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Fan R, Ma Y, Cao W, Jin S, Liu B, Wang W, Li H, Gong W. New insights into black carbon light absorption enhancement: A comprehensive analysis of two differential behaviors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 355:124175. [PMID: 38761879 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
High uncertainty in optical properties of black carbon (BC) involving heterogeneous chemistry has recently attracted increasing attention in the field of atmospheric climatology. To fill the gap in BC optical knowledge so as to estimate more accurate climate effects and serve the response to global warming, it is beneficial to conduct site-level studies on BC light absorption enhancement (Eabs) characteristics. Real-time surface gas and particulate pollutant observations during the summer and winter over Wuhan were utilized for the analysis of Eabs simulated by minimum R squared (MRS), considering two distinct atmospheric conditions (2015 and 2017). In general, differences in aerosol emissions led to Eabs differential behaviors. The summer average of Eabs (1.92 ± 0.55) in 2015 was higher than the winter average (1.27 ± 0.42), while the average (1.11 ± 0.20) in 2017 summer was lower than that (1.67 ± 0.69) in winter. Eabs and RBC (representing the mass ratio of non-refractory constituents to elemental carbon) constraints suggest that Eabs increased with the increase in RBC under the ambient condition enriched by secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), with a maximum growth rate of 70.6% in 2015 summer. However, Eabs demonstrated a negative trend against RBC in 2017 winter due to the more complicated mixing state. The result arose from the opposite impact of hygroscopic SIA and absorbing OC/irregular distributed coatings on amplifying the light absorbency of BC. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis revealed a robust positive correlation (R > 0.9) between aerosol chemical compositions (including sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and secondary organic carbon), which could be significantly perturbed by only a small fraction of absorbing materials or restructuring BC through gaps filling. The above findings not only deepen the understanding of BC, but also provide useful information for the scientific decision-making in government to mitigate particulate pollution and obtain more precise BC radiative forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yingying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China; Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Wenxiang Cao
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shikuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Boming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Weiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wei Gong
- School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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2
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Tsiodra I, Grivas G, Bougiatioti A, Tavernaraki K, Parinos C, Paraskevopoulou D, Papoutsidaki K, Tsagkaraki M, Kozonaki FA, Oikonomou K, Nenes A, Mihalopoulos N. Source apportionment of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), and their associated long-term health risks in a major European city. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175416. [PMID: 39142411 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Many studies have drawn attention to the associations of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) with harmful health effects, advocating for their systematic monitoring alongside simple PAHs to better understand the aerosol carcinogenic potential in urban areas. To address this need, this study conducted an extensive PM2.5 sampling campaign in Athens, Greece, at the Thissio Supersite of the National Observatory of Athens, from December 2018 to July 2021, aiming to characterize the levels and variability of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), perform source apportionment, and assess health risk. Cumulative OPAH concentrations (Σ-OPAHs) were in the same range as Σ-PAHs (annual average 4.2 and 5.6 ng m-3, respectively). They exhibited a common seasonal profile with enhanced levels during the heating seasons, primarily attributed to residential wood burning (RWB). The episodic impact of biomass burning was also observed during a peri-urban wildfire event in May 2021, when PAH and OPAH concentrations increased by a factor of three compared to the monthly average. The study period also included the winter 2020-2021 COVID-19 lockdown, during which PAH and OPAH levels decreased by >50 % compared to past winters. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment analysis, based on a carbonaceous aerosol speciation dataset, identified PAC sources related to RWB, local traffic (gasoline vehicles) and urban traffic (including diesel emissions), as well as an impact of regional organic aerosol. Despite their seasonal character, RWB accounted for nearly half of Σ-PAH and over two-thirds of Σ-OPAH concentrations. Using the estimated source profiles and contributions, the source-specific carcinogenic potency of the studied PACs was calculated, revealing that almost 50 % was related to RWB. These findings underscore the urgent need to regulate domestic biomass burning at a European level, which can provide concrete benefits for improving urban air quality, towards the new stricter EU standards, and reducing long-term health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini Tsiodra
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece; Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, GR-26504, Greece
| | - Georgios Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Tavernaraki
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Constantine Parinos
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Oceanography, 190 13 Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - Despina Paraskevopoulou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Kyriaki Papoutsidaki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Maria Tsagkaraki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Faidra-Aikaterini Kozonaki
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios Nenes
- Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, GR-26504, Greece; Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Lofos Koufou, P. Penteli, Athens, 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece.
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3
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Bhowmik HS, Tripathi SN, Shukla AK, Lalchandani V, Murari V, Devaprasad M, Shivam A, Bhushan R, Prévôt ASH, Rastogi N. Contribution of fossil and biomass-derived secondary organic carbon to winter water-soluble organic aerosols in Delhi, India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168655. [PMID: 37992837 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Delhi, among the world's most polluted megacities, is a hotspot of particulate matter emissions, with high contribution from organic aerosol (OA), affecting health and climate in the entire northern India. While the primary organic aerosol (POA) sources can be effectively identified, an incomplete source apportionment of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) causes significant ambiguity in the management of air quality and the assessment of climate change. Present study uses positive matrix factorization analysis on the water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA) data from the offline-aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS). It revealed POA as the dominant source of WSOA, with biomass-burning OA (31-34 %) and solid fuel combustion OA (∼21 %) being two major contributors. Here we use water-solubility fingerprints to track the SOA precursors, such as oxalates or organic nitrates, instead of identifying them based on their O:C ratio. Non-fossil precursors dominate in more oxidized oxygenated organic carbon (MO-OOC) (∼90 %), a proxy for aged secondary organic carbon (SOC), by coupling offline-AMS with 14C measurements. On the contrary, the oxidation of fossil fuel emissions produces a large quantity of fresh fossil SOC, which accounts for ∼75 % of less oxidized oxygenated organic carbon (LO-OOC). Our study reveals that apart from major POA contributions, large fractions of fossil (10-14 %) and biomass-derived SOA (23-30 %) contribute significantly to the total WSOA load, having impact on climate and air quality of the Delhi megacity. Our study reveals that large-scale unregulated biomass burning was not only found to dominate in POA but was also observed to be a significant contributor to SOA with implications on human health, highlighting the need for effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri S Bhowmik
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sachchida N Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Sustainable Energy Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Ashutosh K Shukla
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Vipul Lalchandani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Vishnu Murari
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India; Institut Mines Télécom (IMT) Nord, 941 rue Charles Bourseul, 59508 Douai, France
| | - M Devaprasad
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India; Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Ajay Shivam
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Ravi Bhushan
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
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4
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Aghaei Y, Aldekheel M, Tohidi R, Badami MM, Farahani VJ, Sioutas C. Development and performance evaluation of online monitors for near real-time measurement of total and water-soluble organic carbon in fine and coarse ambient PM. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2024; 319:120316. [PMID: 38250566 PMCID: PMC10795521 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.120316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we developed two online monitors for total organic carbon (TOC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) measurements in fine (dp < 2.5μm) and coarse (2.5μm < dp < 10μm) particulate matter (PM), respectively. Their performance has been evaluated in laboratory and field tests to demonstrate the feasibility of using these monitors to measure near real-time concentrations, with consideration of their potential for being employed in long-term measurements. The fine PM collection setup was equipped with a versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system (VACES) connected to an aerosol-into-liquid-sampler (AILS), whereas two virtual impactors (VIs) in tandem with a modified BioSampler were used to collect coarse PM. These particle collection setups were in tandem with a Sievers M9 TOC analyzer to read TOC and WSOC concentrations in aqueous samples hourly. The average hourly TOC concentration measured by our developed monitors in fine and coarse PM were 5.17 ± 2.41 and 0.92 ± 0.29 μg/m3, respectively. In addition, our TOC readings showed good agreement and were comparable with those quantified using Sunset Lab EC/OC analyzer operating in parallel as a reference. Furthermore, we conducted field tests to produce diurnal profiles of fine PM-bound WSOC, which can show the effects of ambient temperature on maximum values in the nighttime chemistry of the winter, as well as on increased photochemical activities in afternoon peaks during the summer. According to our experimental campaign, WSOC mean values during the study period (3.07 μg/m3 for the winter and 2.7 μg/m3 for the summer) were in a comparable range with those of earlier studies in Los Angeles. Overall, our results corroborate the performance of our developed monitors in near real-time measurements of TOC and WSOC, which can be employed for future source apportionment studies in Los Angeles and other areas, aiding in understanding the health impacts of different pollution sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashar Aghaei
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mohammad Aldekheel
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Kuwait University, Department of Civil Engineering, P.O Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Ramin Tohidi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Badami
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vahid Jalali Farahani
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, California, USA
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5
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Casotto R, Skiba A, Rauber M, Strähl J, Tobler A, Bhattu D, Lamkaddam H, Manousakas MI, Salazar G, Cui T, Canonaco F, Samek L, Ryś A, El Haddad I, Kasper-Giebl A, Baltensperger U, Necki J, Szidat S, Styszko K, Slowik JG, Prévôt ASH, Daellenbach KR. Organic aerosol sources in Krakow, Poland, before implementation of a solid fuel residential heating ban. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158655. [PMID: 36089024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Casotto
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Alicja Skiba
- Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Martin Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Strähl
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Tobler
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland; Datalystica Ltd., Park innovAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Deepika Bhattu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Manousos I Manousakas
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Gary Salazar
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tianqu Cui
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - Lucyna Samek
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Ryś
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Anne Kasper-Giebl
- Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jaroslaw Necki
- Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sönke Szidat
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Kaspar R Daellenbach
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.
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Tao J, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Li J, Wu Y, Pei C, Nie F. Quantifying the relative contributions of aqueous phase and photochemical processes to water-soluble organic carbon formation in winter in a megacity of South China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134598. [PMID: 35430199 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To identify potential formation mechanisms of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and quantify their contributions to WSOC in urban Guangzhou of south China, a comprehensive campaign was carried out in winter of 2019-2020. During the campaign, WSOC, total carbon (TC), black carbon (BC), water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) and fourteen elements in PM2.5 were collected using inline instruments. Bulk PM2.5 and size-segregated particle samples were also synchronously collected using offline instruments for analyzing the dominant chemical components including WSOC, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) and WSIIs. In addition, gaseous pollutants (e.g., NH3, SO2, HNO3, NO2, O3) and meteorological parameters were also measured during the same period. PM2.5 pollution episodes during the campaign period were mainly driven by increased nitrate concentrations. The mass concentration of WSOC increased from 3.9 ± 1.1 μg m-3 on non-episode days to 6.8 ± 0.6 μg m-3 on episode days, although the mass ratio of WSOC to OC in PM2.5 changed little (<4%). Photochemical processes dominated WSOC formation in the afternoon and aqueous phase chemical processes played the dominant role in the night, from which newly formed WSOC distributed in the condensation mode and the droplet mode, respectively. Source apportionment analysis using positive matrix factorization (PMF) model suggested that on average 35% and 65% of WSOC mass in PM2.5 were related with the photochemical processes and aqueous phase chemical processes, respectively. Aqueous phase chemical processes were highly affected by nitrate pollution, which was closely related with O3 pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jiawei Li
- RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- Guangzhou Sub-branch of Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuli Nie
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Du A, Li Y, Sun J, Zhang Z, You B, Li Z, Chen C, Li J, Qiu Y, Liu X, Ji D, Zhang W, Xu W, Fu P, Sun Y. Rapid transition of aerosol optical properties and water-soluble organic aerosols in cold season in Fenwei Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154661. [PMID: 35314216 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Fenwei Plain (FWP) continues to be one of the most polluted regions in China despite the improvement of air quality in recent years. However, our understanding of aerosol optical properties (AOP) and its relationship with aerosol composition particularly in cold season is far from complete. Here we conducted three-month measurements of AOP from November 2020 to January 2021 in the FWP along with fine particle composition and water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA) measurements. Our results showed rapid transitions in AOP from November to January due to the enhanced primary emissions and the decreased aqueous-phase processing. The single scattering albedo (SSA) decreased from 0.85 to 0.78, while the absorption Ångstrӧm exponent (AAE) increased from 1.41 to 1.60, demonstrating the increasing role of absorbing aerosol and brown carbon in cold season. Further analysis showed that SSA increased significantly with the fraction of secondary inorganic aerosol, while AAE was highly correlated with the fraction of primary OA (POA), highlighting the different impacts of primary and secondary aerosol on AOP. Chemical apportionment showed the dominant contributions of ammonium nitrate (29%) and ammonium sulfate (27%) to particle extinction before heating season, while that of POA increased to 27% during heating season. Although the pollution level showed a clear increase during the heating season, the changes in visibility were small due to the decreased mass extinction efficiency from 3.48 to 2.91 m2 g-1. Positive matrix factorization illustrated a clear transition in WSOA composition from the dominance of secondary OA (SOA) in November to POA in heating season. Compared with the large decrease in water-soluble aqueous-phase SOA, the consistently high concentration of photochemical-related SOA elucidated the presence of strong photochemical processing in cold season. Overall, our results demonstrate the significant transition in primary emissions and secondary formation in cold season, and such changes have affected AOP substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aodong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo You
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanmei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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8
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High-Resolution Measurements of SO2, HNO3 and HCl at the Urban Environment of Athens, Greece: Levels, Variability and Gas to Particle Partitioning. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitric acid (HNO3), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were conducted in Athens, Greece, from 2014 to 2016 via a wet rotating annular denuder system paired with an ion chromatograph. Decreased mean annual levels of SO2 and HNO3 (equal to 3.3 ± 4.8 μg m−3 and 0.7 ± 0.6 μg m−3, respectively) were observed relative to the past, whereas for HCl (mean of 0.4 μg m−3 ) no such comparison was possible as the past measurements are very scarce. Regional and local emission sources regulated the SO2 levels and contributed to both the December and the July maxima of 6.6 μg m−3 and 5.5 μg m−3, respectively. Similarly, the significant enhancement at noon and during the winter nighttime was due to transported SO2 and residential heating, respectively. The oxidation of NO2 by OH radicals and the heterogeneous reactions of HNO3 on sea salt seemed to drive the HNO3 and HCl formation, respectively, whereas nighttime biomass burning affected only the former by almost 50%. During summer, the sulfate anions dominated over the SO2, in contrast to the chloride and nitrate ions that prevailed during the winter and were linked to the aerosol acidity that influences their lifetime as well as their impact on ecosystems.
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9
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Kaskaoutis DG, Grivas G, Stavroulas I, Bougiatioti A, Liakakou E, Dumka UC, Gerasopoulos E, Mihalopoulos N. Apportionment of black and brown carbon spectral absorption sources in the urban environment of Athens, Greece, during winter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149739. [PMID: 34467915 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the spectral properties and source characteristics of absorbing aerosols (BC: Black Carbon; BrC: Brown Carbon, based on aethalometer measurements) in the urban background of Athens during December 2016-February 2017. Using common assumptions regarding the spectral dependence of absorption due to BC (AAEBC = 1) and biomass burning (AAEbb = 2), and calculating an optimal AAEff value for the dataset (1.18), the total spectral absorption was decomposed into five components, corresponding to absorption of BC and BrC from fossil-fuel (ff) combustion and biomass burning (bb), and to secondary BrC estimated using the BC-tracer minimum R-squared (MRS) method. Substantial differences in the contribution of various components to the total absorption were found between day and night, due to differences in emissions and meteorological dynamics, while BrC and biomass burning aerosols presented higher contributions at shorter wavelengths. At 370 nm, the absorption due to BCff contributed 36.3% on average, exhibiting a higher fraction (58.1%) during daytime, while the mean BCbb absorption was estimated at 18.4%. The mean absorption contributions due to BrCff, BrCbb and BrCsec were 6.7%, 32.3% and 4.9%, respectively. The AbsBCff,370 component maximized during the morning traffic hours and was strongly correlated with NOx (R2 = 0.76) and CO (R2 = 0.77), while a similar behavior was seen for the AbsBrCff,370 component. AbsBCbb and AbsBrCbb levels escalated during nighttime and were highly associated with nss-K+ and with the organic aerosol (OA) components related to fresh and fast-oxidized biomass burning (BBOA and SV-OOA) as obtained from ACSM measurements. Multiple linear regression was used to attribute BrC absorption to five OA components and to determine their absorption contributions and efficiencies, revealing maximum contributions of BBOA (33%) and SV-OOA (21%). Sensitivity analysis was performed in view of the methodological uncertainties and supported the reliability of the results, which can have important implications for radiative transfer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Kaskaoutis
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece; Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital 263 001, India.
| | - G Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece.
| | - I Stavroulas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - A Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - E Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - U C Dumka
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - E Gerasopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - N Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece; Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital 263 001, India
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10
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Observations of Gas-Phase Alkylamines at a Coastal Site in the East Mediterranean Atmosphere. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12111454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric amines are ubiquitous compounds in the atmosphere, having both natural and anthropogenic origin. Recently, they have been identified as important contributors to new particle formation in the atmosphere, but observations of their atmospheric concentrations are scarce. In the present study we introduce the first systematic long-term observations of gas-phase amines measurements in the East Mediterranean atmosphere. Air samples were collected at the Finokalia monitoring station of the University of Crete during a 3.5-year period from January 2013 to July 2016, and analyzed after extraction using a high-performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The detected alkylamines were the sum of dimethylamine and ethylamine (DMA+EA), trimethylamine (TMA), diethylamine (DEA) and triethylamine (TEA). DMA+EA and TMA were the most abundant alkylamines, with concentrations spanning from the detection limit to 78.0 and 69.8 pptv, and average concentrations of 7.8 ± 12.1 and 7.5 ± 12.4 pptv, respectively. Amines showed pronounced seasonal variability with DMA+EA and TMA concentrations being higher in winter. Statistical analysis of the observations showed different sources for each of the studied amines, except for DMA+ΕA and DEA that appear to have common sources in the region. This analysis points to a marine source of TMA and animal husbandry in the area as a potential source of TEA. None of the alkylamines is correlated with other anthropogenic sources. Furthermore, no clear association was found between the seasonality of NPF events and alkylamines concentrations, while a clear correlation was detected between the seasonality of nucleation mode particle (dp < 25 nm) number concentrations and alkylamine concentrations, indicating that amines may contribute to nucleation mode particles’ production.
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11
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Li H, Zhang Q, Jiang W, Collier S, Sun Y, Zhang Q, He K. Characteristics and sources of water-soluble organic aerosol in a heavily polluted environment in Northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143970. [PMID: 33338790 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA) in fine particles (PM2.5) collected during wintertime in a polluted city (Handan) in Northern China was characterized using a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS). Through comparing with real-time measurements from a collocated Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM), we determined that WSOA on average accounts for 29% of total organic aerosol (OA) mass and correlates tightly with secondary organic aerosol (SOA; Pearson's r = 0.95). The mass spectra of WSOA closely resemble those of ambient SOA, but also show obvious influences from coal combustion and biomass burning. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the WSOA mass spectra resolved a water-soluble coal combustion OA (WS-CCOA; O/C = 0.17), a water-soluble biomass burning OA (WS-BBOA; O/C = 0.32), and a water-soluble oxygenated OA (WS-OOA; O/C = 0.89), which account for 10.3%, 29.3% and 60.4% of the total WSOA mass, respectively. The water-solubility of the OA factors was estimated by comparing the offline AMS analysis results with the ambient ACSM measurements. OOA has the highest water-solubility of 49%, consistent with increased hygroscopicity of oxidized organics induced by atmospheric aging processes. In contrast, CCOA is the least water soluble, containing 17% WS-CCOA. The distinct characteristics of WSOA from different sources extend our knowledge of the complex aerosol chemistry in the polluted atmosphere of Northern China and the water-solubility analysis may help us to understand better aerosol hygroscopicity and its effects on radiative forcing in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Wenqing Jiang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sonya Collier
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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12
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Lanzafame GM, Srivastava D, Favez O, Bandowe BAM, Shahpoury P, Lammel G, Bonnaire N, Alleman LY, Couvidat F, Bessagnet B, Albinet A. One-year measurements of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) markers in the Paris region (France): Concentrations, gas/particle partitioning and SOA source apportionment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143921. [PMID: 33261871 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-five biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) markers have been measured over a one-year period in both gaseous and PM10 phases in the Paris region (France). Seasonal and chemical patterns were similar to those previously observed in Europe, but significantly different from the ones observed in America and Asia due to dissimilarities in source precursor emissions. Nitroaromatic compounds showed higher concentrations in winter due to larger emissions of their precursors originating from biomass combustion used for residential heating purposes. Among the biogenic markers, only isoprene SOA marker concentrations increased in summer while pinene SOA markers did not display any clear seasonal trend. The measured SOA markers, usually considered as semi-volatiles, were mainly associated to the particulate phase, except for the nitrophenols and nitroguaiacols, and their gas/particle partitioning (GPP) showed a low temperature and OM concentrations dependency. An evaluation of their GPP with thermodynamic model predictions suggested that apart from equilibrium partitioning between organic phase and air, the GPP of the markers is affected by processes suppressing volatility from a mixed organic and inorganic phase, such as enhanced dissolution in aerosol aqueous phase and non-equilibrium conditions. SOA marker concentrations were used to apportion secondary organic carbon (SOC) sources applying both, an improved version of the SOA-tracer method and positive matrix factorization (PMF) Total SOC estimations agreed very well between both models, except in summer and during a highly processed Springtime PM pollution event in which systematic underestimation by the SOA tracer method was evidenced. As a first approach, the SOA-tracer method could provide a reliable estimation of the average SOC concentrations, but it is limited due to the lack of markers for aged SOA together with missing SOA/SOC conversion fractions for several sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Lanzafame
- Ineris, Parc Technologique Alata, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, PARIS, France
| | - D Srivastava
- Ineris, Parc Technologique Alata, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - O Favez
- Ineris, Parc Technologique Alata, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - B A M Bandowe
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany
| | - P Shahpoury
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Air Quality Processes Research Section, Toronto, Canada
| | - G Lammel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany; Masaryk University, RECETOX, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - N Bonnaire
- LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - L Y Alleman
- IMT Lille Douai, SAGE, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - F Couvidat
- Ineris, Parc Technologique Alata, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - B Bessagnet
- Ineris, Parc Technologique Alata, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - A Albinet
- Ineris, Parc Technologique Alata, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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13
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Mukherjee A, Dey S, Rana A, Jia S, Banerjee S, Sarkar S. Sources and atmospheric processing of brown carbon and HULIS in the Indo-Gangetic Plain: Insights from compositional analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115440. [PMID: 32858437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present here spectroscopic compositional analysis of brown carbon (BrC) and humic-like substances (HULIS) in the Indian context under varying conditions of source emissions and atmospheric processing. To this end, we study bulk water-soluble organic matter (WSOM), neutral- and acidic-HULIS (HULIS-n and HULIS-a), and high-polarity (HP)-WSOM collected in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) with respect to UV-Vis, fluorescence, FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C characteristics under three aerosol regimes: photochemistry-dominated summer, aged biomass burning (BB)-dominated post-monsoon, and fresh BB-dominated winter. Absorption coefficients (babs_365 nm; Mm-1) of WSOM and HULIS fractions increase by a factor of 2-9 during winter as compared to summer, with HULIS-n dominating total HULIS + HP-WSOM absorption (73-81%). Fluorophores in HULIS-n appear to contain near-similar levels of aromatic and unsaturated aliphatic conjugation across seasons, while HULIS-a exhibits distinctively smaller-chain structures in summer and post-monsoon. FT-IR spectra reveals, among others, strong signatures of aromatic phenols in winter WSOM suggesting a BB-related origin. 1H NMR-based source attribution coupled with back trajectory analysis indicate the presence of secondary and BB-related organic aerosol (SOA and BBOA) in the post-monsoon and winter, and marine-derived OA (MOA) in the summer, which is supported by 13C measurements. Overall, these observations uncover a complex interplay of emissions and atmospheric processing of carbonaceous aerosols in the IGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Supriya Dey
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Archita Rana
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Shiguo Jia
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Supratim Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India; School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India.
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14
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Zhang Y, Albinet A, Petit JE, Jacob V, Chevrier F, Gille G, Pontet S, Chrétien E, Dominik-Sègue M, Levigoureux G, Močnik G, Gros V, Jaffrezo JL, Favez O. Substantial brown carbon emissions from wintertime residential wood burning over France. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 743:140752. [PMID: 32663683 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) is known to absorb light at subvisible wavelengths but its optical properties and sources are still poorly documented, leading to large uncertainties in climate studies. Here, we show its major wintertime contribution to total aerosol absorption at 370 nm (18-42%) at 9 different French sites. Moreover, an excellent correlation with levoglucosan (r2 = 0.9 and slope = 22.2 at 370 nm), suggesting important contribution of wood burning emissions to ambient BrC aerosols in France. At all sites, BrC peaks were mainly observed during late evening, linking to local intense residential wood burning during this time period. Furthermore, the geographic origin analysis also highlighted the high potential contribution of local and/or small-regional emissions to BrC. Focusing on the Paris region, twice higher BrC mass absorption efficiency value was obtained for less oxidized biomass burning organic aerosols (BBOA) compared to more oxidized BBOA (e.g., about 4.9 ± 0.2 vs. 2.0 ± 0.1 m2 g-1, respectively, at 370 nm). Finally, the BBOA direct radiative effect was found to be 40% higher when these two BBOA fractions are treated as light-absorbing species, compared to the non-absorbing BBOA scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiang Zhang
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Alexandre Albinet
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Laboratoire Central de Surveillance de la Qualité de l'Air (LCSQA), F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Véronique Jacob
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP-G, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Griša Močnik
- Univ. of Nova Gorica, Center for Atmos. Research, Ajdovščina, Slovenia; J. Stefan Institute, Condensed Matter Physics Dpt., Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Valérie Gros
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP-G, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Laboratoire Central de Surveillance de la Qualité de l'Air (LCSQA), F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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15
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Rana A, Dey S, Rawat P, Mukherjee A, Mao J, Jia S, Khillare PS, Yadav AK, Sarkar S. Optical properties of aerosol brown carbon (BrC) in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 716:137102. [PMID: 32059320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report here measurements of aerosol black carbon (BC) and aqueous and methanol-extractable brown carbon (BrCaq and BrCme) from a receptor location in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) under two aerosol regimes: the photochemistry-dominated summer and biomass burning (BB) dominated post-monsoon. We couple time-resolved measurements of BC and aerosol light absorption coefficients (babs) with time-integrated analysis of BrC UV-Vis and fluorescence characteristics, along with measurements of total and water-soluble organic carbon (OC and WSOC), and ionic species (NH4+, K+, NO3-). In the BB regime, BC and its BB-derived fraction (BCBB) increased by factors of 3-4 over summertime values. In comparison, babs_365_aq and babs_365_me (absorption coefficients of BrCaq and BrCme at 365 nm) increased by a factor of 5 (9.7 ± 7.8 vs 2.1 ± 1.4 Mm-1) and 2.5 (17.2 ± 9.0 vs 6.9 ± 2.9 Mm-1), respectively, in the BB period over summer, and were highly correlated (r = 0.82-0.87; p < 0.01) with the BB-tracer nssK+. The wavelength dependence of babs_BrC (Ångstrom exponent: 5.9-6.2) and the presence of characteristic fluorescence peaks at 420-430 nm suggested presence of humic-like substances (HULIS) in the aged BB aerosol, while significant association between BrCaq and NO3- (r = 0.73; p < 0.01) possibly indicated formation of water-soluble nitroaromatic compounds. BrCaq contributed 55% to total BrC absorption at 300-400 nm while that for the water-insoluble component (WI-BrC) increased from 41% at 340 nm to ~60% at 550 nm, suggesting formation of water-insoluble polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and/or N-PAHs. Mass absorption efficiencies at 365 nm (MAE365) of BrCaq and BrCme in the BB regime (0.95 ± 0.45 and 1.17 ± 0.78 m2 g-1, respectively) were in line with values expected from photobleaching of BB source emissions after transport to the eastern IGP. Overall, BrCaq and BrCme were significant components of light absorbing aerosol in the BB regime, with contributions of 9 ± 5% and 16 ± 7%, respectively, to radiative forcing vis-à-vis BC in the 300-400 nm range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archita Rana
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Supriya Dey
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Prashant Rawat
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Arya Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Jingying Mao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Shiguo Jia
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Pandit S Khillare
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Amit Kumar Yadav
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India; Centre for Climate and Environmental Studies, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) - Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India.
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16
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Languille B, Gros V, Petit JE, Honoré C, Baudic A, Perrussel O, Foret G, Michoud V, Truong F, Bonnaire N, Sarda-Estève R, Delmotte M, Feron A, Maisonneuve F, Gaimoz C, Formenti P, Kotthaus S, Haeffelin M, Favez O. Wood burning: A major source of Volatile Organic Compounds during wintertime in the Paris region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:135055. [PMID: 31810669 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Wood burning is widely used for domestic heating and has been identified as a ubiquitous pollution source in urban areas, especially during cold months. The present study is based on a three and a half winter months field campaign in the Paris region measuring Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) by Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) in addition to Black Carbon (BC). Several VOCs were identified as strongly wood burning-influenced (e.g., acetic acid, furfural), or traffic-influenced (e.g., toluene, C8-aromatics). Methylbutenone, benzenediol and butandione were identified for the first time as wood burning-related in ambient air. A Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis highlighted that wood burning is the most important source of VOCs during the winter season. (47%). Traffic was found to account for about 22% of the measured VOCs during the same period, whereas solvent use plus background accounted altogether for the remaining fraction. The comparison with the regional emission inventory showed good consistency for benzene and xylenes but revisions of the inventory should be considered for several VOCs such as acetic acid, C9-aromatics and methanol. Finally, complementary measurements acquired simultaneously at other sites in Île-de-France (the Paris region) enabled evaluation of spatial variabilities. The influence of traffic emissions on investigated pollutants displayed a clear negative gradient from roadside to suburban stations, whereas wood burning pollution was found to be fairly homogeneous over the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Languille
- Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - Valérie Gros
- Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Cécile Honoré
- Airparif, Association agréée de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en Île-de-France, France
| | - Alexia Baudic
- Airparif, Association agréée de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en Île-de-France, France
| | - Olivier Perrussel
- Airparif, Association agréée de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en Île-de-France, France
| | - Gilles Foret
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, université Paris-Est-Créteil, université de Paris, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Vincent Michoud
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, université Paris-Est-Créteil, université de Paris, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - François Truong
- Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Bonnaire
- Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Roland Sarda-Estève
- Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marc Delmotte
- Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Anaïs Feron
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, université Paris-Est-Créteil, université de Paris, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Franck Maisonneuve
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, université Paris-Est-Créteil, université de Paris, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Cécile Gaimoz
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, université Paris-Est-Créteil, université de Paris, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Paola Formenti
- LISA, UMR CNRS 7583, université Paris-Est-Créteil, université de Paris, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL), Créteil, France
| | - Simone Kotthaus
- Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, École polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Martial Haeffelin
- Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, École polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut national de l'environnement industriel et des risques, Parc technologique ALATA, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
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17
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Pani SK, Wang SH, Lin NH, Chantara S, Lee CT, Thepnuan D. Black carbon over an urban atmosphere in northern peninsular Southeast Asia: Characteristics, source apportionment, and associated health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113871. [PMID: 31918141 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) has been demonstrated to pose significant negative impacts on climate and human health. Equivalent BC (EBC) measurements were conducted using a 7-wavelength aethalometer, from March to May 2016, over an urban atmosphere, viz., Chiang Mai (98.957°E, 18.795°N, 373 m above sea level), Thailand in northern peninsular Southeast Asia. Daily variations in aerosol light absorption were mainly governed by open fire activities in the region. The mean mass-specific absorption cross-section (MAC) value of EBC at 880 nm was estimated to be 9.3 m2 g-1. The median EBC mass concentration was the highest in March (3.3 μg m-3) due to biomass-burning (comprised of forest fire and agricultural burning) emissions accompanied by urban air pollution within the planetary boundary layer under favorable meteorological conditions. Daily mean absorption Ångström exponent (AAE470/950) varied between 1.3 and 1.7 and could be due to variations in EBC emission sources and atmospheric mixing processes. EBC source apportionment results revealed that biomass-burning contributed significantly more to total EBC concentrations (34-92%) as compared to fossil-fuel (traffic emissions). Health risk estimates of EBC in relation to different health outcomes were assessed in terms of passive cigarette equivalence, highlighting the considerable health effects associated with exposure to EBC levels. As a necessary action, the reduction of EBC emissions would promote considerable climate and health co-benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Kumar Pani
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Neng-Huei Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Monitoring and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan.
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chung-Te Lee
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Duangduean Thepnuan
- Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
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18
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Crobeddu B, Baudrimont I, Deweirdt J, Sciare J, Badel A, Camproux AC, Bui LC, Baeza-Squiban A. Lung Antioxidant Depletion: A Predictive Indicator of Cellular Stress Induced by Ambient Fine Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2360-2369. [PMID: 31961142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Regulations on ambient particulate matter (PM) are becoming more stringent because of adverse health effects arising from PM exposure. PM-induced oxidant production is a key mechanism behind the observed health effects and is heavily dependent on PM composition. Measurement of the intrinsic oxidative potential (OP) of PM could provide an integrated indicator of PM bioreactivity and could serve as a better metric of PM hazard exposure than PM mass concentration. The OP of two chemically contrasted PM2.5 samples was compared through four acellular assays, and OP predictive capability was evaluated in different cellular assays on two in vitro lung cell models. PM2.5 collected in Paris at a site close to the traffic exhibited a systematically higher OP in all assays compared to PM2.5 enriched in particles from domestic wood burning. Similar results were obtained for oxidative stress, expression of antioxidant enzymes, and pro-inflammatory chemokine in human bronchial epithelial and endothelial cells. The strongest correlations between OP assays and cellular responses were observed with the antioxidant (ascorbic acid and glutathione) depletion (OPAO) assay. Multivariate regression analysis from OP daily measurements suggested that OPAO was strongly correlated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at the traffic site while it was correlated with potassium for the domestic wood burning sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Crobeddu
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251 CNRS , F-75013 Paris , France
| | - Isabelle Baudrimont
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux U1045 , F-33604 Pessac , France
| | - Juliette Deweirdt
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux U1045 , F-33604 Pessac , France
| | - Jean Sciare
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ , F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center , The Cyprus Institute , 2121 Aglantzia , Cyprus
| | - Anne Badel
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, ERL 1133, Inserm , F-75013 Paris , France
| | - Anne-Claude Camproux
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, ERL 1133, Inserm , F-75013 Paris , France
| | - Linh Chi Bui
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251 CNRS , F-75013 Paris , France
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19
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Carbonaceous Aerosols in Contrasting Atmospheric Environments in Greek Cities: Evaluation of the EC-tracer Methods for Secondary Organic Carbon Estimation. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the carbonaceous-aerosol characteristics at three contrasting urban environments in Greece (Ioannina, Athens, and Heraklion), on the basis of 12 h sampling during winter (January to February 2013), aiming to explore the inter-site differences in atmospheric composition and carbonaceous-aerosol characteristics and sources. The winter-average organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations in Ioannina were found to be 28.50 and 4.33 µg m−3, respectively, much higher than those in Heraklion (3.86 µg m−3 for OC and 2.29 µg m−3 for EC) and Athens (7.63 µg m−3 for OC and 2.44 µg m−3 for EC). The winter OC/EC ratio in Ioannina (6.53) was found to be almost three times that in Heraklion (2.03), indicating a larger impact of wood combustion, especially during the night, whereas in Heraklion, emissions from biomass burning were found to be less intense. Estimations of primary and secondary organic carbon (POC and SOC) using the EC-tracer method, and specifically its minimum R-squared (MRS) variant, revealed large differences between the sites, with a prevalence of POC (67–80%) in Ioannina and Athens and with a larger SOC fraction (53%) in Heraklion. SOC estimates were also obtained using the 5% and 25% percentiles of the OC/EC data to determine the (OC/EC)pri, leading to results contrasting to the MRS approach in Ioannina (70–74% for SOC). Although the MRS method provides generally more robust results, it may significantly underestimate SOC levels in environments highly burdened by biomass burning, as the fast-oxidized semi-volatile OC associated with combustion sources is classified in POC. Further analysis in Athens revealed that the difference in SOC estimates between the 5% percentile and MRS methods coincided with the semi-volatile oxygenated organic aerosol as quantified by aerosol mass spectrometry. Finally, the OC/Kbb+ ratio was used as tracer for decomposition of the POC into fossil-fuel and biomass-burning components, indicating the prevalence of biomass-burning POC, especially in Ioannina (77%).
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20
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Barman N, Gokhale S. Urban black carbon - source apportionment, emissions and long-range transport over the Brahmaputra River Valley. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133577. [PMID: 31369895 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This research investigates whether the vehicular black carbon emissions originated in the North-Eastern city of Guwahati are transported over and in the Brahmaputra River Valley and the Himalayas. The total black carbon was apportioned between the fossil fuel and biomass burning by real-time measurements of black carbon concentrations at two distinct locations having different traffic volumes in 2016-17. The average observed BC concentrations were 20.58, 6.42, 3.50 and 5.29 μg/m3 at the low traffic location and 22.44, 17.14, 9.2 and 16.87 μg/m3 at the high traffic location in winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation were found to have significant negative correlations with BC concentrations, while relative humidity had positive correlations. It was found that vehicles contributed over 85% of the ambient black carbon at both locations. Black carbon emission from this dominant source was estimated for 2018, which showed that from vehicles it increased to 0.44-0.55 Gg in 2018 from 0.29 to 0.33 Gg in 2011, which may result in the adverse impacts on the eco-sensitive Brahmaputra River Valley and the Himalayas. The transport and deposition of black carbon under different climatic seasons was modelled using HYSPLIT. The results showed that black carbon particulates are being transported and deposited all-round the year in the Himalayas and the surrounding region. Pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons contributed to the largest amounts of deposition, and a clear relation was found between deposition and rainfall. The total BC deposited in the Brahmaputra River Valley and the Himalayas during one year was 22,142.69 kg and 1566.53 kg with average deposition rates of 0.6452 μgm-2 day-1 and 0.0182 μgm-2 day-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeldip Barman
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India
| | - Sharad Gokhale
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, India.
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21
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Srivastava D, Favez O, Petit JE, Zhang Y, Sofowote UM, Hopke PK, Bonnaire N, Perraudin E, Gros V, Villenave E, Albinet A. Speciation of organic fractions does matter for aerosol source apportionment. Part 3: Combining off-line and on-line measurements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:944-955. [PMID: 31302558 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study proposes an advanced methodology to refine the source apportionment of organic aerosol (OA). This methodology is based on the combination of offline and online datasets in a single Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis using the multilinear engine (ME-2) algorithm and a customized time synchronization procedure. It has been applied to data from measurements conducted in the Paris region (France) during a PM pollution event in March 2015. Measurements included OA ACSM (Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor) mass spectra and specific primary and secondary organic molecular markers from PM10 filters on their original time resolution (30 min for ACSM and 4 h for PM10 filters). Comparison with the conventional PMF analysis of the ACSM OA dataset (PMF-ACSM) showed very good agreement for the discrimination between primary and secondary OA fractions with about 75% of the OA mass of secondary origin. Furthermore, the use of the combined datasets allowed the deconvolution of 3 primary OA (POA) factors and 7 secondary OA (SOA) factors. A clear identification of the source/origin of 54% of the total SOA mass could be achieved thanks to specific molecular markers. Specifically, 28% of that fraction was linked to combustion sources (biomass burning and traffic emissions). A clear identification of primary traffic OA was also obtained using the PMF-combined analysis while PMF-ACSM only gave a proxy for this OA source in the form of total hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) mass concentrations. In addition, the primary biomass burning-related OA source was explained by two OA factors, BBOA and OPOA-like BBOA. This new approach has showed undeniable advantages over the conventional approaches by providing valuable insights into the processes involved in SOA formation and their sources. However, the origins of highly oxidized SOA could not be fully identified due to the lack of specific molecular markers for such aged SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Srivastava
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France.
| | - O Favez
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - J-E Petit
- LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Y Zhang
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - U M Sofowote
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - P K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - N Bonnaire
- LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E Perraudin
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
| | - V Gros
- LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E Villenave
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
| | - A Albinet
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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22
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Dumka UC, Tiwari S, Kaskaoutis DG, Soni VK, Safai PD, Attri SD. Aerosol and pollutant characteristics in Delhi during a winter research campaign. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:3771-3794. [PMID: 30539401 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3885-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Urban areas in developing countries are major sources of carbonaceous aerosols and air pollutants, pointing out the need for a detailed assessment of their levels and origin close to the source. A multi-instrument research campaign was performed in Delhi during December 2015-February 2016 aimed at exploring the pollution levels and the contribution of various sources to particulate matter (PM) concentrations, black carbon (BC) aerosols, and trace gases. The weak winds (< 5-6 m s-1) along with the shallow boundary layer favoured the formation of thick and persistent fog conditions, which along with the high BC (24.4 ± 12.2 μg m-3) concentrations lead to the formation of smog. Very high pollution levels were recorded during the campaign, with mean PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO, and O3 concentrations of 245.5 ± 109.8 μg m-3, 145.5 ± 69.5 μg m-3, 1.7 ± 0.5 ppm, 7.9 ± 2.3 ppb, and 31.3 ± 18.4 ppb, respectively. This study focuses on examining the daily/diurnal cycles of the aerosol optical properties (extinction, scattering, absorption coefficients, single scattering albedo), as well as of PM and other pollutant concentrations, along with changes in meteorology (mixing-layer height and wind speed). In addition, the hot-spot pollution sources in the greater Delhi area were determined via bivariate plots and conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF), while the distant sources were examined via the concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis. The results show that the highest aerosol absorption and scattering coefficients, PM, and trace gas concentrations are detected for weak winds (< 2 m s-1) with a preference for eastern directions, revealing high contribution from local sources and accumulation of pollutants within urban Delhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh C Dumka
- Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Nainital, 263 001, India.
| | - Suresh Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, New Delhi Branch, New Delhi, 110 060, India
| | - Dimitris G Kaskaoutis
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 118 10, Athens, Greece
| | - Vijay K Soni
- Indian Metrological Department, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110 003, India
| | - Promod D Safai
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Shiv D Attri
- Indian Metrological Department, Lodhi Road, New Delhi, 110 003, India
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23
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Brown S, Minor H, O'Brien T, Hameed Y, Feenstra B, Kuebler D, Wetherell W, Day R, Tun R, Landis E, Rice J. Review of Sunset OC/EC Instrument Measurements During the EPA's Sunset Carbon Evaluation Project. ATMOSPHERE 2019; 10:287. [PMID: 32704395 PMCID: PMC7376833 DOI: 10.3390/atmos10050287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the feasibility of the Sunset semicontinuous organic and elemental carbon (OC/EC) monitor, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sponsored the deployment of this monitor at Chemical Speciation Network (CSN) sites with OC and EC measurements via quartz fiber filter collection in Chicago, Illinois; Houston, Texas; Las Vegas, Nevada; St. Louis, Missouri; Rubidoux, California; and Washington, D.C. Houston, St. Louis, and Washington also had collocated Aethalometer black carbon (BC) measurements. Sunset OC generally compared well with the CSN OC (r2 = 0.73 across five sites); the Sunset/CSN OC ratio was, on average, 1.06, with a range among sites of 0.96 to 1.12. Sunset thermal EC and CSN EC did not compare as well, with an overall r2 of 0.22, in part because 26% of the hourly Sunset EC measurements were below the detection limit. Sunset optical EC had a much better correlation to CSN EC (r2 = 0.67 across all sites), with an average Sunset/CSN ratio of 0.90 (range of 0.7 to 1.08). There was also a high correlation of Sunset optical EC with Aethalometer BC (r2 = 0.77 across all sites), though with a larger bias (average Sunset/Aethalometer ratio of 0.56). When the Sunset instrument was working well, OC and OptEC data were comparable to CSN OC and EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Brown
- Sonoma Technology, Inc., 1450 N. McDowell Blvd., Suite 200, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA
| | - Hilary Minor
- Sonoma Technology, Inc., 1450 N. McDowell Blvd., Suite 200, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA
| | - Theresa O'Brien
- Sonoma Technology, Inc., 1450 N. McDowell Blvd., Suite 200, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA
| | - Yousaf Hameed
- Department of Air Quality, Clark County, 4701 W. Russell Rd. Suite 200, Las Vegas, NV 89118, USA
| | - Brandon Feenstra
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, 21865 Copley Dr. Diamond Bar, CA 91765-4178, USA
| | - Dustin Kuebler
- Missouri Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 176, Jefferson City, MO 65102, USA
| | - Will Wetherell
- Missouri Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 176, Jefferson City, MO 65102, USA
| | - Robert Day
- Department of Energy and Environment, Government of the District of Columbia, 1200 First Street, N.E. 5th Floor, Washington, DC 20002, USA
| | - Richard Tun
- Department of Energy and Environment, Government of the District of Columbia, 1200 First Street, N.E. 5th Floor, Washington, DC 20002, USA
| | - Elizabeth Landis
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Ambient Air Monitoring Group, Mail Code C304-06, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Joann Rice
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Ambient Air Monitoring Group, Mail Code C304-06, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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24
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Srivastava D, Favez O, Bonnaire N, Lucarelli F, Haeffelin M, Perraudin E, Gros V, Villenave E, Albinet A. Speciation of organic fractions does matter for aerosol source apportionment. Part 2: Intensive short-term campaign in the Paris area (France). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:267-278. [PMID: 29627550 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed at performing PM10 source apportionment, using positive matrix factorization (PMF), based on filter samples collected every 4h at a sub-urban station in the Paris region (France) during a PM pollution event in March 2015 (PM10>50μgm-3 for several consecutive days). The PMF model allowed to deconvolve 11 source factors. The use of specific primary and secondary organic molecular markers favoured the determination of common sources such as biomass burning and primary traffic emissions, as well as 2 specific biogenic SOA (marine+isoprene) and 3 anthropogenic SOA (nitro-PAHs+oxy-PAHs+phenolic compounds oxidation) factors. This study is probably the first one to report the use of methylnitrocatechol isomers as well as 1-nitropyrene to apportion secondary OA linked to biomass burning emissions and primary traffic emissions, respectively. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) fractions were found to account for 47% of the total OC. The use of organic molecular markers allowed the identification of 41% of the total SOC composed of anthropogenic SOA (namely, oxy-PAHs, nitro-PAHs and phenolic compounds oxidation, representing 15%, 9%, 11% of the total OC, respectively) and biogenic SOA (marine+isoprene) (6% in total). Results obtained also showed that 35% of the total SOC originated from anthropogenic sources and especially PAH SOA (oxy-PAHs+nitro-PAHs), accounting for 24% of the total SOC, highlighting its significant contribution in urban influenced environments. Anthropogenic SOA related to nitro-PAHs and phenolic compounds exhibited a clear diurnal pattern with high concentrations during the night indicating the prominent role of night-time chemistry but with different chemical processes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Srivastava
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France.
| | - O Favez
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - N Bonnaire
- LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - F Lucarelli
- University of Florence, Dipartimento di Fisica Astronomia, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - M Haeffelin
- Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - E Perraudin
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
| | - V Gros
- LSCE - UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E Villenave
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France; Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805 CNRS, 33405 Talence, France
| | - A Albinet
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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25
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Chow JC, Watson JG, Green MC, Wang X, Chen LWA, Trimble DL, Cropper PM, Kohl SD, Gronstal SB. Separation of brown carbon from black carbon for IMPROVE and Chemical Speciation Network PM 2.5 samples. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2018; 68:494-510. [PMID: 29341854 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1426653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The replacement of the Desert Research Institute (DRI) model 2001 with model 2015 thermal/optical analyzers (TOAs) results in continuity of the long-term organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) database, and it adds optical information with no additional carbon analysis effort. The value of multiwavelength light attenuation is that light absorption due to black carbon (BC) can be separated from that of brown carbon (BrC), with subsequent attribution to known sources such as biomass burning and secondary organic aerosols. There is evidence of filter loading effects for the 25% of all samples with the highest EC concentrations based on the ratio of light attenuation to EC. Loading corrections similar to those used for the seven-wavelength aethalometer need to be investigated. On average, nonurban Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) samples show higher BrC fractions of short-wavelength absorption than urban Chemical Speciation Network (CSN) samples, owing to greater influence from biomass burning and aged aerosols, as well as to higher primary BC contributions from engine exhaust at urban sites. Sequential samples taken during an Everglades National Park wildfire demonstrate the evolution from flaming to smoldering combustion, with the BrC fraction increasing as smoldering begins to dominate the fire event. IMPLICATIONS The inclusion of seven wavelengths in thermal/optical carbon analysis of speciated PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm) samples allows contributions from biomass burning and secondary organic aerosols to be estimated. This separation is useful for evaluating control strategy effectiveness, identifying exceptional events, and determining natural visibility conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith C Chow
- a Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , NV , USA
- b State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG) , Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - John G Watson
- a Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , NV , USA
- b State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG) , Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mark C Green
- a Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , NV , USA
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- a Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , NV , USA
| | - L-W Antony Chen
- c Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , University of Nevada , Las Vegas , NV , USA
| | - Dana L Trimble
- a Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , NV , USA
| | - Paul M Cropper
- a Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , NV , USA
| | - Steven D Kohl
- a Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , NV , USA
| | - Steven B Gronstal
- a Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , NV , USA
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26
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Singh S, Tiwari S, Hopke PK, Zhou C, Turner JR, Panicker AS, Singh PK. Ambient black carbon particulate matter in the coal region of Dhanbad, India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:955-963. [PMID: 29020648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing, atmospheric particles have gained greater attention in recent years because of their direct and indirect impacts on regional and global climate. Atmospheric black carbon (BC) aerosol is a leading climate warming agent, yet uncertainties in the global direct aerosol radiative forcing remain large. Based on a year of aerosol absorption measurements at seven wavelengths, BC concentrations were investigated in Dhanbad, the coal capital of India. Coal is routinely burned for cooking and residential heat as well as in small industries. The mean daily concentrations of ultraviolet-absorbing black carbon measured at 370nm (UVBC) and black carbon measured at 880nm (BC) were 9.8±5.7 and 6.5±3.8μgm-3, respectively. The difference between UVBC and BC, Delta-C, is an indicator of biomass or residential coal burning and averaged 3.29±4.61μgm-3. An alternative approach uses the Ǻngstrom Exponent (AE) to estimate the biomass/coal and traffic BC concentrations. Biomass/coal burning contributed ~87% and high temperature, fossil-fuel combustion contributed ~13% to the annual average BC concentration. The post-monsoon seasonal mean UVBC values were 10.9μgm-3 and BC of 7.2μgm-3. Potential source contribution function analysis showed that in the post-monsoon season, air masses came from the central and northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plains where there is extensive agricultural burning. The mean winter UVBC and BC concentrations were 15.0 and 10.1μgm-3, respectively. These higher values were largely produced by local sources under poor dispersion conditions. The direct radiative forcing (DRF) due to UVBC and BC at the surface (SUR) and the top of the atmosphere (TOA) were calculated. The mean atmospheric heating rates due to UVBC and BC were estimated to be 1.40°Kday-1 and 1.18°Kday-1, respectively. This high heating rate may affect the monsoon circulation in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Singh
- CSIR-Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, Dhanbad 826015, Jharkhand, India.
| | - S Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 411008, India
| | - P K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Box 5708, Potsdam, NY 13699-5708, USA
| | - C Zhou
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Box 5708, Potsdam, NY 13699-5708, USA
| | - J R Turner
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - A S Panicker
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune 411008, India
| | - P K Singh
- CSIR-Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research, Dhanbad 826015, Jharkhand, India
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Annual Variability of Black Carbon Concentrations Originating from Biomass and Fossil Fuel Combustion for the Suburban Aerosol in Athens, Greece. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8120234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Deweirdt J, Quignard JF, Crobeddu B, Baeza-Squiban A, Sciare J, Courtois A, Lacomme S, Gontier E, Muller B, Savineau JP, Marthan R, Guibert C, Baudrimont I. Involvement of oxidative stress and calcium signaling in airborne particulate matter - induced damages in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:340-350. [PMID: 28688989 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that particulate matter (PM) exert deleterious effects on vascular function. Pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAEC), which are involved in the vasomotricity regulation, can be a direct target of inhaled particles. Modifications in calcium homeostasis and oxidative stress are critical events involved in the physiopathology of vascular diseases. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of PM2.5 on oxidative stress and calcium signaling in HPAEC. Different endpoints were studied, (i) intrinsic and intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the H2DCF-DA probe, (ii) intrinsic, intracellular and mitochondrial production of superoxide anion (O2-) by electronic paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and MitoSOX probe, (iii) reactive nitrosative species (RNS) production by Griess reaction, and (vi) calcium signaling by the Fluo-4 probe. In acellular conditions, PM2.5 leads to an intrinsic free radical production (ROS, O2-) and a 4h-exposure to PM2.5 (5-15μg/cm2), induced, in HPAEC, an increase of RNS, of global ROS and of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial O2- levels. The basal intracellular calcium ion level [Ca2+]i was also increased after 4h-exposure to PM2.5 and a pre-treatment with superoxide dismutase and catalase significantly reduced this response. This study provides evidence that the alteration of intracellular calcium homeostasis induced by PM2.5 is closely correlated to an increase of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Deweirdt
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - J F Quignard
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - B Crobeddu
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA) UMR 8251 CNRS, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - A Baeza-Squiban
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology (BFA) UMR 8251 CNRS, F-75205 Paris, France
| | - J Sciare
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS, Centre de Saclay, F-91190 Gif sur Yvette, France; Energy Environment Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A Courtois
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Centre AntiPoison et de Toxicovigilance d'Aquitaine et de Poitou Charente et Service d'Exploration Fonctionnelle Respiratoire, Place Amélie Raba Léon, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - S Lacomme
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Bordeaux Imaging Center UMS 3420 CNRS - US4 INSERM, Pôle d'imagerie électronique, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - E Gontier
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Bordeaux Imaging Center UMS 3420 CNRS - US4 INSERM, Pôle d'imagerie électronique, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - B Muller
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - J P Savineau
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - R Marthan
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Centre AntiPoison et de Toxicovigilance d'Aquitaine et de Poitou Charente et Service d'Exploration Fonctionnelle Respiratoire, Place Amélie Raba Léon, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - C Guibert
- Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France
| | - I Baudrimont
- Université de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France; Inserm U1045, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, 146, rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux F-33076, France.
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Xu L, Guo H, Weber RJ, Ng NL. Chemical Characterization of Water-Soluble Organic Aerosol in Contrasting Rural and Urban Environments in the Southeastern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:78-88. [PMID: 27997132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We developed a novel system for direct and online characterization of water-solubility of organic aerosol (OA) by coupling a Particle Into Liquid Sampler (PILS) to a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). We showed that approximately 88% and 77% of OA are water-soluble in rural Centreville, Alabama and urban Atlanta, Georgia, respectively. The water-solubility of OA factors, resolved with Positive Matrix Factorization analysis of AMS data, is directly investigated for the first time. Above 80% of isoprene-derived OA is water-soluble and its water-soluble fraction has the least variability among all OA factors. This is consistent with that the majority of this factor represents OA formed through the aqueous-phase reaction of isoprene epoxydiols. More-oxidized oxygenated OA is dominantly water-soluble, consistent with this factor representing highly oxidized compounds. Less-oxidized oxygenated OA has the lowest water-solubility among all secondary OA factors, which agrees with the hypothesis that this factor in the southeastern U.S. includes contributions from organic nitrates. While hydrocarbon-like OA is largely water-insoluble, biomass burning OA and cooking OA have the largest range of water-soluble fraction. This study on the water-solubility of OA factors provides insights for interpretation of OA factors and improves understanding of the complex OA sources in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hongyu Guo
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rodney J Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Cheng Y, He KB, Du ZY, Zheng M, Duan FK, Ma YL. Humidity plays an important role in the PM₂.₅ pollution in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 197:68-75. [PMID: 25497308 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Heavily-polluted PM₂.₅ (fine particulate matter) episodes frequently impacting Beijing, especially during winter, have become a substantial concern. We found that during winter, the daily variation of PM2.5 in Beijing tracked the pattern of relative humidity (RH). With the increase of PM₂.₅ (or RH), water-soluble components (especially inorganic ions) became more abundant, and the water-soluble organic carbon to organic carbon ratios increased. The nitrate to sulfate ratios also exhibited dependence on RH, and were higher than those measured about a decade ago, consistent with the increasing trend of nitrogen oxides emissions. Surprisingly, the ratios of water-insoluble organic carbon to elemental carbon showed significant increase at high RH levels, presumably indicating the formation of secondary organic aerosol that is not soluble in water. In addition, humid winters were occasionally identified during 1996-2013 which are expected to be favorable for the formation of air pollution episodes with high PM₂.₅ concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ke-Bin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Kui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Liang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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