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Zhao L, Xue J, Wang S, Tian P, Huang M, Bi K, Wang B. Single particle characteristics and ice nucleation potential of particles collected during Asian dust storms in 2021. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174829. [PMID: 39034012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Dust storms have great impacts on air quality and climate. Dust can influence cloud microphysical properties and determine their radiative forcing and precipitation. Asian dust storms (ADS) are important sources of global aerosol. However, the physiochemical characteristics of dust from ADS at a single particle level are less understood, and the exact particles that can serve as ice nucleating particles (INPs) remain unclear. Here, we present the physicochemical properties and ice nucleation ability of dust particles collected in Beijing during two major ADS in March 2021. The particles from two ADS were classified into Illite, Kaolinite, Feldspar, Quartz, Chlorite, Mixed-dust, and Non-dust particles, which contributed 28.6 % ± 3.3 %, 20.0 % ± 3.9 %, 12.3 % ± 2.3 %, 11.1 % ± 2.8 %, 9.8 % ± 0.8 %, 13.7 % ± 1.8 %, and 4.4 % ± 1.7 % in number, respectively. On average, the ADS particles formed ice crystals via deposition ice nucleation from relative humidity with respect to ice (RHice) of 112 % ± 1 % at 250 K to 154 % ± 15 % RHice at 205 K. Part of the samples also formed ice via immersion freezing between 230 K and 250 K. Among the 149 identified INPs, Clay-like particles (Chlorite, Illite, and Kaolinite) contributed 71.1 % ± 6.2 % in number and followed by Mixed-dust-like particles (16.9 % ± 8.7 %) and Feldspar-like particles (10.4 % ± 6.3 %). Enrichment factor of each particle type in INPs is calculated as the ratio of its number fractions in INPs and the aerosol population. It ranges from 0.6 ± 0.7 to 1.3 ± 2.2. The contribution of each particle type to INP was correlated with its fraction in the population. These results imply that each particle type can serve as INP. Clay-like particles are the dominant INPs during the ADS. We conducted ice nucleation kinetic analysis and provided parameterizations of heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficient and contact angle for ADS. These parameterizations can be used in the modeling study to evaluate the impact of ADS in atmospheric ice crystal formation in clouds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisi Zhao
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jiao Xue
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shengkai Wang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Field Experiment Base of Cloud and Precipitation Research in North China, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 101200, China
| | - Mengyu Huang
- Field Experiment Base of Cloud and Precipitation Research in North China, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 101200, China
| | - Kai Bi
- Beijing Weather Modification Center, Beijing 100089, China.
| | - Bingbing Wang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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2
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Zhu Y, Pang S, Zhang Y. Compositional evolution for mixed aerosols containing gluconic acid and typical nitrate and the effect of multiply factors on hygroscopicity. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 139:206-216. [PMID: 38105048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The aging process of atmospheric aerosols usually leads to a mixture of inorganic salts and organic compounds of anthropogenic origin. In organic compounds, polyhydroxy organic acids are important components, however, the study on composition and hygroscopic properties of the mixture containing inorganics and polyhydroxy organic acids is scanty. In this study, gluconic acid, the proxy of polyhydroxy organic acids, is mixed with the representative nitrate (Mg(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2) to form aerosols. ATR-FTIR and optical microscopy are employed to study the component changes and hygroscopicity as a function of relative humidity. As relative humidity fluctuates, the FTIR-ATR spectra display that the internal mixed gluconic acid (CH2(CH)4(OH)5COOH) and nitrate can react to release acidic gases, forming relevant gluconate and further affecting the hygroscopicity. The specific presentation is particles cannot be recovered to their original size after the dehydration-hydration process and there will be some disparities in GF for mixed particles. For the gluconic acid-Ca(NO3)2/Mg(NO3)2 mixtures with molar ratios of 1:1, higher degree of reaction resulting in the production of large amounts of gluconate should be responsible to the lower hygroscopicity compared to ZSR model. For 1:2 gluconic acid-nitrate mixed systems (with higher nitrate content), the hygroscopicity of mixtures are higher than the ZSR prediction. A possible reason could be 'salt-promoting effect' on the organic fractions of the surplus inorganic salt in the mixture. These data can improve the chemical composition list evaluation, in turn hygroscopic properties and phase state of atmospheric aerosol, and then the climate effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shufeng Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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Li Q, Ma S, Liu Y, Wu X, Fu H, Tu X, Yan S, Zhang L, George C, Chen J. Phase State Regulates Photochemical HONO Production from NaNO 3/Dicarboxylic Acid Mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7516-7528. [PMID: 38629947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Field observations of daytime HONO source strengths have not been well explained by laboratory measurements and model predictions up until now. More efforts are urgently needed to fill the knowledge gaps concerning how environmental factors, especially relative humidity (RH), affect particulate nitrate photolysis. In this work, two critical attributes for atmospheric particles, i.e., phase state and bulk-phase acidity, both influenced by ambient RH, were focused to illuminate the key regulators for reactive nitrogen production from typical internally mixed systems, i.e., NaNO3 and dicarboxylic acid (DCA) mixtures. The dissolution of only few oxalic acid (OA) crystals resulted in a remarkable 50-fold increase in HONO production compared to pure nitrate photolysis at 85% RH. Furthermore, the HONO production rates (PHONO) increased by about 1 order of magnitude as RH rose from <5% to 95%, initially exhibiting an almost linear dependence on the amount of surface absorbed water and subsequently showing a substantial increase in PHONO once nitrate deliquescence occurred at approximately 75% RH. NaNO3/malonic acid (MA) and NaNO3/succinic acid (SA) mixtures exhibited similar phase state effects on the photochemical HONO production. These results offer a new perspective on how aerosol physicochemical properties influence particulate nitrate photolysis in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Shuaishuai Ma
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xinyuan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), 20 Cuiniao Road, Shanghai 202162, PR China
| | - Xiang Tu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Jiangxi Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences and Planning, Nanchang 330000, PR China
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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Yang B, Xie Z, Liu J, Gui H, Zhang J, Wei X, Fan Z, Zhang D. Investigating the effect of volatility on the hygroscopicities of acetate nanoparticle aerosols by surface plasmon resonance microscopy. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:167-178. [PMID: 38135385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Under high relative humidity (RH) conditions, the release of volatile components (such as acetate) has a significant impact on the aerosol hygroscopicity. In this work, one surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM) measurement system was introduced to determine the hygroscopic growth factors (GFs) of three acetate aerosols separately or mixed with glucose at different RHs. For Ca(CH3COO)2 or Mg(CH3COO)2 aerosols, the hygroscopic growth trend of each time was lower than that of the previous time in three cyclic humidification from 70% RH to 90% RH, which may be due to the volatility of acetic acid leading to the formation of insoluble hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 or Mg(OH)2) under high RH conditions. Then the third calculated GF (using the Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson method) for Ca(CH3COO)2 or Mg(CH3COO)2 in bicomponent aerosols with 1:1 mass ratio were 3.20% or 5.33% lower than that of the first calculated GF at 90% RH. The calculated results also showed that the hygroscopicity change of bicomponent aerosol was negatively correlated with glucose content, especially when the mass ratio of Mg(CH3COO)2 to glucose was 1:2, the GF at 90% RH only decreased by 4.67% after three cyclic humidification. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrum (ICP-AES) based measurements also indicated that the changes of Mg2+concentration in bicomponent was lower than that of the single-component. The results of this study reveal thatduring the efflorescence transitions of atmospheric nanoparticles, the organic acids diffusion rate may be inhibited by the coating effect of neutral organic components, and the particles aging cycle will be prolonged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhibo Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Huaqiao Gui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jiaoshi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiuli Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zetao Fan
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Douguo Zhang
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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Gan Y, Lu X, Chen S, Jiang X, Yang S, Ma X, Li M, Yang F, Shi Y, Wang X. Aqueous-phase formation of N-containing secondary organic compounds affected by the ionic strength. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:88-101. [PMID: 38135436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of carbonyl-to-imine/hemiaminal conversion in the atmospheric aqueous phase is a critical pathway to produce the light-absorbing N-containing secondary organic compounds (SOC). The formation mechanism of these compounds has been wildly investigated in bulk solutions with a low ionic strength. However, the ionic strength in the aqueous phase of the polluted atmosphere may be higher. It is still unclear whether and to what extent the inorganic ions can affect the SOC formation. Here we prepared the bulk solution with certain ionic strength, in which glyoxal and ammonium were mixed to mimic the aqueous-phase reaction. Molecular characterization by High-resolution Mass Spectrometry was performed to identify the N-containing products, and the light absorption of the mixtures was measured by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Thirty-nine N-containing compounds were identified and divided into four categories (N-heterocyclic chromophores, high-molecular-weight compounds with N-heterocycle, aliphatic imines/hemiaminals, and the unclassified). It was observed that the longer reaction time and higher ionic strength led to the formation of more N-heterocyclic chromophores and the increasing of the light-absorbance of the mixture. The added inorganic ions were proposed to make the aqueous phase somewhat viscous so that the molecules were prone to undergo consecutive and intramolecular reactions to form the heterocycles. In general, this study revealed that the enhanced ionic strength and prolonged reaction time had the promotion effect on the light-absorbing SOC formation. It implies that the aldehyde-derived aqueous-phase SOC would contribute more light-absorbing particulate matter in the industrial or populated area where inorganic ions are abundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Gan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaohui Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Great Bay Area, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Shaodong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xinghua Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shanye Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiewen Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Environmental Monitoring Station of Pudong New District, Shanghai 201200, China
| | - Yewen Shi
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Sader M, Prieto-Grosso M, Suhr M, Choël M, Visez N, Moreau M, Billon G, Gómez-Castaño JA, Tobón YA. Direct photodegradation of internally mixed sodium chloride and malonic acid single aerosols: Impact of the photoproducts on the hygroscopic properties of the particles. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140795. [PMID: 38016525 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Sea-salt aerosols (SSA) are one of the key natural aerosols in our atmosphere, consisting predominantly of sodium chloride (NaCl). Throughout their atmospheric transport, these aerosols undergo complex internal mixing, giving rise to a rich variety of inorganic and organic species, including dicarboxylic acids. This study investigates firstly the composition and deliquescence properties of coarse particles containing pure malonic acid (MA2, CH2(COOH)2) and internally mixed NaCl and MA2, by means of an acoustic levitation system coupled with a Raman microspectrometer. Secondly, we report here the first experimental observation and characterization of the products arising from photochemical reactions under UV-Visible irradiation (338 ≤ λ ≤ 414 nm) in the absence of an oxidant under acoustic levitation conditions in MA2 and NaCl/MA2 aerosols. Furthermore, the impact of photodegradation on the hygroscopic properties of these particles is examined. We confirmed the irreversible formation of monosodium malonate (NaMA, HOOCCH2COONa), which coexists with NaCl or MA2 on non-irradiated particles. We also demonstrated the formation of oxalic acid (OA2, HOOC-COOH) within irradiated MA2 droplets and the appearance of glyoxylic acid (GlyA, HCOCOOH) in NaCl containing droplets. The photolysis process exerts a marked effect on the hygroscopic properties of the particles, resulting in a shift in deliquescence transitions toward higher relative humidity (RH) values. This study contributes to the understanding of the intricate physicochemical processes involved in SSA during their atmospheric transport. Likewise, this work sheds light on the impacts of these types of aerosols on cloud formation and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Sader
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour Les Interactions, La Réactivité et L'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Manuel Prieto-Grosso
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour Les Interactions, La Réactivité et L'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France; Grupo Química-Física Molecular y Modelamiento Computacional (QUIMOL), Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), Sede Tunja, Avenida Central Del Norte, 150003, Boyacá, Colombia
| | - Madeleine Suhr
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour Les Interactions, La Réactivité et L'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Marie Choël
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour Les Interactions, La Réactivité et L'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Visez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour Les Interactions, La Réactivité et L'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Myriam Moreau
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour Les Interactions, La Réactivité et L'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Gabriel Billon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour Les Interactions, La Réactivité et L'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Jovanny A Gómez-Castaño
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour Les Interactions, La Réactivité et L'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France; Grupo Química-Física Molecular y Modelamiento Computacional (QUIMOL), Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), Sede Tunja, Avenida Central Del Norte, 150003, Boyacá, Colombia
| | - Yeny A Tobón
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - LAboratoire de Spectroscopie pour Les Interactions, La Réactivité et L'Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France.
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Lang-Yona N, Flores JM, Nir-Zadock TS, Nussbaum I, Koren I, Vardi A. Impact of airborne algicidal bacteria on marine phytoplankton blooms. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae016. [PMID: 38442732 PMCID: PMC10944695 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Ocean microbes are involved in global processes such as nutrient and carbon cycling. Recent studies indicated diverse modes of algal-bacterial interactions, including mutualism and pathogenicity, which have a substantial impact on ecology and oceanic carbon sequestration, and hence, on climate. However, the airborne dispersal and pathogenicity of bacteria in the marine ecosystem remained elusive. Here, we isolated an airborne algicidal bacterium, Roseovarius nubinhibens, emitted to the atmosphere as primary marine aerosol (referred also as sea spray aerosols) and collected above a coccolithophore bloom in the North Atlantic Ocean. The aerosolized bacteria retained infective properties and induced lysis of Gephyrocapsa huxleyi cultures.This suggests that the transport of marine bacteria through the atmosphere can effectively spread infection agents over vast oceanic regions, highlighting its significance in regulating the cell fate in algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Lang-Yona
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Environmental, Water and Agricultural Engineering, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - J Michel Flores
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tal Sharon Nir-Zadock
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Inbal Nussbaum
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ilan Koren
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Cheng Z, Morgenstern M, Henning S, Zhang B, Roberts GC, Fraund M, Marcus MA, Lata NN, Fialho P, Mazzoleni L, Wehner B, Mazzoleni C, China S. Cloud condensation nuclei activity of internally mixed particle populations at a remote marine free troposphere site in the North Atlantic Ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166865. [PMID: 37690758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reports results from research conducted at the Observatory of Mount Pico (OMP), 2225 m above mean sea level on Pico Island in the Azores archipelago in June and July 2017. We investigated the chemical composition, mixing state, and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activities of long-range transported free tropospheric (FT) particles. FLEXible PARTicle Lagrangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) simulations reveal that most air masses that arrived at the OMP during the sampling period originated in North America and were highly aged (average plume age > 10 days). We probed size-resolved chemical composition, mixing state, and hygroscopicity parameter (κ) of individual particles using computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (CCSEM-EDX). Based on the estimated individual particle mass from elemental composition, we calculated the mixing state index, χ. During our study, FT particle populations were internally mixed (χ of samples are between 53 % and 87 %), owing to the long atmospheric aging time. We used data from a miniature Cloud Condensation Nucleus Counter (miniCCNC) to derive the hygroscopicity parameter, κCCNC. Combining κCCNC and FLEXPART, we found that air masses recirculated above the North Atlantic Ocean with lower mean altitude had higher κCCNC due to the higher contribution of sea salt particles. We used CCSEM-EDX and phase state measurements to predict single-particle κ (κCCSEM-EDX) values, which overlap with the lower range of κCCNC measured below 0.15 % SS. Therefore, CCSEM-EDX measurements can be useful in predicting the lower bound of κ, which can be used in climate models to predict CCN activities, especially in remote locations where online CCN measurements are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhen Cheng
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Megan Morgenstern
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49921, USA
| | - Silvia Henning
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bo Zhang
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA 23666, USA
| | - Gregory C Roberts
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse 31400, France; Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Matthew A Marcus
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nurun Nahar Lata
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Paulo Fialho
- Institute of Volcanology and Risk Assessment - IVAR, Rua da Mãe de Deus, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - Lynn Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49921, USA
| | - Birgit Wehner
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudio Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49921, USA
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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Beji A, Deboudt K, Muresan B, Khardi S, Flament P, Fourmentin M, Lumiere L. Physical and chemical characteristics of particles emitted by a passenger vehicle at the tire-road contact. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139874. [PMID: 37604335 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Non-exhaust emissions are now recognized as a significant source of atmospheric particulate matter and the trend towards a reduction of conventionally fueled internal combustion engine vehicles on the road is increasing their contribution to air pollution due to lower exhaust emissions. These particles include brake wear particles (BWP) and tire-road contact particles (TRCP), which are composed of tire wear particles (TWP), road wear particles (RWP) and resuspended road dust (RRD). The goal of this study has therefore been to design an original experimental approach to provide insight into the chemical composition of particles emitted at the tire-road contact, focusing on the micron (PM10-1μm) and submicron (PM1-0.1μm) fractions. Through this characterization, an examination of the different TRCP generated by different materials (tire, road surface, brake system) was conducted. To achieve this, TRCP were collected at the rear of the wheel of an instrumented vehicle during road and track tests, and a SEM-EDX analysis was performed. Our experimental conditions have allowed us to demonstrate that, at the individual particle scale, TRCP are consistently associated with road dust materials and particles solely composed of tire or road materials are practically non-existent. The contribution of BWP to TRCP is marked by the emission of Fe-rich particles, including heavy metals like Ba, Mn and Cr. TWP, which result from rubber abrasion, consist of C-rich particles abundant in Si, Zn, and S. RWP, mainly composed of Al, Si, Fe, and Ca, can be either part of RRD or internally mixed with emitted TWP. The findings of this study highlight the substantial role of RRD to TRCP emissions under real driving conditions. Consequently, it underscores the importance of examining them simultaneously to achieve a more accurate estimation of on-road traffic emissions beyond the vehicle exhaust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Beji
- Laboratory of Physics and Chemistry of the Atmosphere (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), 59140, Dunkerque, France; Environment-Planning, Safety and Eco-design (EASE-AME) Laboratory, Gustave Eiffel University, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Karine Deboudt
- Laboratory of Physics and Chemistry of the Atmosphere (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), 59140, Dunkerque, France.
| | - Bogdan Muresan
- Environment-Planning, Safety and Eco-design (EASE-AME) Laboratory, Gustave Eiffel University, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Salah Khardi
- University of Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, LaMCoS, UMR 5259, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pascal Flament
- Laboratory of Physics and Chemistry of the Atmosphere (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), 59140, Dunkerque, France
| | - Marc Fourmentin
- Laboratory of Physics and Chemistry of the Atmosphere (LPCA), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), 59140, Dunkerque, France
| | - Laurence Lumiere
- Environment-Planning, Safety and Eco-design (EASE-AME) Laboratory, Gustave Eiffel University, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France
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10
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Brennis T, Lautze N, Whittier R, Torri G, Thomas D. Understanding the origins of and influences on precipitation major ion chemistry on the Island of O'ahu, Hawai'i. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1265. [PMID: 37783813 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11887-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Precipitation is the primary groundwater source for the Island of O'ahu, Hawai'i, USA, and is an important source of terrestrial nutrients. Since Pacific Islands are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, they are important venues for studying the controls on and fluctuations in precipitation chemistry. Spatial variations in some of the dissolved rainfall ions can also be of value as natural geochemical tracers in examining surface and groundwater flow. This study collected and chemically analyzed bulk precipitation from 20 sites across the Island of O'ahu approximately quarterly between April 2018 and August 2021. The new precipitation chemistry data were integrated with previously published precipitation data to characterize major ion composition and examine the atmospheric processes controlling inorganic ion deposition. Linear regression and multivariate analysis were used to quantify the relationships among major ions and to assess the impacts of various environmental and meteorological factors on precipitation chemistry. Ordinary kriging and inverse distance weighted interpolations were conducted to help visualize spatial variations in major ion deposition. The results clearly indicate that ocean sea spray is the primary driver of precipitation inorganic chemistry, with marine sea salt aerosols accounting for more than 90% of the measured ion load. However, they also show that various weather patterns and nutrient sources impact inorganic deposition. Most notably, upper atmospheric transport of Asian continental dust during Hawaiian wet seasons, Ca2+ from local sedimentary deposits, and anthropogenic K+ from agricultural activity appear to be substantial non-marine deposition sources. This study synthesizes data from multiple sources into the most spatially and topographically diverse precipitation collector network on O'ahu to date. The findings from this effort help establish a baseline for assessing future fluctuations in inorganic ion deposition and lay important groundwork for examining connections between precipitation and groundwater chemistry within the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Brennis
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2500 Campus Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
| | - Nicole Lautze
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2500 Campus Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Robert Whittier
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2500 Campus Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Giuseppe Torri
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2500 Campus Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Donald Thomas
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 2500 Campus Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
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11
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Saha S, Mathi P. Exploring the hygroscopicity and chemical composition evolution in organic-inorganic aerosols: A study on internally mixed malonic acid-metal (Na +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+) nitrates. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139260. [PMID: 37343644 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Chemical transformations in mixed aerosols alter the particulate physical properties. Nitrates and water soluble dicarboxylic acids, such as malonic acid (MA), are major components of ambient aerosol particles. Various metal ions such as, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ also become part of these complex aerosol systems during their atmospheric lifetime. Interactions among the co-existing ionic and molecular species govern the chemical changes in the aerosol particles. In this work, we provide a comparative account of the effect of metal ion identity (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) on such chemical changes arising from ion-molecular interactions in NaNO3-MA, Ca(NO3)2-MA and Mg(NO3)2-MA mixed inorganic-organic aerosols. In-situ micro-Raman spectroscopy has enabled us to gain molecular level insight on formation of organic salt and simultaneously estimate nitrate depletion in these mixed aerosols during different stages of their hygroscopic cycle. In addition to the nitrate depletion often reported during the drying phase, this study has brought to light an intriguing observation: depletion of nitrate in the humidification phase as well, a phenomenon that has hitherto remained undocumented. For the mixed systems studied here, the extent of nitrate depletion follows the order Mg-MA (58%) > Ca-MA (43%) > Na-MA (15%). The comparatively huge forward shift in the acid displacement reaction equilibrium for the systems, Ca-MA and Mg-MA is driven by complexation. Our results highlight the profound effect of ion-molecular interactions on the acid displacement reaction equilibria in aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhamoy Saha
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085.Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400 095, India
| | - P Mathi
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400 085.Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, 400 095, India.
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12
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Angle KJ, Grassian VH. Direct quantification of changes in pH within single levitated microdroplets and the kinetics of nitrate and chloride depletion. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6259-6268. [PMID: 37325137 PMCID: PMC10266444 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06994f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The hygroscopicity and pH of aqueous microdroplets and smaller aerosols control their impacts on human health and the climate. Nitrate depletion and chloride depletion through the partitioning of HNO3 and HCl into the gas phase are processes that are enhanced in micron-sized and smaller aqueous droplets and this depletion influences both hygroscopicity and pH. Despite a number of studies, uncertainties remain about these processes. While acid evaporation and the loss of HCl or HNO3 have been observed during dehydration, there is a question as to the rate of acid evaporation and whether this can occur in fully hydrated droplets at higher relative humidity (RH). To directly elucidate the kinetics of nitrate and chloride depletion through evaporation of HNO3 and HCl, respectively at high RH, single levitated microdroplets are probed with cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Using glycine as a novel in situ pH probe, we are able to simultaneously measure changes in microdroplet composition and pH over timescales of hours. We find that the loss of chloride from the microdroplet is faster than that of nitrate, and the calculated rate constants infer that depletion is limited by the formation of HCl or HNO3 at the air-water interface and subsequent partitioning into the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Angle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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13
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Pei WX, Ma SS, Chen Z, Zhu Y, Pang SF, Zhang YH. Heterogeneous uptake of NO 2 by sodium acetate droplets and secondary nitrite aerosol formation. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 127:320-327. [PMID: 36522064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The high NO3- concentration in fine particulate matters (PM2.5) during heavy haze events has attracted much attention, but the formation mechanism of nitrates remains largely uncertain, especially concerning heterogeneous uptake of NOX by aqueous phase. In this work, the heterogeneous uptake of NO2 by sodium acetate (NaAc) droplets with different NO2 concentrations and relative humidity (RH) conditions is investigated by microscopic Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (micro-FTIR). The IR feature changes of aqueous droplets indicate the acetate depletion and nitrite formation in humid environment. This implies that acetate droplets can provide the alkaline aqueous circumstances caused by acetate hydrolysis and acetic acid (HAc) volatilization for nitrite formation during the NO2 heterogeneous uptake. Meanwhile, the nitrite formation will exhibit a pH neutralizing effect on acetate hydrolysis, further facilitating HAc volatilization and acetate depletion. The heterogeneous uptake coefficient increases from 5.2 × 10-6 to 1.27 × 10-5 as RH decreases from 90% to 60% due to the enhanced HAc volatilization. Furthermore, no obvious change in uptake coefficient with different NO2 concentrations is observed. This work may provide a new pathway for atmospheric nitrogen cycling and secondary nitrite aerosol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiu Pei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuai-Shuai Ma
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shu-Feng Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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14
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Mirrielees J, Kirpes RM, Haas SM, Rauschenberg CD, Matrai PA, Remenapp A, Boschi VL, Grannas AM, Pratt KA, Ault AP. Probing Individual Particles Generated at the Freshwater-Seawater Interface through Combined Raman, Photothermal Infrared, and X-ray Spectroscopic Characterization. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:605-619. [PMID: 36589347 PMCID: PMC9793585 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is one of the largest global sources of atmospheric aerosol, but little is known about SSA generated in coastal regions with salinity gradients near estuaries and river outflows. SSA particles are chemically complex with substantial particle-to-particle variability due to changes in water temperature, salinity, and biological activity. In previous studies, the ability to resolve the aerosol composition to the level of individual particles has proven necessary for the accurate parameterization of the direct and indirect aerosol effects; therefore, measurements of individual SSA particles are needed for the characterization of this large source of atmospheric aerosol. An integrated analytical measurement approach is required to probe the chemical composition of individual SSA particles. By combining complementary vibrational microspectroscopic (Raman and optical photothermal infrared, O-PTIR) measurements with elemental information from computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (CCSEM-EDX), we gained unique insights into the individual particle chemical composition and morphology. Herein, we analyzed particles from four experiments on laboratory-based SSA production using coastal seawater collected in January 2018 from the Gulf of Maine. Individual salt particles were enriched in organics compared to that in natural seawater, both with and without added microalgal filtrate, with greater enrichment observed for smaller particle sizes, as evidenced by higher carbon/sodium ratios. Functional group analysis was carried out using the Raman and infrared spectra collected from individual SSA particles. Additionally, the Raman spectra were compared with a library of Raman spectra consisting of marine-derived organic compounds. Saccharides, followed by fatty acids, were the dominant components of the organic coatings surrounding the salt cores of these particles. This combined Raman, infrared, and X-ray spectroscopic approach will enable further understanding of the factors determining the individual particle composition, which is important for understanding the impacts of SSA produced within estuaries and river outflows, as well as areas of snow and ice melt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica
A. Mirrielees
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rachel M. Kirpes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Savannah M. Haas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | | | - Patricia A. Matrai
- Bigelow
Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
| | - Allison Remenapp
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Vanessa L. Boschi
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Amanda M. Grannas
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Kerri A. Pratt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United
States
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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15
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Alpert PA, Kilthau WP, O’Brien RE, Moffet RC, Gilles MK, Wang B, Laskin A, Aller JY, Knopf DA. Ice-nucleating agents in sea spray aerosol identified and quantified with a holistic multimodal freezing model. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq6842. [PMID: 36322651 PMCID: PMC9629709 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq6842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is a widely recognized important source of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the atmosphere. However, composition-specific identification, nucleation processes, and ice nucleation rates of SSA-INPs have not been well constrained. Microspectroscopic characterization of ambient and laboratory-generated SSA confirms that water-borne exudates from planktonic microorganisms composed of a mixture of proteinaceous and polysaccharidic compounds act as ice-nucleating agents (INAs). These data and data from previously published mesocosm and wave channel studies are subsequently used to further develop the stochastic freezing model (SFM) producing ice nucleation rate coefficients for SSA-INPs. The SFM simultaneously predicts immersion freezing and deposition and homogeneous ice nucleation by SSA particles under tropospheric conditions. Predicted INP concentrations agree with ambient and laboratory measurements. In addition, this holistic freezing model is independent of the source and exact composition of the SSA particles, making it well suited for implementation in cloud and climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Alpert
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Wendy P. Kilthau
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Rachel E. O’Brien
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryan C. Moffet
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
- Sonoma Technology, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bingbing Wang
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Alexander Laskin
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Josephine Y. Aller
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Daniel A. Knopf
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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16
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Chen Z, Liu P, Su H, Zhang YH. Displacement of Strong Acids or Bases by Weak Acids or Bases in Aerosols: Thermodynamics and Kinetics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12937-12944. [PMID: 36049086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Depletion of chloride, nitrate, or ammonium from atmospheric aerosols represents a unique class of displacement reactions in which strong acids (HCl and HNO3) or bases (NH3) are substituted by weaker ones (i.e., dicarboxylic acids or dicarboxylate salts, respectively). These reactions alter the aerosol composition and perturb the atmospheric cycle of volatile compounds, thereby affecting environmental systems and climate. Despite the profound implications, the mechanism of these unique displacement reactions remains unclear. Here, we elucidate the thermodynamics and kinetics of these reactions using the multiphase buffer theory and a diffusion-controlled mass-transfer function, respectively. On the thermodynamic aspect, we find that the effective dissociation constants of the strong acids and bases in aerosols are 2 to 10 orders of magnitude lower than those in bulk solutions. On the kinetic aspect, we find that displacement reactions occur rapidly in aerosol microdroplets with a radius below 10 μm. Within this size range, the characteristic reaction time is always shorter than the lifetime of the aerosols in the atmosphere. Our findings suggest that the unique displacement reactions can significantly modify the composition of atmospheric aerosols, and consequentially, these aerosols may manifest distinct properties unforeseen by the chemistry of homogeneous bulk systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pai Liu
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hang Su
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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17
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Sem K, Jang M, Pierce R, Blum P, Yu Z. Characterization of Atmospheric Processes of Brevetoxins in Sea Spray Aerosols from Red Tide Events. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1811-1819. [PMID: 35050617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric processes can affect the longevity of harmful toxins in sea spray aerosols (SSA). This study characterized the degradation of brevetoxin (BTx) in SSA under different environmental conditions. The samples of seawater collected during a Karenia brevis bloom in Manasota, Florida, were nebulized into a large outdoor photochemical chamber to mimic the atmospheric oxidation of aerosolized toxins and then aged in the presence or absence of sunlight and/or O3. Aerosol samples were collected during the aging process using a Particle-Into-Liquid Sampler. Their BTx concentrations were measured using an enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectroscopy. The BTx ozonolysis rate constant measured by ELISA was 5.74 ± 0.21 × 103 M-1 s-1. The corresponding lifetime for decay of 87.5% BTx in the presence of 20 ppb of O3 was 7.08 ± 0.26 h, suggesting that aerosolized BTx can still travel long distances at night before SSA deposition. BTx concentrations in SSA decreased more rapidly in the presence of sunlight than in its absence due to oxidation with photochemically produced OH radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sem
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116450, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Myoseon Jang
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116450, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Richard Pierce
- Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, Florida 34326, United States
| | - Patricia Blum
- Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, Florida 34326, United States
| | - Zechen Yu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116450, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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18
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Houjeij H, Gregoire AC, Le Bourdon G, Cantrel L, Sobanska S. Interaction process between gaseous CH 3I and NaCl particles: implication for iodine dispersion in the atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1771-1781. [PMID: 34612297 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00266j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gaseous iodomethane (CH3I) is naturally emitted into the atmosphere by biological activity in oceans and during severe accidents (SAs) in nuclear power plants. In this latter case, a part of radioactive iodine such as 131I may be released. Improving the knowledge of CH3I transport and reactivity in the atmosphere is important since they are strongly linked to first the cycle of ozone and second to the dispersion of radioactive CH3I with potential radiological consequences on both the environment and human health. Here, the interaction process of CH3I with NaCl as a surrogate of atmospheric aerosols was investigated under ambient air conditions by using Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The DRIFTS spectra of NaCl clearly evidenced CH3I adsorption on the NaCl particle surface. A part of CH3I ((1.68 ± 0.85) × 1014 molecule per mgNaCl) was found to be strongly bonded to NaCl since no desorption was observed. The CH3I adsorption on the NaCl surface presented a 1st order kinetics relative to its gas phase concentration. The uptake coefficient was determined to be in the order of 10-11. These results show a low probability of CH3I to be taken up by halide-containing aerosols. These data are crucial for completing the iodine atmospheric chemical scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Houjeij
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5255, Talence Cedex 33405, France.
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSN-RES, SEREX, Laboratoire Expérimentation Environnement et Chimie (L2EC), St Paul Lez Durance 13115, France.
| | - Anne-Cécile Gregoire
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSN-RES, SEREX, Laboratoire Expérimentation Environnement et Chimie (L2EC), St Paul Lez Durance 13115, France.
| | - Gwenaëlle Le Bourdon
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5255, Talence Cedex 33405, France.
| | - Laurent Cantrel
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSN-RES, SEREX, Laboratoire Expérimentation Environnement et Chimie (L2EC), St Paul Lez Durance 13115, France.
| | - Sophie Sobanska
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, UMR CNRS 5255, Talence Cedex 33405, France.
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19
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Chen Z, Liu P, Liu Y, Zhang YH. Strong Acids or Bases Displaced by Weak Acids or Bases in Aerosols: Reactions Driven by the Continuous Partitioning of Volatile Products into the Gas Phase. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3667-3678. [PMID: 34569236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aerosols are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and profoundly affect climate systems and human health. To gain more insights on their broad impacts, we need to comprehensively understand the fundamental properties of atmospheric aerosols. Since aerosols are multiphase, a dispersion of condensed matter (solid particles or liquid droplets, hereafter particles) in gas, partitioning of volatile matter between the condensed and the gas phases is one defining characteristic of aerosols. For example, water content partitioning under different relative humidity conditions, known as aerosol hygroscopicity, has been extensively investigated in the past decades. Meanwhile, partitioning of volatile organic or inorganic components, which is referred to as aerosol volatility, remains understudied. Commonly, a bulk solution system is treated as a single phase, with volatility mainly determined by the nature of its components, and the composition partitioning between solution and gas phase is limited. Aerosols, however, comprise an extensive gas phase, and their volatility can also be induced by component reactions. These reactions occurring within aerosols are driven by the formation of volatile products and their continuous partitioning into the gas phase. As a consequence, the overall aerosol systems exhibit prominent volatility. Noteworthily, such volatility induced by reactions is a phenomenon exclusively observed in the multiphase aerosol systems, and it is trivial in bulk solutions due to the limited extent of liquid-gas partitioning. Take the chloride depletion in sea salt particles as an example. Recent findings have revealed that chloride depletion can be caused by reactions between NaCl and weak organic acids, which release HCl into the gas phase. Such a reaction can be described as a strong acid displaced by a weak acid, which is hardly observed in bulk phase. Generally, this unique partitioning behavior of aerosol systems and its potential to alter aerosol composition, size, reactivity, and other physicochemical properties merits more attention by atmospheric community.This Account focuses on the recent advancements in the research of component reactions that induce aerosol volatility. These reactions can be categorized into four types: chloride depletion, nitrate depletion, ammonium depletion, and salt hydrolysis. The depletion of chloride or nitrate can be regarded as a displacement reaction, in which a strong acid is displaced by a weak acid. Such a reaction releases highly volatile HCl or HNO3 into the gas phase and leads to a loss of chloride or nitrate within the particles. Likewise, ammonium depletion is a displacement reaction in which a strong base is displaced by a weak base, resulting in release of ammonia and substantial changes in aerosol hygroscopicity. In addition, aerosol volatility can also be induced by salt hydrolysis in a specific case, which is sustained by the coexistence of proton acceptor and hydroxide ion acceptor within particles. Furthermore, we quantitatively discuss these displacement reactions from both thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives, by using the extended aerosol inorganic model (E-AIM) and Maxwell steady-state diffusive mass transfer equation, respectively. Given the ubiquity of component partitioning in aerosol systems, our discussion may provide a new perspective on the underlying mechanisms of aerosol aging and relevant climate effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Pai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
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20
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Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) formation have a major role in the climate system, but measurements at a global-scale of this micro-scale process are highly challenging. We measured high-resolution temporal patterns of SSA number concentration over the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and the Pacific Ocean covering over 42,000 km. We discovered a ubiquitous 24-hour rhythm to the SSA number concentration, with concentrations increasing after sunrise, remaining higher during the day, and returning to predawn values after sunset. The presence of dominating continental aerosol transport can mask the SSA cycle. We did not find significant links between the diel cycle of SSA number concentration and diel variations of surface winds, atmospheric physical properties, radiation, pollution, nor oceanic physical properties. However, the daily mean sea surface temperature positively correlated with the magnitude of the day-to-nighttime increase in SSA concentration. Parallel diel patterns in particle sizes were also detected in near-surface waters attributed to variations in the size of particles smaller than ~1 µm. These variations may point to microbial day-to-night modulation of bubble-bursting dynamics as a possible cause of the SSA cycle. Sea spray aerosol (SSA) are an important way through which oceans can influence the atmosphere’s radiative properties. Here, the authors present measurements taken over a 42,000 km ship cruise in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean and show that SSA number concentrations vary over a 24-hour cycle, possibly linked to surface water bubble-bursting dynamics.
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21
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Du CY, Wang W, Wang N, Pang SF, Zhang YH. Impact of ambient relative humidity and acidity on chemical composition evolution for malonic acid/calcium nitrate mixed particles. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130140. [PMID: 33690047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The chemical compositions in atmospheric aerosols, which often evolve with environmental factors, have significant impact on climate and human health, while our fundamental understanding of chemical process is limited owing to their sensitive to atmospheric conditions. pH and RH are critical chemical factors of aerosols, impacting reaction pathways and kinetics that ultimately govern final components in particles. Herein, we monitored the chemical composition in internally mixed malonic acid/calcium nitrate with the mole ratio of 1:1 as a function of pH and relative humidity (RH). At 30% RH, lower than efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) of pure malonic acid aerosols, malonic acid still exhibits solution feature reflected by IR spectra, which was observed to transform to malonate, along with water loss and nitrate depletion. At another RH of 54% and 80%, the similar chemical process happened with less reaction rate. The response of chemical reaction between malonic acid and calcium nitrate to pH was studied by manipulating the starting pH of the bulk solution through dropping aqueous sodium hydroxide. Due to lower H+ concentration at higher pH, the formation and liberation of HNO3 slow down, as well as water loss. After a down-up RH cycle, the water loss was obvious and grew with the decrease in pH. These measurements are improving our understanding of chemical composition evolution dependent upon pH and RH from a fundamental physical chemistry perspective and are critical for connecting chemistry and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yun Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
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22
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Ma S, Pang S, Li J, Zhang Y. A review of efflorescence kinetics studies on atmospherically relevant particles. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130320. [PMID: 33773310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The efflorescence transitions of aerosol particles have been intensively investigated due to their critical impacts on global climate and atmospheric chemistry. In the present study, we present a critical review of efflorescence kinetics focusing on three key issues: the efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) and the influence factors for aerosol ERH (e.g. particle sizes, and temperature); efflorescence processes of mixed aerosols, concerning the effect of coexisting inorganic and organic components on the efflorescence of inorganic salts; homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation rates of pure and mixed aerosols. Among the previous studies, there are significant discrepancies for measured aerosol ERH under even the same conditions. Moreover, the interactions between organic and inorganic components remain largely unclear, causing efflorescence transition behaviours and chemical composition evolutions of certain mixed systems to be debatable. Thus, it is important to better understand efflorescence to gain insights into the physicochemical properties and characterize observed efflorescence characteristics of atmospheric particles, as well as guide further studies on aerosol hygroscopicity and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Ma
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufeng Pang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Li X, Wu L, Lee JS, Ro CU. Hygroscopic behavior and chemical reactivity of aerosols generated from mixture solutions of low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids and NaCl. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:11052-11064. [PMID: 33942838 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00590a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ambient sea spray aerosols (SSAs) have been reported to undergo reactions with low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids (LMW DCAs). In the present study, the hygroscopic behavior of aerosols generated from NaCl-LMW DCA mixture solutions with different mixing ratios was explained. In situ Raman microspectrometry (RMS) was used to simultaneously monitor the alterations in chemical composition, size, and phase as a function of the relative humidity (RH) for individual aerosols. The observation of individual mixture aerosols revealed chemical reactions on the timescale of one hour in the aqueous phase, mostly during the dehydration process, leading to the formation of sodium salts of DCAs with distinct reactivities among different DCAs and mixing ratios, which in turn exhibited diverse hygroscopic behaviors. The NaCl-DCA mixture aerosols were either in a ternary NaCl-DCA-DCA sodium salt system or a binary NaCl-DCA sodium salt or DCA-DCA sodium salt system, instead of a binary NaCl-DCA system when experiencing the hygroscopic process. The chemical compositional evolution of the NaCl-DCA aerosols during the hygroscopic measurements was examined based on the Raman spectra acquired for aqueous, amorphous, and/or crystalline pure standard aerosols at specific RHs. The different reactivity observed among the DCAs with different mixing ratios suggests that the reactivity driven by the irreversible liberation of HCl is governed mainly by the available aqueous H+ because Cl- is always available in the aqueous NaCl-DCA aerosols until the complete consumption of NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
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24
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Su B, Zhuo Z, Fu Y, Sun W, Chen Y, Du X, Yang Y, Wu S, Xie Q, Huang F, Chen D, Li L, Zhang G, Bi X, Zhou Z. Individual particle investigation on the chloride depletion of inland transported sea spray aerosols during East Asian summer monsoon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:144290. [PMID: 33401057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inland transported sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles along with multiphase reactions are essential to drive the regional circulation of nitrogen, sulfur and halogen species in the atmosphere. Specially, the physicochemical properties of SSA will be significantly affected by the displacement reaction of chloride. However, the role of organic species and the mixing state on the chloride depletion of SSA during long-range inland transport remains unclear. Hence, a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) was employed to investigate the particle size and chemical composition of individual SSA particles over inland southern China during the East Asian summer monsoon. Based on the variation of chemical composition, SSA particles were clustered into SSA-Aged, SSA-Bio and SSA-Ca. SSA-Aged was regarded as the aged Na-rich SSA particles. In comparison to the SSA-Aged, SSA-Bio involved some extra organic species associated with biological origin (i.e., organic nitrogen and phosphate). Each type occupies for approximately 50% of total detected SSA particles. Besides, SSA-Ca may relate to organic shell of Na-rich SSA particles, which is negligible (~3%). Tight correlation between Na and diverse organic acids was exhibited for the SSA-Aged (r2 = 0.52, p < 0.01) and SSA-Bio (r2 = 0.61, p < 0.01), reflecting the impact of organic acids to the chloride displacement during inland transport SSA particles. The chloride depletion occupied by organic acids is estimated to be up to 34%. It is noted that distinctly different degree of chloride depletion was observed between SSA-Aged and SSA-Bio. It is more likely to be attributed to the associated organic coatings for the SSA-Bio particles, which inhibits the displacement reactions between acids and chloride. As revealed from the mixing state of SSA-Bio, defined hourly mean peak area ratio of Cl / Na increases with the increasing phosphate and organic nitrogen. This finding provides additional basis for the improvement of modeling simulations in chlorine circulation and a comprehensive understanding of the effects of organics on chloride depletion of SSA particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojiang Su
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zeming Zhuo
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yuzhen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Ying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Xubing Du
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Si Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Qinhui Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Fugui Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Limited Company, Guangzhou 510530, PR China
| | - Duohong Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
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Gonçalves SJ, Weis J, China S, Evangelista H, Harder TH, Müller S, Sampaio M, Laskin A, Gilles MK, Godoi RHM. Photochemical reactions on aerosols at West Antarctica: A molecular case-study of nitrate formation among sea salt aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143586. [PMID: 33218800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental implications of climate change are complex and exhibit regional variations both within and between the polar regions. The increase of solar UV radiation flux over Antarctica due to stratospheric ozone depletion creates the optimal conditions for photochemical reactions on the snow. Modeling, laboratory, and indirect field studies suggest that snowpack process release gases to the atmosphere that can react on sea salt particles in remote regions such as Antarctica, modifying aerosol composition and physical properties of aerosols. Here, we present evidence of photochemical processing in West Antarctica aerosols using microscopic and chemical speciation of individual atmospheric particles. Individual aerosol particles collected at the Brazilian module Criosfera 1 were analyzed by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy with near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (STXM/NEXAFS) combined with computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis. The displacement of chlorine relative to sodium was observed over most of the sea salt particles. Particles with a chemical composition consistent with NaCl-NO3 contributed up to 30% of atmospheric particles investigated. Overall, this study provides evidence that the snowpack and particulate nitrate photolysis should be considered in dynamic partition equilibrium in the troposphere. These findings may assist in reducing modeling uncertainties and present new insights into the aerosol chemical composition in the polar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio J Gonçalves
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; LARAMG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Johannes Weis
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Physikalisches Institüt, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Swarup China
- William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Heitor Evangelista
- LARAMG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tristan H Harder
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Physikalisches Institüt, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Müller
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marcelo Sampaio
- Brazilian National Space Institute - INPE, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental and Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ricardo H M Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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26
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Lv C, Tsona NT, Du L. Sea spray aerosol formation: Results on the role of different parameters and organic concentrations from bubble bursting experiments. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126456. [PMID: 32182508 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Submicron sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles play an essential role in atmospheric chemical processes and the Earth's radiative balance. In this study, different combinations of NaCl, MgSO4, malonic acid (MA), d-fructose and sodium malonate were used to explore the effect of MA on submicron SSA generation. SSA particles were produced at room temperature by bubble bursting from an adjustable home-built SSA generator with sintered glass filters. We found that MA could promote the generation of SSA particles and make the geometric mean diameter (GMD) to decrease for MA concentrations ranging between 8 and 32 mM and then, to increase for MA concentrations in the range of 64-160 mM. d-fructose could improve the generation of SSA with increasing GMD. Interestingly, sodium malonate could significantly enhance the production of SSA, with the change of morphology. Besides, different parameters including flow rate, underwater depth, pore size and size span of sintered glass filter and salinity of water were tested to obtain the characterization of our self-made adjustable SSA generator. Three modes could be found among different SSA generation methods, and they exhibited an obvious accumulation mode around 100 nm. The SSA generation under different conditions was compared with oceanic measurements from the literature, which showed that the sintered glass filter has advantages in generating submicron SSA from film drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lv
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T Tsona
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Kirpes RM, Rodriguez B, Kim S, China S, Laskin A, Park K, Jung J, Ault AP, Pratt KA. Emerging investigator series: influence of marine emissions and atmospheric processing on individual particle composition of summertime Arctic aerosol over the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1201-1213. [PMID: 32083622 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00495e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic is rapidly transforming due to sea ice loss, increasing shipping activity, and oil and gas development. Associated marine and combustion emissions influence atmospheric aerosol composition, impacting complex aerosol-cloud-climate feedbacks. To improve understanding of the sources and processes determining Arctic aerosol composition, atmospheric particles were collected aboard the Korean icebreaker R/V Araon cruising within the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea during August 2016. Offline analyses of individual particles by microspectroscopic techniques, including scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy with infrared spectroscopy, provided information on particle size, morphology, and chemical composition. The most commonly observed particle types were sea spray aerosol (SSA), comprising ∼60-90%, by number, of supermicron particles, and organic aerosol (OA), comprising ∼50-90%, by number, of submicron particles. Sulfate and nitrate were internally mixed within both SSA and OA particles, consistent with particle multiphase reactions during atmospheric transport. Within the Bering Strait, SSA and OA particles were more aged, with greater number fractions of particles containing sulfate and/or nitrate, compared to particles collected over the Chukchi Sea. This is indicative of greater pollution influence within the Bering Strait from coastal and inland sources, while the Chukchi Sea is primarily influenced by marine sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Kirpes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Stahl C, Cruz MT, Bañaga PA, Betito G, Braun RA, Aghdam MA, Cambaliza MO, Lorenzo GR, MacDonald AB, Pabroa PC, Yee JR, Simpas JB, Sorooshian A. An annual time series of weekly size-resolved aerosol properties in the megacity of Metro Manila, Philippines. Sci Data 2020; 7:128. [PMID: 32350280 PMCID: PMC7190854 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-0466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Size-resolved aerosol samples were collected in Metro Manila between July 2018 and October 2019. Two Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactors (MOUDI) were deployed at Manila Observatory in Quezon City, Metro Manila with samples collected on a weekly basis for water-soluble speciation and mass quantification. Additional sets were collected for gravimetric and black carbon analysis, including during special events such as holidays. The unique aspect of the presented data is a year-long record with weekly frequency of size-resolved aerosol composition in a highly populated megacity where there is a lack of measurements. The data are suitable for research to understand the sources, evolution, and fate of atmospheric aerosols, as well as studies focusing on phenomena such as aerosol-cloud-precipitation-meteorology interactions, regional climate, boundary layer processes, and health effects. The dataset can be used to initialize, validate, and/or improve models and remote sensing algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Stahl
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Melliza Templonuevo Cruz
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
- Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - Paola Angela Bañaga
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
| | - Grace Betito
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
| | - Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Mojtaba Azadi Aghdam
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Maria Obiminda Cambaliza
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
| | - Genevieve Rose Lorenzo
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Preciosa Corazon Pabroa
- Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, Commonwealth Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - John Robin Yee
- Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, Commonwealth Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City, 1101, Philippines
| | - James Bernard Simpas
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, 1108, Philippines
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
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Cvitešić Kušan A, Kroflič A, Grgić I, Ciglenečki I, Frka S. Chemical characterization of fine aerosols in respect to water-soluble ions at the eastern Middle Adriatic coast. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10249-10264. [PMID: 31933087 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations at the Middle Adriatic coastal site of Croatia were affected by different air-mass inflows and/or local sources and meteorological conditions, and peaked in summer. More polluted continental air-mass inflows mostly affected the area in the winter period, while southern marine pathways had higher impact in spring and summer. Chemical characterization of the water-soluble inorganic and organic ionic constituents is discussed with respect to seasonal trends, possible sources, and air-mass inputs. The largest contributors to the PM2.5 mass were sea salts modified by the presence of secondary sulfate-rich aerosols indicated also by principal component analysis. SO42- was the prevailing anion, while the anthropogenic SO42- (anth-nssSO42-) dominantly constituted the major non-sea-salt SO42- (nssSO42-) fraction. Being influenced by the marine origin, its biogenic fraction (bio-nssSO42-) increased particularly in the spring. During the investigated period, aerosols were generally acidic. High Cl- deficit was observed at Middle Adriatic location for which the acid displacement is primarily responsible. With nssSO42- being dominant in Cl- depletion, sulfur-containing species from anthropogenic pollution emissions may have profound impact on atmospheric composition through altering chlorine chemistry in this region. However, when accounting for the neutralization of H2SO4 by NH3, the potential of HNO3 and organic acids to considerably influence Cl- depletion is shown to increase. Intensive open-fire events substantially increased the PM2.5 concentrations and changed the water-soluble ion composition and aerosol acidity in summer of 2015. To our knowledge, this work presents the first time-resolved data evaluating the seasonal composition of water-soluble ions and their possible sources in PM2.5 at the Middle Adriatic area. This study contributes towards a better understanding of atmospheric composition in the coastal Adriatic area and serves as a basis for the comparison with future studies related to the air quality at the coastal Adriatic and/or Mediterranean regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cvitešić Kušan
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Grgić
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Ciglenečki
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Frka
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Kucinski TM, Ott EJE, Freedman MA. Flash Freeze Flow Tube to Vitrify Aerosol Particles at Fixed Relative Humidity Values. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5207-5213. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M. Kucinski
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Emily-Jean E. Ott
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
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31
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Abstract
Airborne particles are very dynamic and highly reactive components of the Earth's atmosphere. Their high surface area and water content provide a unique reaction environment for multiphase chemistry that continually modifies particle composition and properties that consequently impact air quality as well as concentrations of gas-phase species. By absorbing and scattering solar and terrestrial radiation, particles directly influence the planet's radiative balance. Their indirect effects include modifying the nucleation, lifetime, and physical properties of clouds. Due to the sensitivity of the atmospheric environment to all these variables, fundamental studies of chemical transformations of atmospheric particles, their sources, continuously evolving composition, and physical properties are of highest research priority. Accurate descriptions of particles and their effects in the atmosphere require comprehensive information not only on the particle-type populations and their size distributions and concentrations, but also on the diversity and the spatial heterogeneity of chemical components within individual particles. Developments and applications of modern chemical imaging approaches for off-line characterization of atmospheric particles have been at the forefront of modern experimental studies and have resulted in a transformative impact in atmospheric chemistry and physics. This Account presents a synopsis of recent advances in chemical imaging of atmospheric particles collected on substrates during field and laboratory experiments. The unique advantage of chemical imaging methods is that they simultaneously provide two analytical measurements: imaging of particles to assess variability in their individual sizes and morphology, as well as particle-specific speciation of their composition and spatial heterogeneity of different chemical components within individual particles. We also highlight analytical chemistry approaches that enable chemical imaging of particles with different levels of elemental and molecular specificity, including applications of multimodal methodologies where the same or similar groups of particles are probed by two or more complementary techniques. These approaches provide unique experimental insights on the nature and sources of particles, understanding their physical properties, atmospheric reactivity, and transformations. Chemical imaging data provide unique experimental input for atmospheric models that simulate aging and changes in particle-type populations, internal composition, and their associated optical and cloud forming properties. We highlight applications of chemical imaging in selected recent studies, discuss their existing limitations, and forecast future research directions for this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ryan C. Moffet
- Meteorology and Air Quality Measurements, Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, California 94954, United States
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Goldberger LA, Jahl LG, Thornton JA, Sullivan RC. N 2O 5 reactive uptake kinetics and chlorine activation on authentic biomass-burning aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1684-1698. [PMID: 31580371 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00330d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We examined the reactive uptake of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) to authentic biomass-burning aerosol (BBA) using a small chamber reservoir in combination with an entrained aerosol flow tube. BBA was generated from four different fuel types and the reactivity of N2O5 was probed from 30 to 70% relative humidity (RH). The N2O5 reactive uptake coefficient, γ(N2O5), depended upon RH, fuel type, and to a lesser degree on aerosol chloride mass fractions. The γ(N2O5) ranged from 2.0 (±0.4) ×10-3 on black needlerush derived BBA at 30% RH to 6.0 (±0.6) ×10-3 on wiregrass derived BBA at 65% RH. Major N2O5 reaction products were observed including gaseous ClNO2 and HNO3 and particulate nitrate, and used to create a reactive nitrogen budget. Black needlerush BBA had the most particulate chloride, and the only measured ClNO2 yield > 1%. The ClNO2 yield on black needlerush decayed from an initial value of ∼100% to ∼30% over the course of the burn experiment, suggesting a depletion of BBA chloride over time. Black needlerush was also the only fuel for which the reactive nitrogen budget indicated other N-containing products were generated. Generally, the results suggest limited chloride availability for heterogeneous reaction for BBA in the RH range probed here, including BBA with chloride mass fractions on the higher end of previously reported values (∼17-34%). Though less than fresh sea spray aerosol, ∼50%. We use these measured quantities to discuss the implications for nocturnal aerosol nitrate formation, the chemical fate of N2O5(g), and the availability of particulate chloride for activation in biomass burning plumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexie A Goldberger
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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33
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Alpert PA, Corral Arroyo P, Dou J, Krieger UK, Steimer SS, Förster JD, Ditas F, Pöhlker C, Rossignol S, Passananti M, Perrier S, George C, Shiraiwa M, Berkemeier T, Watts B, Ammann M. Visualizing reaction and diffusion in xanthan gum aerosol particles exposed to ozone. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:20613-20627. [PMID: 31528972 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03731d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol particles with a high viscosity may become inhomogeneously mixed during chemical processing. Models have predicted gradients in condensed phase reactant concentration throughout particles as the result of diffusion and chemical reaction limitations, termed chemical gradients. However, these have never been directly observed for atmospherically relevant particle diameters. We investigated the reaction between ozone and aerosol particles composed of xanthan gum and FeCl2 and observed the in situ chemical reaction that oxidized Fe2+ to Fe3+ using X-ray spectromicroscopy. Iron oxidation state of particles as small as 0.2 μm in diameter were imaged over time with a spatial resolution of tens of nanometers. We found that the loss off Fe2+ accelerated with increasing ozone concentration and relative humidity, RH. Concentric 2-D column integrated profiles of the Fe2+ fraction, α, out of the total iron were derived and demonstrated that particle surfaces became oxidized while particle cores remained unreacted at RH = 0-20%. At higher RH, chemical gradients evolved over time, extended deeper from the particle surface, and Fe2+ became more homogeneously distributed. We used the kinetic multi-layer model for aerosol surface and bulk chemistry (KM-SUB) to simulate ozone reaction constrained with our observations and inferred key parameters as a function of RH including Henry's Law constant for ozone, HO3, and diffusion coefficients for ozone and iron, DO3 and DFe, respectively. We found that HO3 is higher in our xanthan gum/FeCl2 particles than for water and increases when RH decreased from about 80% to dry conditions. This coincided with a decrease in both DO3 and DFe. In order to reproduce observed chemical gradients, our model predicted that ozone could not be present further than a few nanometers from a particle surface indicating near surface reactions were driving changes in iron oxidation state. However, the observed chemical gradients in α observed over hundreds of nanometers must have been the result of iron transport from the particle interior to the surface where ozone oxidation occurred. In the context of our results, we examine the applicability of the reacto-diffusive framework and discuss diffusion limitations for other reactive gas-aerosol systems of atmospheric importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Alpert
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Pablo Corral Arroyo
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland. and Institute for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jing Dou
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich K Krieger
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah S Steimer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Jan-David Förster
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Florian Ditas
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christopher Pöhlker
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Rossignol
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France and Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE UMR 7376, 13331 Marseille, France
| | - Monica Passananti
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France and Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00710, Helsinki, Finland and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Sebastien Perrier
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christian George
- Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany and School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Benjamin Watts
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation-Condensed Matter, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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Wang N, Jing B, Wang P, Wang Z, Li J, Pang S, Zhang Y, Ge M. Hygroscopicity and Compositional Evolution of Atmospheric Aerosols Containing Water-Soluble Carboxylic Acid Salts and Ammonium Sulfate: Influence of Ammonium Depletion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6225-6234. [PMID: 30938517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic acid salts are important components of atmospheric aerosols. Despite their importance, it is still not clear how water-soluble organic acid salts influence interactions between aerosols and water vapor in the atmosphere. In this study, the hygroscopic behaviors and chemical compositions of aerosol particles containing water-soluble organic acid salt ((CH2) n(COONa)2, n = 0, 1, 2) and (NH4)2SO4 were measured using in situ attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The ammonium depletion due to release of gaseous NH3 was found in mixed aerosols composed of (CH2) n(COONa)2 ( n = 1, 2) and (NH4)2SO4 upon dehydration. The ammonium loss could modify the aerosol composition, resulting in the formation of corresponding organic acid and monosodium dicarboxylate in mixed particles with high and low (NH4)2SO4 content, respectively. Due to the weaker hydrolysis of oxalate anions, the ammonium depletion was not observed for the Na2C2O4/(NH4)2SO4 mixtures. The changes in the particle composition led to the decreased water uptake upon hydration as compared to that upon dehydration. Our findings reveal that interactions between water-soluble organic acid salts and (NH4)2SO4 in aqueous aerosols may affect the repartition of NH3 between the condensed and gas phases, thus modifying composition and physicochemical properties of aerosols as well as relevant chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shufeng Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021 , People's Republic of China
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35
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Gao X, Leng C, Zeng G, Fu D, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Ozone initiated heterogeneous oxidation of unsaturated carboxylic acids by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 214:177-183. [PMID: 30776719 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable effort has been directed to ozone-initiated heterogeneous oxidation of unsaturated organic species in atmospheric environment, current knowledge about how chemical structure of unsaturated carboxylic acids affects their reaction kinetics remains very limited. Here, kinetics of heterogeneous reaction of ozone with six unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acid, vaccenic acid, eladic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid and 2-hexadecenoic acid) were studied via a flow system combined with attenuated total reflection Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Pseudo-first-order rate constants (kapp) and overall reactive uptake coefficients (γ) values were derived according to the changes in absorbance from infrared spectra. Results have shown reaction rates are highly dependent on structures of unsaturated fatty acids. Cis-isomer has faster reaction kinetics than trans-isomer, and conjugated system between CC and CO bonds can greatly inhibit reactivity. Also, it is found that a longer carbon chain length between CC bond and COOH group or a shorter chain length between CC bond and last carbon seemingly enhances reaction kinetics. In addition, changes in redox activity and hydrophilicity of oleic acid samples before and after exposure ozone have been reported for the first time. Results have revealed that ozone-initiated heterogeneous reaction can markedly increase redox activity and hydrophilicity of unsaturated carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA; School of Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Chunbo Leng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA; The Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guang Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA; Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering of Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Dong Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA.
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Dadashazar H, Ma L, Sorooshian A. Sources of pollution and interrelationships between aerosol and precipitation chemistry at a central California site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:1776-1787. [PMID: 30316095 PMCID: PMC6246821 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examines co-located aerosol and precipitation chemistry data between 2010 and 2016 at Pinnacles National Monument ~65 km east of the coastline in central California. Positive matrix factorization analysis of the aerosol composition data revealed seven distinct pollutant sources: aged sea salt (25.7% of PM2.5), biomass burning (24.2% of PM2.5), fresh sea salt (15.0% of PM2.5), secondary sulfate (11.7% of PM2.5), dust (10.0% of PM2.5), vehicle emissions (8.2% of PM2.5), and secondary nitrate (5.2% of PM2.5). The influence of meteorology and transport on monthly patterns of PM2.5 composition is discussed. Only secondary sulfate exhibited a statistically significant change (a reduction) over time among the PM2.5 source factors. In contrast, PMcoarse exhibited a significant increase most likely due to dust influence. Monthly profiles of precipitation chemistry are summarized showing that the most abundant species in each month was either SO42-, NO3-, or Cl-. Intercomparisons between the precipitation and aerosol data revealed several features: (i) precipitation pH was inversely related to factors associated with more acidic aerosol constituents such as secondary sulfate and aged sea salt, in addition to being reduced by uptake of HNO3 in the liquid phase; (ii) two aerosol source factors (dust and aged sea salt) and PMcoarse exhibited a positive association with Ca2+ in precipitation, suggestive of directly emitted aerosol types with larger sizes promoting precipitation; and (iii) sulfate levels in both the aerosol and precipitation samples analyzed were significantly correlated with dust and aged sea salt PMF factors, pointing to the partitioning of secondary sulfate to dust and sea salt particles. The results of this work have implications for the region's air quality and hydrological cycle, in addition to demonstrating that the use of co-located aerosol and precipitation chemistry data can provide insights relevant to aerosol-precipitation interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Dadashazar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, PO BOX 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, PO BOX 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, PO BOX 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, PO BOX 210011, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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37
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Yang H, Wang N, Pang SF, Zheng CM, Zhang YH. Chemical reaction between sodium pyruvate and ammonium sulfate in aerosol particles and resultant sodium sulfate efflorescence. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:554-562. [PMID: 30342400 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The hygroscopicity of aerosols is dependent upon their chemical composition. When their chemical compositions are altered, the water content in aerosols often changes, which may further modify phase behaviour. However, the study of phase behaviour dependence on chemical reactions is still limited. In this work, internally mixed sodium pyruvate (SP)/ammonium sulfate (AS) droplets were studied using an in-situ ATR-FTIR spectrometer. FTIR spectral analysis showed that solid sodium sulfate (SS) formed during the dehydration process, indicating a chemical reaction between SP and AS. In addition, the water content decreased after a dehydration-hydration process despite organic salt (SS) to inorganic salt (AS) mole ratios (OIRs) During the second relative humidity (RH) cycle, the water content remained constant, however, the efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) was lower than that in the first dehydration. The crystal relative humidities (CRHs) of SS are 66.7-53.1%, 66.0-58.2%, 62.2-57.1% and 49.6-43.6% for OIRs of 3:1, 2:1, 1:1 and 1:3, respectively, suggesting the crystallization of SS was favoured by higher SP content. For 2:1 OIRs, the solid SS was the greatest and an excess of either SP or AS blocked the solid SS formation. At a constant 80% RH, depletion of reagents was ∼0.97, and water loss was ∼0.6 in ∼40 min. After 90 min, solid SS formed. The chemical reaction was faster than water loss; furthermore, water loss from the chemical reaction led to solid SS above the ERH of pure SS particles (∼75% RH). When the RH changed rapidly, the reaction was slow and solid SS decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Pang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuan-Ming Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
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38
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Spada NJ, Cheng X, White WH, Hyslop NP. Decreasing Vanadium Footprint of Bunker Fuel Emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11528-11534. [PMID: 30203968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network measures the chemical composition of atmospheric particulate matter at over 160 locations throughout the United States. As part of the routine quality control process, we noted decreases in the network-wide vanadium (V) and nickel (Ni) concentrations in 2015 relative to the previous years. Enriched V and Ni with respect to soil are indicative of heavy fuel oil burning and are often used as tracers for emissions from marine vessels. Multiple regulations on the fuel used by marine vessels were implemented in North America since 2010, and the most sweeping regulation was implemented at the start of 2015. The 2015 regulations reduced the allowable fuel oil sulfur concentrations within the North America Emissions Control Area from 1.0% to 0.1% to reduce the environmental and human health impacts of sulfates. As a side effect, these requirements economically favored fuels with lower V and Ni concentrations. The atmospheric concentrations of V and Ni decreased markedly at many IMPROVE monitoring sites, particularly sites near major ports. Between 2011 and 2015, annual mean V concentrations measured on IMPROVE samples collected near the ports of Seattle, Washington and New Orleans, Louisiana decreased by 35% and 85%, respectively. These decreases have brought the coastal V and Ni concentrations much closer to those measured far inland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Spada
- Air Quality Research Center , University of California-Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Xiaoya Cheng
- Air Quality Research Center , University of California-Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Warren H White
- Air Quality Research Center , University of California-Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Nicole P Hyslop
- Air Quality Research Center , University of California-Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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39
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Darr JP, Gottuso S, Alfarra M, Birge D, Ferris K, Woods D, Morales P, Grove M, Mitts WK, Mendoza-Lopez E, Johnson A. The Hydropathy Scale as a Gauge of Hygroscopicity in Sub-Micron Sodium Chloride-Amino Acid Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:8062-8070. [PMID: 30272971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b07119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sodium chloride, NaCl, is commonly used as a proxy for sea spray aerosols. However, field work has demonstrated that sea spray aerosols also often contain a significant organic component. In this work, we examine the effect of amino acids on the hygroscopic properties of NaCl aerosols using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer coupled to a flow-cell apparatus. It is found that the effect can be drastically different depending on the nature of the amino acid. More hydrophilic amino acids such as glycine lead to continuous hygroscopic growth of internally mixed NaCl-amino acid aerosols generated from an equimolar precursor solution. However, more hydrophobic amino acids such as alanine do not significantly alter the hygroscopicity of NaCl aerosols. The hydropathy scale is found to be a good qualitative diagnostic for the effect that an amino acid will have on the hygroscopicity of NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Darr
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - Salvatore Gottuso
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - Mohammed Alfarra
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - David Birge
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - Kimberly Ferris
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - Dillon Woods
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - Paul Morales
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - Megan Grove
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - William K Mitts
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - Eduardo Mendoza-Lopez
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - Amissabah Johnson
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
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40
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Xia K, Tong S, Zhang Y, Tan F, Chen Y, Zhang W, Guo Y, Jing B, Ge M, Zhao Y, Alamry KA, Marwani HM, Wang S. Heterogeneous Reaction of HCOOH on NaCl Particles at Different Relative Humidities. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7218-7226. [PMID: 30118231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of volatile organic acids to chloride depletion still remains unclear under ambient conditions in the coast and inland. In this work, the heterogeneous reaction of HCOOH on the NaCl surface at a series of relative humidities (RHs) was investigated using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The formate was found to be formed on NaCl surface under dry and wet conditions, accompanied by the corresponding chloride depletion. The adsorbed HCOOH and the formation of formate on NaCl surface decreased with increasing RH below 30% RH. The adsorbed HCOOH decreased, while the formation of formate increased with enhanced RH at 45-70% RH. The variation in the formation of formate with RH suggests that chloride depletion may undergo similar changes. Additionally, the mechanism and kinetics for uptake of HCOOH on NaCl surface at various RHs were discussed and analyzed. Our results highlight the role of heterogeneous chemistry of volatile organic acid in the chloride depletion of NaCl in the coast and inland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihui Xia
- Institute of Intelligent Machines , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstale and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstale and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstale and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Fang Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstale and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstale and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstale and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Yucong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstale and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Bo Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstale and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstale and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Khalid A Alamry
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadi M Marwani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhua Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China.,Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia.,School of Environment and Chemical Engineering , North China Electric Power University , Beijing 102206 , P. R. China
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41
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Shaharom S, Latif MT, Khan MF, Yusof SNM, Sulong NA, Wahid NBA, Uning R, Suratman S. Surfactants in the sea surface microlayer, subsurface water and fine marine aerosols in different background coastal areas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:27074-27089. [PMID: 30019134 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the concentrations of surfactants in the surface microlayer (SML), subsurface water (SSW) and fine mode aerosol (diameter size < 1.5 μm) at different coastal stations in Peninsular Malaysia. The concentrations of anionic and cationic surfactants were determined through colorimetric methods as methylene blue active substances (MBAS) and disulphine blue active substances (DBAS), respectively. Water-soluble ions, for the determination of fine mode aerosol sources, were determined using ion chromatography (IC) for anions (SO42-, NO3-, Cl- and F-) and cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+). Principal component analysis (PCA), combined with multiple linear regression (MLR), was used to identify the possible sources of surfactants in fine aerosol. The results showed the concentrations of surfactants as MBAS and DBAS in the SML ranged between 0.23 ± 0.03 and 0.35 ± 0.01 μmol L-1 and between 0.21 ± 0.02 and 0.29 ± 0.01 μmol L-1, respectively. The enrichment factors (Efs) ratios between MBAS and DBAS in the SML and SSW ranged between 1.04 ± 0.01 and 1.32 ± 0.04, respectively. The station that is located near to tourism and industrial activities recorded the highest concentrations of surfactants in SML and SSW. The concentrations of surfactants in fine aerosol ranged between 62.29 and 106.57 pmol m-3. The three possible sources of fine aerosol during the northeast monsoon were aged sea spray/biomass burning (which accounted for 69% of the atmospheric aerosol), nitrate/mineral dust (23%) and sulphate/fresh sea salt (8%). During the southwest monsoon, the three main sources of atmospheric aerosol were biomass burning (71%), secondary inorganic aerosol (23%) and sea spray (6%). This study suggests anthropogenic sources are main contributors to the concentrations of surfactants in SML, SSW and fine aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhana Shaharom
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Centre for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Norbalqis Mohd Yusof
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azura Sulong
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Bahiyah Abd Wahid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900, Tanjung Malim, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Royston Uning
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suhaimi Suratman
- Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
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42
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Shao X, Wu FM, Yang H, Pang SF, Zhang YH. Observing HNO 3 release dependent upon metal complexes in malonic acid/nitrate droplets. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 201:399-404. [PMID: 29775933 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the dicarboxylic acid has been reported to react with nitrate for aged internally mixed aerosols in atmosphere, the quantitative nitrate depletion dependent upon composition in particles is still not well constrained. The chemical composition evolutions for malonic acid/sodium nitrate (MA/SN), malonic acid/magnesium nitrate (MA/MN) and malonic acid/calcium nitrate (MA/CN) particles with the organic to inorganic molar ratio (OIR) of 1:1 are investigated by vacuum Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Upon dehydration, the intensity of the asymmetric stretching mode of COO- group (νas-COO-) increases, accompanying the decrease in OH feather band and COOH band and NO3- band. These band changes suggest malonate salts formation and HNO3 release. The quantitative NO3- depletion data shows that the reactivity of MA-MN is most and that of MA-SN is least. Analysis of the stretching mode of COO- indicates the different bond type between metal cation and carboxylate anion. In addition, water content in particles decreases at the constant RH, implying water loss with the chemical reaction. When the RH changes very quickly, water uptake delay during the humidification process reveals that water mass transport is limited below 37% RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Shao
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology. Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China; Beijing General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Min Wu
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology. Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology. Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Pang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology. Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology. Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
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43
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Chemical Composition and Sources of Marine Aerosol over the Western North Pacific Ocean in Winter. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9080298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric deposition of long-range transported continental substances from natural and anthropogenic sources affects biogeochemical processes in marine systems. Emissions of sea spray contribute aerosol particles to the marine atmosphere. Despite the importance of continental dispersion and atmospheric processes involving aerosol particles within remote marine atmosphere, knowledge of the sources of various water-soluble ions is limited because of insufficient observations. Concentrations of Total suspended particulates (TSPs) and major inorganic ions (Cl−, Na+, SO42−, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, NO3−, NH4+), as well as organic nitrogen (ON-N) values, were measured in marine aerosol collected over the western north Pacific (WNP) during a cruise from 3 December 2014 to 13 March 2015. Aerosol samples were analyzed to determine their chemical characteristics and a source apportionment for this region and the continental influence on the open ocean when air masses are from continent in winter. TSP mass concentrations ranged from 14.1 to 136.0 μg/m3 with an average of 44.8 ± 28.1 μg/m3. Concentrations of TSPs and major ions were higher near the coast (close to Qingdao and Xiamen) and lower over the open ocean. The total mass of inorganic ions and organic nitrogen accounted for 51.1% of the total TSP. Cl− had highest concentrations among the major inorganic ions, followed by SO42−, NO3−, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, and NH4+, respectively. However, Cl− showed a deficit relative to Na+ in most samples, likely related to heterogeneous reactions within the marine atmosphere. Most SO42−, Mg2+, Ca2+, and K+ were from sea salt, while other major ions were from continental sources. The non-sea-salt (nss) fractions of Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ were derived from continental crust, while nss-SO42− and NO3− were derived from anthropogenic sources. ON had several sources, including reactions of NOx with volatile organic compounds (anthropogenic sources) or NH3 with gaseous hydrocarbons, as well as crustal and marine biogenic sources.
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44
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Boreddy SKR, Kawamura K. Investigation on the hygroscopicity of oxalic acid and atmospherically relevant oxalate salts under sub- and supersaturated conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1069-1080. [PMID: 29953162 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00053k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxalic acid (OxA) is an end product in the oxidation of many organic compounds, and therefore is ubiquitous in the atmosphere and is often the most abundant organic species in ambient aerosols. To better understand the hygroscopic properties of OxA under sub- and supersaturated conditions in the atmosphere, we investigated the hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation ability of pure OxA and its salts using a hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) and cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNC), respectively. OxA particles absorb water under >45% RH, suggesting that the initial phase state might be an amorphous solid. The measured hygroscopic growth factor (HGF) of OxA at 90% RH was 1.47. We found that the HGF of ammonium oxalate (NH4-Ox) was larger than that of OxA, whereas HGFs of sodium, calcium, and magnesium oxalates (Na-Ox, Ca-Ox, and Mg-Ox) were smaller than that of OxA particles. Potassium oxalate (K-Ox) behaved like a typical water-soluble inorganic salt, exhibiting deliquescence and efflorescence transitions at around 85% and 50% RH, respectively. Na-Ox exhibited strong activation capabilities among all the investigated salts, followed by NH4-Ox and K-Ox as inferred from the activation ratios (CCN/CN) against supersaturations (SS). On the other hand, Ca-Ox showed moderate activation ability and Mg-Ox showed poor CCN activation ability. We also observed significantly higher κCCN values compared to κHTDMA for pure OxA and its salts (NH4-Ox and Na-Ox), suggesting that the condensation of OxA into the aqueous phase occurs during water uptake. These findings improve the fundamental understanding of hygroscopic behaviors and phase states of oxalic acid and its salts under sub- and supersaturated conditions in the atmosphere and impacts of hygroscopicity on the direct and indirect effects of aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K R Boreddy
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
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45
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Hazard Quotients, Hazard Indexes, and Cancer Risks of Toxic Metals in PM10 during Firework Displays. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9040144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Wang N, Cai C, He X, Pang SF, Zhang YH. Vacuum FTIR study on the hygroscopicity of magnesium acetate aerosols. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 192:420-426. [PMID: 29202386 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hygroscopicity and volatility of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are two important properties, which determine the composition, concentration, size, phase state of SOA and thus chemical and optical properties for SOA. In this work, magnesium acetate (Mg(Ac)2) aerosol was used as a simple SOA model in order to reveal relationship between hygroscopicity and volatility. A novel approach was set up based on a combination of a vacuum FTIR spectrometer and a home-made relative humidity (RH) controlling system. The striking advantage of this approach was that the RH and the compositions of aerosols could be obtained from a same IR spectrum, which guaranteed the synchronism between RH and spectral features on a sub-second scale. At the constant RH of 90% and 80% for 3000s, the water content within Mg(Ac)2 aerosol particles decreased about 19.0% and 9.4% while there were 13.4% and 6.0% of acetate loss. This was attributed to a cooperation between volatile of acetic acid and Mg2+ hydrolysis in Mg(Ac)2 aerosols, which greatly suppressed the hygroscopicity of Mg(Ac)2 aerosols. When the RH changed with pulsed mode between ~70% and ~90%, hygroscopicity relaxation was observed for Mg(Ac)2 aerosols. Diffuse coefficient of water in the relaxation process was estimated to be ~5×10-12m2·s-1 for the Mg(Ac)2 aerosols. Combining the IR spectra analysis, the decrease in the diffuse coefficient of water was due to the formation of magnesium hydroxide accompanying acetic acid evaporation in the aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Cai
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang He
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Pang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China.
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47
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Bertram TH, Cochran RE, Grassian VH, Stone EA. Sea spray aerosol chemical composition: elemental and molecular mimics for laboratory studies of heterogeneous and multiphase reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:2374-2400. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Schematic representation of the reactive uptake of N2O5to a sea spray aerosol particle containing a thick organic film.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard E. Cochran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California
- La Jolla
- USA
- Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California
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48
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Duncan S, Sexton KG, Turpin B. Oxygenated VOCs, aqueous chemistry, and potential impacts on residential indoor air composition. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:198-212. [PMID: 28833580 PMCID: PMC5745158 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dampness affects a substantial percentage of homes and is associated with increased risk of respiratory ailments; yet, the effects of dampness on indoor chemistry are largely unknown. We hypothesize that the presence of water-soluble gases and their aqueous processing alters the chemical composition of indoor air and thereby affects inhalation and dermal exposures in damp homes. Herein, we use the existing literature and new measurements to examine the plausibility of this hypothesis, summarize existing evidence, and identify key knowledge gaps. While measurements of indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are abundant, measurements of water-soluble organic gases (WSOGs) are not. We found that concentrations of total WSOGs were, on average, 15 times higher inside homes than immediately outside (N = 13). We provide insights into WSOG compounds likely to be present indoors using peer-reviewed literature and insights from atmospheric chemistry. Finally, we discuss types of aqueous chemistry that may occur on indoor surfaces and speculate how this chemistry could affect indoor exposures. Liquid water quantities, identities of water-soluble compounds, the dominant chemistry, and fate of aqueous products are poorly understood. These limitations hamper our ability to determine the effects of aqueous indoor chemistry on dermal and inhalation exposures in damp homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Duncan
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Barbara Turpin
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Corresponding author:
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49
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Lin P, Bluvshtein N, Rudich Y, Nizkorodov SA, Laskin J, Laskin A. Molecular Chemistry of Atmospheric Brown Carbon Inferred from a Nationwide Biomass Burning Event. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11561-11570. [PMID: 28759227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Lag Ba'Omer, a nationwide bonfire festival in Israel, was chosen as a case study to investigate the influence of a major biomass burning event on the light absorption properties of atmospheric brown carbon (BrC). The chemical composition and optical properties of BrC chromophores were investigated using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) platform coupled to photo diode array (PDA) and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) detectors. Substantial increase of BrC light absorption coefficient was observed during the night-long biomass burning event. Most chromophores observed during the event were attributed to nitroaromatic compounds (NAC), comprising 28 elemental formulas of at least 63 structural isomers. The NAC, in combination, accounted for 50-80% of the total visible light absorption (>400 nm) by solvent extractable BrC. The results highlight that NAC, in particular nitrophenols, are important light absorption contributors of biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA), suggesting that night time chemistry of •NO3 and N2O5 with particles may play a significant role in atmospheric transformations of BrC. Nitrophenols and related compounds were especially important chromophores of BBOA. The absorption spectra of the BrC chromophores are influenced by the extraction solvent and solution pH, implying that the aerosol acidity is an important factor controlling the light absorption properties of BrC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Nir Bluvshtein
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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50
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Bondy AL, Wang B, Laskin A, Craig RL, Nhliziyo MV, Bertman SB, Pratt KA, Shepson PB, Ault AP. Inland Sea Spray Aerosol Transport and Incomplete Chloride Depletion: Varying Degrees of Reactive Processing Observed during SOAS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9533-9542. [PMID: 28732168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiphase reactions involving sea spray aerosol (SSA) impact trace gas budgets in coastal regions by acting as a reservoir for oxidized nitrogen and sulfur species, as well as being a source of halogen gases (HCl, ClNO2, etc.). Whereas most studies of multiphase reactions on SSA have focused on marine environments, far less is known about SSA transported inland. Herein, single-particle measurements of SSA are reported at a site >320 km from the Gulf of Mexico, with transport times of 7-68 h. Samples were collected during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) in June-July 2013 near Centreville, Alabama. SSA was observed in 93% of 42 time periods analyzed. During two marine air mass periods, SSA represented significant number fractions of particles in the accumulation (0.2-1.0 μm, 11%) and coarse (1.0-10.0 μm, 35%) modes. Chloride content of SSA particles ranged from full to partial depletion, with 24% of SSA particles containing chloride (mole fraction of Cl/Na ≥ 0.1, 90% chloride depletion). Both the frequent observation of SSA at an inland site and the range of chloride depletion observed suggest that SSA may represent an underappreciated inland sink for NOx/SO2 oxidation products and a source of halogen gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Bondy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Rebecca L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Manelisi V Nhliziyo
- Department of Chemistry, Tuskegee University , Tuskegee, Alabama 36088, United States
| | - Steven B Bertman
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University , Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, United States
| | - Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul B Shepson
- Departments of Chemistry and Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew P Ault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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