost, relative use (overall impact of effective medication use), relative scope (ability to serve new groups of patients) and relative ease of use-are used. Many of these products are in the early stages of clinical trials; however, cytisine looks most promising in having established efficacy and safety with low cost. Electronic cigarettes have become very popular, appear to be efficacious and are safer than smoking, but issues of continued dependence and possible harms need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Beard
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, WC1E 6BP, UK.
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BP, UK.
| | - Lion Shahab
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, WC1E 6BP, UK
| | - Damian M Cummings
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Susan Michie
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BP, UK
| | - Robert West
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, WC1E 6BP, UK
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Koga M, Serritella AV, Sawa A, Sedlak TW. Implications for reactive oxygen species in schizophrenia pathogenesis. Schizophr Res 2016; 176:52-71. [PMID: 26589391 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a well-recognized participant in the pathophysiology of multiple brain disorders, particularly neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. While not a dementia, a wide body of evidence has also been accumulating for aberrant reactive oxygen species and inflammation in schizophrenia. Here we highlight roles for oxidative stress as a common mechanism by which varied genetic and epidemiologic risk factors impact upon neurodevelopmental processes that underlie the schizophrenia syndrome. While there is longstanding evidence that schizophrenia may not have a single causative lesion, a common pathway involving oxidative stress opens the possibility for intervention at susceptible phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Koga
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 3-166, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Anthony V Serritella
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 3-166, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 3-166, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Thomas W Sedlak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Meyer 3-166, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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20
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Chitty KM, Lagopoulos J, Hickie IB, Hermens DF. Alcohol use in bipolar disorder: A neurobiological model to help predict susceptibility, select treatments and attenuate cortical insult. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 56:193-206. [PMID: 26192106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In a series of neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies we investigated the neurobiology related to alcohol use in young people with bipolar disorder. Impairments were identified across frontal and temporal representations of event-related potential and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy markers; mismatch negativity and in vivo glutathione, respectively. We propose these findings reflect impairments in the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and antioxidant capacity. This review seeks to place these findings within the broader literature in the context of two propositions: 1. Pathophysiological impairments in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor functioning in bipolar disorder contribute to susceptibility toward developing alcohol problems. 2. Alcohol aggravates bipolar disorder neuroprogression via oxidative stress. A neurobiological model that incorporates these propositions is presented, with a focus on the potential for N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism and glutathione augmentation as potential adjunctive pharmacotherapies to treat the comorbidity. While this review highlights the importance of alcohol monitoring and reduction strategies in the treatment of bipolar disorder, the clinical impact of the proposed model remains limited by the lack of controlled trials of novel pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Chitty
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Ian B Hickie
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
| | - Daniel F Hermens
- Clinical Research Unit, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
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21
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Arent CO, Valvassori SS, Steckert AV, Resende WR, Dal-Pont GC, Lopes-Borges J, Amboni RT, Bianchini G, Quevedo J. The effects of n-acetylcysteine and/or deferoxamine on manic-like behavior and brain oxidative damage in mice submitted to the paradoxal sleep deprivation model of mania. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 65:71-9. [PMID: 25937502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe psychiatric disorder associated with social and functional impairment. Some studies have strongly suggested the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of BD. Paradoxal sleep deprivation (PSD) in mice has been considered a good animal model of mania because it induces similar manic-like behavior, as well as producing the neurochemical alterations which have been observed in bipolar patients. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the antioxidant agent's n-acetylcysteine (Nac) and/or deferoxamine (DFX) on behavior and the oxidative stress parameters in the brains of mice submitted to the animal model of mania induced by PSD. The mice were treated for a period of seven days with saline solution (SAL), Nac, DFX or Nac plus DFX. The animals were subject to the PSD protocol for 36 h. Locomotor activity was then evaluated using the open-field test, and the oxidative stress parameters were subsequently evaluated in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of mice. The results showed PSD induced hyperactivity in mice, which is considered a manic-like behavior. In addition to this, PSD increased lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage to proteins, as well as causing alterations to antioxidant enzymes in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of mice. The Nac plus DFX adjunctive treatment prevented both the manic-like behavior and oxidative damage induced by PSD. Improving our understanding relating to oxidative damage in biomolecules, and the antioxidant mechanisms presented in the animal models of mania are important in helping to improve our knowledge concerning the pathophysiology and development of new therapeutical treatments for BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila O Arent
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil.
| | - Samira S Valvassori
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Amanda V Steckert
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Wilson R Resende
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo C Dal-Pont
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Lopes-Borges
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Rafaela T Amboni
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Bianchini
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil; Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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22
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León-Caballero J, Pacchiarotti I, Murru A, Valentí M, Colom F, Benach B, Pérez V, Dalmau J, Vieta E. Bipolar disorder and antibodies against the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor: A gate to the involvement of autoimmunity in the pathophysiology of bipolar illness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:403-12. [PMID: 26014349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The high prevalence of comorbidity between bipolar disorder (BD) and other medical conditions, including autoimmune diseases, supports the hypothesis of the nature of BD as a biological illness category. Hence, an immune dysregulation process may play an important role in the development of at least certain subtypes of BD. Increasing evidence also suggests that the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) may be relevant in the pathophysiology of BD. A possible key mechanism underlying the physiopathology of certain autoimmune diseases that may present with affective symptoms might be the production of anti-NMDAR auto-antibodies (auto-Abs). The best characterized autoimmune anti-NMDAR disease is the anti-NMDAR encephalitis. It has been found that 4% of these patients present isolated, mostly affective, psychiatric manifestations during their illness. An interesting suggestion emerged from this overview is that the same mechanisms that trigger affective symptoms in patients with increased anti-NMDAR auto-Abs levels could be involved in the physiopathology of at least a subgroup of BD. Future studies are needed to characterize the relationship between anti-NMDAR auto-Abs and BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J León-Caballero
- Bipolar Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Parc de Salut Mar, CIBERSAM, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - I Pacchiarotti
- Bipolar Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A Murru
- Bipolar Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Valentí
- Bipolar Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F Colom
- Bipolar Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - B Benach
- Bipolar Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - V Pérez
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Parc de Salut Mar, CIBERSAM, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Dalmau
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - E Vieta
- Bipolar Disorders Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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23
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Clinical trials of N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry and neurology: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:294-321. [PMID: 25957927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is recognized for its role in acetaminophen overdose and as a mucolytic. Over the past decade, there has been growing evidence for the use of NAC in treating psychiatric and neurological disorders, considering its role in attenuating pathophysiological processes associated with these disorders, including oxidative stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation and glutamate and dopamine dysregulation. In this systematic review we find favorable evidence for the use of NAC in several psychiatric and neurological disorders, particularly autism, Alzheimer's disease, cocaine and cannabis addiction, bipolar disorder, depression, trichotillomania, nail biting, skin picking, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, drug-induced neuropathy and progressive myoclonic epilepsy. Disorders such as anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and mild traumatic brain injury have preliminary evidence and require larger confirmatory studies while current evidence does not support the use of NAC in gambling, methamphetamine and nicotine addictions and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Overall, NAC treatment appears to be safe and tolerable. Further well designed, larger controlled trials are needed for specific psychiatric and neurological disorders where the evidence is favorable.
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Rosa AR, Singh N, Whitaker E, de Brito M, Lewis AM, Vieta E, Churchill GC, Geddes JR, Goodwin GM. Altered plasma glutathione levels in bipolar disorder indicates higher oxidative stress; a possible risk factor for illness onset despite normal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Psychol Med 2014; 44:2409-2418. [PMID: 24467931 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291714000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and neurotrophic factors have been implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Our objective was to determine whether plasma glutathione or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were abnormal in bipolar disorder and therefore useful as possible biomarkers. METHOD Blood samples were collected from subsyndromal, medicated bipolar I patients (n = 50), recruited from OXTEXT, University of Oxford, and from 50 matched healthy controls. Total and oxidized glutathione levels were measured using an enzymatic recycling method and used to calculate reduced, percentage oxidized, ratio of reduced:oxidized and redox state. BDNF was measured using an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Self-monitored mood scores for the bipolar group were available (Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology and the Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale) over an 8-week period. RESULTS Compared with controls, bipolar patients had significantly lower levels of total glutathione and it was more oxidized. BDNF levels were not different. Age of illness onset but not current mood state correlated with total glutathione levels and its oxidation status, so that lower levels of total and reduced glutathione were associated with later onset of disease, not length of illness. CONCLUSIONS Plasma glutathione levels and redox state detect oxidative stress even in subsyndromal patients with normal BDNF. It may relate to the onset and development of bipolar disorder. Plasma glutathione appears to be a suitable biomarker for detecting underlying oxidative stress and for evaluating the efficacy of antioxidant intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Rosa
- Bipolar Disorders Program, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic,University of Barcelona,IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM,Spain
| | - N Singh
- Department of Pharmacology,University of Oxford,Oxford,UK
| | - E Whitaker
- Department of Pharmacology,University of Oxford,Oxford,UK
| | - M de Brito
- Department of Pharmacology,University of Oxford,Oxford,UK
| | - A M Lewis
- Department of Pharmacology,University of Oxford,Oxford,UK
| | - E Vieta
- Bipolar Disorders Program, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic,University of Barcelona,IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM,Spain
| | - G C Churchill
- Department of Pharmacology,University of Oxford,Oxford,UK
| | - J R Geddes
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital,University of Oxford,Oxford,UK
| | - G M Goodwin
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital,University of Oxford,Oxford,UK
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The Glutathione System: A New Drug Target in Neuroimmune Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:1059-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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de Sousa RT, Zarate CA, Zanetti MV, Costa AC, Talib LL, Gattaz WF, Machado-Vieira R. Oxidative stress in early stage Bipolar Disorder and the association with response to lithium. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 50:36-41. [PMID: 24332923 PMCID: PMC4052827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have described increased oxidative stress (OxS) parameters and imbalance of antioxidant enzymes in Bipolar Disorder (BD) but few is know about the impact of treatment at these targets. However, no study has evaluated OxS parameters in unmedicated early stage BD and their association with lithium treatment in bipolar depression. METHODS Patients with BD I or II (n = 29) in a depressive episode were treated for 6 weeks with lithium. Plasma samples were collected at baseline and endpoint, and were also compared to age-matched controls (n = 28). The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were measured. RESULTS Subjects with BD depression at baseline presented a significant increase in CAT (p = 0.005) and GPx (p < 0.001) levels, with lower SOD/CAT ratio (p = 0.001) and no changes on SOD or TBARS compared to healthy controls. Regarding therapeutics, lithium only induced a decrease in TBARS (p = 0.023) and SOD (p = 0.029) levels, especially in BDII. Finally, TBARS levels were significantly lower at endpoint in lithium responders compared to non-responders (p = 0.018) with no difference in any biomarker regarding remission. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest a reactive increase in antioxidant enzymes levels during depressive episodes in early stage BD with minimal prior treatment. Also, decreased lipid peroxidation (TBARS) levels were observed, associated with lithium's clinical efficacy. Overall, these results reinforce the role for altered oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of BD and the presence of antioxidant effects of lithium in the prevention of illness progression and clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael T. de Sousa
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM-27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch (ETPB), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marcus V. Zanetti
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM-27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alana C. Costa
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM-27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leda L. Talib
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM-27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner F. Gattaz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM-27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM-27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil; Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch (ETPB), National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Investigation of the Material Basis Underlying the Correlation between Presbycusis and Kidney Deficiency in Traditional Chinese Medicine via GC/MS Metabolomics. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:762092. [PMID: 24371466 PMCID: PMC3858872 DOI: 10.1155/2013/762092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To investigate the correlation between presbycusis and kidney deficiency as defined by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its material basis from the perspective of metabolism. Methods. Pure-tone audiometry was used to test auditory function. A kidney deficiency symptom scoring table was used to measure the kidney deficiency accumulated scores of the research subjects. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to measure the metabolites in the urine samples from 11 presbycusis patients and 9 elderly people with normal hearing. Results. Hearing loss in the elderly was positively correlated with kidney deficiency score in TCM. There were significant differences in urine metabolite profile between the presbycusis patients and the controls. A total of 23 differentially expressed metabolites were found. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that these metabolites were related to glutathione metabolism, amino acid metabolism, glucose metabolism, the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor pathway, and the γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor pathway. Conclusion. Glutathione metabolism, amino acid metabolism, glucose metabolism, NMDA receptors, and GABA receptors may be related to the pathogenesis of presbycusis and may be the material basis underlying the correlation between presbycusis and kidney deficiency in TCM.
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Scaini G, Jeremias GC, Furlanetto CB, Dominguini D, Comim CM, Quevedo J, Schuck PF, Ferreira GC, Streck EL. Behavioral responses in rats submitted to chronic administration of branched-chain amino acids. JIMD Rep 2013; 13:159-67. [PMID: 24214724 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2013_274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an inborn metabolism error caused by a deficiency of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex activity. This blockage leads to an accumulation of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine, isoleucine, and valine, as well as their corresponding α-keto and α-hydroxy acids. Previous reports suggest that MSUD patients are at high risk for chronic neuropsychiatric problems. Therefore, in this study, we assessed variables that suggest depressive-like symptoms (anhedonia as measured by sucrose intake, immobility during the forced swimming test and body and adrenal gland weight) in rats submitted to chronic administration of BCAA during development. Furthermore, we determined if these parameters were sensitive to imipramine and N-acetylcysteine/deferoxamine (NAC/DFX). Our results demonstrated that animals subjected to chronic administration of branched-chain amino acids showed a decrease in sucrose intake without significant changes in body weight. We also observed an increase in adrenal gland weight and immobility time during the forced swimming test. However, treatment with imipramine and NAC/DFX reversed these changes in the behavioral tasks. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a link between MSUD and depression in rats. Moreover, this investigation reveals that the antidepressant action of NAC/DFX and imipramine might be associated with their capability to maintain pro-/anti-oxidative homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselli Scaini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Criciúma, Av. UniversitÄria, 1105, Criciúma, 88806-000, SC, Brazil
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Hagiwara H, Iyo M, Hashimoto K. Neonatal disruption of serine racemase causes schizophrenia-like behavioral abnormalities in adulthood: clinical rescue by d-serine. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62438. [PMID: 23630632 PMCID: PMC3632541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND D-Serine, an endogenous co-agonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, is synthesized from L-serine by serine racemase (SRR). Given the role of D-serine in both neurodevelopment and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, we examined whether neonatal disruption of D-serine synthesis by SRR inhibition could induce behavioral abnormalities relevant to schizophrenia, in later life. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Neonatal mice (7-9 days) were injected with vehicle or phenazine methosulfate (Met-Phen: 3 mg/kg/day), an SRR inhibitor. Behavioral evaluations, such as spontaneous locomotion, novel object recognition test (NORT), and prepulse inhibition (PPI) were performed at juvenile (5-6 weeks old) and adult (10-12 weeks old) stages. In addition, we tested the effects of D-serine on PPI deficits in adult mice after neonatal Met-Phen exposure. Finally, we assessed whether D-serine could prevent the onset of schizophrenia-like behavior in these mice. Neonatal Met-Phen treatment reduced D-serine levels in the brain, 24 hours after the final dose. Additionally, this treatment caused behavioral abnormalities relevant to prodromal symptoms in juveniles and to schizophrenia in adults. A single dose of D-serine improved PPI deficits in adult mice. Interestingly, chronic administration of D-serine (900 mg/kg/day from P35 to P70) significantly prevented the onset of PPI deficits after neonatal Met-Phen exposure. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study shows that disruption of D-serine synthesis during developmental stages leads to behavioral abnormalities relevant to prodromal symptoms and schizophrenia, in later life. Furthermore, early pharmacological intervention with D-serine may prevent the onset of psychosis in adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Hagiwara
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
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Aldbass AM, Bhat RS, El-Ansary A. Protective and therapeutic potency of N-acetyl-cysteine on propionic acid-induced biochemical autistic features in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:42. [PMID: 23537042 PMCID: PMC3680076 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The investigation of the environmental contribution for developmental neurotoxicity is very critical. Many environmental chemical exposures are now thought to contribute to the development of neurological disorders, especially in children. Results from animal studies may guide investigations of human populations towards identifying either environmental toxicants that cause or drugs that protect from neurotoxicity and may help in treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders. OBJECTIVE To study both the protective and therapeutic effects of N-acetyl cysteine on brain intoxication induced by propionic acid (PPA) in rats. METHODS Twenty-eight young male Western Albino rats were enrolled in the present study. They were grouped into four equal groups, each of 7 animals. Group 1: control group, orally received only phosphate buffered saline; Group 2: PPA-treated group, received a neurotoxic dose of of PPA of 250 mg/kg body weight/day for 3 days; Group 3: protective group, received a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight/day N-acetyl-cysteine for one week followed by a similar dose of PPA for 3 days; and Group 4: therapeutic group, treated with the same dose of N-acetyl cysteine after being treated with the toxic dose of PPA. Serotonin, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and glutathione-s-transferase activity, together with Comet DNA were assayed in the brain tissue of rats in all different groups. RESULTS The obtained data showed that PPA caused multiple signs of brain toxicity as measured by depletion of serotonin (5HT), increase in IFN-γ and inhibition of glutathione-s-transferase activity as three biomarkers of brain dysfunction. Additionally Comet DNA assay showed remarkably higher tail length, tail DNA % damage and tail moment. N-acetyl-cysteine was effective in counteracting the neurotoxic effects of PPA. CONCLUSIONS The low dose and the short duration of N-acetyl-cysteine treatment tested in the present study showed much more protective rather than therapeutic effects on PPA-induced neurotoxicity in rats, as there was a remarkable amelioration in the impaired biochemical parameters representing neurochemical, inflammatory, detoxification and DNA damage processes.
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Berk M, Malhi GS, Gray LJ, Dean OM. The promise of N-acetylcysteine in neuropsychiatry. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:167-77. [PMID: 23369637 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) targets a diverse array of factors germane to the pathophysiology of multiple neuropsychiatric disorders including glutamatergic transmission, the antioxidant glutathione, neurotrophins, apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and inflammatory pathways. This review summarises the areas where the mechanisms of action of NAC overlap with known pathophysiological elements, and offers a précis of current literature regarding the use of NAC in disorders including cocaine, cannabis, and smoking addictions, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, autism, compulsive and grooming disorders, schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder. There are positive trials of NAC in all these disorders, and although many of these require replication and are methodologically preliminary, this makes it one of the most promising drug candidates in neuropsychiatric disorders. The efficacy pattern of NAC interestingly shows little respect for the current diagnostic systems. Its benign tolerability profile, its action on multiple operative pathways, and the emergence of positive trial data make it an important target to investigate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Berk
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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Palmer LA, May WJ, deRonde K, Brown-Steinke K, Bates JN, Gaston B, Lewis SJ. Ventilatory responses during and following exposure to a hypoxic challenge in conscious mice deficient or null in S-nitrosoglutathione reductase. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012. [PMID: 23183419 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to a hypoxic challenge increases ventilation in wild-type (WT) mice that diminish during the challenge (roll-off) whereas return to room air causes an increase in ventilation (short-term facilitation, STF). Since plasma and tissue levels of ventilatory excitant S-nitrosothiols such as S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) increase during hypoxia, this study examined whether (1) the initial increase in ventilation is due to generation of GSNO, (2) roll-off is due to increased activity of the GSNO degrading enzyme, GSNO reductase (GSNOR), and (3) STF is limited by GSNOR activity. Initial ventilatory responses to hypoxic challenge (10% O(2), 90% N(2)) were similar in WT, GSNO+/- and GSNO-/- mice. These responses diminished markedly during hypoxic challenge in WT mice whereas there was minimal roll-off in GSNOR+/- and GSNOR-/- mice. Finally, STF was greater in GSNOR+/- and GSNOR-/- mice than in WT mice (especially females). This study suggests that GSNOR degradation of GSNO is a vital step in the expression of ventilatory roll-off and that GSNOR suppresses STF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Palmer
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Dean O, Giorlando F, Berk M. N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry: current therapeutic evidence and potential mechanisms of action. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2011; 36:78-86. [PMID: 21118657 PMCID: PMC3044191 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an expanding field of research investigating the benefits of alternatives to current pharmacological therapies in psychiatry. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is emerging as a useful agent in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Like many therapies, the clinical origins of NAC are far removed from its current use in psychiatry. Whereas the mechanisms of NAC are only beginning to be understood, it is likely that NAC is exerting benefits beyond being a precursor to the antioxidant, glutathione, modulating glutamatergic, neurotropic and inflammatory pathways. This review outlines the current literature regarding the use of NAC in disorders including addiction, compulsive and grooming disorders, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. N-acetylcysteine has shown promising results in populations with these disorders, including those in whom treatment efficacy has previously been limited. The therapeutic potential of this acetylated amino acid is beginning to emerge in the field of psychiatric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Dean
- Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Broadhead GK, Mun HC, Avlani VA, Jourdon O, Church WB, Christopoulos A, Delbridge L, Conigrave AD. Allosteric modulation of the calcium-sensing receptor by gamma-glutamyl peptides: inhibition of PTH secretion, suppression of intracellular cAMP levels, and a common mechanism of action with L-amino acids. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:8786-97. [PMID: 21187282 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.149724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl peptides were identified previously as novel positive allosteric modulators of Ca(2+)(o)-dependent intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in HEK-293 cells that bind in the calcium-sensing receptor VFT domain. In the current study, we investigated whether γ-glutamyl-tripeptides including γ-Glu-Cys-Gly (glutathione) and its analogs S-methylglutathione and S-propylglutathione, or dipeptides including γ-Glu-Ala and γ-Glu-Cys are positive allosteric modulators of Ca(2+)(o)-dependent Ca(2+)(i) mobilization and PTH secretion from normal human parathyroid cells as well as Ca(2+)(o)-dependent suppression of intracellular cAMP levels in calcium-sensing receptor (CaR)-expressing HEK-293 cells. In addition, we compared the effects of the potent γ-glutamyl peptide S-methylglutathione, and the amino acid L-Phe on HEK-293 cells that stably expressed either the wild-type CaR or the double mutant T145A/S170T, which exhibits selectively impaired responses to L-amino acids. We find that γ-glutamyl peptides are potent positive allosteric modulators of the CaR that promote Ca(2+)(o)-dependent Ca(2+)(i) mobilization, suppress intracellular cAMP levels and inhibit PTH secretion from normal human parathyroid cells. Furthermore, we find that the double mutant T145A/S170T exhibits markedly impaired Ca(2+)(i) mobilization and cAMP suppression responses to S-methylglutathione as well as L-Phe indicating that γ-glutamyl peptides and L-amino acids activate the CaR via a common mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey K Broadhead
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Fan G, Feng C, Wu F, Ye W, Lin F, Wang C, Yan J, Zhu G, Xiao Y, Bi Y. Methionine choline reverses lead-induced cognitive and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 1 deficits. Toxicology 2010; 272:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Murali G, Dhivya S, Rasappan P. Role of Glutathione monoester on age‐related neurochemical alterations in rat brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 2009; 27:643-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Murali
- Department of Medical BiochemistryDr. ALM Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical SciencesUniversity of MadrasTaramani CampusChennai600 113India
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Shin EJ, Ko KH, Kim WK, Chae JS, Yen TPH, Kim HJ, Wie MB, Kim HC. Role of glutathione peroxidase in the ontogeny of hippocampal oxidative stress and kainate seizure sensitivity in the genetically epilepsy-prone rats. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:1134-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Matsuzawa D, Obata T, Shirayama Y, Nonaka H, Kanazawa Y, Yoshitome E, Takanashi J, Matsuda T, Shimizu E, Ikehira H, Iyo M, Hashimoto K. Negative correlation between brain glutathione level and negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a 3T 1H-MRS study. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1944. [PMID: 18398470 PMCID: PMC2275307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glutathione (GSH), a major intracellular antioxidant, plays a role in NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission, which is involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether GSH levels are altered in the posterior medial frontal cortex of schizophrenic patients. Furthermore, we examined correlations between GSH levels and clinical variables in patients. Methods and Findings Twenty schizophrenia patients and 16 age- and gender-matched normal controls were enrolled to examine the levels of GSH in the posterior medial frontal cortex by using 3T SIGNA EXCITE 1H-MRS with the spectral editing technique, MEGA-PRESS. Clinical variables of patients were assessed by the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Drug-Induced Extra-Pyramidal Symptoms Scale (DIEPSS), and five cognitive performance tests (Word Fluency Test, Stroop Test, Trail Making Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Digit Span Distractibility Test). Levels of GSH in the posterior medial frontal cortex of schizophrenic patients were not different from those of normal controls. However, we found a significant negative correlation between GSH levels and the severity of negative symptoms (SANS total score and negative symptom subscore on BPRS) in patients. There were no correlations between brain GSH levels and scores on any cognitive performance test except Trail Making Test part A. Conclusion These results suggest that GSH levels in the posterior medial frontal cortex may be related to negative symptoms in schizophrenic patients. Therefore, agents that increase GSH levels in the brain could be potential therapeutic drugs for negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Matsuzawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Science, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Obata
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Shirayama
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroi Nonaka
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoko Kanazawa
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Eiji Yoshitome
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Science, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Tsuyoshi Matsuda
- Imaging Application Technical Center, GE Yokogawa Medical Systems Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Shimizu
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroo Ikehira
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaomi Iyo
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Janáky R, Dohovics R, Saransaari P, Oja SS. Modulation of [3H]dopamine release by glutathione in mouse striatal slices. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:1357-64. [PMID: 17401648 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (gamma-glutamylcysteinylglycine, GSH and oxidized glutathione, GSSG), may function as a neuromodulator at the glutamate receptors and as a neurotransmitter at its own receptors. We studied now the effects of GSH, GSSG, glutathione derivatives and thiol redox agents on the spontaneous, K(+)- and glutamate-agonist-evoked releases of [(3)H]dopamine from mouse striatal slices. The release evoked by 25 mM K(+) was inhibited by GSH, S-ethyl-, -propyl-, -butyl- and pentylglutathione and glutathione sulfonate. 5,5'-Dithio-bis-2-nitrobenzoate (DTNB) and L-cystine were also inhibitory, while dithiothreitol (DTT) and L-cysteine enhanced the K(+)-evoked release. Ten min preperfusion with 50 microM ZnCl(2) enhanced the basal unstimulated release but prevented the activation of K(+)-evoked release by DTT. Kainate and 2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) evoked dopamine release but the other glutamate receptor agonists N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), glycine (1 mM) and trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate (t-ACPD, 0.5 mM), and the modulators GSH, GSSG, glutathione sulfonate, S-alkyl-derivatives of glutathione, DTNB, cystine, cysteine and DTT (all 1 mM) were without effect. The release evoked by 1 mM glutamate was enhanced by 1 mM GSH, while GSSG, glutathionesulfonate and S-alkyl derivatives of glutathione were generally without effect or inhibitory. NMDA (1 mM) evoked release only in the presence of 1 mM GSH but not with GSSG, other peptides or thiol modulators. L-Cysteine (1 mM) enhanced the glutamate-evoked release similarly to GSH. The activation by 1 mM kainate was inhibited by S-ethyl-, -propyl-, and -butylglutathione and the activation by 0.5 mM AMPA was inhibited by S-ethylglutathione but enhanced by GSSG. Glutathione alone does not directly evoke dopamine release but may inhibit the depolarization-evoked release by preventing the toxic effects of high glutamate, and by modulating the cysteine-cystine redox state in Ca(2+ )channels. GSH also seems to enhance the glutamate-agonist-evoked release via both non-NMDA and NMDA receptors. In this action, the gamma-glutamyl and cysteinyl moieties of glutathione are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Réka Janáky
- Brain Research Center, University of Tampere Medical School, Tampere, Finland
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Achat-Mendes C, Anderson KL, Itzhak Y. Impairment in consolidation of learned place preference following dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice is ameliorated by N-acetylcysteine but not D1 and D2 dopamine receptor agonists. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:531-41. [PMID: 16760923 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Some of the major concerns related to methamphetamine (METH) abuse are the neuronal damage inflicted at dopamine (DA) nerve terminals and the cognitive deficits observed in human METH abusers. We have shown that a high dose of METH selectively depleted dopaminergic markers in striatum, frontal cortex and amygdala of Swiss Webster mice, and impaired learned place preference. In this study, we investigated whether deficits in consolidation of place learning, as a consequence of METH neurotoxicity, underlie the underperformance of cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP). Administration of METH (5 mg/kg x 3) to Swiss Webster mice decreased striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive neurons and significantly increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, confirming the neurotoxic potential of METH in mice. This treatment significantly attenuated the establishment of cocaine (15 mg/kg) CPP compared to control. To investigate whether manipulation of the consolidation phase improves learned place preference, mice were trained by cocaine and received daily post-training injections of DA receptor agonists or N-acetylcysteine (NAC). As memory consolidation occurs shortly after training, drugs were administered either immediately or 2 h post-training. Immediate post-training administration of the D1 DA receptor agonist SKF38393 (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) or the D2 DA receptor agonist quinpirole (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg) did not improve the establishment of CPP following METH neurotoxicity. However, immediate but not delayed NAC administration (50 and 100 mg/kg) enhanced cocaine CPP following METH neurotoxicity and had no effect on control CPP. The levels of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) in striatum, amygdala, hippocampus and frontal cortex were significantly lower in METH-treated mice compared to control during the period of CPP training. Acute and repeated administration of NAC to METH-treated mice restored the decreased brain GSH but had no effect on controls. Results suggest that METH-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity is associated with impairment of consolidation of learned place preference, and that this impairment is improved by immediate post-training administration of the glutathione precursor NAC and not by D1 or D2 DA receptor agonists. Restoration of brain glutathione levels immediately post-training may facilitate the consolidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Achat-Mendes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Chin TY, Chueh SH, Tao PL. S-Nitrosoglutathione and glutathione act as NMDA receptor agonists in cultured hippocampal neurons. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:853-60. [PMID: 16787569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To characterize the effect of combined pre- and postnatal morphine exposure on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) receptor signaling in hippocampal neurons of the offspring of morphine-addicted female rats. METHODS Cultured hippocampal neurons and synaptosomes were prepared from neonatal and 2-week-old offspring, respectively, of control or morphine-addicted female rats. The increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) of cultured cells was measured using Fura-2, and glutamate release from synaptosomes was measured enzymatically. RESULTS Both glutamate and NMDA caused a dose-dependent increase in the [Ca2+]i. The nitric oxide (NO) donor, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), but not 3-morpholinosydnonimine, sodium nitroprusside, and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, also induced a [Ca2+]i increase. GSNO and glutathione caused a dose-dependent increase in the [Ca2+]i with respective EC50 values of 56 and 414 micromol/L. Both effects were inhibited by Mg2+ or an NMDA receptor antagonist and were unaffected by the presence of a glutamate scavenger. The other glutathione derivatives, oxidized glutathione, S-methylglutathione, S-ethylglutathione, S-propylglutathione, and S-butylglutathione, the dipeptides, Glu-Cys and Cys-Gly, and the antioxidants, dithiothreitol and mercaptoethanol, failed to induce a [Ca2+]i increase. In addition, glutathione caused a dose-dependent increase in glutamate release from synaptosomes. The maximal responses and the EC50 values for the glutamate-, NMDA-, GSNO-, and glutathione-induced [Ca2+]i increases and the glutathione-induced glutamate release were indistinguishable in the neurons of the offspring from control and morphine-addicted female rats. CONCLUSION GSNO and glutathione act as NMDA receptor agonists and, in contrast to hippocampal brain slice, combined pre- and postnatal morphine exposure does not modulate NMDA receptor signaling in the cultured hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-yu Chin
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung-Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, China
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Steullet P, Neijt HC, Cuénod M, Do KQ. Synaptic plasticity impairment and hypofunction of NMDA receptors induced by glutathione deficit: Relevance to schizophrenia. Neuroscience 2006; 137:807-19. [PMID: 16330153 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the metabolism of glutathione, an endogenous redox regulator, is abnormal in schizophrenia. Patients show a deficit in glutathione levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and prefrontal cortex and a reduction in gene expression of the glutathione synthesizing enzymes. We investigated whether such glutathione deficit altered synaptic transmission and plasticity in slices of rat hippocampus, with particular emphasis on NMDA receptor function. An approximately 40% decrease in brain glutathione levels was induced by s.c. administration of L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis. Such glutathione deficit did not affect the basal synaptic transmission, but produced several NMDA receptor-dependent and -independent effects. Glutathione deficit caused an increase in excitability of CA1 pyramidal cells. The paired-pulse facilitation was diminished in glutathione-depleted slices, in a manner that was independent of NMDA receptor activity. This suggests that lowering glutathione levels altered presynaptic mechanisms involved in neurotransmitter release. NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation induced by high-frequency stimulation was impaired in glutathione-depleted slices. Pharmacologically isolated NMDA receptor-mediated field excitatory postsynaptic potentials were significantly smaller in L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine-treated than in control slices. Hypofunction of NMDA receptors under glutathione deficit was explained at least in part by an excessive oxidation of the extracellular redox-sensitive sites of the NMDA receptors. These results indicate that a glutathione deficit, like that observed in schizophrenics, alters short- and long-term synaptic plasticity and affects NMDA receptor function. Thus, glutathione deficit could be one causal factor for the hypofunction of NMDA receptors in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Steullet
- Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Department of Adult Psychiatry, University Medical Center, University of Lausanne, 1008 Prilly, Switzerland.
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Choi IY, Gruetter R. Dynamic or inert metabolism? Turnover of N-acetyl aspartate and glutathione from D-[1-13C]glucose in the rat brain in vivo. J Neurochem 2005; 91:778-87. [PMID: 15525331 PMCID: PMC1513183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The rate of (13)C-label incorporation into both aspartyl (NAA C3) and acetyl (NAA C6) groups of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) was simultaneously measured in the rat brain in vivo for up to 19 h of [1-(13)C]glucose infusion (n = 8). Label incorporation was detected in NAA C6 approximately 1.5 h earlier than in NAA C3 because of the delayed labeling of the precursor of NAA C3, aspartate, compared to that of NAA C6, glucose. The time courses of NAA were fitted using a mathematical model assuming synthesis of NAA in one kinetic compartment with the respective precursor pools of aspartate and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). The turnover rates of NAA C6 and C3 were 0.7 +/- 0.1 and 0.6 +/- 0.1 micromol/(g h) with the time constants 14 +/- 2 and 13 +/- 2 h, respectively, with an estimated pool size of 8 micromol/g. The results suggest that complete label turnover of NAA from glucose occurs in approximately 70 h. Several hours after starting the glucose infusion, label incorporation into glutathione (GSH) was also detected. The turnover rate of GSH was 0.06 +/- 0.02 micromol/(g h) with a time constant of 13 +/- 2 h. The estimated pool size of GSH was 0.8 micromol/g, comparable to the cortical glutathione concentration. We conclude that NAA and GSH are completely turned over and that the metabolism is extremely slow (< 0.05% of the glucose metabolic rate).
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Young Choi
- The Nathan Kline Institute, Medical Physics, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA.
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Boonplueang R, Akopian G, Stevenson FF, Kuhlenkamp JF, Lu SC, Walsh JP, Andersen JK. Increased susceptibility of glutathione peroxidase-1 transgenic mice to kainic acid-related seizure activity and hippocampal neuronal cell death. Exp Neurol 2005; 192:203-14. [PMID: 15698635 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2004] [Revised: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) has been demonstrated in several in vivo studies to reduce both the risk and severity of oxidatively-induced tissue damage. The seizure-inducing neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) has been suggested to elicit its toxic effects in part via generation of oxidative stress. In this study, we report that expression of elevated levels of murine GSHPx-1 in transgenic mice surprisingly results in increased rather than decreased KA susceptibility including increased seizure activity and neuronal hippocampal damage. Isolated transgenic primary hippocampal culture neurons also display increased susceptibility to KA treatment compared with those from wildtype animals. This could be due to alterations in the redox state of the glutathione system resulting in elevated glutathione disulfide (GSSG) levels which, in turn, may directly activate NMDA receptors or enhanced response of the NMDA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Boonplueang
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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Guízar-Sahagún G, Ibarra A, Espitia A, Martínez A, Madrazo I, Franco-Bourland RE. Glutathione monoethyl ester improves functional recovery, enhances neuron survival, and stabilizes spinal cord blood flow after spinal cord injury in rats. Neuroscience 2005; 130:639-49. [PMID: 15590148 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2004] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Secondary damage after spinal cord (SC) injury remains without a clinically effective drug treatment. To explore the neuroprotective effects of cell-permeable reduced glutathione monoethyl ester (GSHE), rats subjected to SC contusion using the New York University impactor were randomly assigned to receive intraperitoneally GSHE (total dose of 12 mg/kg), methylprednisolone sodium succinate (total dose of 120 mg/kg), or saline solution as vehicle. Motor function, assessed using the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scale for 8 weeks, was significantly better in GSHE (11.2+/-0.6, mean+/-S.E.M., n=8, at 8 weeks) than methylprednisolone (9.3+/-0.6) and vehicle (9.4+/-0.7) groups. The number of neurons in the red nuclei labeled with FluoroRuby placed caudally to the injury site was significantly higher in GSHE (158+/-9.3 mean+/-S.E.M., n=4) compared with methylprednisolone (53+/-14.7) and vehicle (46+/-16.4) groups. Differences in the amount of spared SC tissue at the epicenter and neighboring areas were not significant among experimental groups. In a second series of experiments, using similar treatment groups (n=6), regional changes in microvascular SC blood flow were evaluated for 100 min by laser-Doppler flowmetry after clip compression injury. SC blood flow fell in vehicle-treated rats 20% below baseline and increased significantly with methylprednisolone approximately 12% above baseline; changes were not greater than 5% in rats given GSHE. In conclusion, GSHE given to rats early after moderate SC contusion/compression improves functional outcome and red nuclei neuron survival significantly better than methylprednisolone and vehicle, and stabilizes SC blood flow. These results support further investigation of reduced glutathione supplementation after acute SC injury for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Guízar-Sahagún
- Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Jacobsen JPR, Rodriguiz RM, Mørk A, Wetsel WC. Monoaminergic dysregulation in glutathione-deficient mice: Possible relevance to schizophrenia? Neuroscience 2005; 132:1055-72. [PMID: 15857710 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2004] [Revised: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of research have implicated glutathione (GSH) in schizophrenia. For instance, GSH deficiency has been reported in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics in vivo. Further, in rats postnatal GSH-deficiency combined with hyperdopaminergia led to cognitive impairments in the adult. In the present report we studied the effects of 2-day GSH-deficiency with L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine on monoaminergic function in mice. The effect of GSH-deficiency per se and when combined with the amphetamine and phencyclidine (PCP) models of schizophrenia was investigated. GSH-deficiency significantly altered tissue levels of dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and their respective metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in a region-specific fashion. The effects of GSH-deficiency on tissue monoamines were distinct from and, generally, did not interact with the effects of amphetamine (5 mg/kg; i.p.) on tissue monoamines. Microdialysis studies showed that extracellular DA-release after amphetamine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was two-fold increased in the nucleus accumbens of GSH-deficient mice as compared with control mice. Basal DA was unaltered. Further, extracellular levels of HVA in the frontal cortex and hippocampus and 5-HIAA in the nucleus accumbens were elevated by GSH-deficiency per se. Spontaneous locomotor activity in the open field was unchanged in GSH-deficient mice. In contrast, GSH-deficiency modulated the locomotor responses to mid-range doses of amphetamine (1.5 and 5 mg/kg, i.p.). Further, GSH-deficient mice displayed an increased locomotor response to low (2 and 3 mg/kg, i.p.) doses of phencyclidine (PCP). In conclusion, the data presented here show that even short-term GSH-deficiency has consequences for DA and 5-HT function. This was confirmed on both neurochemical and behavioral levels. How GSH and the monoamines interact needs further scrutiny. Moreover, the open field findings suggest reduced or altered N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function in GSH-deficient mice. Thus, GSH-deficiency can lead to disturbances in DA, 5-HT and NMDA function, a finding that may have relevance for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P R Jacobsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology and Medicine (Endocrinology), Mouse Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Analysis Core Facility, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Abstract
The antioxidant glutathione (GSH) is essential for the cellular detoxification of reactive oxygen species in brain cells. A compromised GSH system in the brain has been connected with the oxidative stress occuring in neurological diseases. Recent data demonstrate that besides intracellular functions GSH has also important extracellular functions in brain. In this respect astrocytes appear to play a key role in the GSH metabolism of the brain, since astroglial GSH export is essential for providing GSH precursors to neurons. Of the different brain cell types studied in vitro only astrocytes release substantial amounts of GSH. In addition, during oxidative stress astrocytes efficiently export glutathione disulfide (GSSG). The multidrug resistance protein 1 participates in both the export of GSH and GSSG from astrocytes. This review focuses on recent results on the export of GSH and GSSG from brain cells as well as on the functions of extracellular GSH in the brain. In addition, implications of disturbed GSH pathways in brain for neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Dringen
- Physiologisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Rizzardini M, Lupi M, Bernasconi S, Mangolini A, Cantoni L. Mitochondrial dysfunction and death in motor neurons exposed to the glutathione-depleting agent ethacrynic acid. J Neurol Sci 2003; 207:51-8. [PMID: 12614931 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-510x(02)00357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanisms of toxicity of glutathione (GSH) depletion in one cell type, the motor neuron. Ethacrynic acid (EA) (100 microM) was added to immortalized mouse motor neurons (NSC-34) to deplete both cytosolic and mitochondrial glutathione rapidly. This caused a drop in GSH to 25% of the initial level in 1 h and complete loss in 4 h. This effect was accompanied by enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with a peak after 2 h of exposure, and by signs of mitochondrial dysfunction such as a decrease in 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazoyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) (30% less after 4 h). The increase in ROS and the MTT reduction were both EA concentration-dependent. Expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a marker of oxidative stress, also increased. The mitochondrial damage was monitored by measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) from the uptake of rhodamine 123 into mitochondria. MMP dropped (20%) after only 1 h exposure to EA, and slowly continued to decline until 3 h, with a steep drop at 5 h (50% decrease), i.e. after the complete GSH loss. Quantification of DNA fragmentation by the TUNEL technique showed that the proportion of cells with fragmented nuclei rose from 10% after 5 h EA exposure to about 65% at 18 h. These results indicate that EA-induced GSH depletion rapidly impairs the mitochondrial function of motor neurons, and this precedes cell death. This experimental model of oxidative toxicity could be useful to study mechanisms of diseases like spinal cord injury (SCI) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), where motor neurons are the vulnerable population and oxidative stress has a pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rizzardini
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milan, Italy
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Wallin C, Abbas AK, Tranberg M, Weber SG, Wigström H, Sandberg M. Searching for mechanisms of N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced glutathione efflux in organotypic hippocampal cultures. Neurochem Res 2003; 28:281-91. [PMID: 12608701 PMCID: PMC1475825 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022381318126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor stimulation evoked a selective and partly delayed elevated efflux of glutathione, phosphoethanolamine, and taurine from organotypic rat hippocampus slice cultures. The protein kinase inhibitors H9 and staurosporine had no effect on the efflux. The phospholipase A2 inhibitors quinacrine and 4-bromophenacyl bromide, as well as arachidonic acid, a product of phospholipase A2 activity, did not affect the stimulated efflux. Polymyxin B, an antimicrobal agent that inhibits protein kinase C, and quinacrine in high concentration (500 microM), blocked efflux completely. The stimulated efflux after but not during NMDA incubation was attenuated by a calmodulin antagonist (W7) and an anion transport inhibitor (DNDS). Omission of calcium increased the spontaneous efflux with no or small additional effects by NMDA. In conclusion, NMDA receptor stimulation cause an increased selective efflux of glutathione, phosphoethanolamine and taurine in organotypic cultures of rat hippocampus. The efflux may partly be regulated by calmodulin and DNDS sensitive channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Wallin
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Göteborg, Medicinaregatan 11, S-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Abdul-Karim Abbas
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Göteborg, Medicinaregatan 11, S-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mattias Tranberg
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Göteborg, Medicinaregatan 11, S-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Stephen G. Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Holger Wigström
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Göteborg, Medicinaregatan 11, S-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mats Sandberg
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Göteborg, Medicinaregatan 11, S-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- Address reprint requests to: Mats Sandberg, Tel: (46)-31-7733395; Fax: (46)-31-7733558; E-mail:
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Sulkowski G, Bubko I, Struzyńska L, Januszewski S, Walski M, Rafałowska U. Astrocytic response in the rodent model of global cerebral ischemia and during reperfusion. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2002; 54:31-8. [PMID: 12180799 DOI: 10.1078/0940-2993-00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated alterations in astrocytic cells after global cerebral ischemia resulting from cardiac arrest immediately and at several intervals after reperfusion when excessive formation of highly cytotoxic free radicals is known to occur. The cellular fraction of astrocytic origin (glial plasmalemmal vesicles - GPV) was examined by biochemical and immunochemical procedures. A tendency towards an elevation in immunocontent of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was noticed after 24 hours whereas a significant increase was observed 7 days post ischemic event. The features of astrocytic stimulation were also observed in electron microscopy studies. An enhanced amount of gliofilaments was noticed in brain sections obtained from rats after 7 days of recovery. Simultaneously, a gradual decrease of total glutathione level, depending on the duration of reperfusion, was observed in brain homogenates and in fractions of astroglial origin. The most considerable reduction was observed on day 1 (52%) and day 7 (65%) after reperfusion in brain homogenates and on day 7 (47%) in GPV fraction. The results indicate an enhanced reactivity of astrocytic cells in ischemic conditions concomitantly with a long lasting decrease of total glutathione. Obviously, the inability of astrocytic glutathione system to detoxify free radicals formed during ischemic/reoxidation conditions may lead to damage to cerebral neurons by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Sulkowski
- Department of Neurochemistry, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw
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