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Nguyen P, Schermerhorn AC. Child Temperamental Negative Affectivity Moderates the Relation between Interparental Conflict and Child Cortisol Recovery. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2024; 33:e12753. [PMID: 39926418 PMCID: PMC11805499 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/11/2025]
Abstract
This study examined the relation between interparental conflict and cortisol recovery, with child temperamental negative affectivity as the moderator. Children (n = 118) ages 9 to 11 years observed an argument between their parents in the lab and provided saliva samples for cortisol assays. Children also reported levels of interparental conflict, and mothers reported their child's negative affectivity. Results showed that youths with high levels of negative affectivity experienced less cortisol recovery as interparental conflict levels increased. Further, demonstrating some support for differential susceptibility, youths with higher levels of negative affectivity exhibited less recovery at high levels of parental conflict but greater recovery at low levels of parental conflict, compared to peers with lower scores on negative affectivity. We also found that children with low levels of negative affectivity exhibited greater recovery as rates of interparental conflict increased. In summary, this study sheds light on sources of variability in cortisol recovery as it relates to interparental disharmony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont
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2
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Li Z, Sturge-Apple ML, Swerbenski HG, Liu S, Davies PT. Family risk, parental cortisol contagion, and parenting: A process-oriented approach to spillover. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38440805 PMCID: PMC11374936 DOI: 10.1017/s095457942400052x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
This multi-method longitudinal study sought to investigate linkage in parental neuroendocrine functioning - indicated by cortisol - over two measurement occasions. In addition, we examined how parental cortisol linkage may operate as an intermediate factor in the cascade of contextual risks and parenting. Participants were 235 families with a young child (Mage = 33.56, 36.00 years for mothers and fathers respectively), who were followed for two annual measurement occasions. Parental cortisol linkage was measured around a laboratory conflict discussion task at both measurement occasions (i.e., pre-discussion, 20- and 40-minute post-discussion for each measurement occasion). Maternal and paternal parenting behavior was observed during a parent-child discipline discussion task. Findings indicated similar levels of cortisol linkage between parents over the two measurement occasions. Furthermore, cortisol linkage between parents operated as an intermediate factor between contextual risks and more compromised parenting behavior. That is, greater contextual risks, indicated by greater neighborhood risk and interparental conflict, were linked to greater cortisol linkage between parents over time, which was in turn linked to greater authoritarian parenting during parent-child interaction. Findings highlighted the importance of understanding physiological-linkage processes with respect to the impact of contextual risks on family functioning and may have crucial implications for clinical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- University of Rochester & Mt. Hope Family Center, Rochester, USA
| | | | | | - Siwei Liu
- University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Patrick T Davies
- University of Rochester & Mt. Hope Family Center, Rochester, USA
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3
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Corridan CL, Dawson SE, Mullan S. Potential Benefits of a 'Trauma-Informed Care' Approach to Improve the Assessment and Management of Dogs Presented with Anxiety Disorders. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:459. [PMID: 38338102 PMCID: PMC10854685 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Dog caregiver reporting on the spectrum of fearful-aggressive behaviours often describes 'unpredictable' or 'exaggerated' responses to a situation/animal/person. A possible explanation for these behavioural responses considers that the dog is reacting to triggered memories for which the dog has a negative association. For many dogs undergoing veterinary behavioural treatment or rehabilitation through a canine rescue organisation, the assessing clinician relies on "proxy" reporting of the history/background by a caregiver (dog owner, foster carer, or shelter personnel). Detailed information on the event or circumstances resulting in this negative association may be limited or absent altogether. Consideration of a trauma-informed care (TIC) approach, currently applied in a wide range of human psychology and social care fields, may be helpful in guiding the clinical approach taken. The literature relating to adverse early experience (AEE) and trauma-informed care (TIC) in puppies/dogs compared to children/adults was evaluated to identify common themes and conclusions identified across both species. In the absence of known/identifiable trauma, behavioural assessment and management should consider that a 'problem' dog may behave as it does, as the result of previous trauma. The dog can then be viewed through a lens of empathy and understanding, often lacking for dogs presenting with impulsive, reactive, or aggressive behaviours. Assessment must avoid re-traumatising the animal through exposure to triggering stimuli and, treatment options should include counselling of caregivers on the impact of adverse early experiences, consideration of the window of tolerance, and TIC behavioural modification techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan E. Dawson
- Research Fellow in Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Siobhan Mullan
- Animal Welfare & Ethics, UCD School of Veterinary Science, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland;
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4
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Brown SM, Faw MH, Lucas-Thompson RG, Pettigrew J, Quirk K. Relations Between Stress-Adapted Communication Skills and Toxic Social Networks Among Young Adults with Childhood Adversity. ADVERSITY AND RESILIENCE SCIENCE 2023; 4:1-13. [PMID: 37361563 PMCID: PMC10015516 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-023-00093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences are associated with deleterious outcomes across the lifespan. However, some individuals who grow up in adverse environments may develop stress-adapted skills or resilience factors that enable them to function in their current lived environments. This study explored whether communication is a stress-adapted skill among young adults with co-occurring forms of childhood adversity and the extent to which these communication skills are implicated in toxic social networks. This cross-sectional study included 384 young adults, ages 18-35 years, who completed an online survey. Mixture modeling was used to conduct latent class models estimating subgroups of young adults with co-occurring forms of early adversity; then, regression models estimated the association between communication skills and toxic social networks among subgroups. Four latent classes were identified: (1) high childhood adversity; (2) high to moderate household dysfunction and emotional abuse; (3) high emotional abuse and moderate physical abuse and emotional neglect; and (4) low or no childhood adversity. Results from regression models indicate that participants classified in the high emotional abuse and moderate physical abuse and emotional neglect class had more adaptive communication skills with friends than their counterparts in the low or no childhood adversity class, and participants in the high childhood adversity or low or no childhood adversity classes with higher communication skills were less likely to report toxic social networks. Findings suggest that stress-adapted communication skills may be one resilience factor that supports adaptation among young adults with early adversity exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Brown
- School of Social Work, Colorado State University, 1586 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Meara H. Faw
- Department of Communication Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Rachel G. Lucas-Thompson
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Jessica Pettigrew
- School of Social Work, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Kelley Quirk
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
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5
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Bales KL, Hang S, Paulus JP, Jahanfard E, Manca C, Jost G, Boyer C, Bern R, Yerumyan D, Rogers S, Mederos SL. Individual differences in social homeostasis. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1068609. [PMID: 36969803 PMCID: PMC10036751 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1068609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of “social homeostasis”, introduced by Matthews and Tye in 2019, has provided a framework with which to consider our changing individual needs for social interaction, and the neurobiology underlying this system. This model was conceived as including detector systems, a control center with a setpoint, and effectors which allow us to seek out or avoid additional social contact. In this article, we review and theorize about the many different factors that might contribute to the setpoint of a person or animal, including individual, social, cultural, and other environmental factors. We conclude with a consideration of the empirical challenges of this exciting new model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L. Bales
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, >Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Karen L. Bales
| | - Sally Hang
- Graduate Group in Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - John P. Paulus
- Graduate Group in Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Elaina Jahanfard
- Graduate Group in Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Claudia Manca
- Graduate Group in Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Geneva Jost
- Graduate Group in Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Chase Boyer
- Graduate Group in Human Development, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Rose Bern
- Graduate Group in Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Daniella Yerumyan
- Graduate Group in Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sophia Rogers
- Graduate Group in Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sabrina L. Mederos
- Graduate Group in Animal Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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6
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Oshri A. The Hormesis Model for Building Resilience Through Adversity: Attention to Mechanism in Developmental Context. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/10892680221142020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In developmental science, resilience refers to children and youths’ ability to recover and pursue positive development in the face of stress related to adversity. Extant research has documented protective factors and ecological contexts that mitigate the impact of adversity and thereby promote resilience. One intriguing aspect of resilience is that individuals also develop strength in response to early adversity. However, very little theoretical guidance exists on the developmental mechanisms and contexts through which early adversity may lead to strengthening effects that confer the process of resilience. The strengthening mechanism in the context of specific circumscribed environmental stress is a process known in the field of toxicology as hormesis. It is proposed here that the study of resilience in developmental and psychological sciences can benefit from shifting more attention to the hormesis model. The hormesis model is reviewed and discussed as a promising perspective on mechanisms, developmental timing, and context through which adversity strengthens or impedes resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Oshri
- Human Development and Family Science, Neuroscience Program, The Youth Development Institute, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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7
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Chong LS, Gordis E, Hunter L, Amoh J, Strully K, Appleton AA, Tracy M. Childhood violence exposure and externalizing behaviors: A systematic review of the role of physiological biomarkers. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 145:105898. [PMID: 36087419 PMCID: PMC9840871 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Childhood exposure to violence has been consistently linked to externalizing behaviors like delinquency and aggression. Growing evidence indicates that physiological biomarkers from the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems (PNS and SNS) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may moderate or mediate the relation between childhood violence exposure and externalizing behaviors. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize recent findings on physiological biomarkers as mediators and/or moderators of this association across the life course, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Our search yielded 3878 articles, of which 44 met inclusion criteria (describing a total of 46 independent studies). We found consistent evidence for blunted HPA-axis reactivity as a mediator of the relation between childhood violence exposure and subsequent externalizing behaviors, and for non-reciprocal PNS/SNS activation as moderators exacerbating this relation. However, the results of the majority of included studies that demonstrated significant moderating effects of physiological biomarkers varied by participant sex, type of childhood violence exposure, and type of stimuli used to induce physiological reactivity. The observed mixed findings are consistent with some theories that emphasize that both high and low stress reactivity can be adaptive depending on one's early environment. These findings highlight the need for systematic explorations of heterogeneity, theory-driven research questions, and longitudinal studies that span multiple developmental periods and multiple biological systems. Clinical implications include the need to assess physiological biomarkers in treatment and intervention studies and the potential to target interventions based on both autonomic functioning and environmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen Chong
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222, United States
| | - Elana Gordis
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222, United States
| | - Laura Hunter
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Jennifer Amoh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Kate Strully
- Department of Sociology, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Ave, Albany, NY 12222, United States
| | - Allison A Appleton
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Melissa Tracy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States.
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8
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Zhao F, Wu H, Li Y, Zhang H, Hou J. The Association between Coparenting Behavior and Internalizing/Externalizing Problems of Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10346. [PMID: 36011980 PMCID: PMC9407961 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the association between coparenting behavior and children's externalizing and internalizing problems and possible factors that may moderate their associations. A meta-analysis of 93 studies involving 41,207 participants found that coparenting behavior was slightly and significantly related to externalizing problems, r = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.194, -0.15], and internalizing problems, r = -0.16, 95% CI [-0.18, -0.14]. In addition, coparenting integrity, cooperation, conflict, competitiveness, and triangulation were significantly related to externalizing and internalizing problems. Moderation analyses revealed the following findings: (a) data reporter moderated the association between coparenting and internalizing problems, with children-report coparenting showing a significantly stronger relation with internalizing symptom than father-report coparenting; (b) developmental stage was found to moderate the association between coparenting behavior and externalizing problems, with stronger association found in childhood than in toddlerhood; (c) female percentage, individualism-collectivism culture, research methods, and publication year were not found to moderate the association between coparenting behavior and externalizing or internalizing problems. These findings help summarize the previous studies and provide an empirical basis for the relation between coparenting and child externalizing/internalizing problems, and benefits targeted interventions towards coparenting behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqing Zhao
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Haomeng Wu
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jie Hou
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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9
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Pirazzoli L, Sullivan E, Xie W, Richards JE, Bulgarelli C, Lloyd-Fox S, Shama T, Kakon SH, Haque R, Petri WAJ, Nelson CA. Association of psychosocial adversity and social information processing in children raised in a low-resource setting: an fNIRS study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2022; 56:101125. [PMID: 35763916 PMCID: PMC9241055 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2022.101125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Social cognition skills and socioemotional development are compromised in children growing up in low SES contexts, however, the mechanisms underlying this association remain unknown. Exposure to psychosocial risk factors early in life alters the child's social milieu and in turn, could lead to atypical processing of social stimuli. In this study, we used functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure cortical responses to a social discrimination task in children raised in a low-resource setting at 6, 24, and 36 months. In addition, we assessed the relation between cortical responses to social and non-social information with psychosocial risk factors assessed using the Childhood Psychosocial Adversity Scale (CPAS). In line with previous findings, we observed specialization to social stimuli in cortical regions in all age groups. In addition, we found that risk factors were associated with social discrimination at 24 months (intimate partner violence and verbal abuse and family conflict) and 36 months (verbal abuse and family conflict and maternal depression) but not at 6 months. Overall, the results show that exposure to psychosocial adversity has more impact on social information processing in toddlerhood than earlier in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pirazzoli
- Labs of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Eileen Sullivan
- Labs of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wanze Xie
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, China
| | | | - Chiara Bulgarelli
- Birkbeck, University of London, UK; University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles A Nelson
- Labs of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA, USA
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10
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Hanno EC, Cuartas J, Miratrix LW, Jones SM, Lesaux NK. Changes in Children's Behavioral Health and Family Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2022; 43:168-175. [PMID: 34596101 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and associated public health measures have influenced all aspects of life for children and families. In this study, we examine changes in children's behavioral health and families' well-being at the start of the pandemic. METHOD We used longitudinal data on 2880 children from 1 US state collected over 3 waves to compare family and child well-being before and after a state-wide stay-at-home advisory set in March 2020. We descriptively examined levels and changes in 4 child behavioral health outcomes (externalizing, internalizing, adaptive, and dysregulated behaviors) and 4 family well-being outcomes (parental mental health, parental stress, parent-child relationship conflict, and household chaos) across the preshutdown and postshutdown periods. Fixed effects regression models were used to predict within-child and within-family differences in preshutdown and postshutdown outcomes. RESULTS Fixed effects analyses showed children's externalizing (0.09 points; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.05-0.13), internalizing (0.04 points; 95% CI, 0.01-0.08), and dysregulated (0.11 points; 95% CI, 0.06-0.16) behaviors increased after the shutdown, whereas children's adaptive behaviors declined (-0.10 points; 95% CI, -0.15 to -0.05). Parental mental health issues (0.22 points; 95% CI, 0.17-0.27), parental stress (0.08 points; 95% CI, 0.03-0.12), parent-child relationship conflict (0.10 points; 95% CI, 0.04-0.16), and household chaos (0.10 points; 95% CI, 0.05-0.14) all increased relative to preshutdown levels. CONCLUSION Many children experienced declines in behavioral health and many families experienced declines in well-being in the early months of the public health crisis, suggesting the need for family-focused and child-focused policies to mitigate these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Hanno
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
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11
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Chen L, Du H, Zilioli S, Zhao S, Chi P. Effects of parental care and overprotection on adolescents' diurnal cortisol profiles. Horm Behav 2022; 140:105121. [PMID: 35081488 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Parental bonding is a strong determinant of children's health. One of the proposed pathways through which parenting impacts children's health is by altering the functioning of stress response systems. The current study aims to investigate the associations between two types of parental bonding (care and overprotection) and functioning of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (i.e., diurnal cortisol secretion) in a sample of 255 healthy adolescents (46.3% girls; aged 11-14 years). Participants completed the Parental Bonding Instrument and provided eight cortisol samples across two consecutive days to assess patterns of diurnal cortisol secretion. Multilevel modeling and multiple linear regression were utilized to test the main effects and interactive effects of parental care and overprotection on adolescents' wakeup cortisol, cortisol awakening response, cortisol slope, and total cortisol secretion. Results showed that parental care was associated with higher cortisol levels at awakening, while parental overprotection was associated with lower cortisol levels at awakening. Parental overprotection, but not parental care, was associated with flatter cortisol slopes. No interactive effects between parental care and overprotection on cortisol parameters emerged. The current findings add to the existing literature on parenting behavior and HPA functioning by showing that parental care and overprotection differently regulated daily cortisol parameters implicated in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- Higher Education Research Institute, Shantou University, China; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, China
| | - Hongfei Du
- Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, China
| | - Samuele Zilioli
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, United States of America; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, United States of America
| | - Shan Zhao
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China
| | - Peilian Chi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, China; Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Institute of Collaborative Innovation, University of Macau, China.
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12
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Longitudinal effects of maltreatment, intimate partner violence, and Reminiscing and Emotion Training on children's diurnal cortisol regulation. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:868-884. [PMID: 32665044 DOI: 10.1017/s095457942000019x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation in children's physiological stress systems is a key process linking early adversity to poor health and psychopathology. Thus, interventions that improve children's stress physiology may help prevent deleterious health outcomes. Reminiscing and Emotion Training (RET) is a brief relational intervention designed to improve maternal caregiving support by enhancing maltreating mothers' capacity to reminisce with their young children. This study evaluated associations between maltreatment, intimate partner violence, and the RET intervention with changes in children's diurnal cortisol regulation across the 1 year following the intervention, and the extent to which improvements in maternal elaborative reminiscing differed between intervention groups and mediated change in children's physiological functioning. Participants were 237 children (aged 36 to 86 months) and their mothers. Results indicated that the RET intervention was associated with significant positive change in elaborative reminiscing, which was sustained over time. Mothers' elaboration immediately after the intervention served as a mediator of RET's effects on improvements in children's diurnal cortisol regulation (steeper diurnal slopes) from baseline to 1 year following intervention. This suggests RET is effective in facilitating physiological regulation among maltreated children.
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13
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Within-person changes in basal cortisol and caregiving modulate executive attention across infancy. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 34:1386-1399. [PMID: 34210373 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
One pathway by which environments of socioeconomic risk are thought to affect cognitive development is through stress physiology. The biological systems underpinning stress and attention undergo a sensitive period of development during infancy. Psychobiological theory emphasizes a dynamic pattern of context-dependent development, however, research has yet to examine how basal cortisol and attention dynamically covary across infancy in ecologically valid contexts. Thus, to address these gaps, we leveraged longitudinal, multilevel analytic methods to disentangle between- from within-person associations of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and executive attention behaviors across infancy. We use data from a large longitudinal sample (N = 1,292) of infants in predominantly low-income, nonurban communities at 7-, 15-, and 24-months of age. Using multilevel models, we investigated longitudinal associations of infant attention and basal cortisol levels and examined caregiving behaviors as moderators of this relationship. Results indicated a negative between- and within-person association between attention and cortisol across infancy and a within-person moderation by caregiver responsiveness. In other words, on the within-person level, higher levels of cortisol were concomitantly associated with lower infant attention across the first 2 years of life. However, variation in the caregiver's level of responsiveness either buffered or sensitized the executive attention system to the negative effects of physiological stress.
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14
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Vaughn-Coaxum RA, Weisz JR. Leveraging the developmental science of psychosocial risk to strengthen youth psychotherapy. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:670-683. [PMID: 33719995 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
More than 50 years of randomized clinical trials for youth psychotherapies have resulted in moderate effect sizes for treatments targeting the most common mental health problems in children and adolescents (i.e., anxiety, depression, conduct problems, and attention disorders). Despite having psychotherapies that are effective for many children, there has been a dearth of progress in identifying the contextual factors that likely influence who will respond to a given psychotherapy, and under what conditions. The developmental psychopathology evidence base consistently demonstrates that psychosocial risk exposures (e.g., childhood adversities, interpersonal stressors, family dysfunction) significantly influence the onset and course of youth psychopathology. However, the developmental psychopathology framework remains to be well integrated into treatment development and psychotherapy research. We argue that advances in basic developmental psychopathology research carry promising implications for the design and content of youth psychotherapies. Research probing the effects of psychosocial risks on youth development can enrich efforts to identify contextual factors in psychotherapy effectiveness and to personalize treatment. In this article we review empirically supported and hypothesized influences of individual- and family-level risk factors on youth psychotherapy outcomes, and we propose a framework for leveraging developmental psychopathology to strengthen psychotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Vaughn-Coaxum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John R Weisz
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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15
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Perceived Social Support and Children's Physiological Responses to Stress: An Examination of the Stress-Buffering Hypothesis. Psychosom Med 2021; 83:51-61. [PMID: 33060454 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to examine the stress-buffering effect of children's perceived social support on their hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and autonomic nervous system reactivity to an acute laboratory stressor. METHODS A sample of 150 children (aged 9-13 years, mean [standard deviation] age = 10.69 [0.93] years, 74 girls) reported perceived social support, stressful life events, and underwent the Modified Trier Social Stress Test, during which six saliva samples were collected. A two-piece multilevel growth curve model with landmark registration was used to detect trajectory differences in the reactivity and recovery phases of the stress response and account for individual variation in the timing of poststressor peak hormone concentrations. RESULTS The interaction between stressful life events and perceived social support significantly predicted poststressor peak cortisol levels (β = 0.0805, SE = 0.0328, p = .015) and cortisol recovery slope (β = -0.0011, SE = 0.0005, p = .040). Children with more life events and low social support exhibited the lowest poststressor peak cortisol levels and the flattest cortisol recovery slope. In contrast, children high in stressful life events and high in social support displayed cortisol response profiles more similar to those of children with low stressful life events. Conversely, there were no statistically significant two-way interactions of stressful life events and perceived social support on salivary α-amylase parameters (i.e., poststressor peak [p = .38], reactivity slope [p = .81], and recovery slope [p = .32]). CONCLUSIONS These results provide preliminary evidence for the buffering effect of children's perceived social support on the association between life stress and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis response profiles.
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Craft AL, Perry-Jenkins M, Newkirk K. The Implications of Early Marital Conflict for Children's Development. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2021; 30:292-310. [PMID: 33795926 PMCID: PMC8009335 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-020-01871-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although negative associations between the frequency and intensity of marital conflict and children's adjustment are well documented, less is known about how parents' conflict styles are related to children's developmental outcomes. The present study examines whether exposure to different types of parents' conflict styles, during a child's first year of life, is related to children's behavioral outcomes in the first grade. Parents' conflict resolution styles (CRSs) and child outcomes were examined in a sample of 150 working-class, first-time parents and their children. It was hypothesized that infants' exposure to more conflictual conflict resolution styles would predict poorer child outcomes over time. Results revealed that parents' unique conflict styles mattered in unique ways for children's development, but also that the interaction of parents' styles, their dyadic conflict patterns, was also related to child outcomes. Results revealed that higher levels of parents' depressive or angry CRSs in the first year predicted more internalizing problems for children, while constructive CRS was related to fewer externalizing problems. However, gender effects showed that higher rates of parental compliance during conflict were related to more internalizing problems in girls. Furthermore, dyadic results revealed that having one parent angrily engage in conflict and the other parent - withdraw, comply or angrily engage - was related to more externalizing problems for boys. Overall, results showed that parents' different conflict resolution styles, during a child's first year of life, are related to their children's developmental outcomes 6 years later. These results emphasize children's early vulnerability to parental conflict and hold implications for clinicians and practioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrea L Craft
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, 135 Hicks Way (Tobin Hall RM 601), Amherst, MA 01002
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Davies PT, Parry LQ, Bascoe SM, Cicchetti D, Cummings EM. Interparental conflict as a curvilinear risk factor of youth emotional and cortisol reactivity. Dev Psychol 2020; 56:1787-1802. [PMID: 32567867 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study examined interparental conflict as a linear and curvilinear predictor of subsequent changes in adolescents' negative emotional reactivity and cortisol functioning during family conflict and, in turn, their psychological difficulties. In addition, adolescents' negative emotional reactivity and cortisol functioning during family conflict were examined as subsequent predictors of their psychological difficulties. Participants included 258 adolescents (52% girls) and their parents and teachers who participated in 3 annual measurement occasions. Adolescents were 13 years old on average (standard deviation [SD] = .57) at the first measurement occasion, were generally from middle- and working-class backgrounds, and identified mostly as White (e.g., 74%). The results of latent-difference score analyses indicated that a multimethod and multiinformant assessment of interparental conflict linearly predicted subsequent changes in observational ratings of adolescent emotional reactivity and their overall cortisol output in response to family conflict over a 1-year period. These changes, in turn, predicted increases in multiinformant reports of adolescent psychological problems over a 2-year period. However, the linear association in the first link in the cascade was qualified by the quadratic effects of interparental conflict as a predictor. Consistent with risk-saturation models, the relatively strong associations among interparental conflict and youth emotional reactivity and cortisol output at mild and moderate exposure to conflict weakened as exposure to conflict reached higher levels. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Human attachment triggers different social buffering mechanisms under high and low early life stress rearing. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 152:72-80. [PMID: 32272126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Social buffering - the attenuation of stress by maternal safety signals - is a core mammalian-general stress management mechanism implicating two ancient systems: the oxytocinergic and HPA systems. Yet, because human attachments are representation-based, understanding social buffering mechanisms in humans requires the assessment of relationship history and consideration of early life stress (ELS), which alters stress responsivity. We followed a unique trauma-exposed cohort across childhood, versus a low-stress control group, and repeatedly observed maternal sensitive, safety-promoting style. In adolescence, we used an attachment induction paradigm that exposed children to both live and reminders of attachment safety signals and measured oxytocin and cortisol baseline and response, to test how maternal safety signals impact hormonal reactivity in children reared under high- versus low-stress conditions. Only safety-promoting mothers exhibited a stress-buffering function, but their effect was system-specific and depended on the rearing context. For oxytocin, safety-promoting mothers normalized the deficient baseline oxytocin levels observed in ELS youth by implicating a plasticity-by-affiliation mechanism. For cortisol, safety-promoting mothering reduced the initial stress response only among youth reared in low-stress contexts via the typical buffering-by-safety mechanism. Results suggest that human attachments require internalized security evolving over time to trigger a stress buffering function. Under conditions of chronic early stress, the stressful rearing context overrides the maternal safety signals, normative stress buffering mechanisms fail, and safety-promoting mothers switch to an immature, affiliation-based mechanism that relies on maternal presence.
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Lin HC, Yang Y, Elliott L, Green E. Individual differences in attachment anxiety shape the association between adverse childhood experiences and adult somatic symptoms. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 101:104325. [PMID: 31869696 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although prior research has documented the link between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and somatic symptoms, it remains unclear why some individuals exposed to ACEs developed somatic symptoms while others did not. OBJECTIVE Framed by a biopsychosocial perspective, this study investigated the role of attachment anxiety in the association between ACEs and somatic symptoms in adulthood. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A total of 662 emerging adults attending college were recruited to respond to an online survey in a computer lab. METHOD The computer-based survey included demographic form, the Adverse Childhood Experience Scale, the Experience in Close Relationship Scale-Short Form, and the Somatization Scale of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised for somatic symptoms. Multivariate regression analyses were used to examine the role of attachment anxiety in the association between ACEs and somatic symptoms. RESULTS The results indicated that ACEs positively correlated with attachment anxiety and somatic symptoms; and attachment anxiety and somatic symptoms were positively correlated. Moreover, the results indicated a significant effect of interaction between ACEs and attachment anxiety on somatic symptoms, suggesting a moderating role of attachment anxiety. Subsequent simple slope test revealed that attachment anxiety intensified the strength of relation between ACEs and somatic symptoms; but when the level of attachment anxiety was low, ACEs and somatic symptoms were not related. CONCLUSION Individual differences in attachment anxiety shape the association of adverse childhood experiences with somatic symptoms. Targeting and reformulating anxious working models of attachment may help ameliorate vulnerability to somatic symptoms in individuals exposed to ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chu Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA
| | - Luke Elliott
- Better Options Initiative, Inc. Lafayette, LA, USA
| | - Eric Green
- Better Options Initiative, Inc. Lafayette, LA, USA
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Lucas-Thompson RG, Seiter NS, Broderick PC, Coatsworth JD. Mindfulness Interventions to Reduce Impact of Interparental Conflict on Adolescents. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2020; 29:392-402. [PMID: 34447238 PMCID: PMC8386821 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-019-01599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to frequent, intense, and poorly resolved interparental conflict puts adolescents at risk for problems in many domains, including internalizing and externalizing problems, and stress physiological dysfunction. Existing intervention strategies to target these adolescents focus almost solely on improving marital dynamics, for example, through relationship education or couples therapy. However, interventions that aim to enhance marital communication require high levels of parental commitment and motivation for change, and may be expensive and time-consuming. In the current paper, we argue that it is essential to also apply intervention strategies that directly promote the regulatory capabilities of adolescents to improve outcomes for youth from high-conflict homes. Mindfulness, or present-moment, nonjudgemental awareness, is associated with myriad positive outcomes in adults (e.g., lower levels of depression and anxiety, and greater emotion regulation). We propose that mindfulness interventions are an ideal intervention strategy for adolescents from high conflict homes. Mindfulness interventions may target the mechanisms whereby destructive marital interaction impacts youth, by providing distance between experiences and evaluations, training regulation of attention, and enhancing self-compassion and nonjudgement, as well as by enhancing relationships. We also provide an example of a specific intervention model designed to increase mindfulness in youth, Learning to Breathe (L2B).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel G. Lucas-Thompson
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Natasha S. Seiter
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies and Prevention Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Patricia C. Broderick
- Bennett-Pierce Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - J. Douglas Coatsworth
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies and Prevention Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Hibel LC, Nuttall AK, Valentino K. Intimate partner violence indirectly dysregulates child diurnal adrenocortical functioning through positive parenting. Int J Dev Neurosci 2020; 80:28-41. [PMID: 31909507 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Data were drawn from an ongoing study of preschoolers (N = 221). Mothers self-reported experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) and parenting practices, and collected three saliva samples (waking, midday, and bedtime) on themselves and their child on 2 consecutive days. Saliva samples were later assayed for cortisol. Bootstrapped mediation analyses revealed IPV to indirectly impact child diurnal cortisol through positive parenting. Specifically, greater exposure to IPV was associated with reduced positive parenting and subsequently heightened child waking cortisol levels. IPV did not indirectly impact child diurnal cortisol via autonomy supporting parenting or maternal diurnal cortisol. These findings suggest a possible pathway by which mother's experience of IPV indirectly influences child physiological regulation via maternal positive parenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Hibel
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Amy K Nuttall
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kristin Valentino
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
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Hibel LC, Nuttall AK, Valentino K. Intimate partner violence indirectly dysregulates child diurnal adrenocortical functioning through positive parenting. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019:S0736-5748(19)30127-3. [PMID: 31770570 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Data were drawn from an ongoing study of preschoolers (N = 221). Mothers self-reported experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) and parenting practices, and collected three saliva samples (waking, midday, and bedtime) on themselves and their child on two consecutive days. Saliva samples were later assayed for cortisol. Bootstrapped mediation analyses revealed IPV to indirectly impact child diurnal cortisol through positive parenting. Specifically, greater exposure to IPV was associated with reduced positive parenting and subsequently heightened child waking cortisol levels. IPV did not indirectly impact child diurnal cortisol via autonomy supporting parenting or maternal diurnal cortisol. These findings suggest a possible pathway by which mother's experience of IPV indirectly influences child physiological regulation via maternal positive parenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Hibel
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Amy K Nuttall
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Kristin Valentino
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, 46556, USA.
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Gao MM, de Silva AD, Cummings EM, Davies PT. Interrelatedness of Children's Psychological and Physiological Responses to Interparental Conflict: A Moderating Role of Harsh Parenting. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 28:1016-1036. [PMID: 31741575 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Children's psychological and physiological responses to interparental conflict have received considerable attention due to their implications for later adjustment, yet limited research has investigated the interplay between these two response systems. This study investigates patterns of association between children's psychological responses (e.g., emotional distress) and cortisol reactivity to interparental conflict, including possible moderations by negative caregiving environment. Participants included 193 families (mother, father, and child). Parents completed questionnaires relating to their caregiving behaviors toward the child (107 girls and 86 boys, M age = 7.99 years, SD = 0.53 years) and children's psychological responses to interparental conflict. Children provided three saliva samples over the course of watching videos depicting conflicts between two adults, whom children were asked to pretend were their parents. Based on a series of Latent Growth Curve Models, only children's emotional responses to interparental conflict (indicated by increased distress) were associated with greater cortisol reactivity. Additionally, fathers' harsh parenting behavior moderated the relation between children's emotional reactivity and cortisol reactivity, yet the moderation effect was not found for mothers' parenting. Findings are discussed in terms of the importance of exploring both psychological and physiological reactivity to conflict and the possible moderating role of harsh parenting.
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Afifi TD, Afifi WA, Acevedo Callejas M, Shahnazi A, White A, Nimah N. The Functionality of Communal Coping in Chronic Uncertainty Environments: The Context of Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2019; 34:1585-1596. [PMID: 30239216 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2018.1514682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Most research suggests that communal coping, where a group of people own and act upon a shared stressor or uncertainty together, enhances mental health and fosters coping efficacy. The majority of this research, however, has been conducted in the United States in contexts where stress and uncertainty are relatively short-lived and with samples that are economically secure and moderately to highly educated. The purpose of this study was to understand how socio-emotional conditions, such as exposure to trauma and interparental conflict, influence the functionality of communal coping for adolescents in Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon, where chronic uncertainty is normative. One hundred eighty-five Palestinian adolescents (M age = 15.75) residing in two refugee camps in Beirut, Lebanon completed a cross-sectional survey. The results showed that communal coping with immediate family members was only beneficial for adolescents' mental health and hopelessness when their parents had moderate to little conflict and not high levels of conflict. Similarly, when adolescents had experienced trauma, engaging in high levels of communal coping accentuated, as opposed to buffered, the harmful effects of uncertainty on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara D Afifi
- Department of Communication Arts and Sciences, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Walid A Afifi
- Department of Communication Arts and Sciences, Pennsylvania State University
| | | | - Ariana Shahnazi
- Department of Communication Arts and Sciences, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Amanda White
- Department of Communication Arts and Sciences, Pennsylvania State University
| | - Najib Nimah
- Department of Communication Arts and Sciences, Pennsylvania State University
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Afifi T, Granger D, Ersig A, Tsalikian E, Shahnazi A, Davis S, Harrison K, Acevedo Callejas M, Scranton A. Testing the Theory of Resilience and Relational Load (TRRL) in Families with Type I Diabetes. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2019; 34:1107-1119. [PMID: 29667488 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2018.1461585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The theory of resilience and relational load was tested with 60 couples and their adolescent children (ages 11-18) with type I diabetes (T1D). The couples participated in a stress-inducing conversation task in their home, followed by a random assignment to a two-week intervention designed to increase their relationship maintenance. Before the intervention, stronger communal orientation predicted greater maintenance for husbands and wives, but maintenance only reduced T1D stress for wives. The wives' and adolescents' T1D stress were also correlated, but the husbands' T1D stress was not significantly associated with either of them. Better maintenance was associated with less conflict during couples' conversations. Maintenance was also directly associated with less perceived and physiological stress (cortisol) from the conversation. Finally, wives in the intervention reported the most thriving, communal orientation and the least loneliness. The intervention also reduced adolescents' general life stress, but it did not influence their T1D stress or thriving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Afifi
- a Department of Communication, University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , CA , USA
| | - Douglas Granger
- b Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, Pediatrics, and Program in Public Health, University of California , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Anne Ersig
- c University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Nursing , Madison , WI , USA
- d American Family Children's Hospital in Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Eva Tsalikian
- e University of Iowa Hospitals , Iowa City , IA , USA
| | - Ariana Shahnazi
- f Department of Communication Studies, University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
| | - Sharde Davis
- g Department of Communication, University of Connecticut , Storrs , CT , USA
| | - Kathryn Harrison
- a Department of Communication, University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , CA , USA
| | | | - Audrey Scranton
- f Department of Communication Studies, University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
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Cuartas J, Grogan-Kaylor A, Ma J, Castillo B. Civil conflict, domestic violence, and poverty as predictors of corporal punishment in Colombia. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 90:108-119. [PMID: 30772750 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With lingering effects from more than 50 years of war, young children in Colombia are exposed to multiple risk factors such as poverty, civil conflict, and domestic violence. In addition to these environmental stressors, public and legal support for corporal punishment remains high, which is shown by the high prevalence of young children exposed to corporal punishment in Colombia. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to identify individual, family, and municipality-level predictors of corporal punishment (i.e., hitting with objects and spanking) in Colombia in order to inform prevention and intervention strategies. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We use information gathered in 2015 from a representative sample of 11,759 mothers of children younger than five in Colombia. METHODS We employed multi-level models to account for the clustering of families in 217 municipalities. RESULTS Results show that mothers' prior exposure to corporal punishment by their own parents (β=0.229;p<0.01), attitudes towards domestic violence β=0.013;p<0.05, municipality homicide rates β=0.028;p<0.05 and presence of armed groups β=0.031;p<0.05, household poverty β=0.030;p<0.01 and poverty of the municipality β=0.022;p<0.05 predicted mothers' hitting their young children with an object. However, family β=-0.028;p<0.05 and municipality poverty β=-0.016;p<0.05 had a negative association with mothers' use of spanking. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that both family and neighborhood level factors have simultaneous associations with parents' use of corporal punishment. Given the accumulating evidence concerning the adverse effects of corporal punishment on child well-being and development, legislative efforts aimed at reducing and ultimately banning corporal punishment are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cuartas
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, 13 Appian Way, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
| | - Andrew Grogan-Kaylor
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Julie Ma
- Department of Social Work, University of Michigan-Flint, Flint, MI 48502, United States
| | - Berenice Castillo
- Department of Psychology and School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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Mahrer NE, Holly LE, Luecken LJ, Wolchik SA, Fabricius W. Parenting Style, Familism, and Youth Adjustment in Mexican American and European American Families. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022119839153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Authoritative parenting is typically considered the gold-standard parenting approach based on studies with largely European American (EA) samples. The current study evaluated a novel, “no-nonsense” parenting style in Mexican American (MA) and EA families, not captured by traditional classifications. Parenting styles of mothers and fathers, cultural values, and youth internalizing and externalizing problems were assessed in 179 MA ( n = 84) and EA ( n = 95) parents and adolescents across 2 years (seventh to ninth grade). MA families showed a higher proportion of “no-nonsense” parenting, characterized by high levels of acceptance as well as harsh discipline and rejection, compared with EA families. Cultural values influenced the link between parenting styles and youth outcomes across ethnicity such that when parents endorsed low adherence to familismo values, authoritative parenting predicted lower youth internalizing and externalizing problems compared with the “no-nonsense” parenting. Yet when parents endorsed strong adherence to familismo values, the authoritative and no-nonsense parenting functioned similarly. Findings have implications for the development of culturally competent parenting interventions that may lead to positive outcomes in youth from diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds.
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Timmons AC, Han SC, Chaspari T, Kim Y, Pettit C, Narayanan S, Margolin G. Family-of-origin aggression, dating aggression, and physiological stress reactivity in daily life. Physiol Behav 2019; 206:85-92. [PMID: 30902632 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Individuals exposed to aggression and who perpetrate aggression against others show differences in their physiological activation during stress; the goal of the present study is to investigate physiological stress reactivity as a factor contributing to the intergenerational transmission of aggression. To test associations between family-of-origin aggression (FOA), physiological reactivity in daily life, and dating aggression perpetration, we used ecological momentary assessment to monitor fluctuations in young adult (Mage = 23.1 years) dating couples' electrodermal activity (EDA) over an entire day and examined how naturally-occurring bouts of annoyance between partners relate to EDA, FOA, and dating aggression perpetration. Dating perpetration was linked to lower general levels of EDA in both men and women, while FOA was linked to lower general levels of EDA in men only. For women, multi-group, multilevel models showed that FOA and dating aggression perpetration moderated the association between feeling annoyed and EDA, such that those with greater FOA and dating aggression perpetration showed greater EDA reactivity during naturally-occurring relationship stress. Furthermore, this pattern of EDA reactivity mediated the link between FOA and dating aggression perpetration in women. These results provide evidence that FOA and dating aggression perpetration are linked to patterns of physiological responsivity in everyday life and suggest that these patterns could be important factors contributing to the intergenerational transmission of aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sohyun C Han
- University of Southern California, United States of America
| | | | - Yehsong Kim
- University of Southern California, United States of America
| | - Corey Pettit
- University of Southern California, United States of America
| | | | - Gayla Margolin
- University of Southern California, United States of America
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Social aggravation: Understanding the complex role of social relationships on stress and health-relevant physiology. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 131:13-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kuhlman KR, Repetti RL, Reynolds BM, Robles TF. Interparental conflict and child HPA-axis responses to acute stress: Insights using intensive repeated measures. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY : JFP : JOURNAL OF THE DIVISION OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (DIVISION 43) 2018; 32:773-782. [PMID: 29927288 PMCID: PMC6126984 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interparental conflict is a common source of psychosocial stress in the lives of children. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between recent interparental conflict and one component of the physiological stress response system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis. Parents of 42 children (ages 8-13 years) completed daily diaries of interparental conflict for 8 weeks. At the end of the 8 weeks, youth participated in the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C) while providing 2 pre- and 4 poststress salivary cortisol samples. Youth whose fathers reported a pattern of increasing interparental conflict over the past 8 weeks demonstrated an exaggerated HPA-axis response to acute stress. Mother-reported interparental conflict was not associated with children's HPA-axis responses without accounting for fathers' reports. When accounting for fathers' reports, the offspring of mothers reporting higher average daily interparental conflict demonstrated an attenuated HPA-axis response to the stressor. By estimating both average exposure and recent patterns of change in exposure to conflict, we address the circumstances that may prompt attenuation versus sensitization of the HPA-axis in the context of interparental conflict. We conclude that the HPA-axis is sensitive to proximal increases in interparental conflict which may be one pathway through which stress affects health across development, and that incorporating father's reports is important to understanding the role of the family environment in stress responses. This study further demonstrates the value of using intensive repeated measures and multiple reporters to characterize children's psychosocial environment. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Coe JL, Davies PT, Sturge-Apple ML. Family Instability and Young Children's School Adjustment: Callousness and Negative Internal Representations as Mediators. Child Dev 2018. [PMID: 28369999 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.l2793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the mediating roles of children's callousness and negative internal representations of family relationships in associations between family instability and children's adjustment to school in early childhood. Participants in this multimethod (i.e., survey, observations), multiinformant (i.e., parent, teacher, observer), longitudinal study included 243 preschool children (Mage = 4.60 years) and their families. Findings from the lagged, autoregressive tests of the mediational paths indicated that both children's callousness and negative internal representations of family relationships mediated longitudinal associations between family instability and children's school adjustment problems over a 2-year period (i.e., the transition from preschool to first grade). Findings are discussed in relation to the attenuation hypothesis (E. J. Susman, 2006) and emotional security theory (EST; P. T. Davies, M. A. Winter, & D. Cicchetti, 2006).
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32
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Bandoli G, Ghosh JK, von Ehrenstein O, Ritz B. Psychosocial stressors and lung function in youth ages 10-17: an examination by stressor, age and gender. J Public Health (Oxf) 2018; 39:297-303. [PMID: 27160859 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdw035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Research on the impact of psychosocial stressors on child and adolescent lung function is uncommon, and has primarily relied either on parents' own stress measures or parent-reported stressors the child experienced, which may be a poor proxy for perceived stress in older children and adolescents. Methods We performed multivariate linear regression of spirometry measures (FVC, FEV1 and FEF25-75) and psychosocial stressors in 584 adolescents in the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey. We examined family conflict, unsafe neighborhood or school, and the absence of a father in models stratified by gender, adjusting for PM2.5 and potential confounders. Results We observed reductions in lung function in males related to the absence of a father in the house (FEV1: -176.2 ml, 95% CI -322.7, -29.7) and family conflict (FEV1: -156.2 ml, 95% CI -327.8, 15.5); associations were stronger in older males ages 15-17 years for each stressor (P for interaction of age and sex was 0.009 and 0.06, respectively). Conclusions This research informs a very small literature on psychosocial stressors and lung function in adolescents. Our finding of differential vulnerability by age and gender warrants further exploration of adolescent psychosocial stressor response on lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bandoli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 7910 Frost Street, Ste 370, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
| | - J K Ghosh
- Unaffiliated, Los Angeles, CA 91214, USA
| | - O von Ehrenstein
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - B Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Doom JR, Cook SH, Sturza J, Kaciroti N, Gearhardt AN, Vazquez DM, Lumeng JC, Miller AL. Family conflict, chaos, and negative life events predict cortisol activity in low-income children. Dev Psychobiol 2018; 60:364-379. [PMID: 29388194 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Childhood poverty is hypothesized to increase risk for mental and physical health problems at least in part through dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. However, less is known about the specific psychosocial stressors associated with cortisol reactivity and regulation for children living in poverty. The current study investigates negative life events, household chaos, and family conflict in preschool and middle childhood as potential predictors of cortisol regulation in low-income 7-10 year olds (N = 242; M age = 7.9 years). Participants were assessed in preschool and participated in a follow-up assessment in middle childhood, during which diurnal free cortisol and free cortisol reactivity to the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C) were assessed. Household chaos during preschool predicted a more blunted diurnal cortisol slope in middle childhood. Greater negative life events during preschool and greater concurrent family conflict were associated with increased free cortisol reactivity in middle childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenalee R Doom
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephanie H Cook
- Departments of Biostatistics and Social and Behavioral Health, New York University College of Global Public Health, New York, New York
| | - Julie Sturza
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Delia M Vazquez
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alison L Miller
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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34
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Thompson SF, Zalewski M, Kiff CJ, Lengua LJ. A state-trait model of cortisol in early childhood: Contextual and parental predictors of stable and time-varying effects. Horm Behav 2018; 98:198-209. [PMID: 29305885 PMCID: PMC5829009 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examined state-trait models of diurnal cortisol (morning level and diurnal slope), and whether income, cumulative risk and parenting behaviors predicted variance in trait and state levels of cortisol. The sample of 306 mothers and their preschool children included 29% families at or near poverty, 27% families below the median income, and the remaining families at middle and upper income. Diurnal cortisol, income, cumulative risk, and parenting were measured at 4 time points, once every 9months, starting when children were 36-40months. State-trait models fit the data, suggesting significant state but not trait variance in cortisol. Low income and cumulative risk were related to trait levels of diurnal cortisol with little evidence of time-varying or state effects. Stable levels of parenting predicted trait levels of diurnal cortisol and time-varying levels of parenting predicted time-varying state levels of diurnal cortisol. Findings highlight the allostatic process of adaptation to risk as well as time-specific reactivity to variability in experience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cara J Kiff
- UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, United States
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35
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Cuartas J. Neighborhood crime undermines parenting: Violence in the vicinity of households as a predictor of aggressive discipline. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 76:388-399. [PMID: 29223888 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Child discipline is a central component of parent-child interactions. Evidence suggests corporal discipline impairs children's physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development and compromises their future chances, especially since it is more frequently used against at-risk children. Using geocoded data for 1209 children under the age of five and their mothers, this study analyses the relation between the occurrence of crimes in close proximity to households in four major urban municipalities of Colombia and a particularly violent corporal discipline practice: hitting children with objects. Results indicate that exposure to violent crimes, such as homicides and personal injuries, predicts a higher probability of hitting children with objects, even after controlling for a set of individual, family, and neighborhood characteristics. Sensitivity analyses suggest violent crimes are not related to other discipline methods, and less threatening crimes, such as robbery and drug trafficking, are not associated with hitting children with objects. These findings suggest households' walls are permeable, and outside threats may interfere with families' dynamics and well-being. Future directions and implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cuartas
- School of Government, Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1, No. 19-27, Block AU, Third Floor, Bogotá, Colombia.
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36
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White LO, Ising M, von Klitzing K, Sierau S, Michel A, Klein AM, Andreas A, Keil J, Resch L, Müller-Myhsok B, Uhr M, Gausche R, Manly JT, Crowley MJ, Kirschbaum C, Stalder T. Reduced hair cortisol after maltreatment mediates externalizing symptoms in middle childhood and adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:998-1007. [PMID: 28244601 PMCID: PMC5570647 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enduring impact of childhood maltreatment on biological systems and ensuing psychopathology remains incompletely understood. Long-term effects of stress may be reflected in cumulative cortisol secretion over several months, which is now quantifiable via hair cortisol concentrations (HCC). We conducted a first comprehensive investigation utilizing the potential of hair cortisol analysis in a large sample of maltreated and nonmaltreated children and adolescents. METHOD Participants included 537 children and adolescents (3-16 years; 272 females) with maltreatment (n = 245) or without maltreatment histories (n = 292). Maltreated subjects were recruited from child protection services (CPS; n = 95), youth psychiatric services (n = 56), and the community (n = 94). Maltreatment was coded using the Maltreatment Classification System drawing on caregiver interviews and complemented with CPS records. Caregivers and teachers reported on child mental health. HCC were assessed in the first 3 cm hair segment. RESULTS Analyses uniformly supported that maltreatment coincides with a gradual and dose-dependent reduction in HCC from 9 to 10 years onwards relative to nonmaltreated controls. This pattern emerged consistently from both group comparisons between maltreated and nonmaltreated subjects (27.6% HCC reduction in maltreated 9-16-year-olds) and dimensional analyses within maltreated subjects, with lower HCC related to greater maltreatment chronicity and number of subtypes. Moreover, both group comparisons and dimensional analyses within maltreated youth revealed that relative HCC reduction mediates the effect of maltreatment on externalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS From middle childhood onwards, maltreatment coincides with a relative reduction in cortisol secretion, which, in turn, may predispose to externalizing symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars O. White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany,Corresponding Author:
| | - Marcus Ising
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Kai von Klitzing
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susan Sierau
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Michel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany, Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Jena, Germany
| | - Annette M. Klein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Andreas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Keil
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leonhard Resch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bertram Müller-Myhsok
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany, Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Manfred Uhr
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jody T. Manly
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michael J. Crowley
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Tobias Stalder
- Institute of Psychology, TU Dresden, Germany, Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
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37
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Coe JL, Davies PT, Sturge-Apple ML. Family Instability and Young Children's School Adjustment: Callousness and Negative Internal Representations as Mediators. Child Dev 2017; 89:1193-1208. [PMID: 28369999 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the mediating roles of children's callousness and negative internal representations of family relationships in associations between family instability and children's adjustment to school in early childhood. Participants in this multimethod (i.e., survey, observations), multiinformant (i.e., parent, teacher, observer), longitudinal study included 243 preschool children (Mage = 4.60 years) and their families. Findings from the lagged, autoregressive tests of the mediational paths indicated that both children's callousness and negative internal representations of family relationships mediated longitudinal associations between family instability and children's school adjustment problems over a 2-year period (i.e., the transition from preschool to first grade). Findings are discussed in relation to the attenuation hypothesis (E. J. Susman, 2006) and emotional security theory (EST; P. T. Davies, M. A. Winter, & D. Cicchetti, 2006).
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38
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Knopp K, Rhoades GK, Allen ES, Parsons A, Ritchie LL, Markman HJ, Stanley SM. Within- and Between-Family Associations of Marital Functioning and Child Well-being. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY 2017; 79:451-461. [PMID: 28392583 PMCID: PMC5382797 DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study clarifies within-family and between-family links between marital functioning and child wellbeing. Expanding on existing prospective research, this study tests whether changes in parents' marital functioning are associated with corresponding changes in their children's wellbeing, independent from associations that exist when comparing different families. Participants (N = 1033) were members of married, opposite-sex couples with children who participated in five waves of a larger study of marriage in the U.S. Army. Spouses' constructive communication, verbal conflict, and marital satisfaction each showed between-family associations with parent-reported child internalizing and externalizing problems. In contrast, within-family associations were significant only for parents' communication behaviors. That is, parents who reported lower levels of marital satisfaction also reported lower child wellbeing, whereas change in parents' communication was associated with change in child wellbeing over time. Isolating within-family effects is important for understanding marital and child functioning and for identifying potential targets for effective intervention.
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39
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Lucas-Thompson RG, Lunkenheimer ES, Granger DA. Adolescent Conflict Appraisals Moderate the Link Between Marital Conflict and Physiological Stress Reactivity. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2017; 27:173-188. [PMID: 28498527 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to advance understanding of how adolescent conflict appraisals contribute uniquely, and in combination with interparental conflict behavior, to individual differences in adolescent physiological reactivity. Saliva samples were collected from 153 adolescents (52% female; ages 10-17 years) before and after the Trier Social Stress Test. Saliva was assayed for cortisol and alpha-amylase. Results revealed interactive effects between marital conflict and conflict appraisals. For youth who appraised parental conflict negatively (particularly as threatening), negative marital conflict predicted dampened reactivity; for youth who appraised parental conflict less negatively, negative marital conflict predicted heightened reactivity. These findings support the notion that the family context and youth appraisals of family relationships are linked with individual differences in biological sensitivity to context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Douglas A Granger
- Arizona State University
- Johns Hopkins University
- University of Nebraska
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40
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López-Larrosa S, Mendiri-Ruiz-de-Alda P, Sánchez Souto V. Validación de la escala Seguridad en el Sistema Familiar (SIFS) en dos muestras españolas de adolescentes y jóvenes residentes con su familia e institucionalizados. UNIVERSITAS PSYCHOLOGICA 2016. [DOI: 10.11144//javeriana.upsy15-2.vessf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
En este trabajo se analizan las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de Seguridad en el Sistema Familiar (SIFS) (Forman & Davies, 2005), que mide la percepción de seguridad o amenaza que tienen los hijos acerca del sistema familiar. El punto de partida teórico de SIFS es la teoría de la seguridad emocional (Cummings & Davies, 2010). La muestra estuvo compuesta por un total de 922 adolescentes y jóvenes españoles, de los cuales 169 estaban institucionalizados (media de edad 15.67 años) y 752 vivían con sus familias (media de edad 14.9). Los resultados de los análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio indicaron que el instrumento es adecuado para evaluar la seguridad en el sistema familiar en muestras de adolescentes y jóvenes españoles institucionalizados y no institucionalizados, identificándose las tres dimensiones que predice el modelo (seguridad, preocupación y desvinculación) con una buena consistencia interna en ambas muestras.
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41
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Bandoli G, von Ehrenstein O, Ghosh JK, Ritz B. Synergistic effects of air pollution and psychosocial stressors on adolescent lung function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:918-920.e4. [PMID: 27262744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Bandoli
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif.
| | - Ondine von Ehrenstein
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | | | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif
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Stroud CB, Chen FR, Doane LD, Granger DA. Individual differences in early adolescents’ latent trait cortisol (LTC): Relation to early adversity. Dev Psychobiol 2016; 58:700-13. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B. Stroud
- Department of Psychology; Williams College; Bronfman Science Center, 18 Hoxsey St Williamstown 01267 MA
| | - Frances R. Chen
- Department of Criminology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia 19104 PA
| | - Leah D. Doane
- Department of Psychology; Arizona State University; Tempe 85287-1104 AZ
| | - Douglas A. Granger
- Department of Psychology; Arizona State University; Tempe 85287-1104 AZ
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research; Arizona State University; Tempe 85287-3604 AZ
- Bloomberg School of Public Health; The Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing; Baltimore 21218 MD
- School of Medicine; The Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore 21218 MD
- Department of Psychology; Salivary Bioscience Laboratory, University of Nebraska; Lincoln NE
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Apter-Levi Y, Pratt M, Vakart A, Feldman M, Zagoory-Sharon O, Feldman R. Maternal depression across the first years of life compromises child psychosocial adjustment; relations to child HPA-axis functioning. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 64:47-56. [PMID: 26610204 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Maternal depression across the first years of life negatively impacts children's development. One pathway of vulnerability may involve functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We utilize a community cohort of 1983 women with no comorbid risk repeatedly assessed for depression from birth to six years to form two groups; chronically depressed (N=40) and non-depressed (N=91) women. At six years, mother and child underwent psychiatric diagnosis, child salivary cortisol (CT) was assessed three times during a home-visit, mother-child interaction was videotaped, and child empathy was coded from behavioral paradigms. Latent Growth curve Model using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) estimated the links between maternal depression and mother's negative parenting and three child outcomes; psychopathology, social withdrawal, and empathy as related to child CT baseline and variability. Depressed mothers displayed more negative parenting and their children showed more Axis-I psychopathology and social withdrawal. SEM analysis revealed that maternal depression was associated with reduced CT variability, which predicted higher child psychopathology and social withdrawal. Whereas all children exhibited similar initial levels of CT, children of controls reduced CT levels over time while children of depressed mothers maintained high, non-flexible levels. Mother negativity was related to lower initial CT levels, which predicted decreased empathy. Findings suggest that chronic maternal depression may compromise children's social-emotional adjustment by diminishing HPA-system flexibility as well as limiting the mother's capacity to provide attuned and predictable caregiving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Apter-Levi
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Maayan Pratt
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Adam Vakart
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Michal Feldman
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Orna Zagoory-Sharon
- The Gonda Brain Sciences Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Ruth Feldman
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; The Gonda Brain Sciences Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
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Margolin G, Ramos MC, Timmons AC, Miller KF, Han SC. Intergenerational Transmission of Aggression: Physiological Regulatory Processes. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2015; 10:15-21. [PMID: 26929773 DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Children who grow up in aggressive households are at risk of having problems with physiological regulation, but researchers have not investigated physiology as a mechanism in the intergenerational transmission of aggression. In this article, we posit that physiological regulation, particularly during stressful interpersonal interactions, may shed light on sensitivity to conflict, It can also inform our understanding of associations between childhood exposure to aggression in families of origin and aggression against partners in adolescence or adulthood. In support of this model, we highlight findings showing that childhood exposure to family aggression relates to physiological regulation across the life span, and that reactions to physiological stress concurrently relate to aggression against intimate partners. Emerging evidence from research on biological processes during stressful interpersonal interactions raises questions about what is adaptive for individuals from aggressive families, particularly as past family experiences intersect with the challenges of new relationships.
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Levendosky AA, Bogat GA, Lonstein JS, Martinez-Torteya C, Muzik M, Granger DA, von Eye A. Infant adrenocortical reactivity and behavioral functioning: relation to early exposure to maternal intimate partner violence. Stress 2015; 19:37-44. [PMID: 26482431 PMCID: PMC5106761 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2015.1108303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal stress negatively affects fetal development, which in turn may affect infant hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation and behavioral functioning. We examined effects of exposure to a traumatic stressor in families [intimate partner violence (IPV)] on both infants' HPA axis reactivity to stress and their internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Infants (n = 182, 50% girls, x age = 11.77 months) were exposed to a laboratory challenge task designed to induce frustration and anger (i.e. arm restraint). Saliva samples were taken pre-task and 20 and 40 min post-task and then assayed for cortisol. Mothers reported on their pregnancy and postpartum IPV history, current mental health, substance use and their infants' behaviors. Structural equation modeling revealed that prenatal, but not postnatal, IPV was independently associated with infant cortisol reactivity and problem behavior. Maternal mental health predicted infant behavioral functioning but not infant HPA axis reactivity. These findings are consistent with the prenatal programing hypothesis; that is, early life stress affects later risk and vulnerability for altered physiological and behavioral regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alytia A. Levendosky
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - G. Anne Bogat
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Joseph S. Lonstein
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Neuroscience Program, Psychology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | | | - Maria Muzik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5734
| | - Douglas A. Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Alexander von Eye
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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Ji J, Negriff S, Kim H, Susman EJ. A study of cortisol reactivity and recovery among young adolescents: Heterogeneity and longitudinal stability and change. Dev Psychobiol 2015; 58:283-302. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juye Ji
- Department of Social Work (EC-207); California State University; Fullerton, 800 N. State College Blvd Fullerton CA 92831
| | - Sonya Negriff
- School of Social Work; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA
| | - Hansung Kim
- Department of Sociology; Hanyang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - Elizabeth J. Susman
- Department of Biobehavioral Health; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA
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Luecken LJ, Hagan MJ, Sandler IN, Tein JY, Ayers TS, Wolchik SA. Longitudinal mediators of a randomized prevention program effect on cortisol for youth from parentally bereaved families. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2015; 15:224-232. [PMID: 23529870 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-013-0385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that a randomized controlled trial of a family-focused intervention for parentally bereaved youth predicted higher cortisol output 6 years later relative to a control group of bereaved youth (Luecken et al., Psychoneuroendocrinology 35, 785-789, 2010). The current study evaluated longitudinal mediators of the intervention effect on cortisol 6 years later. Parentally bereaved children (N = 139; mean age, 11.4; SD = 2.4; age range = 8-16 years; male; 61% Caucasian, 17% Hispanic, 7% African American, and 15% other ethnicities) were randomly assigned to the 12-week preventive intervention (n = 78) or a self-study control (n = 61) condition. Six years later (mean age, 17.5; SD, 2.4), cortisol was sampled as youth participated in a parent-child conflict interaction task. Using four waves of data across the 6 years, longitudinal mediators of the program impact on cortisol were evaluated. Program-induced increases in positive parenting, decreases in child exposure to negative life events, and lower externalizing symptoms significantly mediated the intervention effect on cortisol 6 years later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Luecken
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Melissa J Hagan
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Irwin N Sandler
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Jenn-Yun Tein
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Tim S Ayers
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Sharlene A Wolchik
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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Blair C, Ursache A, Mills-Koonce R, Stifter C, Voegtline K, Granger DA. Emotional reactivity and parenting sensitivity interact to predict cortisol output in toddlers. Dev Psychol 2015; 51:1271-7. [PMID: 26192038 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol output in response to emotion induction procedures was examined at child age 24 months in a prospective longitudinal sample of 1,292 children and families in predominantly low-income and nonurban communities in two regions of high poverty in the United States. Multilevel analysis indicated that observed emotional reactivity to a mask presentation but not a toy removal procedure interacted with sensitive parenting to predict cortisol levels in children. For children experiencing high levels of sensitive parenting, cortisol output was high among children exhibiting high emotional reactivity and low among children exhibiting low emotional reactivity. For children experiencing low levels of sensitive parenting, cortisol output was unrelated to emotional reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clancy Blair
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University
| | | | - Roger Mills-Koonce
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | | | - Kristin Voegtline
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, Arizona State University
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Lucas-Thompson RG, Lunkenheimer ES, Dumitrache A. Associations Between Marital Conflict and Adolescent Conflict Appraisals, Stress Physiology, and Mental Health. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 46:379-393. [PMID: 26136117 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1046179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to examine conflict appraisals and diurnal cortisol production as mediators of the robust association between marital conflict and adolescent adjustment problems. Parents reported their marital conflict and were observed engaging in a marital conflict discussion; they also reported adolescent internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Adolescents (n = 105, 52% female, 10-17 years of age) appraised their parents' marital conflict and reported their internalizing and externalizing behaviors. After the laboratory visit, adolescents provided four saliva samples on each of 2 consecutive days to assess diurnal cortisol production. More-negative marital conflict predicted more self-blame for parental conflict, which in turn predicted less robust decreases in cortisol across the day. Further, this flattened cortisol production pattern mediated the relationship between greater self-blame for parental conflict and adolescents' elevated internalizing behaviors. Feeling responsible for parental conflict appears to be particularly damaging in terms of physiological regulation and adjustment, and may therefore be a particularly useful intervention target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erika S Lunkenheimer
- a Department of Human Development and Family Studies , Colorado State University
| | - Adina Dumitrache
- a Department of Human Development and Family Studies , Colorado State University
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Abstract
Emotional security theory (EST), initially proposed as a process model for understanding relations between marital conflict and child development, has been empirically tested and validated in numerous studies over the past 20 years. This has demonstrated the relevance of children’s emotional security to consequent emotional and behavioral adjustment. Recently, investigations of EST have employed an exciting new range of multimethod processes that include biobehavioral and physiological evaluations. Together with a broadening of the ecological contexts in which EST is examined, EST research is making innovative strides in the study of process and context that promise to bring it to the forefront of social-ecological systems research.
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