1
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Rai PK, Kumar P. Mechanistic Inside into the Gas-Phase NO3·+HO2· Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:7907-7913. [PMID: 39253769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c04306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The reaction between NO 3 · and HO 2 · is critical in nighttime atmospheric chemistry. This reaction is believed to occur via two channels: one leading to the formation of HNO3 and the other forming OH · . A long-standing question regarding this reaction is whether this reaction occurs through HNO3 path or OH · or both at a time. Some indirect experiments proposed the HNO3 path as the exclusive path, while some suggested the possibility of both the paths. In the present work, using high-level quantum chemical and kinetics calculations, we have tried to shed light on the mechanism of this reaction. We have incorporated full triple excitation and partial quadratic excitation corrections at the coupled-cluster level for our energetics part, whereas a master equation approach has been employed to obtain the rate constants within 213-400 K. Our investigation suggests that it is only the OH · path through which the reaction takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philips Kumar Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur 302017, India
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2
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Chen T, Ren Y, Zhang Y, Ma Q, Chu B, Liu P, Zhang P, Zhang C, Ge Y, Mellouki A, Mu Y, He H. Additional HONO and OH Generation from Photoexcited Phenyl Organic Nitrates in the Photoreaction of Aromatics and NO x. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5911-5920. [PMID: 38437592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
HONO acts as a major OH source, playing a vital role in secondary pollutant formation to deteriorate regional air quality. Strong unknown sources of daytime HONO have been widely reported, which significantly limit our understanding of radical cycling and atmospheric oxidation capacity. Here, we identify a potential daytime HONO and OH source originating from photoexcited phenyl organic nitrates formed during the photoreaction of aromatics and NOx. Significant HONO (1.56-4.52 ppb) and OH production is observed during the photoreaction of different kinds of aromatics with NOx (18.1-242.3 ppb). We propose an additional mechanism involving photoexcited phenyl organic nitrates (RONO2) reacting with water vapor to account for the higher levels of measured HONO and OH than the model prediction. The proposed HONO formation mechanism was evidenced directly by photolysis experiments using typical RONO2 under UV irradiation conditions, during which HONO formation was enhanced by relative humidity. The 0-D box model incorporated in this mechanism accurately reproduced the evolution of HONO and aromatic. The proposed mechanism contributes 5.9-36.6% of HONO formation as the NOx concentration increased in the photoreaction of aromatics and NOx. Our study implies that photoexcited phenyl organic nitrates are an important source of atmospheric HONO and OH that contributes significantly to atmospheric oxidation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yangang Ren
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yanli Ge
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS/OSUC, Orléans 45071, France
| | - Yujing Mu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Guo Y, Gong D, Wang H, Li Q, Wu G, Wang Y, Cai H, Yuan B, Wang B, Liu SC. Sources of elevated organic acids in the mountainous background atmosphere of southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169673. [PMID: 38199347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Formic acid (FA) and acetic acid (AA) are pivotal organic acids in the troposphere, significantly influencing atmospheric chemistry. However, their abundance and sources in the mountainous background atmosphere remain underexplored. We undertook continuous measurements of FA and AA in Nanling mountains, southern China, during autumn 2020 using a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-CIMS). Both acids registered higher concentrations than in other global high-altitude or forested locations, averaging at 0.89 (max: 3.91) and 0.95 (max: 3.52) ppbv for FA and AA, respectively. High concentrations of FA and AA in this forested background area arose from secondary formation and biomass burning, collectively contributing 71 % to 89 %. During episodes, FA and AA concentrations surged 2-3 times, owing to the enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity. The secondary FA production was predominantly due to isoprene oxidation among the VOC precursors studied. However, observed inconsistencies between calculated and actual FA concentrations suggest overlooked precursors or mechanisms warranting further investigation. Our findings can enhance the understanding of organic acid characteristics and the interplay of biogenic and anthropogenic sources in the background atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daocheng Gong
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China.
| | - Qinqin Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China
| | - Gengchen Wu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huang Cai
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China.
| | - Boguang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China
| | - Shaw Chen Liu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China.
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4
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Chen G, Liu T, Chen J, Xu L, Hu B, Yang C, Fan X, Li M, Hong Y, Ji X, Chen J, Zhang F. Atmospheric oxidation capacity and O 3 formation in a coastal city of southeast China: Results from simulation based on four-season observation. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:68-80. [PMID: 37923476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The pollution of atmospheric ozone in China shows an obvious upward trend in the past decade. However, the studies on the atmospheric oxidation capacity and O3 formation in four seasons in the southeastern coastal region of China with the rapid urbanization remain limited. Here, a four-season field observation was carried out in a coastal city of southeast China, using an observation-based model combining with the Master Chemical Mechanism, to explore the atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC), radical chemistry, O3 formation pathways and sensitivity. The results showed that the average net O3 production rate (14.55 ppbv/hr) in summer was the strongest, but the average O3 concentrations in autumn was higher. The AOC and ROx levels presented an obvious seasonal pattern with the maximum value in summer, while the OH reactivity in winter was the highest with an average value of 22.75 sec-1. The OH reactivity was dominated by oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) (30.6%-42.8%), CO (23.2%-26.8%), NO2 (13.6%-22.0%), and alkenes (8.4%-12.5%) in different seasons. HONO photolysis dominated OH primary source on daytime in winter, while in other seasons, HONO photolysis in the morning and ozone photolysis in the afternoon contributed mostly. Sensitivity analysis indicated that O3 production was controlled by VOCs in spring, autumn and winter, but a VOC-limited and NOx-limited regime in summer, and alkene and aromatic species were the major controlling factors to O3 formation. Overall, the study characterized the atmospheric oxidation capacity and elucidated the controlling factors for O3 production in the coastal area with the rapid urbanization in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojie Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Taotao Liu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Lingling Xu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Baoye Hu
- Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Mengren Li
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaoting Ji
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinfang Chen
- College of Harbour and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Fuwang Zhang
- Environmental Monitoring Center of Fujian, Fuzhou 350013, China
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5
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Li D, Huang W, Wang D, Wang M, Thornton JA, Caudillo L, Rörup B, Marten R, Scholz W, Finkenzeller H, Marie G, Baltensperger U, Bell DM, Brasseur Z, Curtius J, Dada L, Duplissy J, Gong X, Hansel A, He XC, Hofbauer V, Junninen H, Krechmer JE, Kürten A, Lamkaddam H, Lehtipalo K, Lopez B, Ma Y, Mahfouz NGA, Manninen HE, Mentler B, Perrier S, Petäjä T, Pfeifer J, Philippov M, Schervish M, Schobesberger S, Shen J, Surdu M, Tomaz S, Volkamer R, Wang X, Weber SK, Welti A, Worsnop DR, Wu Y, Yan C, Zauner-Wieczorek M, Kulmala M, Kirkby J, Donahue NM, George C, El-Haddad I, Bianchi F, Riva M. Nitrate Radicals Suppress Biogenic New Particle Formation from Monoterpene Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1601-1614. [PMID: 38185880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) are a major source of new particles that affect the Earth's climate. HOM production from the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) occurs during both the day and night and can lead to new particle formation (NPF). However, NPF involving organic vapors has been reported much more often during the daytime than during nighttime. Here, we show that the nitrate radicals (NO3), which arise predominantly at night, inhibit NPF during the oxidation of monoterpenes based on three lines of observational evidence: NPF experiments in the CLOUD (Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) chamber at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), radical chemistry experiments using an oxidation flow reactor, and field observations in a wetland that occasionally exhibits nocturnal NPF. Nitrooxy-peroxy radicals formed from NO3 chemistry suppress the production of ultralow-volatility organic compounds (ULVOCs) responsible for biogenic NPF, which are covalently bound peroxy radical (RO2) dimer association products. The ULVOC yield of α-pinene in the presence of NO3 is one-fifth of that resulting from ozone chemistry alone. Even trace amounts of NO3 radicals, at sub-parts per trillion level, suppress the NPF rate by a factor of 4. Ambient observations further confirm that when NO3 chemistry is involved, monoterpene NPF is completely turned off. Our results explain the frequent absence of nocturnal biogenic NPF in monoterpene (α-pinene)-rich environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Dongyu Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Lucía Caudillo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Birte Rörup
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Ruby Marten
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Wiebke Scholz
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Henning Finkenzeller
- Department of Chemistry & CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Guillaume Marie
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - David M Bell
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Zoé Brasseur
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Lubna Dada
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Duplissy
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP)/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Xianda Gong
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Victoria Hofbauer
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Heikki Junninen
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia
| | - Jordan E Krechmer
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Andreas Kürten
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00560, Finland
| | - Brandon Lopez
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yingge Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Naser G A Mahfouz
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneve 23 CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Mentler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Sebastien Perrier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Joschka Pfeifer
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneve 23 CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Philippov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Meredith Schervish
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | | | - Jiali Shen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Mihnea Surdu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Tomaz
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department of Chemistry & CIRES, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xinke Wang
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Stefan K Weber
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneve 23 CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - André Welti
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00560, Finland
| | - Douglas R Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Yusheng Wu
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneve 23 CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Imad El-Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne 69626, France
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6
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Li Y, Wu Z, Ji Y, Chen T, Li H, Gao R, Xue L, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Yang X. Comparison of the ozone formation mechanisms and VOCs apportionment in different ozone pollution episodes in urban Beijing in 2019 and 2020: Insights for ozone pollution control strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168332. [PMID: 37949143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution has been a tough issue in urban areas of China in the past decade. Clarifying the formation mechanisms of O3 and the sources of its precursors is necessary for the effective prevention of O3 pollution. In this study, a comparative analysis of O3 formation mechanisms and VOCs apportionment for five O3 pollution episodes was carried out at two urban sites (CRAES and CGZ) in Beijing in 2019 and 2020 by applying an observation-based modeling approach in order to obtain insights into O3 pollution control strategies. Results indicated that O3 pollution levels were generally more severe in 2019 than in 2020 during the observation periods. O3 formation at the two sites was both VOCs-limited on O3 polluted days and non-O3 polluted days. Stronger atmospheric oxidation capacity and ROx radicals cycling processes were found on O3 polluted days which could accelerate the local production of O3, and local photochemical production dominated the observed O3 concentrations at the two sites even on non-O3 polluted days. Emission reduction of VOCs should be a priority for mitigating O3 pollution, and alkenes and biogenic VOCs was the priority species at the CRAES and CGZ sites, respectively. Additionally, the reduction of oxygenated VOCs should also be important for the ozone control. Gasoline exhaust at the CRAES site, and solvent utilization and fuel evaporation at the CGZ site were main anthropogenic sources of VOCs. Therefore, local control measures should be further strengthened and differentiated control strategies of VOCs in the aspects of area, time, sources and species should be adopted in urban Beijing in the future. Overall, the findings of this study could provide a scientific understanding of the causes of O3 pollution and significant guidelines for formulating O3 control strategies from the perspective of different ozone pollution episodes in urban Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Zhenhai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tianshu Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Yuxi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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7
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Kong L, Zhou L, Chen D, Luo L, Xiao K, Chen Y, Liu H, Tan Q, Yang F. Atmospheric oxidation capacity and secondary pollutant formation potentials based on photochemical loss of VOCs in a megacity of the Sichuan Basin, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:166259. [PMID: 37595915 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are significant precursors to photochemical pollution. However, reactive VOC species are easily oxidized during transportation, resulting in a systematic underestimate of the measured concentrations. To address this, we applied an improved calculation method to correct the measured VOC concentrations into photochemical initial concentrations (PICs) in Chengdu, a megacity in the Sichuan Basin, China, which is highly vulnerable to complex pollution. In this study, 56 VOC species on the Photochemical Assessment Monitor Station (PAMS) target list were quantitatively monitored throughout all four seasons. Comparing to directly measured values, photochemically initialized total mixing ratios of VOCs increased by 18.6 % in general. The photochemical loss percentages of alkenes and aromatics were prominent in summer (68.6 %, 28.7 %) and spring (65.9 %, 24.7 %), respectively. Furthermore, we examined contributions of VOCs to atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) depending on PICs and found that maximum daily total AOC showed a surge in spring and summer. Besides hydroxyl radicals, daytime O3 in spring and late-afternoon nitrate radicals in summer were essential for AOC with PICs. As expected, alkenes and aromatics dominated PIC-based ozone formation potentials (OFPs). Furthermore, contribution of alkenes to secondary organic aerosol formation potentials reached 15.5 % and 7.6 % in spring and summer, respectively. Using positive matrix factorization model, we identified five VOC sources including vehicular exhaust, industrial emissions, solvent usage, biogenic sources, and liquefied petroleum gas/natural gas use. Based on PICs, biogenic sources were significantly underestimated in spring and summer. Meanwhile, m,p-xylene from solvent usage and isoprene from biogenic sources were the primary contributors to OFPs. Consequently, these results emphasize the significance of photochemically oxidized VOC concentrations, especially for reactive species in typical seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Kong
- College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Li Zhou
- College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin 644000, China.
| | - Dongyang Chen
- College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Lan Luo
- Sichuan province Chengdu Ecological Environment Monitoring Center Station, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Kuang Xiao
- Sichuan province Chengdu Ecological Environment Monitoring Center Station, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Sichuan province Chengdu Ecological Environment Monitoring Center Station, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Hefan Liu
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin 644000, China
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8
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Liu T, Lin Y, Chen J, Chen G, Yang C, Xu L, Li M, Fan X, Zhang F, Hong Y. Pollution mechanisms and photochemical effects of atmospheric HCHO in a coastal city of southeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160210. [PMID: 36395845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a vital reactive carbonyl compound, which plays an important role in the photochemical process and atmospheric oxidation capacity. However, the current studies on the quantification of HCHO impacts on atmospheric photochemistry in southeast coastal areas of China with an obvious upward trend of ozone remain scarce and unclear, thus limiting the full understanding of formation mechanism and control strategy of photochemical pollution. Here, systematic field campaigns were conducted at a typical coastal urban site with good air quality to reveal HCHO mechanism and effects on O3 pollution mechanism during spring and autumn, when photochemical pollution events still frequently appeared. Positive Matrix Factorization model results showed that secondary photochemical formation made the largest contributions to HCHO (69 %) in this study. Based on the photochemical model, the HCHO loss rates in autumn were significantly higher than those in spring (P < 0.05), indicating that strong photochemical conditions constrain high HCHO levels in certain situations. HCHO mechanism increased the ROx concentrations by 36 %, and increased net O3 production rates by 31 %, manifesting that the reduction of HCHO and its precursors' emissions would effectively mitigate O3 pollution. Therefore, the pollution characteristics and photochemical effects of HCHO provided significant guidance for future photochemical pollution control in relatively clean areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Liu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiling Lin
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China.
| | - Gaojie Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Mengren Li
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaolong Fan
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Fuwang Zhang
- Environmental Monitoring Center of Fujian, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China; Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China.
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9
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Jia C, Tong S, Zhang X, Li F, Zhang W, Li W, Wang Z, Zhang G, Tang G, Liu Z, Ge M. Atmospheric oxidizing capacity in autumn Beijing: Analysis of the O 3 and PM 2.5 episodes based on observation-based model. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:557-569. [PMID: 36182163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) is the fundamental driving factors of chemistry process (e.g., the formation of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA)) in the troposphere. However, accurate quantification of AOC still remains uncertainty. In this study, a comprehensive field campaign was conducted during autumn 2019 in downtown of Beijing, where O3 and PM2.5 episodes had been experienced successively. The observation-based model (OBM) is used to quantify the AOC at O3 and PM2.5 episodes. The strong intensity of AOC is found at O3 and PM2.5 episodes, and hydroxyl radical (OH) is the dominating daytime oxidant for both episodes. The photolysis of O3 is main source of OH at O3 episode; the photolysis of nitrous acid (HONO) and formaldehyde (HCHO) plays important role in OH formation at PM2.5 episode. The radicals loss routines vary according to precursor pollutants, resulting in different types of air pollution. O3 budgets and sensitivity analysis indicates that O3 production is transition regime (both VOC and NOx-limited) at O3 episode. The heterogeneous reaction of hydroperoxy radicals (HO2) on aerosol surfaces has significant influence on OH and O3 production rates. The HO2 uptake coefficient (γHO2) is the determining factor and required accurate measurement in real atmospheric environment. Our findings could provide the important bases for coordinated control of PM2.5 and O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Xinran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fangjie Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weiran Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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10
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Pan W, Gong S, Lu K, Zhang L, Xie S, Liu Y, Ke H, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Multi-scale analysis of the impacts of meteorology and emissions on PM 2.5 and O 3 trends at various regions in China from 2013 to 2020 3. Mechanism assessment of O 3 trends by a model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159592. [PMID: 36272478 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A multiscale analysis of meteorological trends was carried out to investigate the impacts of the large-scale circulation types as well as the local-scale key weather elements on the complex air pollutants, i.e., PM2.5 and O3 in China. Following accompanying papers on synoptic circulation impact and key weather elements and emission contributions (Gong et al., 2022a; Gong et al., 2022b), an emission-driven Observation-based Box Model (e-OBM) was developed to study the impact mechanisms on O3 trend and quantitatively assess the effects of variation in the emissions control over 2013-2020 for Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou and Shanghai. Compared with the original OBM, the e-OBM not only improves the performance to simulate the hourly O3 peak concentration in daytime, but also reasonably reproduces the maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) O3 concentrations in the four cities. Based upon the sensitivity experiments, it is found that the meteorology is the dominant driver for the MDA8 O3 trend, contributing from about 32 % to 139 % to the variations. From the mechanistic point of view, the variations of meteorology lead to the enhancement of atmospheric oxidation capacity and the acceleration of O3 production. Further evaluation to the emission changes in four cities shows that the O3-precursors relationships of the four cities have been changed from the VOC-limited regime in 2013 to the transition regime or near-transition regime in 2020. Though the NOx/VOCs ratios have been obviously decreased, the emission reductions up to 2020 were still not enough to mitigate O3 pollution in these cities. It is emphasized in this study that the strengthened control measures with maintaining a certain ratio of NOx and VOCs should be implemented to further curb the increasing trend of O3 in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sunling Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, 999078, Macao.
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shaodong Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuhan Liu
- Department of Nuclear Safety, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
| | - Huabing Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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11
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Ge P, Liu Z, Chen M, Cui Y, Cao M, Liu X. Chemical Characteristics and Cytotoxicity to GC-2spd(ts) Cells of PM 2.5 in Nanjing Jiangbei New Area from 2015 to 2019. TOXICS 2023; 11:92. [PMID: 36850968 PMCID: PMC9966943 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 is an air pollutant with complex components. After entering the body through respiration, PM2.5 can not only cause respiratory diseases, but also break through the blood-testis barrier and influence the reproductive system. PM2.5 with different components may result in different toxic effects. In the first five years of Nanjing Jiangbei New Area, industrial transformation would change the concentration and chemical fraction of PM2.5 in the local environment to a certain extent. In this study, PM2.5 collected in Nanjing Jiangbei New Area every autumn and winter from 2015 to 2019 was analyzed. PM2.5 concentration generally decreased year by year. The large proportion of secondary inorganic ions indicated the presence of secondary pollution at the sampling site. PM2.5 was mainly emitted from fossil fuel combustion and vehicle exhaust. The cytotoxicity of PM2.5 samples was evaluated by PM2.5 exposure to mouse spermatocytes (GC-2spd(ts) cells). Cell viability was relatively low in 2016 and 2018, and relatively high in 2017 and 2019. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA damage levels followed similar trends, with an overall annual decrease. The cytotoxicity of PM2.5 on GC-2spd(ts) cells was significantly correlated with water-soluble ions, water-soluble organic carbon, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (p < 0.01). According to principal component analysis and multiple linear regression, fossil fuel combustion, secondary transformation of pollutants and construction dust were identified as the major contributors to cytotoxic effects, contributing more than 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhengjiang Liu
- Gansu Water Resources and Hydropower Survey and Design Research Institute, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Maoyu Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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12
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Zhen Z, Yin Y, Zhang H, Li J, Hu J, Li L, Kuang X, Chen K, Wang H, Yu Q, Zhang X. Assessment of factors affecting the diurnal variations of atmospheric PAHs based on a numerical simulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158975. [PMID: 36152850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a type of organic pollutants that seriously endanger human health. Obtaining the diurnal variations of PAHs and clarifying their impact mechanisms are significant for the government to formulate targeted prevention and control measures. However, the influencing factors that dominate the diurnal variations of common PAHs are currently unclear. In order to solve this problem, 16 PAHs selected by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as priority-controlled pollutants were simulated with high resolution. The simulation results were validated based on diurnal observations in the vertical direction. Although the model underestimated the particle-phase concentrations of most components, it captured their diurnal variations fairly well. In addition, we assessed the factors affecting the diurnal variations of PAHs with sensitivity tests, including chemical reactions and atmospheric diffusion. The results showed that the transforming ratios of PAHs by oxidants were higher during the day than that at night due to the dominant reactions with OH radical. Atmospheric dispersion affected the vertical distribution of PAHs, which resulted in higher day/night ratios at high altitudes than near the ground. We also compared the strength of atmospheric diffusion and chemical reaction on the diurnal trends of PAHs. Near the ground, atmospheric diffusion was the most dominant factor in determining their diurnal trends. At high altitudes, their diurnal trends were determined by a combination of atmospheric diffusion and chemical reactions. These findings can provide a comprehensive understanding of the diurnal variations of common PAHs, which are informative for the prevention and control of PAHs pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiu Zhen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yan Yin
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Haowen Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiang Kuang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Kui Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qingyuan Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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13
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Wang Y, Jin X, Liu Z, Wang G, Tang G, Lu K, Hu B, Wang S, Li G, An X, Wang C, Hu Q, He L, Zhang F, Zhang Y. Progress in quantitative research on the relationship between atmospheric oxidation and air quality. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:350-366. [PMID: 36521998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) is an essential driving force of troposphere chemistry and self-cleaning, but the definition of AOC and its quantitative representation remain uncertain. Driven by national demand for air pollution control in recent years, Chinese scholars have carried out studies on theories of atmospheric chemistry and have made considerable progress in AOC research. This paper will give a brief review of these developments. First, AOC indexes were established that represent apparent atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIe) and potential atmospheric oxidizing ability (AOIp) based on aspects of macrothermodynamics and microdynamics, respectively. A closed study refined the quantitative contributions of heterogeneous chemistry to AOC in Beijing, and these AOC methods were further applied in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and key areas across the country. In addition, the detection of ground or vertical profiles for atmospheric OH·, HO2·, NO3· radicals and reservoir molecules can now be obtained with domestic instruments in diverse environments. Moreover, laboratory smoke chamber simulations revealed heterogeneous processes involving reactions of O3 and NO2, which are typical oxidants in the surface/interface atmosphere, and the evolutionary and budgetary implications of atmospheric oxidants reacting under multispecies, multiphase and multi-interface conditions were obtained. Finally, based on the GRAPES-CUACE adjoint model improved by Chinese scholars, simulations of key substances affecting atmospheric oxidation and secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation have been optimized. Normalized numerical simulations of AOIe and AOIp were performed, and regional coordination of AOC was adjusted. An optimized plan for controlling O3 and PM2.5 was analyzed by scenario simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geophysical Information System of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory or Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xinqin An
- Institute of Atmospheric Composition and Environmental Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Composition and Environmental Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qihou Hu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Lingyan He
- State Key Joint Laboratory or Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fenfen Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory or Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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14
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Arsene C, Bejan IG, Roman C, Olariu RI, Minella M, Passananti M, Carena L, Vione D. Evaluation of the Environmental Fate of a Semivolatile Transformation Product of Ibuprofen Based on a Simple Two-Media Fate Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15650-15660. [PMID: 36240489 PMCID: PMC9670848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Partitioning between surface waters and the atmosphere is an important process, influencing the fate and transport of semi-volatile contaminants. In this work, a simple methodology that combines experimental data and modeling was used to investigate the degradation of a semi-volatile pollutant in a two-phase system (surface water + atmosphere). 4-Isobutylacetophenone (IBAP) was chosen as a model contaminant; IBAP is a toxic transformation product of the non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen. Here, we show that the atmospheric behavior of IBAP would mainly be characterized by reaction with •OH radicals, while degradation initiated by •NO3 or direct photolysis would be negligible. The present study underlines that the gas-phase reactivity of IBAP with •OH is faster, compared to the likely kinetics of volatilization from aqueous systems. Therefore, it might prove very difficult to detect gas-phase IBAP. Nevertheless, up to 60% of IBAP occurring in a deep and dissolved organic carbon-rich water body might be eliminated via volatilization and subsequent reaction with gas-phase •OH. The present study suggests that the gas-phase chemistry of semi-volatile organic compounds which, like IBAP, initially occur in natural water bodies in contact with the atmosphere is potentially very important in some environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Arsene
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, “Alexandru
Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(CERNESIM), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(RECENT AIR), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
| | - Iustinian G. Bejan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, “Alexandru
Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(CERNESIM), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(RECENT AIR), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
| | - Claudiu Roman
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, “Alexandru
Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(CERNESIM), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(RECENT AIR), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
| | - Romeo I. Olariu
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, “Alexandru
Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(CERNESIM), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
- Integrated
Centre of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region
(RECENT AIR), “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iasi, 11
Carol I, 700506Iasi, Romania
| | - Marco Minella
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125Torino, Italy
| | - Monica Passananti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125Torino, Italy
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, FI-00014Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luca Carena
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125Torino, Italy
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15
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Li Q, Liu Y, Wang M, Su G, Wang Q, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Meng J, Shi B. PM2.5-mediated photochemical reaction of typical toluene in real air matrix with identification of products by isotopic tracing and FT-ICR MS. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 313:120181. [PMID: 36116564 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The sight into photoconversion of toluene, a ubiquitous typical pollutant, attentively by the involvement of PM2.5 in the real air environment is crucial for controlling haze pollution. Compared with the large-size PM2.5 on normal day (PM2.5-ND), the PM2.5 on haze day (PM2.5-HD) formed of small particle agglomerates featured greater oxidation capability, evidenced by the valence distribution of sulfur species. Notably, PM2.5-HD had abundant O2-• and •OH and participated in the photochemical reaction of toluene, giving it a greater toluene conversion with a first-order kinetic rate constant of 0.4 d-1 on haze day than on normal day (0.2 d-1). During the toluene photoconversion, isotopic labelling traced small molecules including benzene and newfound pentane, ethylbenzene, 1,3,8-p-menthatriene and 4-methyl-1-pentanone benzene that could be formed by methyl breakage, ring opening, fragmentation reforming and addition reaction of toluene. Given ADMET properties, 1,3,8-p-menthatriene was assigned high priority since it had poor metabolism, low excretion and severe toxicity, while benzene and 4-methyl-1-pentanone benzene should also be noticeable. FT-ICR MS results indicated that toluene could create multiple macromolecular products that are more sensitive to SOA generation in haze air matrix with broader carbon number and O/C, more oxygenated substitution with CHO/CHON occupying by 81.4%, lower DBEaverage at 4.66 and higher OSC‾ at -1.60 than normal air matrix. Accordingly, a photochemical reaction mechanism for toluene in real air atmosphere was proposed. The stronger oxidation property of PM2.5 not only facilitated toluene to generate small molecules but also boosted the conversion of intermediates to oxygenated macromolecular products, contributing to the formation of SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yalu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mengjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guijin Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Qingliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qifan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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16
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Tan J, Ye M, Shen J. Deciphering the role of LiNO 3 additives in Li-S batteries. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2325-2334. [PMID: 35766933 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00469k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ultrahigh theoretical energy density of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries has attracted intensive research interest. However, most of the long-term cycling performance parameters are strongly dependent on the utilization of the electrolyte, which is considered as an indispensable component in Li-S batteries. Over the past few decades, numerous research studies around LiNO3 as an electrolyte additive have been carried out and have been confirmed to significantly upgrade the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries, but the mechanism of performance improvement is still not well-understood. In this minireview, we revisit the controversial issues surrounding LiNO3 based on recent representative studies, provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of LiNO3 in the Li-S battery system, and specifically discuss what the panoramic view of the solid electrolyte interface film formed by LiNO3 on the surface of Li metal anodes looks like. Finally, we present general conclusions and unique insights into the future development of Li-S batteries. This minireview aims to provide a tutorial reference for researchers who are ready to enter or are active in the field of Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tan
- Institute of Special Materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxin Ye
- Institute of Special Materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jianfeng Shen
- Institute of Special Materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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17
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Li X, Zhang Y, Shi L, Kawamura K, Kunwar B, Takami A, Arakaki T, Lai S. Aerosol Proteinaceous Matter in Coastal Okinawa, Japan: Influence of Long-Range Transport and Photochemical Degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5256-5265. [PMID: 35358385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics, sources, and atmospheric oxidation processes of marine aerosol proteinaceous matter (APM), including total proteins and free amino acids (FAAs), were investigated using a set of 1 year total suspended particulate (TSP) samples collected in the coastal area of Okinawa Island in the western North Pacific rim. The concentrations of APM at this site (total proteins: 0.16 ± 0.10 μg m-3 and total FAAs: 9.7 ± 5.6 ng m-3, annual average) are comparable to those of marine APM. The major FAA species of APM are also similar to previously reported marine APM with glycine as the dominant species (31%). Based on the different seasonal trends and weak correlations of total proteins and FAAs, we found that they were contributed by different sources, especially with the influence of long-range transport from the Asian continent of northern China and Mongolia and the oceanic area of the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea. The photochemical oxidation processes of high-molecular-weight proteins releasing FAAs (especially glycine) were also considered as an important factor influencing the characteristics of APM at this site. In addition, we propose a degradation process based on the correlation with ozone and ultraviolet radiation, emphasizing their roles in the degradation of proteins. Our findings help to deepen the understanding of atmospheric photochemical reaction processes of organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Luhan Shi
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Bhagawati Kunwar
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Akinori Takami
- Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Takemitsu Arakaki
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Senchao Lai
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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18
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Qin M, Hu A, Mao J, Li X, Sheng L, Sun J, Li J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Hu J. PM 2.5 and O 3 relationships affected by the atmospheric oxidizing capacity in the Yangtze River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:152268. [PMID: 34902404 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC), reflecting the self-cleansing capacity of the atmosphere, plays an important role in the chemical evolution of secondary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3). In this work, the AOC and its relationships with PM2.5 and O3 were investigated with a chemical transport model (CTM) in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region during the four seasons of 2017. The region-wide average AOC is ~4.5×10-4 min-1 in summer and ~ 6.4×10-5 min-1 in winter. Hydroxyl (OH) radicals oxidation contributes 55-69% to the total AOC, followed by nitrate (NO3) radicals and O3 (accounting for 19-34% and < 10%, respectively). The AOC attains a strong positive correlation with the O3 level in all seasons. However, it is weakly or insignificantly correlated with PM2.5 except in summer. Additionally, AOC×(SO2 + NO2 + volatile organic compound (VOC)) is well correlated with the PM2.5 level, and high levels of precursors counteract lower AOC values in cold seasons. Collectively, the results indicate that the abundance of precursors could drive secondary aerosol formation in winter, and aqueous or heterogeneous reactions (not considered in the AOC estimates) are likely of importance at high aerosol loadings in the YRD. The relationship between the daily PM2.5 and O3 levels is affected by the AOC magnitude. PM2.5 and O3 are strongly correlated when the AOC is relatively high, but PM2.5 is independent of O3 under low-AOC (<6.6×10-5 min-1, typically in winter) conditions. This work reveals the dependence of PM2.5-O3 relationships on the AOC, suggesting that joint PM2.5 and O3 reduction could be realized at moderate to high AOC levels, especially in spring and autumn when the cooccurrence of high O3 and PM2.5 events is frequently observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momei Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Anqi Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianjiong Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Li Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jinjin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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19
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Wang H, Lu K, Chen S, Li X, Zeng L, Hu M, Zhang Y. Characterizing nitrate radical budget trends in Beijing during 2013-2019. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148869. [PMID: 34328950 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3) radical is an important oxidant in the atmosphere as it regulates the NOx budget and impacts secondary pollutant formation. Here, a long-term observational dataset of NO3-related species at an urban site in Beijing was used to investigate changes in the NO3 budget and their atmospheric impacts during 2013-2019, in this period the Clean Air Actions Plan was carried out in China. We found that (1) changes in NO3 precursors (NO2 and O3) led to a significant increase in NO3 formation in the surface layer in winter but a decrease in summer; (2) a reduction in NOx promoted thermal equilibrium, favoring the formation of NO3 rather than dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5). The simultaneous decrease in PM2.5, during these years, further weakened the N2O5 heterogeneous uptake; (3) a box model simulation revealed that both the reactions of NO3 with volatile organic compounds (VOC) and N2O5 uptake were weakened in summer, implying that the policy actions implemented help to moderate secondary aerosol formation caused by NO3 and N2O5 chemistry in summer; and (4) during winter, both NO3 + VOC and N2O5 uptake were enhanced. Specifically, for the N2O5 uptake, the rapid increase in NO3 production, or to some extent, NO3 oxidation capacity, far outweighed the negative shift effect, leading to a net enhancement of N2O5 uptake in winter, which indicates that the action policy implemented led to an adverse effect on particulate nitrate formation via N2O5 uptake in winter. This may explain the persistent winter particulate nitrate pollution in recent years. Our results highlight the systematic changes in the NO3 budget between 2013 and 2019 in Beijing, which subsequently affect secondary aerosol formation in different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean System, Ministry of Education, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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20
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Hallar AG, Brown SS, Crosman E, Barsanti K, Cappa CD, Faloona I, Fast J, Holmes HA, Horel J, Lin J, Middlebrook A, Mitchell L, Murphy J, Womack CC, Aneja V, Baasandorj M, Bahreini R, Banta R, Bray C, Brewer A, Caulton D, de Gouw J, De Wekker SF, Farmer DK, Gaston CJ, Hoch S, Hopkins F, Karle NN, Kelly JT, Kelly K, Lareau N, Lu K, Mauldin RL, Mallia DV, Martin R, Mendoza D, Oldroyd HJ, Pichugina Y, Pratt KA, Saide P, Silva PJ, Simpson W, Stephens BB, Stutz J, Sullivan A. Coupled Air Quality and Boundary-Layer Meteorology in Western U.S. Basins during Winter: Design and Rationale for a Comprehensive Study. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2021; 0:1-94. [PMID: 34446943 PMCID: PMC8384125 DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-20-0017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wintertime episodes of high aerosol concentrations occur frequently in urban and agricultural basins and valleys worldwide. These episodes often arise following development of persistent cold-air pools (PCAPs) that limit mixing and modify chemistry. While field campaigns targeting either basin meteorology or wintertime pollution chemistry have been conducted, coupling between interconnected chemical and meteorological processes remains an insufficiently studied research area. Gaps in understanding the coupled chemical-meteorological interactions that drive high pollution events make identification of the most effective air-basin specific emission control strategies challenging. To address this, a September 2019 workshop occurred with the goal of planning a future research campaign to investigate air quality in Western U.S. basins. Approximately 120 people participated, representing 50 institutions and 5 countries. Workshop participants outlined the rationale and design for a comprehensive wintertime study that would couple atmospheric chemistry and boundary-layer and complex-terrain meteorology within western U.S. basins. Participants concluded the study should focus on two regions with contrasting aerosol chemistry: three populated valleys within Utah (Salt Lake, Utah, and Cache Valleys) and the San Joaquin Valley in California. This paper describes the scientific rationale for a campaign that will acquire chemical and meteorological datasets using airborne platforms with extensive range, coupled to surface-based measurements focusing on sampling within the near-surface boundary layer, and transport and mixing processes within this layer, with high vertical resolution at a number of representative sites. No prior wintertime basin-focused campaign has provided the breadth of observations necessary to characterize the meteorological-chemical linkages outlined here, nor to validate complex processes within coupled atmosphere-chemistry models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erik Crosman
- Department of Life, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, West Texas A&M University
| | - Kelley Barsanti
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California, Riverside
| | - Christopher D. Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis 95616 USA
| | - Ian Faloona
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis
| | - Jerome Fast
- Atmospheric Science and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest, National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Heather A. Holmes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - John Horel
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - John Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Logan Mitchell
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jennifer Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline C. Womack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado/ NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - Viney Aneja
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University
| | | | - Roya Bahreini
- Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | | | - Casey Bray
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University
| | - Alan Brewer
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - Dana Caulton
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming
| | - Joost de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences & Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | | | | | - Cassandra J. Gaston
- Department of Atmospheric Science - Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami
| | - Sebastian Hoch
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Nakul N. Karle
- Environmental Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, TX
| | - James T. Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Kerry Kelly
- Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Neil Lareau
- Atmospheric Sciences and Environmental Sciences and Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China, 100871
| | - Roy L. Mauldin
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
| | - Derek V. Mallia
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Randal Martin
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Logan, UT
| | - Daniel Mendoza
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Holly J. Oldroyd
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis
| | | | | | - Pablo Saide
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, and Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Phillip J. Silva
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Bowling Green, KY
| | - William Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6160
| | - Britton B. Stephens
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO
| | - Jochen Stutz
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Amy Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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21
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Yang Y, Wang Y, Huang W, Yao D, Zhao S, Wang Y, Ji D, Zhang R, Wang Y. Parameterized atmospheric oxidation capacity and speciated OH reactivity over a suburban site in the North China Plain: A comparative study between summer and winter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145264. [PMID: 33940722 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) and photochemical reactivity are of increasing concern owing to their roles in photochemical pollution. The AOC and OH reactivity were evaluated based on simultaneous measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), trace gases and photolysis frequency during summer and winter campaigns at a suburban site in Xianghe. The AOC exhibited well-defined seasonal and diurnal patterns, with higher intensities during the summertime and daytime than during the wintertime and nighttime, respectively. The major reductants contributing to the AOC during the summertime were CO (41%) and alkenes (41%), whereas CO (40%) and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) (30%) dominated the AOC during the wintertime. The dominant oxidant contributor to the AOC during the daytime was OH (≥93%), while the contributions of O3 and NO3 (≥75%) to the AOC increased during the nighttime. High values during the wintertime and an increase at night were features of the speciated OH reactivity. Inorganic compounds (NOx and CO) dominated the speciated OH reactivity (76% and 85% during the summer and winter campaigns, respectively). Among VOCs, the dominant contributors were alkenes (12%) and OVOCs (7%) during the summer and winter campaigns, respectively. The ratio of NOx- and VOC-attributed OH reactivity indicated that O3 formation occurred under a VOC-limited regime during the summertime and that aromatics had the largest potential to form O3. Isoprene and m/p-xylene were the most important contributors to the AOC, OH reactivity and O3-forming among VOCs during the summertime, biogenic sources and secondary formation and industrial production were the main sources of these species. During the wintertime, hexanal and ethylene were the key VOC species contributing to the AOC and OH reactivity, and solvent usage and traffic-related emissions were the main contributing sources. We recommend that priority measures for the control of VOC species and sources should be taken when suitable. CAPSULE: This study focused on the similarities and differences in the AOC and speciated OH reactivity during summer and winter campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Physics, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 64, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dan Yao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shuman Zhao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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22
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Liu Z, Wang Y, Hu B, Lu K, Tang G, Ji D, Yang X, Gao W, Xie Y, Liu J, Yao D, Yang Y, Zhang Y. Elucidating the quantitative characterization of atmospheric oxidation capacity in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:145306. [PMID: 33736127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC) is the essential driving force of tropospheric chemistry, but its quantitative representation remains limited. This study presents the detailed evaluation of AOC in the megacity of Beijing based on newly developed indexes that represent the estimated oxidative capacity from the prospective of oxidation products (AOIe) and the potential oxidative capacity considering the oxidation rates of major reactants by oxidants (AOIp). A comprehensive suite of data taken from summer and winter field campaigns were used to create these two indexes and in the calculation of AOC. The AOC showed a clear seasonal pattern, with stronger intensity in summer compared to winter. The gaseous-phase oxidation products (O3 and NO2) dominated AOIe (~80%) during summertime at both sites, while the contribution of particle-phase oxidation products (sulfate, nitrate, and secondary organic aerosol) to AOIe increased in winter (~30%). As for AOIp in summer, the dominant contributor was alkenes (31.0%, urban) and CO (38.5%, suburban), whereas CO and NO2 dominated AOIp at both urban (68.8%) and suburban (61.0%) sites during wintertime. As expected, the dominant oxidant contributor to AOIp during the daytime was OH, while O3 was the second most important oxidant at both sites. The diurnal variations of normalized AOIe and AOIp were examined, revealing that they share the same daytime peak but showed significant bias during the nighttime. To explore the possible deviation in sources between AOIe and AOIp, a constrained photochemical box model and a constrained multiphase chemical box model were used to evaluate AOC budgets and their source apportionment. Our results suggest that unmeasured OVOC (oxygenated volatile organic compound) species and missed heterogeneous oxidation processes in the calculation of AOIp contributed substantially to the underestimation of AOC by this index, which should be taken into consideration in future studies of AOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China.
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory or Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinping Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory or Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenkang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuzhu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jingyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory or Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
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23
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Zhu S, Poetzscher J, Shen J, Wang S, Wang P, Zhang H. Comprehensive Insights Into O 3 Changes During the COVID-19 From O 3 Formation Regime and Atmospheric Oxidation Capacity. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 48:e2021GL093668. [PMID: 34149110 PMCID: PMC8206683 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl093668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Economic activities and the associated emissions have significantly declined during the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which has created a natural experiment to assess the impact of the emitted precursor control policy on ozone (O3) pollution. In this study, we utilized comprehensive satellite, ground-level observations, and source-oriented chemical transport modeling to investigate the O3 variations during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Here, we found that the significant elevated O3 in the North China Plain (40%) and Yangtze River Delta (35%) were mainly attributed to the enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) in these regions, associated with the meteorology and emission reduction during lockdown. Besides, O3 formation regimes shifted from VOC-limited regimes to NOx-limited and transition regimes with the decline of NOx during lockdown. We suggest that future O3 control policies should comprehensively consider the effects of AOC on the O3 elevation and coordinated regulations of the O3 precursor emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - James Poetzscher
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of Environmental Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Juanyong Shen
- School of Environmental Science and EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Siyu Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringHong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Institute of Eco‐Chongming (IEC)ShanghaiChina
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24
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Wang Y, Zhu S, Ma J, Shen J, Wang P, Wang P, Zhang H. Enhanced atmospheric oxidation capacity and associated ozone increases during COVID-19 lockdown in the Yangtze River Delta. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144796. [PMID: 33429116 PMCID: PMC7787908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Aggressive air pollution control in China since 2013 has achieved sharp decreases in fine particulate matter (PM2.5), along with increased ozone (O3) concentrations. Due to the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), China imposed nationwide restriction, leading to large reductions in economic activities and associated emissions. In particular, large decreases were found in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions (>50%) from transportation. However, O3 increased in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), which cannot be fully explained by changes in NOx and volatile organic compound (VOCs) emissions. In this study, the Community Multi-scale Air Quality model was used to investigate O3 increase in the YRD. Our results show a significant increase of atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) indicated by enhanced oxidants levels (up to +25%) especially in southern Jiangsu, Shanghai and northern Zhejiang, inducing the elevated O3 during lockdown. Moreover, net P(HOx) of 0.4 to 1.6 ppb h-1 during lockdown (Case 2) was larger than the case without lockdown (Case 1), mainly resulting in the enhanced AOC and higher O3 production rate (+12%). This comprehensive analysis improves our understanding on AOC and associated O3 formation, which helps to design effective strategies to control O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shengqiang Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jinlong Ma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Juanyong Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 99907, China.
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 200062, China.
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25
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Kang M, Zhang J, Zhang H, Ying Q. On the Relevancy of Observed Ozone Increase during COVID-19 Lockdown to Summertime Ozone and PM 2.5 Control Policies in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2021; 8:289-294. [PMID: 37566348 PMCID: PMC8009095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In February 2020, China's strict lockdown policies led to significant reductions in anthropogenic nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, and notable increases in surface ozone (O3) followed in many urban areas, raising concerns about potential rises in summertime O3 due to NOx emission controls. On the basis of O3 isopleths from a series of air quality simulations under different levels of NOx and volatile organic compound (VOC) emission reductions, we found that such concerns are not necessary. As NOx emissions have been reduced in recent years for particulate matter control, future NOx reductions are generally favorable for summertime maximum daily average 8-h (MDA8) O3 reductions. Decreases in summertime O3 due to NOx reductions will also lead to lower atmospheric oxidation capacity, characterized by decreased OH and NO3 concentrations, resulting in further reduction of secondary inorganic aerosols (nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium ion, NSA) formation. VOC emission reductions help to further reduce MDA8 O3 and are needed to control HCHO and primary air toxics simultaneously, but they are ineffective in reducing NSA. This study indicates that a nationwide NOx emission reduction policy has great potential in controlling O3 and PM2.5 simultaneously. However, its effectiveness could be greatly reduced when applied on a limited spatial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Kang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering,
Fudan University, Shanghai 200433,
China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
77843-3136, United States
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering,
Fudan University, Shanghai 200433,
China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
77843-3136, United States
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26
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Yan Y, Wang S, Zhu J, Guo Y, Tang G, Liu B, An X, Wang Y, Zhou B. Vertically increased NO 3 radical in the nocturnal boundary layer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142969. [PMID: 33127147 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the nocturnal boundary layer, nitrate radical (NO3) has an important contribution to atmospheric chemistry through oxidation of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. Vertical distributions of NO2, O3 and NO3 were measured by four differential optical absorption spectroscopy instruments at meteorological tower in Beijing from June 1 to July 22, 2019. The results show the mean diurnal variations of NO2, O3, and NO3 display a single peak (up to 65.0 ppbv, 196.8 ppbv and 317.5 pptv, respectively) in time. O3 and NO3 mixing ratios generally increased against heights, which is opposite to NO2, suggesting the contribution of O3 to NO3 production at higher altitude. According to the correlation coefficients between NO3 production rates (PNO3) and NO2 or O3 levels, PNO3 was sensitive to NO2 mixing ratio at higher altitude but to O3 near the ground. Averaged NO3 lifetimes (τNO3) of lowest, middle, upper and highest layer intervals were 104, 118, 164 and 213 s, respectively, which indicates τNO3 increase against height and explains why NO3 mixing ratios are larger at higher altitude to some extent. Main control factors of NO3 removal changed from gas-phase reactions to N2O5 hydrolysis with height increase. When relative humidity (RH) exceeded 70% or PM2.5 level exceeded 50 μg·m-3, τNO3 was almost less than 300 s with mixing ratio lower than 70 pptv. The clear negative dependence of τNO3 on RH and PM2.5 reveals the influencing factors on indirect loss. Under polluted conditions, vertical profiles of NO2, O3 and NO3 varied drastically. Stable atmosphere (low nocturnal boundary layer height and thermal inversion), RH level and RH gradient are the main reason for the evident difference in NO3 gradient. Vertically increased NO3 radicals may imply the formation of nitrate aerosols and further increase the nitrate content in high- altitude particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), No. 20 Cuiniao Road, Shanghai 202162, China.
| | - Jian Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanlin Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Baoxian Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology, Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinxin An
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology, Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), No. 20 Cuiniao Road, Shanghai 202162, China; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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27
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Wang S, Li H. NO 3·-Initiated Gas-Phase Formation of Nitrated Phenolic Compounds in Polluted Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2899-2907. [PMID: 33594878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic nitrogen (ON) compounds are key contents of particulate matter in the megacities of Asia. As a series of important ON, nitrated phenolic compounds (NPs) are of high concentration in the atmosphere, although their formation mechanism and role in particulate nucleation and growth are not fully understood. Herein, using a high level of quantum mechanical calculations, we explore the formation paths of NPs initiated by NO3· radicals, where some common atmospheric species, such as H2O, (H2O)2, NH3, and dimethylamine (DMA), can act as molecular catalysts. The kinetic study predicts that the formation rate of methyl nitrophenols with the assistance of DMA and (H2O)2 can reach ∼103 molecules·cm-3·s-1 in a polluted and humid atmosphere. The volatilities obtained from the empirical model show the formed NPs mainly belong to the intermediate and semivolatile organic compounds, which can participate in the growth process of aerosols rather than the early stage of cluster nucleation. Moreover, some NPs can be salified with atmospheric bases to further increase their contributions to the particulate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixian Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemistry Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemistry Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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28
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Liu Y, Liu S, Cheng Z, Tan Y, Gao X, Shen Z, Yuan T. Predicting the rate constants of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with ozone reaction at different temperatures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 273:116502. [PMID: 33486251 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Based on the bond order, fukui indices and other related descriptors, as well as temperature, a new QSAR model was established to predict the rate constant (kO3) of VOCs degradation by O3. 302 logkO3 values (178-409 K) of 149 VOCs were divided into training set (242 logkO3) and test set (60 logkO3), respectively, which were used to construct and verify the QSAR model. The optimal model (R2 = 0.83, q2 = 0.82, Qext2 = 0.72) shows that EHOMO, BOx and q(C-)n have a greater influence on the value of logkO3. In addition, fukui indices and logkO3 are well correlated. The applicability domains of the current models can be used to predict kO3 of a wide range of VOCs at different temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Shiqiang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Zhiwen Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Yujia Tan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Zhemin Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Tao Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
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29
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Vereecken L, Carlsson PTM, Novelli A, Bernard F, Brown SS, Cho C, Crowley JN, Fuchs H, Mellouki W, Reimer D, Shenolikar J, Tillmann R, Zhou L, Kiendler-Scharr A, Wahner A. Theoretical and experimental study of peroxy and alkoxy radicals in the NO3-initiated oxidation of isoprene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5496-5515. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06267g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Under atmospheric conditions, nitrate-RO2 radicals are equilibrated and react predominantly with HO2, RO2 and NO. The nitrate-RO chemistry is affected strongly by ring closure to epoxy radicals, impeding formation of MVK/MACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Vereecken
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- 52428 Jülich
- Germany
| | - P. T. M. Carlsson
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- 52428 Jülich
- Germany
| | - A. Novelli
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- 52428 Jülich
- Germany
| | - F. Bernard
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS (UPR 3021)/OSUC, 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique
- 45071 Orléans CEDEX 2
- France
| | - S. S. Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory
- Boulder
- USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder
- Boulder
| | - C. Cho
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- 52428 Jülich
- Germany
| | - J. N. Crowley
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - H. Fuchs
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- 52428 Jülich
- Germany
| | - W. Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS (UPR 3021)/OSUC, 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique
- 45071 Orléans CEDEX 2
- France
| | - D. Reimer
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- 52428 Jülich
- Germany
| | - J. Shenolikar
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - R. Tillmann
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- 52428 Jülich
- Germany
| | - L. Zhou
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS (UPR 3021)/OSUC, 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique
- 45071 Orléans CEDEX 2
- France
| | - A. Kiendler-Scharr
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- 52428 Jülich
- Germany
| | - A. Wahner
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
- 52428 Jülich
- Germany
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30
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Feng T, Zhao S, Zhang X, Wang Q, Liu L, Li G, Tie X. Increasing wintertime ozone levels and secondary aerosol formation in the Guanzhong basin, central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 745:140961. [PMID: 32721619 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The observed near-surface ozone (O3) concentration has been remarkably increasing during recent years in winter in the Guanzhong basin, central China, showing a continuous enhancement of the atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC). The impact of such a change in the AOC on secondary aerosol formation, however, has not yet been assessed. In this study, we simulate the formation of O3 and airborne particles in the atmosphere using the WRF-Chem model, in which the AOC is calculated quantitatively, to understand the responses of secondary aerosols to the AOC increase. Meteorological observations, air pollutants including O3, NO2, SO2, CO, and PM2.5 concentrations at ambient monitoring sites, and the main compositions of submicron particulates measured using ACSM are used to constrain the model simulation. The model result shows that the population hourly and postmeridian Ox (=O3 + NO2) concentrations are good indicators for the wintertime AOC in the basin, suggested by the significantly positive correlations between them. Sensitivity experiments present that the AOC changes may exert important influences on fine particle (PM2.5) concentration with an average rate of 1.94 (μg m-3)/(106 cm-3 s-1) for Δ(PM2.5)/Δ(AOC), which is mostly caused by the mass changes in secondary organic aerosol (43%) and nitrate aerosol (40%) and less attributed to the ammonium (11%) and sulfate (6%) components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Feng
- Department of Geography & Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; Institute of East China Sea, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Shuyu Zhao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiu Zhang
- Department of Geography & Spatial Information Techniques, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Lang Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xuexi Tie
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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Yang Y, Wang Y, Yao D, Zhao S, Yang S, Ji D, Sun J, Wang Y, Liu Z, Hu B, Zhang R, Wang Y. Significant decreases in the volatile organic compound concentration, atmospheric oxidation capacity and photochemical reactivity during the National Day holiday over a suburban site in the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114657. [PMID: 33618483 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To what extent anthropogenic emissions could influence volatile organic compound (VOCs) concentrations and related atmospheric reactivity is still poorly understood. China's 70th National Day holidays, during which anthropogenic emissions were significantly reduced to ensure good air quality on Anniversary Day, provides a unique opportunity to investigate these processes. Atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC), OH reactivity, secondary transformation, O3 formation and VOCs-PM2.5 sensitivity are evaluated based on parameterization methods and simultaneous measurements of VOCs, O3, NOx, CO, SO2, PM2.5, JO1D, JNO2, JNO3 carried out at a suburban site between Beijing and Tianjin before, during, and after the National Day holiday 2019. During the National Day holidays, the AOC, OH reactivity, O3 formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAP) were 1.6 × 107 molecules cm-3 s-1, 41.8 s-1, 299.2 μg cm-3 and 1471.8 μg cm-3, respectively, which were 42%, 29%, 47% and 42% lower than pre-National Day values and -12%, 42%, 36% and 42% lower than post-National Day values, respectively. Reactions involving OH radicals dominated the AOC during the day, but OH radicals and O3 reactions at night. Alkanes (the degree of unsaturation = 0, (D, Equation (1)) accounted for the largest contributions to the total VOCs concentration, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs; D ≤ 1) to OH reactivity and OFP, and aromatics (D = 4) to the SOAP. O3 production was identified as VOCs-limited by VOCs (ppbC)/NOx (ppbv) ratios during the sampling campaign, with greater VOCs limitation during post- National Day and more-aged air masses during the National Day. The VOCs-sensitivity coefficient (VOCs-S) suggested that VOCs were more sensitive to PM2.5 in low-pollution domains and during the National Day holiday. This study emphasizes the importance of not only the abundance, reactivity, and secondary transformation of VOCs but also the effects of VOCs on PM2.5 for the development of effective control strategies to minimize O3 and PM2.5 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, P.O.Box 64, 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Dan Yao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shuman Zhao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuanghong Yang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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Xu Y, Xiao H, Wu D, Long C. Abiotic and Biological Degradation of Atmospheric Proteinaceous Matter Can Contribute Significantly to Dissolved Amino Acids in Wet Deposition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6551-6561. [PMID: 32391688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric proteinaceous matter is characterized by ubiquity and potential bioavailability. However, little is known about the origins, secondary production processes, and biogeochemical role of proteinaceous matter in wet deposition. Precipitation samples were collected in suburban Guiyang (southwestern China) over a 1 year period to investigate their chemical components, mainly including dissolved combined amino acids (DCAAs), dissolved free AAs (DFAAs), and nonleachable particulate AAs (PAAs). Glycine was most abundant in the DFAAs, while the dominant species in DCAAs and PAAs was glutamic acid (including deaminated glutamine). The total DCAA, DFAA, and PAA concentrations peaked on average in spring (min. in summer). On average, the contribution of DCAA-nitrogen (median of 3.44%) to dissolved organic nitrogen was 5-fold higher than that of DFAA-nitrogen (median of 0.60%). Correlation analyses of AAs with ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and the quantitative degradation index suggest that DC(/F)AAs are linked with both abiotic and biological degradation of proteinaceous matter. Moreover, the high FAA scavenging ratios indicate the presence of postdepositional degradation of atmospheric proteinaceous matter. Further, the positive matrix factorization results suggest that the degradation of atmospheric proteinaceous matter markedly contributes to DCAAs and DFAAs in precipitation. Overall, the results suggest that the secondary processes involved in the degradation of atmospheric proteinaceous matter significantly promote direct bioavailability of AA-nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Resource, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Huayun Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Daishe Wu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Resource, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chaojun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99, Linchengxi Road, Guiyang 550081, China
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Song W, Liu XY, Wang YL, Tong YD, Bai ZP, Liu CQ. Nitrogen isotope differences between atmospheric nitrate and corresponding nitrogen oxides: A new constraint using oxygen isotopes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 701:134515. [PMID: 31734482 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tracking of reactive nitrogen (N) sources is important for the effective mitigation of N emissions. By combining the N and oxygen (O) isotopes of atmospheric NO3-, stable isotope mixing models were recently applied to evaluate the relative contributions of major NOx sources. However, it has long been unresolved how to accurately constrain the δ15N differences between NO3- and corresponding NOx (ε(NO2→NO3-) values). Here, we first incorporated the HC oxidation (NO2 → NO3-) pathway by using Δ17O values to evaluate the ε(NO2→NO3-) values, performed on NO3- in PM2.5 collected during the day and at night from January 4-13, 2015 at an urban site in Beijing. We found that the Δ17O-based ε values (ε17O-based(NO2→NO3-)) (15.6 ± 7.4‰) differed distinctly from δ18O-based ε values (ε18O-based(NO2→NO3-)) (33.0 ± 9.5‰) so did not properly incorporate the isotopic effects of the HC oxidation (NO2 → NO3-) pathway. Based on the ε(NO2→NO3-) values, δ15N values of NOx from coal combustion (CC), vehicle exhausts (VE), biomass burning (BB), and the microbial N cycle (MC), as well as NO3- in PM2.5, we further quantified the source contributions by using Stable Isotope Analysis in R (the SIAR model). We found that the respective fractional contributions of CC-NOx and MC-NOx were underestimated by 64% and were overestimated by 216% by using ε18O-based(NO2→NO3-) values. We concluded that the new ε17O-based(NO2→NO3-) values reduced uncertainties in contribution analysis and the evaluation method for atmospheric NO3- sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xue-Yan Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yan-Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yin-Dong Tong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Cong-Qiang Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Wang S, Song T, Shiraiwa M, Song J, Ren H, Ren L, Wei L, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Fu P, Lai S. Occurrence of Aerosol Proteinaceous Matter in Urban Beijing: An Investigation on Composition, Sources, and Atmospheric Processes During the "APEC Blue" Period. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7380-7390. [PMID: 31117537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol proteinaceous matter is comprised of a substantial fraction of bioaerosols. Its origins and interactions in the atmosphere remain poorly understood. We present observations of total proteins, combined, and free amino acids (CAAs and FAAs) in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples in urban Beijing before and during the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit. The decreases in proteins, CAAs and FAAs levels were observed after the implementation of restrictive emission controls. Significant changes were observed for the composition profiles in FAAs with the predominance of valine before the APEC and glycine during the APEC, respectively. These variations could be attributed to the influence of sources, atmospheric processes, and meteorological conditions. FAAs (especially valine and glycine) were suggested to be released by the degradation of high molecular weight proteins/polypeptides by atmospheric oxidants (i.e., ozone and free radicals) and nitrogen dioxide. Besides daytime reactions, nighttime chemistry was found to play an important role in the atmospheric formation of valine during the nights, suggesting the possible influence of NO3 radicals. Our findings provide new insights into the significant impacts of atmospheric oxidation capacity on the occurrence and transformation of aerosol proteinaceous matter which may affect its environmental, climate and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Tianli Song
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Junwei Song
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- Now at Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 , Germany
| | - Hong Ren
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Lujie Ren
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Lianfang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100029 , China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Senchao Lai
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , China
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35
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Tang X, Zhou D, Li P, Guo X, Wang C, Kang F, Li B, Wang G. High-Performance Quasi-Solid-State MXene-Based Li-I Batteries. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:365-373. [PMID: 30834325 PMCID: PMC6396384 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-iodine (Li-I) batteries have attracted tremendous attention due to their high energy and power densities as well as the low cost of iodine. However, the severe shuttle effect of iodine species and the uncontrollable lithium dendrite growth have strongly hindered their practical applications. Here we successfully develop a quasi-solid-state Li-I battery enabled by a MXene-based iodine cathode and a composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) containing NaNO3 particles dispersing in a pentaerythritol-tetraacrylate-based (PETEA-based) gel polymer electrolyte. As verified by experimental characterizations and first-principle calculations, the abundant functional groups on the surface of MXene sheets provide strong chemical binding to iodine species, and therefore immobilize their shuttling. The PETEA-based polymer matrix simultaneously suppresses the diffusion of iodine species and stabilizes the Li anode/CPE interface against dendrite growth. The NaNO3 particles act as an effective catalyst to facilitate the transformation kinetics of LiI3 on the cathode. Owing to such synergistic optimization, the as-developed Li-I batteries deliver high energy/power density with long cycling stability and good flexibility. This work opens up a new avenue to improve the performance of Li-I batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tang
- Centre
for Clean Energy Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Dong Zhou
- Centre
for Clean Energy Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Peng Li
- College
of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing
University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210006, P. R. China
| | - Xin Guo
- Centre
for Clean Energy Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Chengyin Wang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou
University, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Key
Laboratory of Thermal Management Engineering and Materials, Graduate
School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Baohua Li
- Key
Laboratory of Thermal Management Engineering and Materials, Graduate
School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- E-mail:
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre
for Clean Energy Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- E-mail:
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Suhail K, George M, Chandran S, Varma R, Venables DS, Wang M, Chen J. Open path incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced measurements of NO 3 radical and aerosol extinction in the North China Plain. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 208:24-31. [PMID: 30286400 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe the observation of the NO3 radical using an incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer in an open-path configuration (OP-IBBCEAS) in a polluted summer environment in continental China. The instrument was installed 17 m above the ground at the top of a residential complex near the CAREBeijing-NCP 2014 site in Wangdu, Hebei province, about 200 km southwest of Beijing over the period 28 to 30 June 2014. The separation between the transmitter and receiver components of the instrument was 335 cm and the effective pathlength in clean reference air was ~3.4 km. NO3 was detected above the detection limit on all three nights when the instrument was operational. The maximum mixing ratio measured was ~175 pptv with a detection sensitivity of ~36 pptv for measurements with an average acquisition time of 10 min. While most extractive instruments try to avoid interferences arising from aerosol extinction, the open path configuration has advantages owing to its ability to detect trace gases even in the presence of aerosol loading. Moreover, concurrent retrieval of aerosol optical extinction is possible from analysis of the absorption magnitude of the oxygen B-band at 687 nm. The experimental setup, its calibration, data acquisition, and analysis procedure are discussed, and the results presented here demonstrate the sensitivity and specificity that can be achieved at high spatial and temporal resolution using the novel configuration of IBBCEAS in the open path.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Suhail
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India
| | - M George
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India
| | - S Chandran
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India; Physics Department & Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Optind Solutions Pvt. LTD. Unit 11, Technology Business Incubator, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India
| | - R Varma
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India
| | - D S Venables
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - M Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - J Chen
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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37
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Vereecken L, Novelli A, Taraborrelli D. Unimolecular decay strongly limits the atmospheric impact of Criegee intermediates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:31599-31612. [PMID: 29182168 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05541b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCI) are reactive oxygenated species formed in the ozonolysis of hydrocarbons. Their chemistry could influence the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere by affecting the HOx and NOx cycles, or by the formation of low-volatility oxygenates enhancing atmospheric aerosols known to have an important impact on climate. The concentration of SCI in the atmosphere has hitherto not been determined reliably, and very little is known about their speciation. Here we show that the concentration of biogenic SCI is strongly limited by their unimolecular decay, based on extensive theory-based structure-activity relationships (SARs) for the reaction rates for decomposition. Reaction with water vapor, H2O and (H2O)2 molecules, is the second most important loss process; SARs are also proposed for these reactions. For SCI derived from the most common biogenic VOCs, we find that unimolecular decay is responsible for just over half of the loss, with reaction with water vapor the main remaining loss process. Reactions with SO2, NO2, or acids have negligible impact on the atmospheric SCI concentration. The ambient SCI concentrations are further characterized by analysis of field data with speciated hydrocarbon information, and by implementation of the chemistry in a global chemistry model. The results show a highly complex SCI speciation, with an atmospheric peak SCI concentrations below 1 × 105 molecule cm-3, and annual average SCI concentrations less than 7 × 103 molecule cm-3. We find that SCI have only a negligible impact on the global gas phase H2SO4 formation or removal of oxygenates, though some contribution around the equatorial belt, and in select regions, cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vereecken
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute for Energy and Climate, IEK-8 Troposphere, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
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38
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Li Z, Xue L, Yang X, Zha Q, Tham YJ, Yan C, Louie PKK, Luk CWY, Wang T, Wang W. Oxidizing capacity of the rural atmosphere in Hong Kong, Southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:1114-1122. [PMID: 28892855 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric oxidizing capacity (AOC), dominated by the hydroxyl radical (OH), is an important index of the self-cleaning capacity of atmosphere and plays a vital role in the tropospheric chemistry. To better understand the key processes governing the chemistry of rural atmosphere of southern China, we analyzed the oxidation capacity and radical chemistry at a regional background site in Hong Kong from 23 August to 22 December 2012, which covered the summer, autumn and winter seasons. A chemical box model built on the latest Master Chemical Mechanism (v3.3) was used to elucidate the OH reactivity and sources of ROX radicals (ROX=OH+HO2+RO2). The AOC showed a clear seasonal pattern with stronger intensity in late summer compared to autumn and winter. Reactions with NO2 (30%) and oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) (31%) together dominated the OH loss in summer, while reactions with CO (38% in autumn and 39% in winter) and OVOCs (34% in autumn and 25% in winter) made larger contributions in autumn and winter. Photolysis of O3 (36%-47%) presented the major ROX source during all three seasons. The second largest ROx source was HONO photolysis (25%) in summer compared to HCHO photolysis in autumn (20%) and winter (21%). Besides, photolysis of other OVOCs was another important primary source of ROx radicals with average contributions of 14%, 13% and 20% for the summer, autumn and winter cases, respectively. Overall, the present study evaluates the oxidizing capacity of the rural atmosphere of South China and elucidates the varying characteristics of photochemical processes in different air masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China.
| | - Xue Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Qiaozhi Zha
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yee Jun Tham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter K K Louie
- Environmental Protection Department, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Connie W Y Luk
- Environmental Protection Department, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
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Ng NL, Brown SS, Archibald AT, Atlas E, Cohen RC, Crowley JN, Day DA, Donahue NM, Fry JL, Fuchs H, Griffin RJ, Guzman MI, Herrmann H, Hodzic A, Iinuma Y, Jimenez JL, Kiendler-Scharr A, Lee BH, Luecken DJ, Mao J, McLaren R, Mutzel A, Osthoff HD, Ouyang B, Picquet-Varrault B, Platt U, Pye HOT, Rudich Y, Schwantes RH, Shiraiwa M, Stutz J, Thornton JA, Tilgner A, Williams BJ, Zaveri RA. Nitrate radicals and biogenic volatile organic compounds: oxidation, mechanisms, and organic aerosol. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017; 17:2103-2162. [PMID: 30147712 PMCID: PMC6104845 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-2103-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) by the nitrate radical (NO3) represents one of the important interactions between anthropogenic emissions related to combustion and natural emissions from the biosphere. This interaction has been recognized for more than 3 decades, during which time a large body of research has emerged from laboratory, field, and modeling studies. NO3-BVOC reactions influence air quality, climate and visibility through regional and global budgets for reactive nitrogen (particularly organic nitrates), ozone, and organic aerosol. Despite its long history of research and the significance of this topic in atmospheric chemistry, a number of important uncertainties remain. These include an incomplete understanding of the rates, mechanisms, and organic aerosol yields for NO3-BVOC reactions, lack of constraints on the role of heterogeneous oxidative processes associated with the NO3 radical, the difficulty of characterizing the spatial distributions of BVOC and NO3 within the poorly mixed nocturnal atmosphere, and the challenge of constructing appropriate boundary layer schemes and non-photochemical mechanisms for use in state-of-the-art chemical transport and chemistry-climate models. This review is the result of a workshop of the same title held at the Georgia Institute of Technology in June 2015. The first half of the review summarizes the current literature on NO3-BVOC chemistry, with a particular focus on recent advances in instrumentation and models, and in organic nitrate and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation chemistry. Building on this current understanding, the second half of the review outlines impacts of NO3-BVOC chemistry on air quality and climate, and suggests critical research needs to better constrain this interaction to improve the predictive capabilities of atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven S. Brown
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Elliot Atlas
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, RSMAS, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ronald C. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John N. Crowley
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Douglas A. Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Neil M. Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juliane L. Fry
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung: Troposphäre (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Robert J. Griffin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alma Hodzic
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Yoshiteru Iinuma
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - José L. Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
- Institut für Energie und Klimaforschung: Troposphäre (IEK-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ben H. Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deborah J. Luecken
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jingqiu Mao
- Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Robert McLaren
- Centre for Atmospheric Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anke Mutzel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans D. Osthoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bin Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benedicte Picquet-Varrault
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systemes Atmospheriques (LISA), CNRS, Universities of Paris-Est Créteil and ì Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Ulrich Platt
- Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Havala O. T. Pye
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rebecca H. Schwantes
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jochen Stutz
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joel A. Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brent J. Williams
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rahul A. Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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Schindler M. A QSAR for the prediction of rate constants for the reaction of VOCs with nitrate radicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 154:23-33. [PMID: 27037771 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A QSAR for the prediction of rate constants for the degradation of volatile organic compounds by nitrate radicals is developed using the Partial Least Squares technique. The QSAR is based on experimental data published in the literature for 260 compounds. They are modeled by a set of calculated descriptors from standard descriptor generation tools and from quantum chemistry. Out of several diversity-based partitionings of the data set a diverse set of 99 compounds turned out to be the optimum choice with regard to simplicity and performance. The final QSAR model is characterized by r(2) = 0.831 (fit) and q(2) = 0.823 (prediction), and by an r(2)pred = 0.862 for the n = 155 external validation set. The QSAR needs 3 latent variables. The most important descriptors for the QSAR are the ionization potential, obtained from density functional theory, and the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital, which are modulated by fingerprints indicating the presence of specific molecular fragments like functional groups or ring systems. The applicability domain of the new QSAR was studied for some compound classes which are important for the crop protection industry, including (di)hydroxbenzenes and heterocyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schindler
- Bayer CropScience AG, Building 6692, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, D-40789 Monheim, Germany.
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Peleg M, Tas E, Obrist D, Matveev V, Moore C, Gabay M, Luria M. Observational Evidence for Involvement of Nitrate Radicals in Nighttime Oxidation of Mercury. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14008-14018. [PMID: 26551088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the atmosphere, reactive forms of mercury species can be produced by oxidation of the dominant gaseous elemental mercury (GEM). The oxidation of GEM is an important driver for deposition, but oxidation pathways currently are poorly constrained and likely differ among regions. In this study, continuous measurements of atmospheric nitrate radical (NO3) concentrations and mercury speciation (i.e., elemental and reactive, oxidized forms) were performed during a six week period in the urban air shed of Jerusalem, Israel during summer 2012, to investigate the potential nighttime contribution of nitrate radicals to oxidized mercury formation. Average nighttime concentrations of reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) were almost equivalent to daytime levels (25 pg m(-3) and 27 pg m(-3) respectively), in contrast to early morning and evening RGM levels which dropped to low levels (9 and 13 pg m(-3)). During daytime, the presence of RGM was increased when solar radiation exceeded 200 W m(-2), suggesting a photochemical process for daytime RGM formation. Ozone concentrations were largely unrelated to daytime RGM. Nighttime RGM concentrations were relatively high (with a maximum of 97 pg m(-3)) compared to nighttime levels in other urban regions. A strong correlation was observed between nighttime RGM concentrations and nitrate radical concentration (R(2) averaging 0.47), while correlations to other variables were weak (e.g., RH; R(2) = 0.35) or absent (e.g., ozone, wind speed and direction, pollution tracers such as CO or SO2). Detailed analyses suggest that advection processes or tropospheric influences were unlikely to explain the strong nighttime correlations between NO3 and RGM, although these processes may contribute to these relationships. Our observations suggest that NO3 radicals may play a role in RGM formation, possibly due to a direct chemical involvement in GEM oxidation. Since physical data, however, suggest that NO3 unlikely initiates GEM oxidation, NO3 may play a secondary role in GEM oxidation through the addition to an unstable Hg(I) radical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mordechai Peleg
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Edmud Safra Campus, Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Eran Tas
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Daniel Obrist
- Desert Research Institute, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - Valeri Matveev
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Edmud Safra Campus, Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Christopher Moore
- Desert Research Institute, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - Maor Gabay
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Menachem Luria
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Edmud Safra Campus, Givat Ram, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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42
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Keyte IJ, Harrison RM, Lammel G. Chemical reactivity and long-range transport potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – a review. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:9333-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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43
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Li SW, Xie PH, Jiang EH, Zhang Y, Dai HF. Optical Remote-sensing Monitoring and Forecasting of Atmospheric Pollution in Huaibei Area, China. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/25/06/739-742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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44
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Wagner NL, Riedel TP, Roberts JM, Thornton JA, Angevine WM, Williams EJ, Lerner BM, Vlasenko A, Li SM, Dubé WP, Coffman DJ, Bon DM, de Gouw JA, Kuster WC, Gilman JB, Brown SS. The sea breeze/land breeze circulation in Los Angeles and its influence on nitryl chloride production in this region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Elshorbany YF, Kleffmann J, Hofzumahaus A, Kurtenbach R, Wiesen P, Brauers T, Bohn B, Dorn HP, Fuchs H, Holland F, Rohrer F, Tillmann R, Wegener R, Wahner A, Kanaya Y, Yoshino A, Nishida S, Kajii Y, Martinez M, Kubistin D, Harder H, Lelieveld J, Elste T, Plass-Dülmer C, Stange G, Berresheim H, Schurath U. HOxbudgets during HOxComp: A case study of HOxchemistry under NOx-limited conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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46
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47
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Brown SS, Dubé WP, Peischl J, Ryerson TB, Atlas E, Warneke C, de Gouw JA, te Lintel Hekkert S, Brock CA, Flocke F, Trainer M, Parrish DD, Feshenfeld FC, Ravishankara AR. Budgets for nocturnal VOC oxidation by nitrate radicals aloft during the 2006 Texas Air Quality Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven S. Brown
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - William P. Dubé
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Elliot Atlas
- Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science; University of Miami; Miami Florida USA
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | | | - Charles A. Brock
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Frank Flocke
- National Center for Atmospheric Research; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Michael Trainer
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - David D. Parrish
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - Frederick C. Feshenfeld
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences; University of Colorado at Boulder; Boulder Colorado USA
| | - A. R. Ravishankara
- Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory; NOAA; Boulder Colorado USA
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48
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Li SW, Xie PH, Chen DB, Jiang EH, Wang XD. Temperature Dependence of Atmospheric NO 3Loss Frequency. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/24/02/145-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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49
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Khan MAH, Hoque MMN, Alam SS, Ashfold MJ, Nickless G, Shallcross DE. Estimation and comparison of night-time OH levels in the UK urban atmosphere using two different analysis methods. J Environ Sci (China) 2011; 23:60-64. [PMID: 21476341 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Night-time OH levels have been determined for UK urban surface environments using two methods, the decay and steady state approximation methods. Measurement data from the UK National Environmental Technology Centre archive for four urban sites (Bristol, Harwell, London Eltham and Edinburgh) over the time period of 1996 to 2000 have been used in this study. Three reactive alkenes, namely isoprene, 1,3-butadiene and trans-2-pentene were chosen for the calculation of OH levels by the decay method. Hourly measurements of NO, NO2, O3, CO and 20 VOCs were used to determine night-time OH level using the steady state approximation method. Our results showed that the night-time OH levels were in the range of 1 x 10(5) - 1 x 10(6) molecules/cm3 at these four urban sites in the UK. The application of a t-test of these analyses indicated that except Bristol, there was no significant difference between the OH levels found from the decay and steady state approximation methods. Night-time levels of the OH radical appeared to peak in summer and spring time tracking the night-time O3 levels which also passed through a maximum at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Anwar H Khan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom.
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50
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Asaf D, Tas E, Pedersen D, Peleg M, Luria M. Long-term measurements of NO3 radical at a semiarid urban site: 2. Seasonal trends and loss mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:5901-5907. [PMID: 20586447 DOI: 10.1021/es100967z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first to present long-term measurements of the nitrate radical in an urban location. Extensive nitrate radical measurements were conducted together with ancillary parameters during a continuous two year campaign (2005-2007) in the semiarid location of Jerusalem. The average nighttime NO3 concentration was 27.3+/-43.5 ppt, the highest ever reported, with a seasonal average peak during summer (33.3+/-55.8 pptv) with maximum levels exceeding 800 pptv. Significant diurnal changes in NO3 concentrations were observed, caused by an unusual nighttime increase in ozone concentrations. The NO3 loss processes exhibited strong seasonal variability. Homogeneous gas-phase losses were the main removal processes during summer and spring. The heterogeneous losses of N2O5, averaged over the entire campaign, contributed to less than half of the direct losses even though they dominated the winter seasons and part of the autumn months. Statistical regression analysis showed that NO3 was inversely correlated with relative humidity and positively correlated with temperature and to a lesser extent with NO2 and O3, indicating that the heterogeneous removal processes were also important. The diurnal behavior of NO3 was examined using a one-dimensional chemical transport model. The simulations showed that NO3 trends and concentrations were influenced mainly by changes in ozone and nitrogen oxide levels and that the very high levels of NO3 can be explained by the entrainment of fresh ozone from the upper atmospheric levels. After sunset and in the early morning, the homogeneous processes are the major loss pathways, while the heterogeneous N2O5 removal pathway dominates the intermediate times.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Asaf
- Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmud-Safra Campus, Givat-Ram, Israel.
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