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Liu S, Li X, Wei J, Shu L, Jin J, Fu TM, Yang X, Zhu L. Short-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Ozone: Source Impacts and Attributable Mortalities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38885093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Short-term exposure to particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) are important risk factors for human health. Despite the awareness of reducing attributable health burden, region-specific and source-specific strategies remain less explored due to the gap between precursor emissions and health effects. In this study, we isolate the health burden of individual sector sources of PM2.5 and O3 precursors, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), across the globe. Specifically, we estimate mortalities attributable to short-term exposure using machine-learning-based daily exposure estimates and quantify sectoral impacts using chemical transport model simulations. Globally, short-term exposure to PM2.5 and O3 result in 713.5 (95% Confidence Interval: 598.8-843.3) thousand and 496.3 (371.3-646.1) thousand mortalities in 2019, respectively, of which 12.5% are contributed by fuel-related NOx emissions from transportation, energy, and industry. Sectoral impacts from anthropogenic NOx and VOC emissions on health burden vary significantly among seasons and regions, requiring a target shift from transportation in winter to industry in summer for East Asia, for instance. Emission control and health management are additionally complicated by unregulated natural influences during climatic events. Fire-sourced NOx and VOC emissions, respectively, contribute to 8.5 (95% CI: 6.2-11.7) thousand and 4.8 (3.6-5.9) thousand PM2.5 and O3 mortalities, particularly for tropics with high vulnerability to climate change. Additionally, biogenic VOC emissions during heatwaves contribute to 1.8 (95% CI: 1.5-2.2) thousand O3-introduced mortalities, posing challenges in urban planning for high-income regions, where biogenic contributions to health burden during heatwaves are 13% of anthropogenic contributions annually. Our study provides important implications for temporally dynamic and sector-targeted emission control and health management strategies, which are of urgency under the projection of continuously increasing energy consumption and changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xicheng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-5031, United States
| | - Lei Shu
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Jianbing Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Toro C, Sonntag D, Bash J, Burke G, Murphy BN, Seltzer KM, Simon H, Shephard MW, Cady-Pereira KE. Sensitivity of air quality to vehicle ammonia emissions in the United States. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2024; 327:1-7. [PMID: 38846931 PMCID: PMC11151733 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2024.120484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates on-road vehicles emissions using the Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES). We developed updated ammonia emission rates for MOVES based on road-side exhaust emission measurements of light-duty gasoline and heavy-duty diesel vehicles. The resulting nationwide on-road vehicle ammonia emissions are 1.8, 2.1, 1.8, and 1.6 times higher than the MOVES3 estimates for calendar years 2010, 2017, 2024, and 2035, respectively, primarily due to an increase in light-duty gasoline vehicle NH3 emission rates. We conducted an air quality simulation using the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQv5.3.2) model to evaluate the sensitivity of modeled ammonia and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in calendar year 2017 using the updated on-road vehicle ammonia emissions. The average monthly urban ammonia ambient concentrations increased by up to 2.3 ppbv in January and 3.0 ppbv in July. The updated on-road NH3 emission rates resulted in better agreement of modeled ammonia concentrations with 2017 annual average ambient ammonia measurements, reducing model bias by 5.8 % in the Northeast region. Modeled average winter PM2.5 concentrations increased in urban areas, including enhancements of up to 0.5 μg/m3 in the northeast United States. The updated ammonia emission rates have been incorporated in MOVES4 and will be used in future versions of the NEI and EPA's modeling platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Toro
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Darrell Sonntag
- Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Jesse Bash
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Guy Burke
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 2, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin N. Murphy
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Karl M. Seltzer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Heather Simon
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, RTP, NC, USA
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Dai H, Liao H, Wang Y, Qian J. Co-occurrence of ozone and PM 2.5 pollution in urban/non-urban areas in eastern China from 2013 to 2020: Roles of meteorology and anthropogenic emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171687. [PMID: 38485008 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
We applied a three-dimensional (3-D) global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to evaluate the influences of meteorology and anthropogenic emissions on the co-occurrence of ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution day (O3-PM2.5PD) in urban and non-urban areas of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) regions during the warm season (April-October) from 2013 to 2020. The model captured the observed O3-PM2.5PD trends and spatial distributions well. From 2013 to 2020, with changes in both anthropogenic emissions and meteorology, the simulated values of O3-PM2.5PD in the urban (non-urban) areas of the BTH and YRD regions were 424.8 (330.1) and 309.3 (286.9) days, respectively, suggesting that pollution in non-urban areas also warrants attention. The trends in the simulated values of O3-PM2.5PD were -0.14 and -0.15 (+1.18 and +0.81) days yr-1 in the BTH (YRD) urban and non-urban areas, respectively. Sensitivity simulations revealed that changes in anthropogenic emissions decreased the occurrence of O3-PM2.5PD, with trends of -0.99 and -1.23 (-1.47 and -1.92) days yr-1 in the BTH (YRD) urban and non-urban areas, respectively. Conversely, meteorological conditions could exacerbate the frequency of O3-PM2.5PD, especially in the urban YRD areas, but less notably in the urban BTH areas, with trends of +2.11 and +0.30 days yr-1, respectively, owing to changes in meteorology only. The increases in T2m_max and T2m were the main meteorological factors affecting O3-PM2.5PD in most BTH and YRD areas. Furthermore, by conducting sensitivity experiments with different levels of pollutant precursor reductions in 2020, we found that volatile organic compound (VOC) reductions primarily benefited O3-PM2.5PD decreases in urban areas and that NOx reductions more notably influenced those in non-urban areas, especially in the YRD region. Simultaneously, reducing VOC and NOx emissions by 50 % resulted in considerable O3-PM2.5PD decreases (58.8-72.6 %) in the urban and non-urban areas of the BTH and YRD regions. The results of this study have important implications for the control of O3-PM2.5PD in the urban and non-urban areas of the BTH and YRD regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Yang Y, Sun M, Wu G, Qi Y, Zhu W, Zhao Y, Zhu Y, Li W, Zhang Y, Wang N, Sheng L, Wang W, Yu X, Yu J, Yao X, Zhou Y. Characteristics of aerosol aminiums over a coastal city in North China: Insights from the divergent impacts of marine and terrestrial influences. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170672. [PMID: 38316306 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Aminium ions, as crucial alkaline components within fine atmospheric particles, have a notable influence on new particle formation and haze occurrence. Their concentrations within coastal atmosphere depict considerable variation due to the interplay of distinctive marine and terrestrial sources, further complicated by dynamic meteorological conditions. This study conducted a comprehensive examination of aminiums ions concentrations, with a particular focus on methylaminium (MMAH+), dimethylaminium (DMAH+), trimethylaminium (TMAH+), and triethylaminium (TEAH+) within PM2.5, over varying seasons (summer, autumn, and winter of 2019 and summer of 2021), at an urban site in the coastal megacity of Qingdao, Northern China. The investigations revealed that the total concentration of particulate aminium ions (∑Aminium) was 21.6 ± 23.6 ng/m3, exhibiting higher values in the autumn and winter compared to the two summer periods. Considering diurnal variations during autumn and winter, concentrations of particulate aminium ions (excluding TEAH+) exhibited a slight increase during the day compared to night, with a notable peak during the morning hours. However, it was not the case for TEAH+, which was argued to be readily oxidized by ambient oxidants in the afternoon. Additionally, the ∑Aminium within the summer demonstrated markedly elevated levels during the day compared to night, potentially attributed to daytime sea fog associated with sea-land breeze interactions. Positive matrix factorization results indicate terrestrial anthropogenic emissions, including vehicle emission mixed with road dust and primary pollution, as the primary sources of MMAH+ and DMAH+. Conversely, TMAH+ was predominantly emitted from agricultural and marine sources. With the dominance of sea breeze in summer, TMAH+ was identified as a primary marine emission correlated with sea salt, while MMAH+, DMAH+, and TEAH+ were postulated to undergo secondary formation. Furthermore, a notable inverse correlation was observed between TMAH+ and methanesulfonate in PM2.5, consistent with dynamic emissions of sulfur-content and nitrogen-content gases reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Yang
- Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Mingge Sun
- Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guanru Wu
- Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yuxuan Qi
- Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wenqing Zhu
- Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yunhui Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wenshuai Li
- Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Yanjing Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Nana Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Jiaozhou Meteorological Bureau, Qingdao Meteorological Bureau, Qingdao 266300, China
| | - Lifang Sheng
- Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wencai Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xu Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Jianzhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 999077, Hong Kong; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology (MoE), Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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5
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Svv DR, Al-Rashidi A, Sabarathinam C, Alsabti B, Al-Wazzan Y, Kumar US. Temporal and spatial shifts in the chemical composition of urban coastal rainwaters of Kuwait: The role of air mass trajectory and meteorological variables. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 899:165649. [PMID: 37478926 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The rainwater chemistry encompasses the signatures of geogenic and anthropogenic processes along the regional air mass movement apart from the local sources. The predominance of dust events and anthropogenic emissions in arid regions facilitate new particle formation. Further, rain events of different seasons depict moisture sources from diverse regions reflecting variation in the regional geochemistry with respect to seasons. Hence, to characterize the geochemical composition of rainwater, the study has focused on an integrated approach by considering regional transport, meteorological components and possible local sources. A total of 74 rainwater samples were collected from 27 rain events in 2018, 2019, and 2022, representing urban coastal areas of Kuwait predominantly of Ca-SO4-HCO3 type. The average pH and electrical conductivity of the rainwater were 7.18 and 140 μS/cm, respectively. The sea salt fractions calculated relative to Kuwait seawater ranged from 25.6 to >100 %, with higher values attributed to anthropogenic sources. Sea salt fraction, ion ratios, principal component analysis and factor scores revealed the terrestrial and anthropogenic sources apart from marine contributions. In addition, new particle formation and aerosols contributed to the rainwater chemistry involving SOx, NOx, and photochemical reactions during higher relative humidity and lesser wind speed. The HYSPLIT reflected that the moisture sources were largely from western regions of the study area, and those of December and January events had long-distance travel across the Azores high originating from northeast America. The trajectories of the November events are observed to originate from the Caspian/Black Sea region in the northeastern part of Kuwait with a relatively shorter distance of travel. The rainfall samples had higher ionic concentrations, and saturated with aragonite and calcite minerals in a few locations specifically after the dust events, while the subsequent rain events were less polluted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanu Radha Svv
- Water Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Shuwaikh, Kuwait.
| | - Amjad Al-Rashidi
- Water Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Shuwaikh, Kuwait
| | | | - Bedour Alsabti
- Water Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Shuwaikh, Kuwait
| | - Yousef Al-Wazzan
- Water Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Shuwaikh, Kuwait
| | - Umayadoss Saravana Kumar
- Isotope Hydrology Section, Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, IAEA, Vienna, Austria
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Gu Y, Henze DK, Nawaz MO, Cao H, Wagner UJ. Sources of PM 2.5-Associated Health Risks in Europe and Corresponding Emission-Induced Changes During 2005-2015. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2022GH000767. [PMID: 36949891 PMCID: PMC10027220 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a newly developed approach to characterize the sources of fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-related premature deaths in Europe using the chemical transport model GEOS-Chem and its adjoint. The contributions of emissions from each individual country, species, and sector are quantified and mapped out at km scale. In 2015, total PM2.5-related premature death is estimated to be 449,813 (257,846-722,138) in Europe, 59.0% of which were contributed by domestic anthropogenic emissions. The anthropogenic emissions of nitrogen oxides, ammonia, and organic carbon contributed most to the PM2.5-related health damages, making up 29.6%, 23.2%, and 16.8%, respectively of all domestic anthropogenic contributions. Residential, agricultural, and ground transport emissions are calculated to be the largest three sectoral sources of PM2.5-related health risks, accounting for 23.5%, 23.0%, and 19.4%, respectively, of total anthropogenic contributions within Europe. After excluding the influence of extra-regional sources, we find eastern European countries suffered from more premature deaths than their emissions caused; in contrast, the emissions from some central and western European regions contributed premature deaths exceeding three times the number of deaths that occurred locally. During 2005-2015, the first decade of PM2.5 regulation in Europe, emission controls reduced PM2.5-related health damages in nearly all European countries, resulting in 63,538 (46,092-91,082) fewer PM2.5-related premature deaths. However, our calculation suggests that efforts to reduce air pollution from key sectors in some countries can be offset by the lag in control of emissions in others. International cooperation is therefore vitally important for tackling air pollution and reducing corresponding detrimental effects on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Gu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
- Department of EconomicsUniversity of MannheimMannheimGermany
| | - Daven K. Henze
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - M. Omar Nawaz
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCOUSA
| | - Hansen Cao
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkUK
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Sokharavuth P, Thiv S, Nara C, Him C, Sokyimeng S, Henze DK, Holmes R, Kuylenstierna JCI, Malley CS, Michalopoulou E, Slater J. Air pollution mitigation assessment to inform Cambodia's first clean air plan. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115230. [PMID: 36623681 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cambodia's 16.5 million people are exposed to air pollution in excess of World Health Organisation guidelines. The Royal Government of Cambodia has regulated air pollutant emissions and concentrations since 2000, but rapid economic growth and energy consumption means air pollution continues to impact human health. In December 2021, the Ministry of Environment of Cambodia published Cambodia's first Clean Air Plan that outlines actions to reduce air pollutant emissions over the next decade. This work presents the quantitative air pollution mitigation assessment underpinning the identification and evaluation of measures included in Cambodia's Clean Air Plan. Historic emissions of particulate matter (PM2.5, black carbon, organic carbon) and gaseous (nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, and carbon monoxide) air pollutants are quantified between 2010 and 2015, and projected to 2030 for a baseline scenario. Mitigation scenarios reflecting implementation of 14 measures included in Cambodia's Clean Air Plan were modelled, to quantify the national reduction in emissions, from which the reduction in ambient PM2.5 exposure and attributable health burdens were estimated. In 2015, the residential, transport, and waste sectors contribute the largest fraction of national total air pollutant emissions. Without emission reduction measures, air pollutant emissions could increase by between 50 and 150% in 2030 compared to 2015 levels, predominantly due to increases in transport emissions. The implementation of the 14 mitigation measures could substantially reduce emissions of all air pollutants, by between 60 and 80% in 2030 compared to the baseline. This reduction in emissions was estimated to avoid approximately 900 (95% C.I.: 530-1200) premature deaths per year in 2030 compared to the baseline scenario. In addition to improving air pollution and public health, Cambodia's Clean Air Plan could also to lead to additional benefits, including a 19% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, simultaneously contributing to Cambodia's climate change goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak Sokharavuth
- General Directorate of Environmental Protection, Ministry of Environment, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sophearith Thiv
- General Directorate of Environmental Protection, Ministry of Environment, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chea Nara
- General Directorate of Environmental Protection, Ministry of Environment, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chandath Him
- Air Quality and Noise Management Department, Ministry of Environment, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sam Sokyimeng
- Air Quality and Noise Management Department, Ministry of Environment, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Daven K Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Ryan Holmes
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Johan C I Kuylenstierna
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher S Malley
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, United Kingdom.
| | - Eleni Michalopoulou
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Slater
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, United Kingdom
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Wang L, Li Q, Qiu Q, Hou L, Ouyang J, Zeng R, Huang S, Li J, Tang L, Liu Y. Assessing the ecological risk induced by PM 2.5 pollution in a fast developing urban agglomeration of southeastern China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 324:116284. [PMID: 36162318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High PM2.5 concentration threats ecosystem functions but limited quantitative studies have recognized PM2.5 pollution as an individual stressor in evaluating ecological risk. In this study, we applied a machine-learning-based simulation model incorporating full-coverage satellite-driven PM2.5 dataset to estimate high-resolution ground PM2.5 concentration for the Golden Triangle of Southern Fujian Province, China (GTSF) in 2030 under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Based on the simulation output, the ecological risk's spatiotemporal change and the risk for different land cover types, which were caused by PM2.5 pollution, were assessed. We found that the PM2.5 levels and ecological risk in the GTSF under RCP 4.5 would be reduced while those under RCP 8.5 would continue to increase. The regions with the highest ecological risk under RCP 4.5 are the most urbanized and industrialized districts, while those with the highest ecological risk under RCP 8.5 are of the highest rate in urbanization and the greatest decrease in planetary potential layer height. For both base years and 2030 under two RCPs, the ecological risk on developed land is the highest, while that on the forest is the lowest. Our study can provide useful information for environmental policy risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States.
| | - Qianyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, 350002, China.
| | - Quanyi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Lipeng Hou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jingyi Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Ruihan Zeng
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics & Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States.
| | - Sha Huang
- Songjiang Yunjian High School Affiliated to Shanghai Foreign Language School, Shanghai, 201600, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, 100035, China.
| | - Lina Tang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, United States.
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Gao CY, Heald CL, Katich JM, Luo G, Yu F. Remote Aerosol Simulated During the Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) Campaign and Implications for Aerosol Lifetime. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2022JD036524. [PMID: 36582200 PMCID: PMC9787353 DOI: 10.1029/2022jd036524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We investigate and assess how well a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) simulates submicron aerosol mass concentrations in the remote troposphere. The simulated speciated aerosol (organic aerosol (OA), black carbon, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) mass concentrations are evaluated against airborne observations made during all four seasons of the NASA Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) deployments over the remote Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Such measurements over pristine environments offer fresh insights into the spatial (Northern [NH] and Southern Hemispheres [SH], Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans) and temporal (all seasons) variability in aerosol composition and lifetime, away from continental sources. The model captures the dominance of fine OA and sulfate aerosol mass concentrations in all seasons. There is a high bias across all species in the ATom-2 (NH winter) simulations; implementing recent updates to the wet scavenging parameterization improves our simulations, eliminating the large ATom-2 (NH winter) bias, improving the ATom-1 (NH summer) and ATom-3 (NH fall) simulations, but producing a model underestimate in aerosol mass concentrations for the ATom-4 (NH spring) simulations. Following the wet scavenging updates, simulated global annual mean aerosol lifetimes vary from 1.9 to 4.0 days, depending on species. Aerosol lifetimes in each hemisphere vary by season, and are longest for carbonaceous aerosol during the southern hemispheric fire season. The updated wet scavenging parameterization brings simulated concentrations closer to observations and reduces global aerosol lifetime for all species, indicating the sensitivity of global aerosol lifetime and burden to wet removal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Yuchao Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Now at Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNJUSA
| | - Colette L. Heald
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Joseph M. Katich
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES)University of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL)BoulderCOUSA
- Now at Ball AerospaceBoulderCOUSA
| | - Gan Luo
- Atmospheric Sciences Research CenterUniversity at AlbanyAlbanyNYUSA
| | - Fangqun Yu
- Atmospheric Sciences Research CenterUniversity at AlbanyAlbanyNYUSA
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10
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Zhou Y, Yang Y, Wang H, Wang J, Li M, Li H, Wang P, Zhu J, Li K, Liao H. Summer ozone pollution in China affected by the intensity of Asian monsoon systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157785. [PMID: 35931145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ozone in the troposphere is harmful to human health and ecosystems. It has become the most severe air pollutant in China. Here, based on global atmospheric chemistry model simulations during 1981-2019 and nation-wide surface observations, the impacts of interannual variations in Asian summer monsoon (ASM), including East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and South Asian summer monsoon (SASM), on surface O3 concentrations during June-July-August (JJA) in China are investigated. EASM intensity has a significant positive correlation with the surface O3 concentration in south-central China (97.5°-117.5°E, 20°-35°N) with a correlation coefficient of 0.6. Relative to the weak EASM years, O3 concentrations in strong EASM years increased by up to 5 ppb (10 % relative to the average) due to the weakened transboundary transport of O3 resulting from the decrease in prevailing southwesterlies. SASM can be divided into two components. The one near East Asia has a similar relation with O3 in southern China (100°-117.5°E, 22°-32°N) as that of EASM. The other component of SASM is negatively correlated with surface O3 concentration in eastern China (110°-117.5°E, 22°-34°N) and the maximum difference in O3 concentrations exceeded 5 ppb (10 %) between the strong and weak monsoon years, which can be explained by the O3 divergence caused by the anomalous southerlies blowing pollutants away from the northern boundary of eastern China. This study shows that the ASM has an important impact on the O3 concentrations in China, primarily through changing transboundary transport related to the variability of large-scale circulations, which has great implications for air pollution prevention and mitigation in China. Future projections of ASM suggests that the sustainable and medium development scenarios are the perfect pathways that can help to mitigate O3 pollution, while high social vulnerability and radiative forcing scenarios could enhance future O3 pollution in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Oceanic Meteorology, Tianjin Institute of Meteorological Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengyun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pinya Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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11
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Wang R, Yang Y, Xing X, Wang L, Chen J, Tang X, Cao J, Morawska L, Balkanski Y, Hauglustaine D, Ciais P, Ma J. Stringent Emission Controls Are Needed to Reach Clean Air Targets for Cities in China under a Warming Climate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11199-11211. [PMID: 35881565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the threat that climate change poses to fine particle (PM2.5) pollution is hampered by large uncertainties in the relationship between PM2.5 and meteorology. To constrain the impact of climate change on PM2.5, statistical models are often employed in a different manner than physical-chemical models to reduce the requirement of input data. A majority of statistical models predict PM2.5 concentration (often log-transformed) as a simple function of meteorology, which could be biased due to the conversion of precursor gases to PM2.5. We reduced this bias by developing a unique statistic model where the sum of PM2.5 and the weighted precursor gases, rather than the PM2.5 alone, was predicted as a function of meteorology and a proxy of primary emissions, where the input data of PM10, CO, O3, NOx, and SO2 were obtained from routine measurements. This modification, without losing the simplicity of statistical models, reduced the mean-square error from 27 to 17% and increased the coefficient of determination from 47 to 67% in the model cross-validation using daily PM2.5 observations during 2013-2018 for 74 cities over China. We found a previously unrecognized mechanism that synoptic climate change in the past half-century might have increased low quantiles of PM2.5 more strenuously than the upper quantiles in large cities over China. Climate change during 1971-2018 was projected to increase the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 at a degree that could be comparable with the toughest-ever clean air policy during 2013-2018 had counteracted it, as inferred from the decline in the daily concentration of carbon monoxide as an inert gas. Our estimate of the impact of climate change on PM2.5 is higher than previous statistical models, suggesting that aerosol chemistry might play a more important role than previously thought in the interaction between climate change and air pollution. Our result indicated that air quality might degrade if the future synoptic climate change could continue interacting with aerosol chemistry as it had occurred in the past half-century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health (WECEIPHE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 20 Cuiniao Road, Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yechen Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaofan Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health (WECEIPHE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health (WECEIPHE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xu Tang
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health (WECEIPHE), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, CAS, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lidia Morawska
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Yves Balkanski
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - Didier Hauglustaine
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, 20 Konstantinou Kavafi Street, 2121, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jianmin Ma
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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12
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Berman BC, Cummings BE, Avery AM, DeCarlo PF, Capps SL, Waring MS. Simulating indoor inorganic aerosols of outdoor origin with the inorganic aerosol thermodynamic equilibrium model ISORROPIA. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13075. [PMID: 35904391 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor aerosols can transform and have their composition altered upon transport indoors. Herein, IMAGES, a platform that simulates indoor organic aerosol with the 2-dimensional volatility basis set (2D-VBS), was extended to incorporate the inorganic aerosol thermodynamic equilibrium model, ISORROPIA. The model performance was evaluated by comparing aerosol component predictions to indoor measurements from an aerosol mass spectrometer taken during the summer and winter seasons. Since ammonia was not measured in the validation dataset, outdoor ammonia was estimated from aerosol measurements using a novel pH-based algorithm, while nitric acid was held constant. Modeled indoor ammonia sources included temperature-based occupant and surface emissions. Sensitivity to the nitric acid indoor surface deposition rate β g , HNO 3 , g was explored by varying it in model runs, which did not affect modeled sulfate due to its non-volatile nature, though the fitting of a filter efficiency was required for good correlations of modeled sulfate with measurements in both seasons. Modeled summertime nitrate well-matched measured observations when β g , HNO 3 , g = 2.75 h - 1 , but wintertime comparisons were poor, possibly due to missing thermodynamic processes within the heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system. Ammonium was consistently overpredicted, potentially due to neglecting thirdhand smoke impacts observed in the field campaign, as well as HVAC impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Berman
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bryan E Cummings
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anita M Avery
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter F DeCarlo
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shannon L Capps
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael S Waring
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Moch JM, Mickley LJ, Keller CA, Bian H, Lundgren EW, Zhai S, Jacob DJ. Aerosol-Radiation Interactions in China in Winter: Competing Effects of Reduced Shortwave Radiation and Cloud-Snowfall-Albedo Feedbacks Under Rapidly Changing Emissions. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2021JD035442. [PMID: 35859567 PMCID: PMC9285729 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd035442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Since 2013, Chinese policies have dramatically reduced emissions of particulates and their gas-phase precursors, but the implications of these reductions for aerosol-radiation interactions are unknown. Using a global, coupled chemistry-climate model, we examine how the radiative impacts of Chinese air pollution in the winter months of 2012 and 2013 affect local meteorology and how these changes may, in turn, influence surface concentrations of PM2.5, particulate matter with diameter <2.5 μm. We then investigate how decreasing emissions through 2016 and 2017 alter this impact. We find that absorbing aerosols aloft in winter 2012 and 2013 heat the middle- and lower troposphere by ∼0.5-1 K, reducing cloud liquid water, snowfall, and snow cover. The subsequent decline in surface albedo appears to counteract the ∼15-20 W m-2 decrease in shortwave radiation reaching the surface due to attenuation by aerosols overhead. The net result of this novel cloud-snowfall-albedo feedback in winters 2012-2013 is a slight increase in surface temperature of ∼0.5-1 K in some regions and little change elsewhere. The aerosol heating aloft, however, stabilizes the atmosphere and decreases the seasonal mean planetary boundary layer (PBL) height by ∼50 m. In winter 2016 and 2017, the ∼20% decrease in mean PM2.5 weakens the cloud-snowfall-albedo feedback, though it is still evident in western China, where the feedback again warms the surface by ∼0.5-1 K. Regardless of emissions, we find that aerosol-radiation interactions enhance mean surface PM2.5 pollution by 10%-20% across much of China during all four winters examined, mainly though suppression of PBL heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Moch
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Loretta J. Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Christoph A. Keller
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Huisheng Bian
- Global Modeling and Assimilation OfficeNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Elizabeth W. Lundgren
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Shixian Zhai
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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14
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Li H, Yang Y, Wang H, Wang P, Yue X, Liao H. Projected Aerosol Changes Driven by Emissions and Climate Change Using a Machine Learning Method. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3884-3893. [PMID: 35294173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Projection of future aerosols and understanding the driver of the aerosol changes are of great importance in improving the atmospheric environment and climate change mitigation. The latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) provides various climate projections but limited aerosol output. In this study, future near-surface aerosol concentrations from 2015 to 2100 are predicted based on a machine learning method. The machine learning model is trained with global atmospheric chemistry model results and projects aerosols with CMIP6 multi-model simulations, creatively estimating future aerosols with all important species considered. PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter) concentrations in 2095 (2091-2100 mean) are projected to decrease by 40% in East Asia, 20-35% in South Asia, and 15-25% in Europe and North America, compared to those in 2020 (2015-2024 mean), under low-emission scenarios (SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5), which are mainly due to the presumed emission reductions. Driven by the climate change alone, PM2.5 concentrations would increase by 10-25% in northern China and western U.S. and decrease by 0-25% in southern China, South Asia, and Europe under the high forcing scenario (SSP5-8.5). A warmer climate exerts a stronger modulation on global aerosols. Climate-driven global future aerosol changes are found to be comparable to those contributed by changes in anthropogenic emissions over many regions of the world in high forcing scenarios, highlighting the importance of climate change in regulating future air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Pinya Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xu Yue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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15
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Zhang H, Wang J, García LC, Zhou M, Ge C, Plessel T, Szykman J, Levy RC, Murphy B, Spero TL. Improving surface PM 2.5 forecasts in the United States using an ensemble of chemical transport model outputs: 2. bias correction with satellite data for rural areas. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:1-19. [PMID: 38511152 PMCID: PMC10953817 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd035563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
This work serves as the second of a two-part study to improve surface PM2.5 forecasts in the continental U.S. through the integrated use of multi-satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) products (MODIS Terra/Aqua and VIIRS DT/DB), multi chemical transport model (CTM) (GEOS-Chem, WRF-Chem and CMAQ) outputs and ground observations. In part I of the study, a multi-model ensemble Kalman filter (KF) technique using three CTM outputs and ground observations was developed to correct forecast bias and generate a single best forecast of PM2.5 for next day over non-rural areas that have surface PM2.5 measurements in the proximity of 125 km. Here, with AOD data, we extended the bias correction into rural areas where the closest air quality monitoring station is at least 125 - 300 km away. First, we ensembled all of satellite AOD products to yield the single best AOD. Second, we corrected daily PM2.5 in rural areas from multiple models through the AOD spatial pattern between these areas and non-rural areas, referred to as "extended ground truth" or EGT, for today. Lastly, we applied the KF technique to update the bias in the forecast for next day using the EGT. Our results find that the ensemble of bias-corrected daily PM2.5 from three models for both today and next day show the best performance. Together, the two-part study develops a multi-model and multi-AOD bias correction technique that has the potential to improve PM2.5 forecasts in both rural and non-rural areas in near real time, and be readily implemented at state levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lorena Castro García
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Meng Zhou
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Geo-Informatics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Cui Ge
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Todd Plessel
- General Dynamics Information Technology, RTP, NC, USA
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16
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Wang Y, Liao H. 2015–2050年南亚与东南亚输送对中国大气臭氧浓度的影响 . CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2021. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2021-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Abera A, Friberg J, Isaxon C, Jerrett M, Malmqvist E, Sjöström C, Taj T, Vargas AM. Air Quality in Africa: Public Health Implications. Annu Rev Public Health 2021; 42:193-210. [PMID: 33348996 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-100119-113802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the importance of air quality in the African urban development process. We address connections between air pollution and (a) rapid urbanization, (b) social problems, (c) health impacts, (d) climate change, (e) policies, and (f) new innovations. We acknowledge that air pollution levels in Africa can be extremely high and a serious health threat. The toxic content of the pollution could relate to region-specific sources such as low standards for vehicles and fuels, cooking with solid fuels, and burning household waste. We implore the pursuit of interdisciplinary research to create new approaches with relevant stakeholders. Moreover, successful air pollution research must regard conflicts, tensions, and synergies inherent to development processes in African municipalities, regions, and countries. This includes global relationships regarding climate change, trade, urban planning, and transportation. Incorporating aspects of local political situations (e.g., democracy) can also enhance greater political accountability and awareness about air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmamaw Abera
- Department of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, 9086 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Johan Friberg
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christina Isaxon
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Michael Jerrett
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Ebba Malmqvist
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Cheryl Sjöström
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tahir Taj
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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18
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El-Sayed MMH, Elshorbany YF, Koehler K. On the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on air quality in Florida. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117451. [PMID: 34082371 PMCID: PMC8802355 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Since early 2020, the world has faced an unprecedented pandemic caused by the novel COVID-19 virus. In this study, we characterize the impact of the lockdown associated with the pandemic on air quality in six major cities across the state of Florida, namely: Jacksonville, Tallahassee, Gainesville, Orlando, Tampa, and Miami. Hourly measurements of PM2.5, ozone, NO2, SO2, and CO were provided by the US EPA at thirty sites operated by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection during mid-February to mid-April from 2015 through 2020. To analyze the effect of the pandemic, atmospheric pollutant concentrations in 2020 were compared to historic data at these cities during the same period from 2015 to 2019. Reductions in NO2 and CO levels were observed across the state in most cities and were attributed to restrictions in mobility and the decrease in vehicle usage amid the lockdown. Likewise, decreases in O3 concentrations were observed and were related to the prevailing NOx-limited regime during this time period. Changes in concentrations of SO2 exhibited spatial variations, concentrations decreased in northern cities, however an increase was observed in central and southern cities, likely due to increased power generation at facilities primarily in the central and southern regions of the state. PM2.5 levels varied temporally during the study and were positively correlated with SO2 concentrations during the lockdown. In March, reductions in PM2.5 levels were observed, however elevations in PM2.5 concentrations in April were attributed to long-range transport of pollutants rather than local emissions. This study provides further insight into the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on anthropogenic sources from vehicular emissions and power generation in Florida. This work has implications for policies and regulations of vehicular emissions as well as consequences on the use of sustainable energy sources in the state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M H El-Sayed
- Department of Civil Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, 32114, USA.
| | - Yasin F Elshorbany
- College of Arts & Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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19
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Fenech S, Doherty RM, O'Connor FM, Heaviside C, Macintyre HL, Vardoulakis S, Agnew P, Neal LS. Future air pollution related health burdens associated with RCP emission changes in the UK. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145635. [PMID: 33582353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are used to simulate future ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the United Kingdom (UK) for the 2050s relative to the 2000s with an air quality model (AQUM) at a 12 km horizontal resolution. The present-day and future attributable fractions (AF) of mortality associated with long-term exposure to annual mean O3, NO2 and PM2.5 have accordingly been estimated for the first time for regions across England, Scotland and Wales. Across the three RCPs (RCP2.6, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5), simulated annual mean of the daily maximum 8-h mean (MDA8) O3 concentrations increase compared to present-day, likely due to decreases in NOx (nitrogen oxides) emissions, leading to less titration of O3 by NO. Annual mean NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations decrease under all RCPs for the 2050s, mostly driven by decreases in NOx and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions, respectively. The AF of mortality associated with long-term exposure to annual mean MDA8 O3 is estimated to increase in the future across all the regions and for all RCPs. Reductions in NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations lead to reductions in the AF estimated for future periods under all RCPs, for both pollutants. Total mortality burdens are also highly sensitive to future population projections. Accounting for population projections exacerbates differences in total UK-wide MDA8 O3-health burdens between present-day and future by up to a factor of ~3 but diminishes differences in NO2-health burdens. For PM2.5, accounting for future population projections results in additional UK-wide deaths brought forward compared to present-day under RCP2.6 and RCP6.0, even though the simulated PM2.5 concentrations for the 2050s are estimated to decrease. Thus, these results highlight the sensitivity of future health burdens in the UK to future trends in atmospheric emissions over the UK as well as future population projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fenech
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, UK.
| | - Ruth M Doherty
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Clare Heaviside
- Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London, Central House, 14 Woburn Place, London WC1H 0NN, UK
| | - Helen L Macintyre
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, UK; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sotiris Vardoulakis
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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20
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Hammer MS, van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, McDuffie EE, Lyapustin A, Sayer AM, Hsu NC, Levy RC, Garay MJ, Kalashnikova OV, Kahn RA. Effects of COVID-19 lockdowns on fine particulate matter concentrations. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg7670. [PMID: 34162552 PMCID: PMC8221629 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg7670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic provide an unprecedented opportunity to examine the effects of human activity on air quality. The effects on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are of particular interest, as PM2.5 is the leading environmental risk factor for mortality globally. We map global PM2.5 concentrations for January to April 2020 with a focus on China, Europe, and North America using a combination of satellite data, simulation, and ground-based observations. We examine PM2.5 concentrations during lockdown periods in 2020 compared to the same periods in 2018 to 2019. We find changes in population-weighted mean PM2.5 concentrations during the lockdowns of -11 to -15 μg/m3 across China, +1 to -2 μg/m3 across Europe, and 0 to -2 μg/m3 across North America. We explain these changes through a combination of meteorology and emission reductions, mostly due to transportation. This work demonstrates regional differences in the sensitivity of PM2.5 to emission sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Hammer
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Erin E McDuffie
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Alexei Lyapustin
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Andrew M Sayer
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research, Universities Space Research Association, Greenbelt, MD 21046, USA
| | - N Christina Hsu
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Robert C Levy
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Michael J Garay
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Olga V Kalashnikova
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
| | - Ralph A Kahn
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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21
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Open fire exposure increases the risk of pregnancy loss in South Asia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3205. [PMID: 34050160 PMCID: PMC8163851 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between climate change and anthropogenic activities result in increasing numbers of open fires, which have been shown to harm maternal health. However, few studies have examined the association between open fire and pregnancy loss. We conduct a self-comparison case-control study including 24,876 mothers from South Asia, the region with the heaviest pregnancy-loss burden in the world. Exposure is assessed using a chemical transport model as the concentrations of fire-sourced PM2.5 (i.e., fire PM2.5). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of pregnancy loss for a 1-μg/m3 increment in averaged concentration of fire PM2.5 during pregnancy is estimated as 1.051 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.035, 1.067). Because fire PM2.5 is more strongly linked with pregnancy loss than non-fire PM2.5 (OR: 1.014; 95% CI: 1.011, 1.016), it contributes to a non-neglectable fraction (13%) of PM2.5-associated pregnancy loss. Here, we show maternal health is threaten by gestational exposure to fire smoke in South Asia.
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22
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Hattori S, Iizuka Y, Alexander B, Ishino S, Fujita K, Zhai S, Sherwen T, Oshima N, Uemura R, Yamada A, Suzuki N, Matoba S, Tsuruta A, Savarino J, Yoshida N. Isotopic evidence for acidity-driven enhancement of sulfate formation after SO 2 emission control. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/19/eabd4610. [PMID: 33952511 PMCID: PMC8099192 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd4610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
After the 1980s, atmospheric sulfate reduction is slower than the dramatic reductions in sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions. However, a lack of observational evidence has hindered the identification of causal feedback mechanisms. Here, we report an increase in the oxygen isotopic composition of sulfate ([Formula: see text]) in a Greenland ice core, implying an enhanced role of acidity-dependent in-cloud oxidation by ozone (up to 17 to 27%) in sulfate production since the 1960s. A global chemical transport model reproduces the magnitude of the increase in observed [Formula: see text] with a 10 to 15% enhancement in the conversion efficiency from SO2 to sulfate in Eastern North America and Western Europe. With an expected continued decrease in atmospheric acidity, this feedback will continue in the future and partially hinder air quality improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Hattori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Iizuka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1640, USA
| | - Sakiko Ishino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
- National Institute of Polar Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Koji Fujita
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shuting Zhai
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1640, USA
| | - Tomás Sherwen
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Naga Oshima
- Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-0052, Japan
| | - Ryu Uemura
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | | | - Nozomi Suzuki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Sumito Matoba
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Asuka Tsuruta
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Joel Savarino
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Naohiro Yoshida
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
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23
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Keller CA, Knowland KE, Duncan BN, Liu J, Anderson DC, Das S, Lucchesi RA, Lundgren EW, Nicely JM, Nielsen E, Ott LE, Saunders E, Strode SA, Wales PA, Jacob DJ, Pawson S. Description of the NASA GEOS Composition Forecast Modeling System GEOS-CF v1.0. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2021; 13:e2020MS002413. [PMID: 34221240 PMCID: PMC8244029 DOI: 10.1029/2020ms002413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The Goddard Earth Observing System composition forecast (GEOS-CF) system is a high-resolution (0.25°) global constituent prediction system from NASA's Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO). GEOS-CF offers a new tool for atmospheric chemistry research, with the goal to supplement NASA's broad range of space-based and in-situ observations. GEOS-CF expands on the GEOS weather and aerosol modeling system by introducing the GEOS-Chem chemistry module to provide hindcasts and 5-days forecasts of atmospheric constituents including ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). The chemistry module integrated in GEOS-CF is identical to the offline GEOS-Chem model and readily benefits from the innovations provided by the GEOS-Chem community. Evaluation of GEOS-CF against satellite, ozonesonde and surface observations for years 2018-2019 show realistic simulated concentrations of O3, NO2, and CO, with normalized mean biases of -0.1 to 0.3, normalized root mean square errors between 0.1-0.4, and correlations between 0.3-0.8. Comparisons against surface observations highlight the successful representation of air pollutants in many regions of the world and during all seasons, yet also highlight current limitations, such as a global high bias in SO2 and an overprediction of summertime O3 over the Southeast United States. GEOS-CF v1.0 generally overestimates aerosols by 20%-50% due to known issues in GEOS-Chem v12.0.1 that have been addressed in later versions. The 5-days forecasts have skill scores comparable to the 1-day hindcast. Model skills can be improved significantly by applying a bias-correction to the surface model output using a machine-learning approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph A. Keller
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - K. Emma Knowland
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | | | - Junhua Liu
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Daniel C. Anderson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Sampa Das
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Robert A. Lucchesi
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | | | - Julie M. Nicely
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary CenterUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkLanhamMDUSA
| | - Eric Nielsen
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | | | - Emily Saunders
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc.LanhamMDUSA
| | - Sarah A. Strode
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Pamela A. Wales
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
- Universities Space Research AssociationColumbiaMDUSA
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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24
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Zaveri RA, Easter RC, Singh B, Wang H, Lu Z, Tilmes S, Emmons LK, Vitt F, Zhang R, Liu X, Ghan SJ, Rasch PJ. Development and Evaluation of Chemistry-Aerosol-Climate Model CAM5-Chem-MAM7-MOSAIC: Global Atmospheric Distribution and Radiative Effects of Nitrate Aerosol. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2021; 13:e2020MS002346. [PMID: 34221239 PMCID: PMC8243931 DOI: 10.1029/2020ms002346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An advanced aerosol treatment, with a focus on semivolatile nitrate formation, is introduced into the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 with interactive chemistry (CAM5-chem) by coupling the Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC) with the 7-mode Modal Aerosol Module (MAM7). An important feature of MOSAIC is dynamic partitioning of all condensable gases to the different fine and coarse mode aerosols, as governed by mode-resolved thermodynamics and heterogeneous chemical reactions. Applied in the free-running mode from 1995 to 2005 with prescribed historical climatological conditions, the model simulates global distributions of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium in good agreement with observations and previous studies. Inclusion of nitrate resulted in ∼10% higher global average accumulation mode number concentrations, indicating enhanced growth of Aitken mode aerosols from nitrate formation. While the simulated accumulation mode nitrate burdens are high over the anthropogenic source regions, the sea-salt and dust modes respectively constitute about 74% and 17% of the annual global average nitrate burden. Regional clear-sky shortwave radiative cooling of up to -5 W m-2 due to nitrate is seen, with a much smaller global average cooling of -0.05 W m-2. Significant enhancements in regional cloud condensation nuclei (at 0.1% supersaturation) and cloud droplet number concentrations are also attributed to nitrate, causing an additional global average shortwave cooling of -0.8 W m-2. Taking into consideration of changes in both longwave and shortwave radiation under all-sky conditions, the net change in the top of the atmosphere radiative fluxes induced by including nitrate aerosol is -0.7 W m-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul A. Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - Richard C. Easter
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - Balwinder Singh
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - Zheng Lu
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Simone Tilmes
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling LaboratoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Louisa K. Emmons
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling LaboratoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Francis Vitt
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling LaboratoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | - Rudong Zhang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
| | - Steven J. Ghan
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
| | - Philip J. Rasch
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change DivisionPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
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25
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Wang Y, Liao H. Effect of emission control measures on ozone concentrations in Hangzhou during G20 meeting in 2016. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127729. [PMID: 32763646 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of emission control measures on ozone (O3) concentrations in Hangzhou during G20 (The Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors) meeting during 24 August to 6 September of 2016 was evaluated using the nested version of a global chemical transport model. During G20, observed concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and CO were all below national air quality standards, whereas those of MDA8 O3 were above national standard (with an averaged value of 160.2 μg m-3) but had a decreasing trend. Model sensitivity studies show that, MDA8 O3 concentrations in Hangzhou during G20 were reduced by 11.3 μg m-3 (6.8%), 14.8 μg m-3 (8.9%), and 19.5 μg m-3 (11.7%) with emission control measures in the core area, Zhejiang province, and the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, respectively, indicating that control measures were the most effective when carried out jointly in YRD. Considering the ratios of NOx to VOCs during G20, Hangzhou and most areas of Zhejiang province were in transitional regime; reductions in either NOx or VOCs could reduce O3 concentrations. We also quantified how sensitive O3 concentrations respond to emission reductions in sectors of industry, power, residential and transportation in the whole of YRD during G20. The removal of emissions in industry and transportation sectors would lead to the largest reductions of 17.6 μg m-3 (10.5%) and 12.3 μg m-3 (7.4%) in MDA8 O3 concentrations in Hangzhou during G20, respectively. This study has important implications for the control of high O3 levels in eastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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26
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Quantification of Atmospheric Ammonia Concentrations: A Review of Its Measurement and Modeling. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3), the most prevalent alkaline gas in the atmosphere, plays a significant role in PM2.5 formation, atmospheric chemistry, and new particle formation. This paper reviews quantification of [NH3] through measurements, satellite-remote-sensing, and modeling reported in over 500 publications towards synthesizing the current knowledge of [NH3], focusing on spatiotemporal variations, controlling processes, and quantification issues. Most measurements are through regional passive sampler networks. [NH3] hotspots are typically over agricultural regions, such as the Midwest US and the North China Plain, with elevated concentrations reaching monthly averages of 20 and 74 ppbv, respectively. Topographical effects dramatically increase [NH3] over the Indo-Gangetic Plains, North India and San Joaquin Valley, US. Measurements are sparse over oceans, where [NH3] ≈ a few tens of pptv, variations of which can affect aerosol formation. Satellite remote-sensing (AIRS, CrIS, IASI, TANSO-FTS, TES) provides global [NH3] quantification in the column and at the surface since 2002. Modeling is crucial for improving understanding of NH3 chemistry and transport, its spatiotemporal variations, source apportionment, exploring physicochemical mechanisms, and predicting future scenarios. GEOS-Chem (global) and FRAME (UK) models are commonly applied for this. A synergistic approach of measurements↔satellite-inference↔modeling is needed towards improved understanding of atmospheric ammonia, which is of concern from the standpoint of human health and the ecosystem.
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27
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Gong C, Liao H, Zhang L, Yue X, Dang R, Yang Y. Persistent ozone pollution episodes in North China exacerbated by regional transport. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:115056. [PMID: 32593927 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Summertime ozone (O3) concentrations over China continue to increase although the governmental Clear Air Actions have been carried out since 2013. The worst O3 pollution is confronted over North China Plain. Ozone polluted days (with observed regionally-averaged maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) O3 concentrations exceeding 80 ppbv) in May-July in North China increased from 35 days in year 2014 to 56 days in year 2018, and persistent O3 pollution episodes that lasted for 5 days or longer (OPEs5) contributed 14.3% and 66.1% to those O3 polluted days in 2014 and 2018, respectively. Model simulations suggest that O3 transport from central eastern China (including Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces) contributes 36% of the enhanced O3 concentrations in North China during OPEs5 relative to the seasonal mean. We find that emission control of volatile organic compounds in central eastern China is most effective to alleviate intensity of OPEs5 in North China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xu Yue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruijun Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, Jiangsu, China
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28
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Moch JM, Dovrou E, Mickley LJ, Keutsch FN, Liu Z, Wang Y, Dombek TL, Kuwata M, Budisulistiorini SH, Yang L, Decesari S, Paglione M, Alexander B, Shao J, Munger JW, Jacob DJ. Global Importance of Hydroxymethanesulfonate in Ambient Particulate Matter: Implications for Air Quality. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2020; 125:e2020JD032706. [PMID: 33282612 PMCID: PMC7685164 DOI: 10.1029/2020jd032706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur compounds are an important constituent of particulate matter, with impacts on climate and public health. While most sulfur observed in particulate matter has been assumed to be sulfate, laboratory experiments reveal that hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS), an adduct formed by aqueous phase chemical reaction of dissolved HCHO and SO2, may be easily misinterpreted in measurements as sulfate. Here we present observational and modeling evidence for a ubiquitous global presence of HMS. We find that filter samples collected in Shijiazhuang, China, and examined with ion chromatography within 9 days show as much as 7.6 μg m-3 of HMS, while samples from Singapore examined 9-18 months after collection reveal ~0.6 μg m-3 of HMS. The Shijiazhuang samples show only minor traces of HMS 4 months later, suggesting that HMS had decomposed over time during sample storage. In contrast, the Singapore samples do not clearly show a decline in HMS concentration over 2 months of monitoring. Measurements from over 150 sites, primarily derived from the IMPROVE network across the United States, suggest the ubiquitous presence of HMS in at least trace amounts as much as 60 days after collection. The degree of possible HMS decomposition in the IMPROVE observations is unknown. Using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model, we estimate that HMS may account for 10% of global particulate sulfur in continental surface air and over 25% in many polluted regions. Our results suggest that reducing emissions of HCHO and other volatile organic compounds may have a co-benefit of decreasing particulate sulfur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Moch
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Eleni Dovrou
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Loretta J. Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Frank N. Keutsch
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Tracy L. Dombek
- Analytical Sciences Division, RTI International, Research Triangle ParkDurhamNCUSA
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- Asian School of the Environment and Earth Observatory of SingaporeNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
- Now in the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, and BIC‐ESATPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Sri Hapsari Budisulistiorini
- Asian School of the Environment and Earth Observatory of SingaporeNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
- Now in Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Liudongqing Yang
- Asian School of the Environment and Earth Observatory of SingaporeNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore
| | - Stefano Decesari
- Italian National Research Council ‐ Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR‐ISAC)BolognaItaly
| | - Marco Paglione
- Italian National Research Council ‐ Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR‐ISAC)BolognaItaly
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of WashingtonWAUSA
| | - Jingyuan Shao
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of WashingtonWAUSA
- College of Flying TechnologyCivil Aviation University of ChinaTianjinChina
| | - J. William Munger
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
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Liu L, Zhang X, Xu W, Liu X, Wei J, Wang Z, Yang Y. Global estimates of dry ammonia deposition inferred from space-measurements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 730:139189. [PMID: 32388359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3), as an alkaline gas, contributes substantially to atmospheric nitrogen deposition, which can cause biodiversity loss, water eutrophication and soil acidification. Advances in the application of satellite observations allow us to gain deeper insights into atmospheric NH3 concentrations at large spatial scales. A new satellite-based methodology is proposed for estimating dry NH3 deposition with consideration of bi-directional NH3 exchange. We estimate the global dry NH3 deposition for nine years (2008-2016) by using the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer Instrument (IASI) NH3 retrievals. Satellite-based dry NH3 deposition is in general consistent with measured dry NH3 deposition over the monitoring sites (R2 = 0.65). Global dry NH3 deposition over 8 kg N ha-1 is mainly distributed in the Eastern China, Northern and Central Pakistan, and Northern India. An annual increase rate of 0.27 and 0.13 kg N ha-1 y-1 in dry NH3 deposition during 2008-2016 occurs in Eastern China and Sichuan Basin, which are the major Chinese agricultural regions. The NH3 compensation point is high during warm months, and can be above 1 μg m-3 such as in Eastern China, implying the importance of considering the NH3 compensation points for estimating dry NH3 deposition. We find, if the upward NH3 flux was ignored, it will cause 11%, 17%, 5% and 3% overestimation in dry NH3 deposition in Eastern China, Northern India, Eastern United States and Western Europe, respectively. This study presents the potential of using the satellite retrievals to estimate the large-scale dry NH3 deposition, and the methodology is able to provide temporally continuous and spatially complete fine-resolution datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Wen Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuyu Yang
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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30
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Zhang H, Wang J, García LC, Ge C, Plessel T, Szykman J, Murphy B, Spero TL. Improving Surface PM 2.5 Forecasts in the United States Using an Ensemble of Chemical Transport Model Outputs: 1. Bias Correction With Surface Observations in Nonrural Areas. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2020; 125:10.1029/2019JD032293. [PMID: 33425635 PMCID: PMC7788047 DOI: 10.1029/2019jd032293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This work is the first of a two-part study that aims to develop a computationally efficient bias correction framework to improve surface PM2.5 forecasts in the United States. Here, an ensemble-based Kalman filter (KF) technique is developed primarily for nonrural areas with approximately 500 surface observation sites for PM2.5 and applied to three (GEOS-Chem, WRF-Chem, and WRF-CMAQ) chemical transport model (CTM) hindcast outputs for June 2012. While all CTMs underestimate daily surface PM2.5 mass concentration by 20-50%, KF correction is effective for improving each CTM forecast. Subsequently, two ensemble methods are formulated: (1) the arithmetic mean ensemble (AME) that equally weights each model and (2) the optimized ensemble (OPE) that calculates the individual model weights by minimizing the least-square errors. While the OPE shows superior performance than the AME, the combination of either the AME or the OPE with a KF performs better than the OPE alone, indicating the effectiveness of the KF technique. Overall, the combination of a KF with the OPE shows the best results. Lastly, the Successive Correction Method (SCM) was applied to spread the bias correction from model grids with surface PM2.5 observations to the grids lacking ground observations by using a radius of influence of 125 km derived from surface observations, which further improves the forecast of surface PM2.5 at the national scale. Our findings provide the foundation for the second part of this study that uses satellite-based aerosol optical depth (AOD) products to further improve the forecast of surface PM2.5 in rural areas by performing statistical analysis of model output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lorena Castro García
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Cui Ge
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Todd Plessel
- General Dynamics Information Technology, RTP, NC, USA
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31
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Travis KR, Heald CL, Allen HM, Apel EC, Arnold SR, Blake DR, Brune WH, Chen X, Commane R, Crounse JD, Daube BC, Diskin GS, Elkins JW, Evans MJ, Hall SR, Hintsa EJ, Hornbrook RS, Kasibhatla PS, Kim MJ, Luo G, McKain K, Millet DB, Moore FL, Peischl J, Ryerson TB, Sherwen T, Thames AB, Ullmann K, Wang X, Wennberg PO, Wolfe GM, Yu F. Constraining remote oxidation capacity with ATom observations. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:7753-7781. [PMID: 33688335 PMCID: PMC7939060 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-7753-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The global oxidation capacity, defined as the tropospheric mean concentration of the hydroxyl radical (OH), controls the lifetime of reactive trace gases in the atmosphere such as methane and carbon monoxide (CO). Models tend to underestimate the methane lifetime and CO concentrations throughout the troposphere, which is consistent with excessive OH. Approximately half of the oxidation of methane and non-methane volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is thought to occur over the oceans where oxidant chemistry has received little validation due to a lack of observational constraints. We use observations from the first two deployments of the NASA ATom aircraft campaign during July-August 2016 and January-February 2017 to evaluate the oxidation capacity over the remote oceans and its representation by the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. The model successfully simulates the magnitude and vertical profile of remote OH within the measurement uncertainties. Comparisons against the drivers of OH production (water vapor, ozone, and NO y concentrations, ozone photolysis frequencies) also show minimal bias, with the exception of wintertime NO y . The severe model overestimate of NO y during this period may indicate insufficient wet scavenging and/or missing loss on sea-salt aerosols. Large uncertainties in these processes require further study to improve simulated NO y partitioning and removal in the troposphere, but preliminary tests suggest that their overall impact could marginally reduce the model bias in tropospheric OH. During the ATom-1 deployment, OH reactivity (OHR) below 3 km is significantly enhanced, and this is not captured by the sum of its measured components (cOHRobs) or by the model (cOHRmod). This enhancement could suggest missing reactive VOCs but cannot be explained by a comprehensive simulation of both biotic and abiotic ocean sources of VOCs. Additional sources of VOC reactivity in this region are difficult to reconcile with the full suite of ATom measurement constraints. The model generally reproduces the magnitude and seasonality of cOHRobs but underestimates the contribution of oxygenated VOCs, mainly acetaldehyde, which is severely underestimated throughout the troposphere despite its calculated lifetime of less than a day. Missing model acetaldehyde in previous studies was attributed to measurement uncertainties that have been largely resolved. Observations of peroxyacetic acid (PAA) provide new support for remote levels of acetaldehyde. The underestimate in both model acetaldehyde and PAA is present throughout the year in both hemispheres and peaks during Northern Hemisphere summer. The addition of ocean sources of VOCs in the model increases cOHRmod by 3% to 9% and improves model-measurement agreement for acetaldehyde, particularly in winter, but cannot resolve the model summertime bias. Doing so would require 100 Tg yr-1 of a long-lived unknown precursor throughout the year with significant additional emissions in the Northern Hemisphere summer. Improving the model bias for remote acetaldehyde and PAA is unlikely to fully resolve previously reported model global biases in OH and methane lifetime, suggesting that future work should examine the sources and sinks of OH over land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Travis
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Colette L. Heald
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hannah M. Allen
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Eric C. Apel
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Stephen R. Arnold
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - William H. Brune
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil, Water and Climate, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Róisín Commane
- Dept. of Earth & Environmental Sciences of Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - John D. Crounse
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Bruce C. Daube
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - James W. Elkins
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Mathew J. Evans
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories (WACL), Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of York, York, UK
| | - Samuel R. Hall
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Eric J. Hintsa
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Hornbrook
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Michelle J. Kim
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Gan Luo
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University of Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Kathryn McKain
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- University of Minnesota, Department of Soil, Water and Climate, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Fred L. Moore
- Global Monitoring Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, CO, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas B. Ryerson
- Chemical Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tomás Sherwen
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories (WACL), Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS), University of York, York, UK
| | - Alexander B. Thames
- Department of Meteorology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul O. Wennberg
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Glenn M. Wolfe
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Fangqun Yu
- Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University of Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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32
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Cong L, Mo L, Yan G, Ma W, Wu Y, Liu J, Zhai J, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Assessing the spatiotemporal characteristics of dry deposition flux in forests and wetlands. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 41:1615-1626. [PMID: 30376793 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1543355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Forests and wetlands, as two important ecosystems, play a crucial role in reducing the concentration of particulate matters. The main purpose of this study is to reveal the contribution of forest and wetland ecosystems to the reduction of particulate matter. We collected the concentration and meteorological data during the daytime in a forest and a wetland in the Olympic Park in Beijing. The main results are as follows: daily variation in the PM10 and PM2.5 concentration had the similar trend with the lowest value at midday and relatively high values in the morning and at nightfall. In the forest ecosystem, the trend of PM10 concentration at three heights followed the order: 6 m > 10 m > 1.5 m, while that of the PM2.5 followed the order 1.5 m > 10 m > 6 m. In the wetland, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations at the three heights exhibited the same trend: 10 m > 1.5 m > 6 m. It is a comprehensive impact on concentration which may include vegetation collection rate, meteorological conditions and some kind of human activities. The PM deposition velocity of wetland was higher than that of forest, and showed the highest values in winter both in PM2.5 and PM10. The PM deposition flux in wetland was lower than forest only in autumn, and the value of deposition flux was higher than forest in other seasons. PM concentrations was positively correlated with relative humidity but negatively correlated with temperature and wind velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cong
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lichun Mo
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxin Yan
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenmei Ma
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Wu
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiakai Liu
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiexiu Zhai
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Zhang
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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33
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Pye HOT, Nenes A, Alexander B, Ault AP, Barth MC, Clegg SL, Collett JL, Fahey KM, Hennigan CJ, Herrmann H, Kanakidou M, Kelly JT, Ku IT, McNeill VF, Riemer N, Schaefer T, Shi G, Tilgner A, Walker JT, Wang T, Weber R, Xing J, Zaveri RA, Zuend A. The Acidity of Atmospheric Particles and Clouds. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2020; 20:4809-4888. [PMID: 33424953 PMCID: PMC7791434 DOI: 10.5194/acp-20-4809-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Acidity, defined as pH, is a central component of aqueous chemistry. In the atmosphere, the acidity of condensed phases (aerosol particles, cloud water, and fog droplets) governs the phase partitioning of semi-volatile gases such as HNO3, NH3, HCl, and organic acids and bases as well as chemical reaction rates. It has implications for the atmospheric lifetime of pollutants, deposition, and human health. Despite its fundamental role in atmospheric processes, only recently has this field seen a growth in the number of studies on particle acidity. Even with this growth, many fine particle pH estimates must be based on thermodynamic model calculations since no operational techniques exist for direct measurements. Current information indicates acidic fine particles are ubiquitous, but observationally-constrained pH estimates are limited in spatial and temporal coverage. Clouds and fogs are also generally acidic, but to a lesser degree than particles, and have a range of pH that is quite sensitive to anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, as well as ambient ammonia. Historical measurements indicate that cloud and fog droplet pH has changed in recent decades in response to controls on anthropogenic emissions, while the limited trend data for aerosol particles indicates acidity may be relatively constant due to the semi-volatile nature of the key acids and bases and buffering in particles. This paper reviews and synthesizes the current state of knowledge on the acidity of atmospheric condensed phases, specifically particles and cloud droplets. It includes recommendations for estimating acidity and pH, standard nomenclature, a synthesis of current pH estimates based on observations, and new model calculations on the local and global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havala O. T. Pye
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, GR-26504, Greece
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA
| | - Mary C. Barth
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 80307, USA
| | - Simon L. Clegg
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Jeffrey L. Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Fahey
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Christopher J. Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion Crete, 71003, Greece
| | - James T. Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - I-Ting Ku
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Nicole Riemer
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - John T. Walker
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rodney Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jia Xing
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rahul A. Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B9, Canada
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34
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Yao X, Zhang L. Causes of Large Increases in Atmospheric Ammonia in the Last Decade across North America. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:22133-22142. [PMID: 31891095 PMCID: PMC6933799 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Decadal trends of atmospheric ammonia (NH3) and their potential causes were explored through the analysis of monitored data collected at 15 sites in the United States and 7 sites in Canada. Large percentage increases in the annual average concentration of atmospheric NH3, for example, >100% at 6 sites and 40-100% at 10 sites, were observed over the most recent 8-13 year period. In contrast, a decrease or a narrow variation in NH3 emissions was reported at the state or provincial level in both countries during the same period. Decreased emissions of SO2 and NO x across North America in the past decade would have reduced the chemical loss of atmospheric NH3 to form particulate NH4 +. Such a chemical mechanism was verified through regression analysis at about half of the monitored sites, where the increasing trends in atmospheric NH3 were partially explained by the reduced NH4 +. Excluding the reduced contribution from this chemical loss to generate the adjusted annual NH3 concentration through two approaches, no decreasing trends can be obtained to align those in emissions at most sites, implying that other factors also contributed to the increase in the annual NH3 concentration. Correlation analysis results implied that enhanced drought conditions and increased ambient temperatures also likely contributed to the increasing trend in the annual NH3 concentration at some sites. The large percentage increases in the annual NH3 concentration cannot be fully explained by all the identified causes, leading to oppugning the reality of the decrease in NH3 emissions reported across North America in the recent decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Yao
- Lab
of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
- E-mail: (X.Y.)
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air
Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto M3H 5T4, Canada
- E-mail: (L.Z.)
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35
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Requia WJ, Jhun I, Coull BA, Koutrakis P. Climate impact on ambient PM 2.5 elemental concentration in the United States: A trend analysis over the last 30 years. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104888. [PMID: 31302483 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Weather impacts on the chemical composition of PM2.5 varies significantly over space and time given the diversity of particle components and the complex mechanisms governing particle formation and removal. In this study, we employed generalized additive models (GAMs) to estimate weather-associated changes in PM2.5 composition in the US during 1988-2017. We considered seven components of ambient PM2.5, which included elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), nitrate, sulfate, sodium, ammonium, and silicon. The impact of long-term weather changes on each PM2.5 component was defined in our study as "weather penalty". During our study period, temperature increased in four regions, including the Industrial Midwest and Northeast during the warm and cold season; and Upper Midwest and West in the cold season. Wind speed decreased in the both seasons. Relative humidity increased in the warm season and decreased in the cold season. The weather changes between 1988 and 2017 were associated with most PM2.5 components during both warm and cold seasons. The direction and the magnitude of the weather penalty varied considerably over the space and season. In the warm season, our findings suggest a nationwide weather penalty for EC, OC, nitrate, sulfate, sodium, ammonium, and silicon of 0.04, 0.21, 0.04, 0.35, -0.01, 0.05, and 0.01 μg/m3, respectively. In the cold season, the estimated total penalty was 0.04, 0.21, 0.06, 0.04, -0.01, -0.02, and 0.02 μg/m3, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weeberb J Requia
- Harvard University, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Iny Jhun
- Harvard University, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brent A Coull
- Harvard University, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Harvard University, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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36
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Meng J, Martin RV, Li C, van Donkelaar A, Tzompa-Sosa ZA, Yue X, Xu JW, Weagle CL, Burnett RT. Source Contributions to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter for Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10269-10278. [PMID: 31386807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the sectoral contribution of emissions to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) offers information for air quality management, and for investigation of association with health outcomes. This study evaluates the contribution of different emission sectors to PM2.5 in 2013 for Canada using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model, downscaled with satellite-based PM2.5. Despite the low population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations of 5.5 μg m-3 across Canada, we find that over 70% of population-weighted PM2.5 originates from Canadian sources followed by 30% from the contiguous United States. The three leading sectoral contributors to population-weighted PM2.5 over Canada are wildfires with 1.0 μg m-3 (17%), transportation with 0.96 μg m-3 (16%), and residential combustion with 0.91 μg m-3 (15%). The relative contribution to population-weighted PM2.5 of different sectors varies regionally with residential combustion as the leading contributor in Central Canada (19%), while wildfires dominate over Northern Canada (59%), Atlantic Canada (34%), and Western Canada (18%). The contribution from U.S. sources is larger over Central Canada (33%) than over Western Canada (17%), Atlantic Canada (17%), and Northern Canada (<2%). Sectoral trend analysis showed that the contribution from anthropogenic sources to population-weighted PM2.5 decreased from 7.1 μg m-3 to 3.4 μg m-3 over the past two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Meng
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory , Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering , Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis , Missouri 63130 , United States
| | - Chi Li
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Zitely A Tzompa-Sosa
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Xu Yue
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044 , China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Crystal L Weagle
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
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Chen Y, Shen H, Russell AG. Current and Future Responses of Aerosol pH and Composition in the U.S. to Declining SO 2 Emissions and Increasing NH 3 Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9646-9655. [PMID: 31369250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol pH can affect gas-particle partitioning of semivolatile species, secondary aerosol formation, aerosol water uptake and growth, acid deposition, and, potentially, aerosol toxicity. Despite its importance, aerosol pH projected in the near future has not been addressed explicitly while investigating the response of aerosol concentrations to emission regulations. In this study, we apply CMAQ to simulate aerosol pH in 2011 and 2050 across the continental U.S. We also assess the influence of two major emission trends, declining SO2 emissions and rising NH3 emissions, with a set of sensitivity simulations. Our results show that the aerosols will remain acidic with average pH typically ranging from 0.5 to 3.5 in 2050. Further reducing domestic SO2 emissions does not significantly decrease aerosol acidity, even if SO2 emissions were reduced to preindustrial levels because of the nonlinear response of SO42- concentration to SO2 emissions, and the semivolatile NH3-NH4+ buffering effect. Aerosol pH response to NH3 emission increase will remain minor. Consequently, future fine particulate matter control efficiency will not be undercut by additional nitrate aerosol formation even if SO2 emissions from industry and electricity generation are aggressively controlled, although areas will see some substitution leading to nitrate increases if NOx emissions are not reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Chen
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Huizhong Shen
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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Walters WW, Blum DE, Hastings MG. Selective Collection of Particulate Ammonium for Nitrogen Isotopic Characterization Using a Denuder–Filter Pack Sampling Device. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7586-7594. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendell W. Walters
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, 85 Waterman Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Danielle E. Blum
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, 85 Waterman Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Meredith G. Hastings
- Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, 85 Waterman Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Li C, Burnett RT. Regional Estimates of Chemical Composition of Fine Particulate Matter Using a Combined Geoscience-Statistical Method with Information from Satellites, Models, and Monitors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2595-2611. [PMID: 30698001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
An accurate fine-resolution surface of the chemical composition of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) would offer valuable information for epidemiological studies and health impact assessments. We develop geoscience-derived estimates of PM2.5 composition from a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and satellite observations of aerosol optical depth, and statistically fuse these estimates with ground-based observations using a geographically weighted regression over North America to produce a spatially complete representation of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, organic matter, mineral dust, and sea-salt over 2000-2016. Significant long-term agreement is found with cross-validation sites over North America (R2 = 0.57-0.96), with the strongest agreement for sulfate (R2 = 0.96), nitrate (R2 = 0.90), and ammonium (R2 = 0.86). We find that North American decreases in population-weighted fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations since 2000 have been most heavily influenced by regional changes in sulfate and organic matter. Regionally, the relative importance of several chemical components are found to change with PM2.5 concentration, such as higher PM2.5 concentrations having a larger proportion of nitrate and a smaller proportion of sulfate. This data set offers information for research into the health effects of PM2.5 chemical components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron van Donkelaar
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , 6300 Coburg Road , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3J5 , Canada
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , 6300 Coburg Road , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3J5 , Canada
| | - Chi Li
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , 6300 Coburg Road , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3J5 , Canada
| | - Richard T Burnett
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science , Dalhousie University , 6300 Coburg Road , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 3J5 , Canada
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O'Dell K, Ford B, Fischer EV, Pierce JR. Contribution of Wildland-Fire Smoke to US PM 2.5 and Its Influence on Recent Trends. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1797-1804. [PMID: 30681842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal-mean concentrations of particulate matter with diameters smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) have been decreasing across the United States (US) for several decades, with large reductions in spring and summer in the eastern US. In contrast, summertime-mean PM2.5 in the western US has not significantly decreased. Wildfires, a large source of summertime PM2.5 in the western US, have been increasing in frequency and burned area in recent decades. Increases in extreme PM2.5 events attributable to wildland fires have been observed in wildfire-prone regions, but it is unclear how these increases impact trends in seasonal-mean PM2.5. Using two distinct methods, (1) interpolated surface observations combined with satellite-based smoke plume estimates and (2) the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (CTM), we identify recent trends (2006-2016) in summer smoke, nonsmoke, and total PM2.5 across the US. We observe significant decreases in nonsmoke influenced PM2.5 in the western US and find increases in summer-mean smoke PM2.5 in fire-prone regions, although these are not statistically significant due to large interannual variability in the abundance of smoke. These results indicate that without the influence of wildland fires, we would expect to have observed improvements in summer fine particle pollution in the western US but likely weaker improvements than those observed in the eastern US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn O'Dell
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , 200 West Lake Street, 1371 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Bonne Ford
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , 200 West Lake Street, 1371 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Emily V Fischer
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , 200 West Lake Street, 1371 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
| | - Jeffrey R Pierce
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , 200 West Lake Street, 1371 Campus Delivery , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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Duffy PB, Field CB, Diffenbaugh NS, Doney SC, Dutton Z, Goodman S, Heinzerling L, Hsiang S, Lobell DB, Mickley LJ, Myers S, Natali SM, Parmesan C, Tierney S, Williams AP. Strengthened scientific support for the Endangerment Finding for atmospheric greenhouse gases. Science 2018; 363:science.aat5982. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aat5982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We assess scientific evidence that has emerged since the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s 2009 Endangerment Finding for six well-mixed greenhouse gases and find that this new evidence lends increased support to the conclusion that these gases pose a danger to public health and welfare. Newly available evidence about a wide range of observed and projected impacts strengthens the association between the risk of some of these impacts and anthropogenic climate change, indicates that some impacts or combinations of impacts have the potential to be more severe than previously understood, and identifies substantial risk of additional impacts through processes and pathways not considered in the Endangerment Finding.
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Cai S, Ma Q, Wang S, Zhao B, Brauer M, Cohen A, Martin RV, Zhang Q, Li Q, Wang Y, Hao J, Frostad J, Forouzanfar MH, Burnett RT. Impact of air pollution control policies on future PM 2.5 concentrations and their source contributions in China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 227:124-133. [PMID: 30172931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the impact of air pollutant control policies on future PM2.5 concentrations and their source contributions in China, we developed four future scenarios for 2030 based on a 2013 emission inventory, and conducted air quality simulations for each scenario using the chemical transport model GEOS-Chem (version 9.1.3). Two energy scenarios i.e., current legislation (CLE) and with additional measures (WAM), were developed to project future energy consumption, reflecting, respectively, existing legislation and implementation status as of the end of 2012, and new energy-saving policies that would be released and enforced more stringently. Two end-of-pipe control strategies, i.e., current control technologies (until 2017) and more stringent control technologies (until 2030), were also developed. The combinations of energy scenarios and end-of-pipe control strategies constitute four emission scenarios (2017-CLE, 2030-CLE, 2017-WAM, and 2030-WAM) evaluated in simulations. PM2.5 concentrations at national level were estimated to be 57 μg/m3 in the base year 2013, and 58 μg/m3, 42 μg/m3, 42 μg/m3, and 30 μg/m3 under the 2017-CLE, 2030-CLE, 2017-WAM, and 2030-WAM scenarios in 2030, respectively. Large PM2.5 reductions between 2013 and 2030 were estimated for heavily polluted regions (Sichuan Basin, Middle Yangtze River, North China). The energy-saving policies show similar effects to the end-of-pipe emission control measures, but the relative importance of these two groups of policies varies in different regions. Absolute contributions to PM2.5 concentrations from most major sources declined from 2017-CLE to 2030-WAM. With respect to fractional contributions, most coal-burning sectors (including power plant, industrial and residential coal burning) increased from 2017-CLE to 2030-WAM, due to larger reductions from non-coal sources, including transportation and biomass open burning. Residential combustion and open burning had much lower fractional contribution to ambient PM2.5 concentrations in the 2017-WAM/2030-WAM compared to the 2017-CLE/2030-CLE scenarios. Fractional contributions from transportation were reduced dramatically in 2030-CLE and 2030-WAM compared to 2017-CLE/2017-WAM, due to the enforcement of stringent end-of-pipe emission controls. Across all scenarios, coal combustion remained the single largest contributor to PM2.5 concentrations in 2030. Reducing PM2.5 emissions from coal combustion remains a strategic priority for air quality management in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Cai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiao Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Bin Zhao
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Aaron Cohen
- Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, 02110, USA; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Randall V Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Qinbin Li
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Joseph Frostad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Mohammad H Forouzanfar
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Zhang Y, Liao H, Ding X, Jo D, Li K. Implications of RCP emissions on future concentration and direct radiative forcing of secondary organic aerosol over China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1187-1204. [PMID: 30021284 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study applies the nested-grid version of Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to examine future changes (2000-2050) in SOA concentration and associated direct radiative forcing (DRF) over China under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). The projected changes in SOA concentrations over 2010-2050 generally follow future changes in emissions of toluene and xylene. On an annual mean basis, the largest increase in SOA over eastern China is simulated to be 25.1% in 2020 under RCP2.6, 20.4% in 2020 under RCP4.5, 56.3% in 2050 under RCP6.0, and 44.6% in 2030 under RCP8.5. The role of SOA in PM2.5 increases with each decade in 2010-2050 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, with a maximum ratio of concentration of SOA to that of PM2.5 of 16.3% in 2050 under RCP4.5 as averaged over eastern China (20°-45°N, 100°-125°E). Concentrations of SOA are projected to be able to exceed those of sulfate, ammonium, and black carbon (BC) in the future. The future changes in SOA levels over eastern China are simulated to lead to domain-averaged (20°-45°N, 100°-125°E) DRFs of +0.19 W m-2, +0.12 W m-2, - 0.28 W m-2, and -0.17 W m-2 in 2050 relative to 2000 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5, respectively. Model results indicate that future changes in SOA owing to future changes in anthropogenic precursor emissions are important for future air quality planning and climate mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Duseong Jo
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ke Li
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Campbell P, Zhang Y, Yan F, Lu Z, Streets D. Impacts of transportation sector emissions on future U.S. air quality in a changing climate. Part I: Projected emissions, simulation design, and model evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:903-917. [PMID: 29677550 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from the transportation sector are rapidly changing worldwide; however, the interplay of such emission changes in the face of climate change are not as well understood. This two-part study examines the impact of projected emissions from the U.S. transportation sector (Part I) on ambient air quality in the face of climate change (Part II). In Part I of this study, we describe the methodology and results of a novel Technology Driver Model (see graphical abstract) that includes 1) transportation emission projections (including on-road vehicles, non-road engines, aircraft, rail, and ship) derived from a dynamic technology model that accounts for various technology and policy options under an IPCC emission scenario, and 2) the configuration/evaluation of a dynamically downscaled Weather Research and Forecasting/Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system. By 2046-2050, the annual domain-average transportation emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ammonia (NH3), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are projected to decrease over the continental U.S. The decreases in gaseous emissions are mainly due to reduced emissions from on-road vehicles and non-road engines, which exhibit spatial and seasonal variations across the U.S. Although particulate matter (PM) emissions widely decrease, some areas in the U.S. experience relatively large increases due to increases in ship emissions. The on-road vehicle emissions dominate the emission changes for CO, NOx, VOC, and NH3, while emissions from both the on-road and non-road modes have strong contributions to PM and SO2 emission changes. The evaluation of the baseline 2005 WRF simulation indicates that annual biases are close to or within the acceptable criteria for meteorological performance in the literature, and there is an overall good agreement in the 2005 CMAQ simulations of chemical variables against both surface and satellite observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Campbell
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, NCSU, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, NCSU, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Fang Yan
- Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA; Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA; Currently at Mobile Source Control Division, California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA, 95814, USA
| | - Zifeng Lu
- Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA; Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - David Streets
- Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA; Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
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Fenn ME, Bytnerowicz A, Schilling SL, Vallano DM, Zavaleta ES, Weiss SB, Morozumi C, Geiser LH, Hanks K. On-road emissions of ammonia: An underappreciated source of atmospheric nitrogen deposition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:909-919. [PMID: 29996462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We provide updated spatial distribution and inventory data for on-road NH3 emissions for the continental United States (U.S.) On-road NH3 emissions were determined from on-road CO2 emissions data and empirical NH3:CO2 vehicle emissions ratios. Emissions of NH3 from on-road sources in urbanized regions are typically 0.1-1.3tkm-2yr-1 while NH3 emissions in agricultural regions generally range from 0.4-5.5tkm-2yr-1, with a few hotspots as high as 5.5-11.2tkm-2yr-1. Counties with higher vehicle NH3 emissions than from agriculture include 40% of the U.S. POPULATION The amount of wet inorganic N deposition as NH4+ from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) network ranged from 37 to 83% with a mean of 58.7%. Only 4% of the NADP sites across the U.S. had <45% of the N deposition as NH4+ based on data from 2014 to 2016, illustrating the near-universal elevated proportions of NH4+ in deposition across the U.S. Case studies of on-road NH3 emissions in relation to N deposition include four urban sites in Oregon and Washington where the average NH4-N:NO3-N ratio in bulk deposition was 2.3. At urban sites in the greater Los Angeles Basin, bulk deposition of NH4-N and NO3-N were equivalent, while NH4-N:NO3-N in throughfall under shrubs ranged from 0.6 to 1.7. The NH4-N:NO3-N ratio at 7-10 sites in the Lake Tahoe Basin averaged 1.4 and 1.6 in bulk deposition and throughfall, and deposition of NH4-N was strongly correlated with summertime NH3 concentrations. On-road emissions of NH3 should not be ignored as an important source of atmospheric NH3, as a major contributor to particulate air pollution, and as a driver of N deposition in urban and urban-affected regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Fenn
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, CA 92507, USA.
| | - Andrzej Bytnerowicz
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Susan L Schilling
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Dena M Vallano
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Erika S Zavaleta
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Stuart B Weiss
- Creekside Center for Earth Observations, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Connor Morozumi
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Linda H Geiser
- U.S. Forest Service, Watershed, Fish, Wildlife, Air & Rare Plants, 201 14th Street SW, Washington, DC 20250, USA
| | - Kenneth Hanks
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
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Venkataraman C, Brauer M, Tibrewal K, Sadavarte P, Ma Q, Cohen A, Chaliyakunnel S, Frostad J, Klimont Z, Martin RV, Millet DB, Philip S, Walker K, Wang S. Source influence on emission pathways and ambient PM 2.5 pollution over India (2015-2050). ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:8017-8039. [PMID: 33679902 PMCID: PMC7935015 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-8017-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
India is currently experiencing degraded air quality, and future economic development will lead to challenges for air quality management. Scenarios of sectoral emissions of fine particulate matter and its precursors were developed and evaluated for 2015-2050, under specific pathways of diffusion of cleaner and more energy-efficient technologies. The impacts of individual source sectors on PM2.5 concentrations were assessed through systematic simulations of spatially and temporally resolved particulate matter concentrations, using the GEOS-Chem model, followed by population-weighted aggregation to national and state levels. We find that PM2.5 pollution is a pan-India problem, with a regional character, and is not limited to urban areas or megacities. Under present-day emissions, levels in most states exceeded the national PM2.5 annual standard (40 μg m-3). Sources related to human activities were responsible for the largest proportion of the present-day population exposure to PM2.5 in India. About 60 % of India's mean population-weighted PM2.5 concentrations come from anthropogenic source sectors, while the remainder are from "other" sources, windblown dust and extra-regional sources. Leading contributors are residential biomass combustion, power plant and industrial coal combustion and anthropogenic dust (including coal fly ash, fugitive road dust and waste burning). Transportation, brick production and distributed diesel were other contributors to PM2.5. Future evolution of emissions under regulations set at current levels and promulgated levels caused further deterioration of air quality in 2030 and 2050. Under an ambitious prospective policy scenario, promoting very large shifts away from traditional biomass technologies and coal-based electricity generation, significant reductions in PM2.5 levels are achievable in 2030 and 2050. Effective mitigation of future air pollution in India requires adoption of aggressive prospective regulation, currently not formulated, for a three-pronged switch away from (i) biomass-fuelled traditional technologies, (ii) industrial coal-burning and (iii) open burning of agricultural residue. Future air pollution is dominated by industrial process emissions, reflecting larger expansion in industrial, rather than residential energy demand. However, even under the most active reductions envisioned, the 2050 mean exposure, excluding any impact from windblown mineral dust, is estimated to be nearly 3 times higher than the WHO Air Quality Guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Venkataraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
- Interdisciplinary program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Kushal Tibrewal
- Interdisciplinary program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Pankaj Sadavarte
- Interdisciplinary program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS), Berliner Str. 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Qiao Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Aaron Cohen
- Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Sreelekha Chaliyakunnel
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis–Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Joseph Frostad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Randall V. Martin
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis–Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sajeev Philip
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | | | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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47
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Emami F, Masiol M, Hopke PK. Air pollution at Rochester, NY: Long-term trends and multivariate analysis of upwind SO 2 source impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:1506-1515. [PMID: 28915545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
There have been many changes in the air pollutant sources in the northeastern United States since 2001. To assess the effect of these changes, trend analyses of the monthly average values were performed on PM2.5 and its components including major ions, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and gaseous pollutant concentrations measured between 2001 (in some cases 1999) and 2015 at the NYS Department of Environmental Conservation sites in Rochester, NY. Mann-Kendall regression with Sen's slope was applied to estimate the trends and seasonality. Using piecewise regression, significant reductions in the air pollution of Rochester area were observed between 2008 and 2010 when a 260MW coal-fired power plant was decommissioned, new heavy-duty diesel trucks had to be equipped with catalytic regenerator traps, and the economic recession that began in 2008 reduced traffic and other activities. The monthly average PM2.5 mass showed a downward trend (-5μg/m3; -41%) in Rochester between 2001 and 2015. This change is largely due to reductions in particulate sulfate that showed a 65% decrease. The sulfate concentrations were compared to changes in SO2 emissions in seventeen upwind source domains, and other systematic changes by multivariate linear regression. Selectivity ratio obtained from target projection discriminated the most important source domains that are SO2 emissions from Georgia for winter, North Carolina for transition (spring and fall) and Ohio along with other influences for summer. North Carolina and Michigan were identified as the main sources for entire period. These observations suggest that any further reductions in the specified regional SO2 emissions would result in a proportional decrease in sulfate in Rochester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Emami
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States
| | - Mauro Masiol
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, United States; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
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48
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Nolte CG, Spero TL, Bowden JH, Mallard MS, Dolwick PD. The potential effects of climate change on air quality across the conterminous U.S. at 2030 under three Representative Concentration Pathways. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2018; 18:15471-15489. [PMID: 30972111 PMCID: PMC6453137 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-15471-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential impacts of climate change on regional ozone (O3) and fine particulate (PM2.5) air quality in the United States are investigated by linking global climate simulations with regional scale meteorological and chemical transport models. Regional climate at 2000 and at 2030 under three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) is simulated by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to downscale 11-year time slices from the Community Earth System Model (CESM). The downscaled meteorology is then used with the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to simulate air quality during each of these 11-year periods. The analysis isolates the future air quality differences arising from climate-driven changes in meteorological parameters and specific natural emissions sources that are strongly influenced by meteorology. Other factors that will affect future air quality, such as anthropogenic air pollutant emissions and chemical boundary conditions, are unchanged across the simulations. The regional climate fields represent historical daily maximum and daily minimum temperatures well, with mean biases less than 2 K for most regions of the U.S. and most seasons of the year and good representation of variability. Precipitation in the central and eastern U.S. is well simulated for the historical period, with seasonal and annual biases generally less than 25%, with positive biases exceeding 25% in the western U.S. throughout the year and in part of the eastern U.S. during summer. Maximum daily 8-h ozone (MDA8 O3) is projected to increase during summer and autumn in the central and eastern U.S. The increase in summer mean MDA8 O3 is largest under RCP8.5, exceeding 4 ppb in some locations, with smaller seasonal mean increases of up to 2 ppb simulated during autumn and changes during spring generally less than 1 ppb. Increases are magnified at the upper end of the O3 distribution, particularly where projected increases in temperature are greater. Annual average PM2.5 concentration changes range from -1.0 to 1.0 μg m-3. Organic PM2.5 concentrations increase during summer and autumn due to increased biogenic emissions. Aerosol nitrate decreases during winter, accompanied by lesser decreases in ammonium and sulfate, due to warmer temperatures causing increased partitioning to the gas phase. Among meteorological factors examined to account for modeled changes in pollution, temperature and isoprene emissions are found to have the largest changes and the greatest impact on O3 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Nolte
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tanya L Spero
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jared H Bowden
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Megan S Mallard
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patrick D Dolwick
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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49
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Sullivan RC, Levy RC, da Silva AM, Pryor SC. Developing and diagnosing climate change indicators of regional aerosol optical properties. Sci Rep 2017; 7:18093. [PMID: 29273800 PMCID: PMC5741728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of aerosol particles to radiative transfer via aerosol-radiation interactions, a methodology for tracking and diagnosing causes of temporal changes in regional-scale aerosol populations is illustrated. The aerosol optical properties tracked include estimates of total columnar burden (aerosol optical depth, AOD), dominant size mode (Ångström exponent, AE), and relative magnitude of radiation scattering versus absorption (single scattering albedo, SSA), along with metrics of the structure of the spatial field of these properties. Over well-defined regions of North America, there are generally negative temporal trends in mean and extreme AOD, and SSA. These are consistent with lower aerosol burdens and transition towards a relatively absorbing aerosol, driven primarily by declining sulfur dioxide emissions. Conversely, more remote regions are characterized by increasing mean and extreme AOD that is attributed to increased local wildfire emissions and long-range (transcontinental) transport. Regional and national reductions in anthropogenic emissions of aerosol precursors are leading to declining spatial autocorrelation in the aerosol fields and increased importance of local anthropogenic emissions in dictating aerosol burdens. However, synoptic types associated with high aerosol burdens are intensifying (becoming more warm and humid), and thus changes in synoptic meteorology may be offsetting aerosol burden reductions associated with emissions legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Sullivan
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Environmental Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA.
| | - Robert C Levy
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | | | - Sara C Pryor
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Pervasive Technology Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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50
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Doherty RM, Heal MR, O’Connor FM. Climate change impacts on human health over Europe through its effect on air quality. Environ Health 2017; 16:118. [PMID: 29219103 PMCID: PMC5773909 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the current literature on the effects of future emissions and climate change on particulate matter (PM) and O3 air quality and on the consequent health impacts, with a focus on Europe. There is considerable literature on the effects of climate change on O3 but fewer studies on the effects of climate change on PM concentrations. Under the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th assessment report (AR5) Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), background O3 entering Europe is expected to decrease under most scenarios due to higher water vapour concentrations in a warmer climate. However, under the extreme pathway RCP8.5 higher (more than double) methane (CH4) abundances lead to increases in background O3 that offset the O3 decrease due to climate change especially for the 2100 period. Regionally, in polluted areas with high levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx), elevated surface temperatures and humidities yield increases in surface O3 - termed the O3 climate penalty - especially in southern Europe. The O3 response is larger for metrics that represent the higher end of the O3 distribution, such as daily maximum O3. Future changes in PM concentrations due to climate change are much less certain, although several recent studies also suggest a PM climate penalty due to high temperatures and humidity and reduced precipitation in northern mid-latitude land regions in 2100.A larger number of studies have examined both future climate and emissions changes under the RCP scenarios. Under these pathways the impact of emission changes on air quality out to the 2050s will be larger than that due to climate change, because of large reductions in emissions of O3 and PM pollutant precursor emissions and the more limited climate change response itself. Climate change will also affect climate extreme events such as heatwaves. Air pollution episodes are associated with stagnation events and sometimes heat waves. Air quality during the 2003 heatwave over Europe has been examined in numerous studies and mechanisms for enhancing O3 have been identified.There are few studies on health effects associated with climate change impacts alone on air quality, but these report higher O3-related health burdens in polluted populated regions and greater PM2.5 health burdens in these emission regions. Studies that examine the combined impacts of climate change and anthropogenic emissions change under the RCP scenarios report reductions in global and European premature O3-respiratory related and PM mortalities arising from the large decreases in precursor emissions. Under RCP 8.5 the large increase in CH4 leads to global and European excess O3-respiratory related mortalities in 2100. For future health effects, besides uncertainty in future O3 and particularly PM concentrations, there is also uncertainty in risk estimates such as effect modification by temperature on pollutant-response relationships and potential future adaptation that would alter exposure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M. Doherty
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Alexander Crum Brown Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF UK
| | - Mathew R. Heal
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ UK
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