1
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Lin JF, Chang KL, Hsieh BS, Hu YC, Huang ES, Yu HS. Development of validated sandwich ELISA for detecting peanut allergen Ara h 3 in food. Food Chem 2024; 445:138757. [PMID: 38367563 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Peanut is an important food that can cause food allergies, often leading to moderate and severe allergic symptoms such as skin rashes, asthma, and even anaphylactic shock.Research indicates that Ara h 3 is one of the major peanut allergen. In order to establish a simple analytical method for detecting Ara h 3, we developed a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with antibodies that were induced from purified Ara h 3. The experimental results showed that the purified Ara h 3 had good purity, and we successfully prepared capture and detection antibodies. The method established in this study exhibited high specificity and did not cross-react with soybeans, cashew nuts, and sesame. For validation, including precision, recovery and sensitivity were in good condition. We also detected the Ara h 3 in peanut related foods. Overall, the ELISA developed in this study is a reliable method for Ara h 3 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Fong Lin
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan.
| | - Kee-Lung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Bau-Shan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chen Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Edward S Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Mountain View, CA 94040, USA.
| | - Hsu-Sheng Yu
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan.
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2
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Zhang Y, Geng Q, Song M, Li X, Yang A, Tong P, Wu Z, Chen H. The structure and potential allergenicity of peanut allergen monomers after roasting. Food Funct 2024; 15:2577-2586. [PMID: 38353700 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05351b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Given that roasted peanut (Ro) products are commonly used in daily life, peanut allergenicity is a foremost concern. Analyzing the changes in the structure and potential allergenicity of individual allergens can promote the exploration of the structural basis of the alterations in the potential allergenicity of Ro. This work focused on four major allergens in raw peanut (Ra) and Ro. Structural changes were analyzed on the basis of circular dichroism, ultraviolet and fluorescence spectroscopy, and molecular dynamic simulation. The IgE recognition capability of allergens was assessed via western blot analysis. The IgE binding capacity of allergens was detected by conducting enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The potential allergenicity of allergens was evaluated using the KU812 cell degranulation model. The results showed that roasting induced different changes in the overall structures of allergens and altered the structures and electrostatic potential of IgE epitopes, especially Ara h 1 and Ara h 6. These alterations affected the potential allergenicity of allergens. Ara h 1 and Ara h 6 in Ro showed significantly enhanced IgE binding capacities and abilities to elicit KU812 cell degranulation, while Ara h 2 and Ara h 3 did not change significantly. For total protein, the roasted peanut protein showed decreased abilities to elicit KU812 cell degranulation. The results indicated that different allergens in Ro showed different changes of structures and potential allergenicity and that the conformational structure plays a crucial role in potential allergenicity of allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Qin Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Min Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Anshu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zhihua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
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3
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Waritani T, Lomax S, Cutler D, Chang J. Development and evaluation of mouse anti-Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 IgE monoclonal antibodies for advancing peanut allergy research. MethodsX 2023; 11:102470. [PMID: 38034322 PMCID: PMC10681920 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions to peanuts are a considerable public health concern due to the acute and severe IgE mediated reactions. To conduct research on the pathogenesis and therapeutics of peanut allergies, it is imperative to have mouse anti-crude peanut extract (CPE) IgE monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for both in-vitro and in-vivo assays. Without these tools, it is difficult to advance research in this field. In this study, four hybridomas producing anti-CPE IgE mAbs were developed and the IgE mAbs were validated using immune-blot analysis, Sandwich ELISA, Indirect ELISA, a cell-based assay using RBL-2H3 cells, and footpad type I hypersensitivity reaction studies in mice. The results indicate that two of the four mAbs can be effectively used for both in-vitro and in-vivo peanut allergy studies, as they induce allergic reactions with sensitization alone in mice. These novel anti-Ara h1 and Ara h 3 IgE mAbs, in combination with the detailed protocols outlined in this article, offer valuable guidance for studying acute allergic reactions involving mast cells across various platforms. With some considerations, the IgE mAbs can significantly advance peanut allergy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Waritani
- Chondrex, Inc., 16928 Woodinville-Redmond Rd NE STE B101, Woodinville, WA 98072, USA
| | - Sidney Lomax
- Chondrex, Inc., 16928 Woodinville-Redmond Rd NE STE B101, Woodinville, WA 98072, USA
| | - Dawn Cutler
- Chondrex, Inc., 16928 Woodinville-Redmond Rd NE STE B101, Woodinville, WA 98072, USA
| | - Jessica Chang
- Chondrex, Inc., 16928 Woodinville-Redmond Rd NE STE B101, Woodinville, WA 98072, USA
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4
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Sztuk TKS, Rigby NM, Nørskov-Nielsen L, Koppelman SJ, Sancho AI, Knudsen NPH, Marsh J, Johnson P, Gupta S, Mackie AR, Larsen JM, Bøgh KL. Dose and route of administration determine the efficacy of prophylactic immunotherapy for peanut allergy in a Brown Norway rat model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1121497. [PMID: 36911669 PMCID: PMC9996042 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1121497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Allergen-specific immunotherapy (IT) is emerging as a viable option for treatment of peanut allergy. Yet, prophylactic IT remains unexplored despite early introduction of peanut in infancy was shown to prevent allergy. There is a need to understand how allergens interact with the immune system depending on the route of administration, and how different dosages of allergen may protect from sensitisation and a clinical active allergy. Here we compared peanut allergen delivery via the oral, sublingual (SL), intragastric (IG) and subcutaneous (SC) routes for the prevention of peanut allergy in Brown Norway (BN) rats. Methods BN rats were administered PBS or three different doses of peanut protein extract (PPE) via either oral IT (OIT), SLIT, IGIT or SCIT followed by intraperitoneal (IP) injections of PPE to assess the protection from peanut sensitisation. The development of IgE and IgG1 responses to PPE and the major peanut allergens were evaluated by ELISAs. The clinical response to PPE was assessed by an ear swelling test (EST) and proliferation was assessed by stimulating splenocytes with PPE. Results Low and medium dose OIT (1 and 10 mg) and all doses of SCIT (1, 10, 100 µg) induced sensitisation to PPE, whereas high dose OIT (100 mg), SLIT (10, 100 or 1000 µg) or IGIT (1, 10 and 100 mg) did not. High dose OIT and SLIT as well as high and medium dose IGIT prevented sensitisation from the following IP injections of PPE and suppressed PPE-specific IgE levels in a dose-dependent manner. Hence, administration of peanut protein via different routes confers different risks for sensitisation and protection from peanut allergy development. Overall, the IgE levels toward the individual major peanut allergens followed the PPE-specific IgE levels. Discussion Collectively, this study showed that the preventive effect of allergen-specific IT is determined by the interplay between the specific site of PPE delivery for presentation to the immune system, and the allergen quantity, and that targeting and modulating tolerance mechanisms at specific mucosal sites may be a prophylactic strategy for prevention of peanut allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil Marcus Rigby
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stef J Koppelman
- Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Ana Isabel Sancho
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Justin Marsh
- Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Philip Johnson
- Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | | | - Alan Robert Mackie
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jeppe Madura Larsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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5
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Gut Microbial Signatures Associated with Peanut Allergy in a BALB/c Mouse Model. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101395. [PMID: 35626965 PMCID: PMC9141413 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have uncovered the pivotal role of gut microbiota in the development of food allergy. However, the effects of gut microbiota on peanut allergy are still unclear. Here, we characterized the gut microbiota composition of peanut-allergic mice by 16S rRNA sequencing and analyzed the correlation between allergic indicators and gut microbiota composition. Outcomes showed that the gut microbiota composition was reshaped in peanut-allergic mice, with Acidobacteriota, Lachnospiraceae, Rikenellaceae, Alistipes, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group significantly down-regulated and Muribaculaceae up-regulated. All of them were significantly correlated with the serum peanut-specific antibodies. These results suggested that these six bacterial OTUs might be the gut microbial signatures associated with peanut allergy.
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6
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Wang S, Sun X, Wang M, Deng Z, Niu B, Chen Q. Effect of roasted peanut allergen Ara h 3 protein on the sensitization of Caco-2 cells. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:5325-5336. [PMID: 33650104 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roasted peanut is widely loved as a kind of food with rich taste. However, peanut allergy is one of the major threats to human health, which affects about 5% of children and 1.4-2% of adults in the world. RESULTS To evaluate the sensitization mechanism of peanut allergen Ara h 3, Caco-2 cells as the model, which has the similar structure and function to differentiated small intestinal epithelial cells. Compared with Ara h 3-raw (purified from raw peanut) group, more significant results such as the inhibited Caco-2 cell viability and proliferation, the increased secretion of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the decreased transepithelial electrical resistance were obtained in Ara h 3-roasted (purified from roasted peanut) group. Accordingly, oxidative stress and NF-κB signaling pathway were more imbalanced, which lead to the increased of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1). Then, the gene expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1, occludin and JAM-1 were reduced, which proved that the integrity of the Caco-2 monolayer barrier is severely damaged. CONCLUSION These finding identify the mechanisms of the allergenicity of roasted peanut allergy proteins are probably associated with intestinal uptake and cytokine dependent allergies. The aggravated allergic reaction might be caused by the increment of TSLP, IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 due to the activated NF-κB signaling pathway, and the enhanced transport of Ara h 3-roasted protein by Caco-2 monolayer. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minjia Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhirui Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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7
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Buelow LM, Hoji A, Tat K, Schroeder-Carter LM, Carroll DJ, Cook-Mills JM. Mechanisms for Alternaria alternata Function in the Skin During Induction of Peanut Allergy in Neonatal Mice With Skin Barrier Mutations. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:677019. [PMID: 35387035 PMCID: PMC8974772 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.677019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal mice with heterozygous mutations in genes encoding the skin barrier proteins filaggrin and mattrin (flaky tail mice [FT+/-]) exhibit oral peanut-induced anaphylaxis after skin sensitization. As we have previously reported, sensitization in this model is achieved via skin co- exposure to the environmental allergen Alternaria alternata (Alt), peanut extract (PNE), and detergent. However, the function of Alt in initiation of peanut allergy in this model is little understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate candidate cytokines induced by Alt in the skin and determine the role of these cytokines in the development of food allergy, namely oncostatin M (Osm), amphiregulin (Areg), and IL-33. RT-qPCR analyses demonstrated that skin of FT+/- neonates expressed Il33 and Osm following Alt or Alt/PNE but not PNE exposure. By contrast, expression of Areg was induced by either Alt, PNE, or Alt/PNE sensitization in FT+/- neonates. In scRNAseq analyses, Osm, Areg, and Il33 were expressed by several cell types, including a keratinocyte cluster that was expanded in the skin of Alt/PNE-exposed FT+/- pups as compared to Alt/PNE-exposed WT pups. Areg and OSM were required for oral PNE-induced anaphylaxis since anaphylaxis was inhibited by administration of neutralizing anti-Areg or anti-OSM antibodies prior to each skin sensitization with Alt/PNE. It was then determined if intradermal injection of recombinant IL33 (rIL33), rAreg, or rOSM in the skin could substitute for Alt during skin sensitization to PNE. PNE skin sensitization with intradermal rIL33 was sufficient for oral PNE-induced anaphylaxis, whereas skin sensitization with intradermal rAreg or rOSM during skin exposure to PNE was not sufficient for anaphylaxis to oral PNE challenge. Based on these studies a pathway for IL33, Areg and OSM in Alt/PNE sensitized FT+/- skin was defined for IgE induction and anaphylaxis. Alt stimulated two pathways, an IL33 pathway and a pathway involving OSM and Areg. These two pathways acted in concert with PNE to induce food allergy in pups with skin barrier mutations.
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8
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Smits M, Nooijen I, Redegeld F, de Jong A, Le TM, Knulst A, Houben G, Verhoeckx K. Digestion and Transport across the Intestinal Epithelium Affects the Allergenicity of Ara h 1 and 3 but Not of Ara h 2 and 6. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000712. [PMID: 33434390 PMCID: PMC8047886 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Scope No accepted and validated methods are currently available which can accurately predict protein allergenicity. In this study, the role of digestion and transport on protein allergenicity is investigated. Methods and results Peanut allergens (Ara h 1, 2, 3, and 6) and a milk allergen (β‐lactoglobulin) are transported across pig intestinal epithelium using the InTESTine model and afterward basophil activation is measured to assess the (remaining) functional properties. Additionally, allergens are digested by pepsin prior to epithelial transport and their allergenicity is assessed in a human mast cell activation assay. Remarkably, transported Ara h 1 and 3 are not able to activate basophils, in contrast to Ara h 2 and 6. Digestion prior to transport results in a significant increase in mast cell activation of Ara h 1 and 3 dependent on the length of digestion time. Activation of mast cells by Ara h 2 and 6 is unaffected by digestion prior to transport. Conclusions Digestion and transport influences the allergenicity of Ara h 1 and 3, but not of Ara h 2 and 6. The influence of digestion and transport on protein allergenicity may explain why current in vitro assays are not predictive for allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Smits
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Princetonlaan 6, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CB, The Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Nooijen
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, Zeist, Utrecht, 3704 HE, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CG, The Netherlands
| | - Aard de Jong
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, Wageningen, Gelderland, 6708 WG, The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, Zeist, Utrecht, 3704 HE, The Netherlands
| | - Thuy-My Le
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - André Knulst
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Houben
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Princetonlaan 6, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CB, The Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Kitty Verhoeckx
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.,Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, Zeist, Utrecht, 3704 HE, The Netherlands
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9
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Ramadan S, Marsh J, El-Sherbeny GA, El-Halawany ESF, Luan F, Baumert JL, Johnson P, Osman Y, Goodman RE. Purification of soybean cupins and comparison of IgE binding with peanut allergens in a population of allergic subjects. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 147:111866. [PMID: 33217527 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Identification, purification and characterization of allergens is crucial to the understanding of IgE-mediated disease. Immunologic and structural studies with purified allergens is essential for understanding relative immunogenicity and cross-reactivity. In this work, the complex soybean 7S vicilins (Gly m 5) with three subunits and 11S legumins (Gly m 6) with five subunits were purified and characterized along with purified peanut allergens (Ara h 1, 2, 3, and 6) by label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Individual subjects plasma IgE binding was tested from subjects allergic to soybeans and or peanuts by immunoblotting, ImmunoCAP™ and ISAC™ ImmunoCAP chip, comparing these soybean proteins with those of purified peanut allergens; vicilin (Ara h 1), 2S albumin (Ara h 2 and Ara h 6) and 11S globulin (Ara h 3). Results show differences between methods and subjects demonstrating the complexity of finding answers to questions of cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Ramadan
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Justin Marsh
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 68588-6207, USA
| | | | | | - Fulei Luan
- Hisense Home Appliances Group Co. Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, 266104, China
| | - Joseph L Baumert
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 68588-6207, USA
| | - Philip Johnson
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 68588-6207, USA
| | - Yehia Osman
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516, Egypt
| | - Richard E Goodman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 68588-6207, USA.
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10
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Pandey AK, Sudini HK, Upadhyaya HD, Varshney RK, Pandey MK. Hypoallergen Peanut Lines Identified Through Large-Scale Phenotyping of Global Diversity Panel: Providing Hope Toward Addressing One of the Major Global Food Safety Concerns. Front Genet 2019; 10:1177. [PMID: 31827488 PMCID: PMC6890724 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peanut allergy is one of the serious health concern and affects more than 1% of the world's population mainly in Americas, Australia, and Europe. Peanut allergy is sometimes life-threatening and adversely affect the life quality of allergic individuals and their families. Consumption of hypoallergen peanuts is the best solution, however, not much effort has been made in this direction for identifying or developing hypoallergen peanut varieties. A highly diverse peanut germplasm panel was phenotyped using a recently developed monoclonal antibody-based ELISA protocol to quantify five major allergens. Results revealed a wide phenotypic variation for all the five allergens studied i.e., Ara h 1 (4-36,833 µg/g), Ara h 2 (41-77,041 µg/g), Ara h 3 (22-106,765 µg/g), Ara h 6 (829-103,892 µg/g), and Ara h 8 (0.01-70.12 µg/g). The hypoallergen peanut genotypes with low levels of allergen proteins for Ara h 1 (4 µg/g), Ara h 2 (41 µg/g), Ara h 3 (22 µg/g), Ara h 6 (829 µg/g), and Ara h 8 (0.01 µg/g) have paved the way for their use in breeding and genomics studies. In addition, these hypoallergen peanut genotypes are available for use in cultivation and industry, thus opened up new vistas for fighting against peanut allergy problem across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Manish K. Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
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11
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Yu J, Mikiashvili N. Effectiveness of different proteases in reducing allergen content and IgE-binding of raw peanuts. Food Chem 2019; 307:125565. [PMID: 31630022 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of some non-specific proteases in reducing raw peanut allergenicity was investigated. Peanut kernels were treated by Alcalase, papain, Neutrase and bromelain, respectively. The residues of major peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 were determined by sandwich ELISA and SDS-PAGE, and the allergenicities of treated peanuts were compared to that of untreated peanuts by western blot. All tested proteases were effective in reducing Ara h 1, but their effectiveness in hydrolyzing Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 varied greatly. The maximal reductions of extractable Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 were 100%, 100% and 99.8%, respectively, achieved by Alcalase hydrolysis. Alcalase was more effective in overall allergenicity reduction; bromelain and Neutrase were the least effective in reducing Ara h 2 and Ara h 6, respectively. The hydrolysis of original allergens also produced some smaller peptides with strong IgE-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Yu
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA.
| | - Nona Mikiashvili
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
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12
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Chen F, Ma H, Li Y, Wang H, Samad A, Zhou J, Zhu L, Zhang Y, He J, Fan X, Jin T. Screening of Nanobody Specific for Peanut Major Allergen Ara h 3 by Phage Display. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11219-11229. [PMID: 31408330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Peanut allergy is a major health problem worldwide. Detection of food allergens is a critical aspect of food safety. The VHH domain of single chain antibody from camelids, also known as nanobody (Nb), showed its advantages in the development of biosensors because of its high stability, small molecular size, and ease of production. However, no nanobody specific to peanut allergens has been developed. In this study, we constructed a library with random triplets (NNK) in its CDR regions of a camel nanobody backbone. We screened the library with peanut allergy Ara h 3 and obtained several candidate nanobodies. One of the promising nanobodies, Nb16 was further biochemical characterization by gel filtration, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), cocrystallization, and Western blot in terms of its interaction with Ara h 3. Nb16 specifically binds to peanut major allergen Ara h 3 with a dissociation constant of 400 nM. Furthermore, we obtained the Ara h 3-Nb16 complex crystals. Structure analysis shows the packing mode is completely different between the Ara h 3-Nb16 complex crystal and the native Ara h 3 crystal. Structural determination of Ara h 3-Nb16 will provide the necessary information to understand the allergenicity of this important peanut allergen. The nanobody Nb16 may have application in the development of biosensors for peanut allergen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230027 China
| | - Huan Ma
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230027 China
| | - Yuelong Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230027 China
| | - Heqiao Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230027 China
| | - Abdus Samad
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230027 China
| | - Jiahui Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230027 China
| | - Lixia Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230027 China
| | - Yuzhu Zhang
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, USDA-ARS , Western Regional Research Center , 800 Buchanan Street , Albany , California 94710 , United States
| | - Jie He
- Departments of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230001 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaojiao Fan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230027 China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230027 China
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Sharma GM, Chatim A, Ferguson M, Williams KM. Extraction Conditions Affect the Immunoreactivity of Peanut Allergens. J Food Sci 2019; 84:2357-2363. [PMID: 31364176 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peanut allergic consumers rely on food package labels to avoid foods containing peanut. The inadvertent presence of peanut in foods due to cross-contact can be fatal if ingestion of such food leads to an allergic reaction. Analytical methods are available to detect undeclared peanut in foods. However, depending on the type of food matrix and food processing parameters, method performance can be adversely affected due to reduction in the extraction efficiency of peanut proteins. Temperature and probe sonication were used as a preincubation treatment for peanut flour slurries to assess their effect on the total peanut protein solubility from raw, light-roasted, and dark-roasted peanut flours. The effect of these treatments on the immunoreactivity of peanut allergens (Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3, and Ara h 6) was determined by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using antibodies raised against these individual peanut proteins. Preincubation at 50 °C did not significantly improve the peanut protein solubility, whereas an increase in protein solubility was observed when light- and dark-roasted peanut flour slurries were preincubated at 90 °C or sonicated. The immunoreactivity of peanut allergens varied depending on the degree of peanut flour roasting and type of preincubation treatment. Overall, the immunoreactivity of peanut allergens from most peanut flour slurries was unaffected when preincubated at 50 °C for up to 60 min or sonicated with a probe for up to 5 min, whereas preincubation at 90 °C resulted in a time-dependent reduction in immunoreactivity of peanut allergens. Sonication treatment may improve peanut protein extraction without markedly affecting their immunoreactivity. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Extraction of peanut proteins is vital for developed analytical methods to estimate peanut allergens in foods. The manuscript describes the effect of two different temperatures (50 and 90 °C) and probe-type sonication on peanut protein solubility. The findings suggest sonication can improve peanut protein solubility without markedly affecting their immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girdhari M Sharma
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD
| | - Ajay Chatim
- Joint Inst. for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Martine Ferguson
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD
| | - Kristina M Williams
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD
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14
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Ehlers AM, Rossnagel M, Brix B, Blankestijn MA, Le TM, Suer W, Otten HG, Knulst AC. Sesame oleosins are minor allergens. Clin Transl Allergy 2019; 9:32. [PMID: 31297180 PMCID: PMC6599271 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-019-0271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In daily practice, one-third of sesame allergic patients, confirmed by clinical history or food challenge, do not show any detectable specific IgE using current diagnostics. Currently used sesame extracts are water-based and therefore lacking hydrophobic proteins like oleosins. Oleosins, the stabilizer of lipid droplets in plants, are described as allergens in sesame, peanut and hazelnut. In this study, we examine the role of oleosins in sesame allergy and their potential cross-reactivity between sesame and (pea)nuts. Methods Specific IgE and IgG sensitisation to native and heterologously expressed sesame components and oleosins from other nuts, free of seed storage proteins, was assessed by line blot and sera from 17 sesame allergic patients without detectable specific IgE sensitisation to sesame, and compared to 18 sesame allergic and 13 tolerant patients with specific IgE sensitisation to sesame. Results Sesame allergic patients without sensitisation showed no specific IgE to the tested sesame oleosins or components. Low levels of specific IgE to sesame oleosins were detected in 17% of sesame allergic and 15% of tolerant patients with sIgE sensitisation. Oleosins were recognised by serum IgG from multiple patients confirming immune reactivity and excluding technical issues leading to lack of specific IgE-binding to oleosins. Conclusion Sesame oleosins are minor allergens and appear to have no additonal value in diagnosing sesame allergy in adults based on sIgE and sIgG detection. There is a high need for additional diagnostic tools in those patients to minimize the number of required food challenges. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13601-019-0271-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Ehlers
- 1Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,2Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Mark A Blankestijn
- 1Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,2Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thuy-My Le
- 1Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,2Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Henny G Otten
- 1Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - André C Knulst
- 1Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,2Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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Shah F, Shi A, Ashley J, Kronfel C, Wang Q, Maleki SJ, Adhikari B, Zhang J. Peanut Allergy: Characteristics and Approaches for Mitigation. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:1361-1387. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Shah
- Inst. of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key research Laboratory of Agro‐Products ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Aimin Shi
- Inst. of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key research Laboratory of Agro‐Products ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Jon Ashley
- International Iberian Nanotechnology LaboratoryFood Quality and Safety Research group Berga 4715‐330 Portugal
| | - Christina Kronfel
- Food Processing and Sensory Quality ResearchUnited States Dept. of Agriculture New Orleans LA 70124 USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- Inst. of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key research Laboratory of Agro‐Products ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture Beijing 100193 P. R. China
| | - Soheila J. Maleki
- Food Processing and Sensory Quality ResearchUnited States Dept. of Agriculture New Orleans LA 70124 USA
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of ScienceRMIT Univ. Melbourne VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Jinchuang Zhang
- Inst. of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key research Laboratory of Agro‐Products ProcessingMinistry of Agriculture Beijing 100193 P. R. China
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Pandey AK, Varshney RK, Sudini HK, Pandey MK. An Improved Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Based Protocol Using Seeds for Detection of Five Major Peanut Allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3, Ara h 6, and Ara h 8. Front Nutr 2019; 6:68. [PMID: 31231654 PMCID: PMC6560202 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peanut allergy is an important health concern among many individuals. As there is no effective treatment to peanut allergy, continuous monitoring of peanut-based products, and their sources is essential. Precise detection of peanut allergens is key for identification and development of improved peanut varieties with minimum or no allergens in addition to estimating the levels in peanut-based products available in food chain. The antibody based ELISA protocol along with sample preparation was standardized for Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3, Ara h 6, and Ara h 8 to estimate their quantities in peanut seeds. Three different dilutions were optimized to precisely quantify target allergen proteins in peanut seeds such as Ara h 1 (1/1,000, 1/2,000, and 1/4,000), Ara h 2 and Ara h 3 (1/5,000, 1/10,000, and 1/20,000), Ara h 6 (1/40,000, 1/80,000, and 1/1,60,000), and Ara h 8 (1/10, 1/20, and 1/40). These dilutions were finalized for each allergen based on the accuracy of detection by achieving <20% coefficient of variation in three technical replicates. This protocol captured wide variation of allergen proteins in selected peanut genotypes for Ara h 1 (77-46,106 μg/g), Ara h 2 (265-5,426 μg/g), Ara h 3 (382-12,676 μg/g), Ara h 6 (949-43,375 μg/g), and Ara h 8 (0.385-6 μg/g). The assay is sensitive and reliable in precise detection of five major peanut allergens in seeds. Deployment of such protocol allows screening of large scale germplasm and breeding lines while developing peanut varieties with minimum allergenicity to ensure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hari K. Sudini
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Manish K. Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India
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17
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Physicochemical, conformational properties and ACE-inhibitory activity of peanut protein marinated by aged vinegar. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Tomczak A, Zielińska-Dawidziak M, Piasecka-Kwiatkowska D, Springer E, Lampart-Szczapa E. Cross-reactions between proteins isolated from new narrow-leafed lupine breeding lines and antibodies present in the sera of patients sensitized to soybeans and peanuts. Eur Food Res Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-018-3175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Wagenaar L, Bol‐Schoenmakers M, Giustarini G, Vonk MM, van Esch BC, Knippels LM, Garssen J, Smit JJ, Pieters RH. Dietary Supplementation with Nondigestible Oligosaccharides Reduces Allergic Symptoms and Supports Low Dose Oral Immunotherapy in a Peanut Allergy Mouse Model. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800369. [PMID: 30102006 PMCID: PMC6766954 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE A major downside of oral immunotherapy (OIT) for food allergy is the risk of severe side effects. Non-digestible short- and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS/lcFOS) reduce allergy development in murine models. Therefore, it is hypothesized that scFOS/lcFOS can also support the efficacy of OIT in a peanut allergy model. METHODS AND RESULTS After sensitization to peanut extract (PE) using cholera toxin, C3H/HeOuJ mice are fed a 1% scFOS/lcFOS or control diet and receive OIT (1.5 or 15 mg PE). Hereafter, mice are exposed to PE via different routes to determine the safety and efficacy of treatment in clinical outcomes, PE-specific antibody production, and numbers of various immune cells. scFOS/lcFOS increases short-chain fatty acid levels in the caecum and reduce the acute allergic skin response and drop in body temperature after PE exposure. Interestingly, 15 mg and 1.5 mg OIT with scFOS/lcFOS induce protection against anaphylaxis, whereas 1.5 mg OIT alone does not. OIT, with or without scFOS/lcFOS, induces PE-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) IgG and IgA levels and increases CD103+ dendritic cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS scFOS/lcFOS and scFOS/lcFOS combined with low dose OIT are able to protect against a peanut-allergic anaphylactic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wagenaar
- Department of ImmunotoxicologyInstitute for Risk Assessment SciencesUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 104, NL‐3584 CMUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marianne Bol‐Schoenmakers
- Department of ImmunotoxicologyInstitute for Risk Assessment SciencesUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 104, NL‐3584 CMUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Giulio Giustarini
- Department of ImmunotoxicologyInstitute for Risk Assessment SciencesUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 104, NL‐3584 CMUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marlotte M. Vonk
- Division of PharmacologyUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99, NL‐3584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Immunology PlatformNutricia ResearchUppsalalaan 12, NL‐3584 CTUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Betty C.A.M. van Esch
- Division of PharmacologyUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99, NL‐3584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Immunology PlatformNutricia ResearchUppsalalaan 12, NL‐3584 CTUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Leon M.J. Knippels
- Division of PharmacologyUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99, NL‐3584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Immunology PlatformNutricia ResearchUppsalalaan 12, NL‐3584 CTUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of PharmacologyUtrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 99, NL‐3584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Immunology PlatformNutricia ResearchUppsalalaan 12, NL‐3584 CTUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Joost J. Smit
- Department of ImmunotoxicologyInstitute for Risk Assessment SciencesUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 104, NL‐3584 CMUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Raymond H.H. Pieters
- Department of ImmunotoxicologyInstitute for Risk Assessment SciencesUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 104, NL‐3584 CMUtrechtThe Netherlands
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21
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Koppelman SJ, Smits M, Tomassen M, de Jong GAH, Baumert J, Taylor SL, Witkamp R, Veldman RJ, Pieters R, Wichers H. Release of Major Peanut Allergens from Their Matrix under Various pH and Simulated Saliva Conditions-Ara h2 and Ara h6 Are Readily Bio-Accessible. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1281. [PMID: 30208580 PMCID: PMC6165493 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral mucosa is the first immune tissue that encounters allergens upon ingestion of food. We hypothesized that the bio-accessibility of allergens at this stage may be a key determinant for sensitization. Light roasted peanut flour was suspended at various pH in buffers mimicking saliva. Protein concentrations and allergens profiles were determined in the supernatants. Peanut protein solubility was poor in the pH range between 3 and 6, while at a low pH (1.5) and at moderately high pHs (>8), it increased. In the pH range of saliva, between 6.5 and 8.5, the allergens Ara h2 and Ara h6 were readily released, whereas Ara h1 and Ara h3 were poorly released. Increasing the pH from 6.5 to 8.5 slightly increased the release of Ara h1 and Ara h3, but the recovery remained low (approximately 20%) compared to that of Ara h2 and Ara h6 (approximately 100% and 65%, respectively). This remarkable difference in the extraction kinetics suggests that Ara h2 and Ara h6 are the first allergens an individual is exposed to upon ingestion of peanut-containing food. We conclude that the peanut allergens Ara h2 and Ara h6 are quickly bio-accessible in the mouth, potentially explaining their extraordinary allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef J Koppelman
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska, 279 Food Innovation Center, Lincoln, NE 68588-6207, USA.
| | - Mieke Smits
- Research Group Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences, Heidelberglaan 7, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Monic Tomassen
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Joe Baumert
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska, 279 Food Innovation Center, Lincoln, NE 68588-6207, USA.
| | - Steve L Taylor
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska, 279 Food Innovation Center, Lincoln, NE 68588-6207, USA.
| | - Renger Witkamp
- Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert Jan Veldman
- Research Group Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences, Heidelberglaan 7, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Raymond Pieters
- Research Group Innovative Testing in Life Sciences and Chemistry, University of Applied Sciences, Heidelberglaan 7, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicines, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Harry Wichers
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Peanut allergens have the potential to negatively impact on the health and quality of life of millions of consumers worldwide. The seeds of the peanut plant Arachis hypogaea contain an array of allergens that are able to induce the production of specific IgE antibodies in predisposed individuals. A lot of effort has been focused on obtaining the sequences and structures of these allergens due to the high health risk they represent. At present, 16 proteins present in peanuts are officially recognized as allergens. Research has also focused on their in-depth immunological characterization as well as on the design of modified hypoallergenic derivatives for potential use in clinical studies and the formulation of strategies for immunotherapy. Detailed research protocols are available for the purification of natural allergens as well as their recombinant production in bacterial, yeast, insect, and algal cells. Purified allergen molecules are now routinely used in diagnostic multiplex protein arrays for the detection of the presence of allergen-specific IgE. This review gives an overview on the wealth of knowledge that is available on individual peanut allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Palladino
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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23
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Mikiashvili N, Yu J. Changes in immunoreactivity of allergen-reduced peanuts due to post-enzyme treatment roasting. Food Chem 2018; 256:188-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.02.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Wilson KA, Tan-Wilson A. Proteases catalyzing vicilin cleavage in developing pea (Pisum sativum L.) seeds. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 224-225:86-94. [PMID: 29609123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Legume species differ in whether or not the 7S globulins stored in seeds undergo proteolytic processing during seed development, while preserving the bicupin structure and trimeric assembly necessary for accumulation and packing into protein storage vacuoles. Two such cleavage sites have been documented for the vicilins in pea cotyledons: one in the linker region between the two cupin domains, and another in an exposed loop in the C-terminal cupin. In this report, we explain the occurrence of vicilin cleavage in developing pea by showing that the storage vacuoles are already acidified before germination, in contrast to soybean and peanut where acidification occurs only after germination. We also show that the two cleavage reactions are catalyzed by two different proteases. The vicilin cleavage at the linker region was inhibited by AEBSF (4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride), indicative of a serine protease. The cleavage in the C-terminal cupin domain was sensitive to the sulfhydryl-reactive reagents p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate and iodoacetate, but not to E-64 (N-[N-(L-3-transcarboxyirane-2-carbonyl)-l-leucyl]-agmatine), characteristic of the legumain class of cysteine proteases. During seed development, we found the predominant vicilin cleavage in this pea cultivar (Knight) to be at the site in the second cupin domain; but after germination, both sites were cleaved at about the same rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl A Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States.
| | - Anna Tan-Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States.
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Walker MT, Green JE, Ferrie RP, Queener AM, Kaplan MH, Cook-Mills JM. Mechanism for initiation of food allergy: Dependence on skin barrier mutations and environmental allergen costimulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:1711-1725.e9. [PMID: 29454836 PMCID: PMC5938139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms for the development of food allergy in neonates are unknown but clearly linked in patient populations to a genetic predisposition to skin barrier defects. Whether skin barrier defects contribute functionally to development of food allergy is unknown. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to determine whether skin barrier mutations, which are primarily heterozygous in patient populations, contribute to the development of food allergy. METHODS Mice heterozygous for the filaggrin (Flg)ft and Tmem79ma mutations were skin sensitized with environmental and food allergens. After sensitization, mice received oral challenge with food allergen, and then inflammation, inflammatory mediators, and anaphylaxis were measured. RESULTS We define development of inflammation, inflammatory mediators, and food allergen-induced anaphylaxis in neonatal mice with skin barrier mutations after brief concurrent cutaneous exposure to food and environmental allergens. Moreover, neonates of allergic mothers have increased responses to suboptimal sensitization with food allergens. Importantly, responses to food allergens by these neonatal mice were dependent on genetic defects in skin barrier function and on exposure to environmental allergens. ST2 blockade during skin sensitization inhibited the development of anaphylaxis, antigen-specific IgE, and inflammatory mediators. Neonatal anaphylactic responses and antigen-specific IgE were also inhibited by oral pre-exposure to food allergen, but interestingly, this was blunted by concurrent pre-exposure of the skin to environmental allergen. CONCLUSION These studies uncover mechanisms for food allergy sensitization and anaphylaxis in neonatal mice that are consistent with features of human early-life exposures and genetics in patients with clinical food allergy and demonstrate that changes in barrier function drive development of anaphylaxis to food allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Walker
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Jeremy E Green
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Ryan P Ferrie
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Ashley M Queener
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Joan M Cook-Mills
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondulla T. Toomer
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Market Quality and Handling Research Unit, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Jin T, Wang C, Zhang C, Wang Y, Chen YW, Guo F, Howard A, Cao MJ, Fu TJ, McHugh TH, Zhang Y. Crystal Structure of Cocosin, A Potential Food Allergen from Coconut (Cocos nucifera). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7560-7568. [PMID: 28712292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coconut (Cocos nucifera) is an important palm tree. Coconut fruit is widely consumed. The most abundant storage protein in coconut fruit is cocosin (a likely food allergen), which belongs to the 11S globulin family. Cocosin was crystallized near a century ago, but its structure remains unknown. By optimizing crystallization conditions and cryoprotectant solutions, we were able to obtain cocosin crystals that diffracted to 1.85 Å. The cocosin gene was cloned from genomic DNA isolated from dry coconut tissue. The protein sequence deduced from the predicted cocosin coding sequence was used to guide model building and structure refinement. The structure of cocosin was determined for the first time, and it revealed a typical 11S globulin feature of a double layer doughnut-shaped hexamer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengchuan Jin
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230027 China
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology , 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230027 China
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Caiying Zhang
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230027 China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology , 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Yu-Wei Chen
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology , 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology , 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Andrew Howard
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology , 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Min-Jie Cao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Tong-Jen Fu
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, United States
| | - Tara H McHugh
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center , 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, United States
| | - Yuzhu Zhang
- Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology , 3101 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
- Healthy Processed Foods Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Western Regional Research Center , 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, United States
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Alves RC, Barroso MF, González-García MB, Oliveira MBPP, Delerue-Matos C. New Trends in Food Allergens Detection: Toward Biosensing Strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:2304-19. [PMID: 25779935 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.831026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Food allergens are a real threat to sensitized individuals. Although food labeling is crucial to provide information to consumers with food allergies, accidental exposure to allergenic proteins may result from undeclared allergenic substances by means of food adulteration, fraud or uncontrolled cross-contamination. Allergens detection in foodstuffs can be a very hard task, due to their presence usually in trace amounts, together with the natural interference of the matrix. Methods for allergens analysis can be mainly divided in two large groups: the immunological assays and the DNA-based ones. Mass spectrometry has also been used as a confirmatory tool. Recently, biosensors appeared as innovative, sensitive, selective, environmentally friendly, cheaper and fast techniques (especially when automated and/or miniaturized), able to effectively replace the classical methodologies. In this review, we present the advances in the field of food allergens detection toward the biosensing strategies and discuss the challenges and future perspectives of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita C Alves
- a REQUIMTE, LAQV/Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b REQUIMTE, LAQV/Departamento de Ciências Químicas , Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - M Fátima Barroso
- a REQUIMTE, LAQV/Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b REQUIMTE, LAQV/Departamento de Ciências Químicas , Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | | | - M Beatriz P P Oliveira
- b REQUIMTE, LAQV/Departamento de Ciências Químicas , Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- a REQUIMTE, LAQV/Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto , Porto , Portugal
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30
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Plundrich NJ, Bansode RR, Foegeding EA, Williams LL, Lila MA. Protein-bound Vaccinium fruit polyphenols decrease IgE binding to peanut allergens and RBL-2H3 mast cell degranulation in vitro. Food Funct 2017; 8:1611-1621. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00249a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Peanut allergy is a worldwide health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie J. Plundrich
- Plants for Human Health Institute
- Department of Food
- Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences
- North Carolina State University
- Kannapolis
| | - Rishipal R. Bansode
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
- Kannapolis
- USA
| | - E. Allen Foegeding
- Department of Food
- Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Leonard L. Williams
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
- Kannapolis
- USA
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Plants for Human Health Institute
- Department of Food
- Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences
- North Carolina State University
- Kannapolis
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Wu Z, Zhang Y, Zhan S, Lian J, Zhao R, Li K, Tong P, Li X, Yang A, Chen H. Development of immunoaffinity chromatographic method for Ara h 2 isolation. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 131:85-90. [PMID: 27989798 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Ara h 2 is considered a major allergen in peanut. Due to the difficulty of separation, Ara h 2 had not been fully studied. Immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) column can separate target protein with high selectivity, which made it possible to purify Ara h 2 from different samples. In this study, IAC method was developed to purify Ara h 2 and its effect was evaluated. By coupling polyclonal antibody (pAb) on CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B, the column for specific extraction was constructed. The coupling efficiency of the IAC column was higher than 90%, which made the capacity of column reached 0.56 mg per 0.15 g medium (dry weight). The recovery of Ara h 2 ranged from 93% to 100% for different concentrations of pure Ara h 2 solutions in 15 min. After using a column 10 times, about 88% of the column capacity remained. When applied to extract Ara h 2 from raw peanut protein extract and boiled peanut protein extract, the IAC column could recovery 94% and 88% target protein from the mixture. SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analysis confirmed the purified protein was Ara h 2, its purity reached about 90%. Significantly, the IAC column could capture dimer of Ara h 2, which made it feasible to prepared derivative of protein after processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; School of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shaode Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; School of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jun Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; School of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ruifang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; School of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; School of Resources Environment & Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; School of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; School of Food Science & Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Anshu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
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Peanut protein extraction conditions strongly influence yield of allergens Ara h 1 and 2 and sensitivity of immunoassays. Food Chem 2016; 221:335-344. [PMID: 27979211 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The clinical importance of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) allergies demands standardized allergen extraction protocols. We determined the effectiveness of common extraction conditions (20 buffers, defatting reagents, extraction time/temperatures, processing, extraction repeats) on crude protein and Ara h 1 and 2 yields. Despite similar 1D-gel profiles, defatting with n-hexane resulted in significantly higher yields of crude protein, Ara h 1, and Ara h 2 than with diethyl ether. The yields were affected by the composition and pH of the extraction buffers and other conditions, but crude protein yield did not always correlate with Ara h 1 and 2 yields. Denaturants, reducing agents, acidic buffers, and thermal processing of peanuts perturbed allergen quantification in ELISAs, probably via exposure of additional epitopes. Allergen detection in 2D-Western blots with PBS resulted in greater sensitivity than with TBS or Tris. We recommend that allergen extraction conditions be selected based on the research question being investigated.
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Qamar N, Fishbein AB, Erickson KA, Cai M, Szychlinski C, Bryce PJ, Schleimer RP, Fuleihan RL, Singh AM. Naturally occurring tolerance acquisition to foods in previously allergic children is characterized by antigen specificity and associated with increased subsets of regulatory T cells. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:1663-72. [PMID: 25989379 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergy affects approximately 6-8% of children, and increasing in prevalence. Some children naturally outgrow their food allergy without intervention, but the mechanisms by which this occurs remain poorly understood. We sought to investigate the role of regulatory T cells in the development of naturally acquired tolerance. METHODS Fifty-eight children (1-18 years) with either egg or peanut allergy, recent acquisition of natural tolerance to egg or peanut, or no food allergy were studied. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from these groups were stimulated with relevant antigen for 48 h and flow cytometry performed to characterize both surface (CD3, CD4, CD25, CD14, CD19, and CD127) and intracellular markers (IL-10, Foxp3, and IL-5). RESULTS Resting PBMC from naturally tolerant patients had significantly increased CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127loFoxp3+ cells, when compared to allergic or control patients (mean 6.36 vs. 2.37 vs. 2.62%, respectively, P < 0.05). Upon stimulation with relevant antigen, naturally tolerant patients also had increased IL-10-expressing CD25+CD127lo cells (6.33 vs. 1.65 vs. 0.7, P < 0.01), Foxp3+ cells (mean 12.6 vs. 5.42 vs. 3%, P < 0.01), and CD4+ cells (mean 4.48 vs. 1.59 vs. 0.87%, P < 0.01); the increase was not observed in PBMCs from allergic or control patients. Additionally, this upregulation was only seen with relevant antigen stimulation and not upon stimulation with unrelated antigen. CONCLUSION The increased CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127lo cells at baseline and upon stimulation and increased induction of IL-10-producing cells of several types, including Tr1 cells, from naturally tolerant patients suggests an important role for regulatory T cell subsets in the acquisition of natural tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Qamar
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A B Fishbein
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - K A Erickson
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Cai
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C Szychlinski
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - P J Bryce
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R P Schleimer
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - R L Fuleihan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A M Singh
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Comstock SS, Maleki SJ, Teuber SS. Boiling and Frying Peanuts Decreases Soluble Peanut (Arachis Hypogaea) Allergens Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 But Does Not Generate Hypoallergenic Peanuts. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157849. [PMID: 27310538 PMCID: PMC4911009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peanut allergy continues to be a problem in most developed countries of the world. We sought a processing method that would alter allergenic peanut proteins, such that allergen recognition by IgE from allergic individuals would be significantly reduced or eliminated. Such a method would render accidental exposures to trace amounts of peanuts safer. A combination of boiling and frying decreased recovery of Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 at their expected MWs. In contrast, treatment with high pressures under varying temperatures had no effect on protein extraction profiles. Antibodies specific for Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 6 bound proteins extracted from raw samples but not in boiled/fried samples. However, pre-incubation of serum with boiled/fried extract removed most raw peanut-reactive IgE from solution, including IgE directed to Ara h 1 and 2. Thus, this method of processing is unlikely to generate a peanut product tolerated by peanut allergic patients. Importantly, variability in individual patients' IgE repertoires may mean that some patients' IgE would bind fewer polypeptides in the sequentially processed seed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Comstock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Soheila J Maleki
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Southern Regional Research Center (USDA-ARS-SRRC), New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Suzanne S Teuber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Allergenicity attributes of different peanut market types. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 91:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Plundrich NJ, White BL, Dean LL, Davis JP, Foegeding EA, Lila MA. Stability and immunogenicity of hypoallergenic peanut protein-polyphenol complexes during in vitro pepsin digestion. Food Funct 2016; 6:2145-54. [PMID: 26007692 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00162e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Allergenic peanut proteins are relatively resistant to digestion, and if digested, metabolized peptides tend to remain large and immunoreactive, triggering allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. In this study, the stability of hypoallergenic peanut protein-polyphenol complexes was evaluated during simulated in vitro gastric digestion. When digested with pepsin, the basic subunit of the peanut allergen Ara h 3 was more rapidly hydrolyzed in peanut protein-cranberry or green tea polyphenol complexes compared to uncomplexed peanut flour. Ara h 2 was also hydrolyzed more quickly in the peanut protein-cranberry polyphenol complex than in uncomplexed peanut flour. Peptides from peanut protein-cranberry polyphenol complexes and peanut protein-green tea polyphenol complexes were substantially less immunoreactive (based on their capacity to bind to peanut-specific IgE from patient plasma) compared to peptides from uncomplexed peanut flour. These results suggest that peanut protein-polyphenol complexes may be less immunoreactive passing through the digestive tract in vivo, contributing to their attenuated allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie J Plundrich
- Plants for Human Health Institute, Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA.
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van Erp FC, Klemans RJB, Meijer Y, van der Ent CK, Knulst AC. Using Component-Resolved Diagnostics in the Management of Peanut-Allergic Patients. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2016; 3:169-180. [PMID: 27330930 PMCID: PMC4891380 DOI: 10.1007/s40521-016-0080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Instead of relying on crude peanut extract, component-resolved diagnostics (CRD) uses sensitization to allergenic proteins within peanut. In this review, we describe the recent advances and future perspectives of the use of CRD in the management of peanut-allergic patients. There is strong evidence that sensitization to Ara h 2 is the best predictor for clinically relevant peanut allergy in children and adults. Isolated sensitization to other peanut components is only rarely present in patients with systemic reactions to peanut. It is, however, important to remark that cut-off points of sIgE to Ara h 2 that predict tolerance or allergy vary between different study populations, different age groups and geographical regions, and validation studies performed in different settings are necessary to implement cut-offs in daily practice. Future studies should focus on the role of CRD in risk-assessment early in life, predicting long-term tolerance and monitoring treatment responses following immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C van Erp
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands ; Department of Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, P O Box 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R J B Klemans
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Y Meijer
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C K van der Ent
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A C Knulst
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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L’Hocine L, Pitre M. Quantitative and qualitative optimization of allergen extraction from peanut and selected tree nuts. Part 2. Optimization of buffer and ionic strength using a full factorial experimental design. Food Chem 2016; 194:820-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Singh H, Cantoria MJ, Malave P, Saputra D, Maleki S. Standardization of RP-HPLC methods for the detection of the major peanut allergens Ara h 1, Ara h 2 and Ara h 3. Food Chem 2016; 194:383-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Li Y, Sun X, Ma Z, Cui Y, Du C, Xia X, Qian H. Beneficial Influence of Short-Term Germination on Decreasing Allergenicity of Peanut Proteins. J Food Sci 2015; 81:T255-61. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Li
- School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ; Wu Xi 214122 China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ; Wu Xi 214122 China
| | - Zhezhe Ma
- School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ; Wu Xi 214122 China
| | - Yan Cui
- Inst. of Agricultural Products Processing; Ningbo Inst. of Agricultural Sciences; Ningbo 315040 China
| | - Chao Du
- School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ; Wu Xi 214122 China
| | - Xiuhua Xia
- School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ; Wu Xi 214122 China
| | - He Qian
- School of Food Science and Technology; Jiangnan Univ; Wu Xi 214122 China
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41
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Effect of thermal and electric field treatment on the conformation of Ara h 6 peanut protein allergen. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Smit JJ, Pennings MT, Willemsen K, van Roest M, van Hoffen E, Pieters RH. Heterogeneous responses and cross reactivity between the major peanut allergens Ara h 1, 2,3 and 6 in a mouse model for peanut allergy. Clin Transl Allergy 2015; 5:13. [PMID: 25802736 PMCID: PMC4369825 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-015-0056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relative contribution and the relation between individual peanut allergens in peanut allergic responses is still matter of debate. We determined the individual contribution of peanut proteins to B, T cell and allergic effector responses in a mouse model for peanut allergy. METHODS Mice were immunized and challenged by oral gavage with peanut protein extract or isolated allergens Ara h 1, 2, 3 and 6 followed by assessment of food allergic manifestations. In addition, T cell responses to the individual proteins were measured by an in vitro dendritic cell-T cell assay. RESULTS Sensitization with the individual peanut proteins elicited IgE responses with specificity to the allergen used as expected. However, cross reactivity among Ara h 1, 2, 3 and 6 was observed. T cell re-stimulations with peanut extract and individual peanut proteins also showed cross reactivity between Ara h 1, 2, 3 and 6. Despite the cross reactivity at the IgE level, only Ara h 2 and 6 were able to elicit mast cell degranulation after an oral challenge. However, after systemic challenge, Ara h 1, 2 and 6 and to lesser extent Ara h 3 were able to elicit anaphylactic responses. CONCLUSIONS Ara h 1, 2, 3 and 6 sensitize via the intra-gastric route, but differ in their capacity to cause allergic effector responses. Interestingly, extensive cross reactivity at T cell and antibody level is observed among Ara h 1, 2, 3 and 6, which may have important implications for the diagnosis and therapy of peanut allergy. Awareness about the relative contribution of individual peanut allergens and cross reactivity between these allergens is of importance for current research in diagnostics and therapeutics for and the mechanism of peanut allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost J Smit
- Immunotoxicology group, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands ; Utrecht Centre for Food Allergy, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten T Pennings
- Utrecht Centre for Food Allergy, Utrecht, The Netherlands ; Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands ; Current affiliation: HU University of Applied Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karina Willemsen
- Immunotoxicology group, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon van Roest
- Immunotoxicology group, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Els van Hoffen
- Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands ; Current affiliation: NIZO food research BV, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond H Pieters
- Immunotoxicology group, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Jayasena S, Smits M, Fiechter D, de Jong A, Nordlee J, Baumert J, Taylor SL, Pieters RH, Koppelman SJ. Comparison of six commercial ELISA kits for their specificity and sensitivity in detecting different major peanut allergens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1849-1855. [PMID: 25651402 DOI: 10.1021/jf504741t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Six commercial peanut enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were assessed for their ability to recover peanut from the standard reference material 2387 peanut butter and also for their specificity in detecting four major peanut allergens, Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3, and Ara h 6. The percentage recovery of peanut from peanut butter differed across different kits as well as at different sample concentrations. The highest recovery was observed with the Romer and R-Biopharm kits, while four other kits were found to underestimate the protein content of the reference peanut butter samples. Five of the kits were most sensitive in detecting Ara h 3 followed by Ara h 1, while hardly recognizing Ara h 2 and Ara h 6. The other kit showed the highest sensitivity to Ara h 2 and Ara h 6, while Ara h 1 and Ara h 3 were poorly recognized. Although Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 are known to be heat stable and more potent allergens, antisera specific to any of these four peanut proteins/allergens may serve as good markers for the detection of peanut residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamali Jayasena
- Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Nebraska , 143 Food Industry Complex, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0919, United States
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Chandran M, Chu Y, Maleki SJ, Ozias-Akins P. Stability of transgene expression in reduced allergen peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) across multiple generations and at different soil sulfur levels. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1788-1797. [PMID: 25616282 DOI: 10.1021/jf504892f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) containing a gene designed for RNA interference (RNAi) showed stable complete silencing of Ara h 2 and partial silencing of Ara h 6, two potent peanut allergens/proteins, along with minimal collateral changes to other allergens, Ara h 1 and Ara h 3, across three generations (T3, T4, and T5) under field conditions. Different soil sulfur levels (0.012, 0.3, and 3.0 mM) differentially impacted sulfur-rich (Ara h 2, Ara h 3, and Ara h 6) versus sulfur-poor (Ara h 1) proteins in non-transgenic versus transgenic peanut. The sulfur level had no effect on Ara h 1, whereas low sulfur led to a significant reduction of Ara h 3 in transgenic and non-transgenic seeds and Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 in non-transgenic but not in transgenic peanuts because these proteins already were reduced by gene silencing. These results demonstrate stability of transgene expression and the potential utility of RNAi in allergen manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Chandran
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia , Tifton, Georgia 31793-5766, United States
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45
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Khuda SE, Jackson LS, Fu TJ, Williams KM. Effects of processing on the recovery of food allergens from a model dark chocolate matrix. Food Chem 2015; 168:580-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Han H, Thelen TD, Comeau MR, Ziegler SF. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin-mediated epicutaneous inflammation promotes acute diarrhea and anaphylaxis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:5442-52. [PMID: 25365222 DOI: 10.1172/jci77798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) and food allergy are closely linked; however, the mechanisms that guide the progression of AD to allergic inflammatory responses at other mucosal surfaces, including the gastrointestinal tract, are not well understood. Here, we determined that exposure of mice that have been epicutaneously sensitized with thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and antigen to repeated oral doses of the same antigen induced acute diarrhea and anaphylaxis. In this model, loss of TSLP signaling specifically in DCs led to loss of induced allergic diarrhea through lack of sensitization. While TSLP responses were not required during oral allergen challenge, CD4(+) T cells were required and transferred disease when introduced into naive hosts. In addition, oral exposure to the antigen prior to skin sensitization blocked development of allergic disease. Finally, mice lacking the receptor for IL-25 failed to develop acute diarrhea and anaphylaxis, highlighting a role for IL-25 in the initiation of type 2 immunity in the intestine. These results demonstrate a role for TSLP and IL-25 in the atopic march from skin sensitization to food allergic responses and provide a model system for the generation of potential therapeutic interventions.
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Modulation of peanut-induced allergic immune responses by oral lactic acid bacteria-based vaccines in mice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:6353-64. [PMID: 24770368 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5678-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Peanut allergy (PNA) has becoming a non-negligible health concern worldwide. Thus far, allergen-specific immunotherapy aimed at inducing mucosal tolerance has widely been regarded as a major management strategy for PNA. The safety profiles and the intrinsic probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) render them attractive delivery vehicles for mucosal vaccines. In the present study, we exploited genetically modified Lactococcus lactis to produce peanut allergen Ara h 2 via different protein-targeting systems and their immunomodulatory potency for allergic immune responses in mice were investigated. By comparison with the strain expressing the cytoplasmic form of Ara h 2 (LL1), the strains expressing the secreted and anchored forms of Ara h 2 (LL2 and LL3) were more potent in redirecting a Th2-polarized to a non-allergic Th1 immune responses. Induction of SIgA and regulatory T cells were also observed at the local levels by orally administration of recombinant L. lactis. Our results indicate that allergen-producing L. lactis strains modulated allergic immune responses and may be developed as promising mucosal vaccines for managing allergic diseases.
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Masuyama K, Yamamoto K, Ito K, Kitagawa E, Yamaki K. Simplified Methods for Purification of Peanut Allergenic Proteins: Ara h 1, Ara h 2, and Ara h 3. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.20.875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Peanut is recognized as a potent food allergen producing one of the most frequent food allergies. This fact has originated the publication of an elevated number of scientific reports dealing with peanut allergens and, especially, the prevalence of peanut allergy. For this reason, the information available on peanut allergens is increasing and the debate about peanut allergy is always renewed. This article reviews the information currently available on peanut allergens and on the techniques used for their chemical characterization. Moreover, a general overview on the current biotechnological approaches used to reduce or eliminate peanut allergens is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sáiz
- Department of Chemistry I, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences, and Chemistry, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Barletta B, Rossi G, Schiavi E, Butteroni C, Corinti S, Boirivant M, Di Felice G. Probiotic VSL#3-induced TGF-β ameliorates food allergy inflammation in a mouse model of peanut sensitization through the induction of regulatory T cells in the gut mucosa. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:2233-44. [PMID: 23943347 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Among food allergies, peanut allergy is frequently associated with severe anaphylactic reactions. In the need for safe and effective therapeutic strategies, probiotics may be considered on the basis of their immunomodulatory properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the immunological mediators involved in the effects of probiotic VSL#3 oral supplementation on Th2 inflammation and anaphylaxis in a mouse model of peanut allergy. METHODS AND RESULTS VSL#3 supplementation to peanut-sensitized mice was effective in ameliorating anaphylaxis and Th2-mediated inflammation, by promoting regulatory responses in the jejunum mucosa and in the mesenteric lymph node, as evaluated by ELISA, real-time PCR, histologic, and immunohistochemical analysis. Probiotic-induced TGF-β mediates its protective effects through the induction of regulatory T cells expressing FOXP3 and/or latency-associated peptide, as proven by in vivo blockade of TGF-β in VSL#3-treated mice with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody one day before challenge. CONCLUSION TGF-β, induced in the gut by VSL#3 supplementation, is capable of reducing the Th2 inflammation associated with food anaphylaxis in a mouse model of peanut sensitization. TGF-β acts through the induction/maintenance of regulatory T cells expressing FOXP3 and/or latency-associated peptide. Probiotics supplementation may represent an effective and safe strategy for treating food allergies in adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Barletta
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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