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Calancie OG, Parr AC, Brien DC, Coe BC, Booij L, Khalid-Khan S, Munoz DP. Impairment of Visual Fixation and Preparatory Saccade Control in Borderline Personality Disorder with and without co-morbid Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024:S2451-9022(24)00191-5. [PMID: 39032694 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is associated with heightened impulsivity, evidenced by increased substance abuse, self-harm and suicide attempts. Addressing impulsivity in individuals with BPD is a therapeutic objective; but its underlying neural basis in this clinical population remains unclear, partly due to its frequent co-morbidity with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS We employed a response inhibition paradigm - the interleaved pro-/anti-saccade task (IPAST) - among adolescents diagnosed with BPD with and without comorbid ADHD (N=25 and N=24, respectively) during concomitant video-based eye-tracking. We quantified various eye movement response parameters reflective of impulsive action during the task, including delay to fixation acquisition, fixation breaks, anticipatory saccades, and direction errors with express saccade (Saccade Reaction Time [SRT]: 90-140 ms) and regular saccade latencies (SRT > 140 ms). RESULTS Individuals with BPD exhibited deficient response preparation, exampled by reduced visual fixation on task cues and greater variability of saccade responses (i.e., SRT and peak velocity). The ADHD/BPD group shared these traits, as well as produced an increased frequency of anticipatory responses and direction errors with express saccade latencies and reduced error correction. CONCLUSIONS Saccadic deficits in BPD and ADHD/BPD stem not from an inability to execute anti-saccades, but rather from an inadequate preparation for the upcoming task set. These distinctions may arise due to abnormal signaling in cortical areas like the frontal eye fields, posterior parietal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. Understanding these mechanisms could provide insights into targeted interventions focusing on task set preparation to manage response inhibition deficits in BPD and ADHD/BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G Calancie
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada;; School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada;.
| | - Ashley C Parr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Don C Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Linda Booij
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada;; Research Centre and Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarosh Khalid-Khan
- School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada;; Division of Child and Youth Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Doug P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Calancie OG, Parr AC, Brien DC, Huang J, Pitigoi IC, Coe BC, Booij L, Khalid-Khan S, Munoz DP. Motor synchronization and impulsivity in pediatric borderline personality disorder with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: an eye-tracking study of saccade, blink and pupil behavior. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1179765. [PMID: 37425020 PMCID: PMC10323365 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1179765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Shifting motor actions from reflexively reacting to an environmental stimulus to predicting it allows for smooth synchronization of behavior with the outside world. This shift relies on the identification of patterns within the stimulus - knowing when a stimulus is predictable and when it is not - and launching motor actions accordingly. Failure to identify predictable stimuli results in movement delays whereas failure to recognize unpredictable stimuli results in early movements with incomplete information that can result in errors. Here we used a metronome task, combined with video-based eye-tracking, to quantify temporal predictive learning and performance to regularly paced visual targets at 5 different interstimulus intervals (ISIs). We compared these results to the random task where the timing of the target was randomized at each target step. We completed these tasks in female pediatric psychiatry patients (age range: 11-18 years) with borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms, with (n = 22) and without (n = 23) a comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis, against controls (n = 35). Compared to controls, BPD and ADHD/BPD cohorts showed no differences in their predictive saccade performance to metronome targets, however, when targets were random ADHD/BPD participants made significantly more anticipatory saccades (i.e., guesses of target arrival). The ADHD/BPD group also significantly increased their blink rate and pupil size when initiating movements to predictable versus unpredictable targets, likely a reflection of increased neural effort for motor synchronization. BPD and ADHD/BPD groups showed increased sympathetic tone evidenced by larger pupil sizes than controls. Together, these results support normal temporal motor prediction in BPD with and without ADHD, reduced response inhibition in BPD with comorbid ADHD, and increased pupil sizes in BPD patients. Further these results emphasize the importance of controlling for comorbid ADHD when querying BPD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G. Calancie
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ashley C. Parr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Don C. Brien
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jeff Huang
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Isabell C. Pitigoi
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C. Coe
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Linda Booij
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Centre and Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarosh Khalid-Khan
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Divison of Child and Youth Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas P. Munoz
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Ogrodnik M, Karsan S, Heisz JJ. Mental Health in Adults With ADHD: Examining the Relationship With Cardiorespiratory Fitness. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:698-708. [PMID: 36915221 PMCID: PMC10173354 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231158383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mental health of adults with ADHD was compared to neurotypical controls, and associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and mental health were examined. METHOD Seventy-two participants (n = 36 with ADHD) completed demographic questions assessing ADHD and mental health symptoms. CRF was estimated using the 6-Minute Walk Test and a self-perception question. RESULTS Those with ADHD had significantly poorer mental health outcomes than controls (p < .001), with 50% of adults with ADHD reporting moderate to extremely severe symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Critically, lower CRF was associated with worse depression, anxiety, and stress (all p ≤ .03) across both groups. Within the ADHD group, those with higher estimated CRF had significantly lower stress. Among participants with less severe ADHD symptoms, those with higher perceived CRF had significantly lower depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION In our cross-sectional study, participants with ADHD had poorer mental health than neurotypical controls, and higher fitness was associated with better mental health.
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Callahan BL, Ramakrishnan N, Shammi P, Bierstone D, Taylor R, Ozzoude M, Goubran M, Stuss DT, Black SE. Cognitive and Neuroimaging Profiles of Older Adults With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Presenting to a Memory Clinic. J Atten Disord 2022; 26:1118-1129. [PMID: 34784815 PMCID: PMC9066671 DOI: 10.1177/10870547211060546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Some features of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may resemble those of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older adults, contributing to diagnostic uncertainty in individuals seeking assessment in memory clinics. We systematically compared cognition and brain structure in ADHD and MCI to clarify the extent of overlap and identify potential features unique to each. METHOD Older adults from a Cognitive Neurology clinic (40 ADHD, 29 MCI, 37 controls) underwent neuropsychological assessment. A subsample (n = 80) underwent structural neuroimaging. RESULTS Memory was impaired in both patient groups, but reflected a storage deficit in MCI (supported by relatively smaller hippocampi) and an encoding deficit in ADHD (supported by frontal lobe thinning). Both groups displayed normal executive functioning. Semantic retrieval was uniquely impaired in MCI. CONCLUSION Although ADHD has been proposed as a dementia risk factor or prodrome, we propose it is rather a pathophysiologically-unique phenotypic mimic acting via overlap in memory and executive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy L. Callahan
- University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Brandy Callahan, RPsych. Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | | | | | - Daniel Bierstone
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Fietsam AC, Tucker JR, Kamath MS, Huang-Pollock C, Wang Z, Neely KA. Manual dexterity and strength and in young adults with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Neurosci Lett 2022; 766:136349. [PMID: 34785312 PMCID: PMC9578534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Manual motor deficits are common in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, it is unclear whether these impairments persist into adulthood. The aim of this study was to examine manual dexterity and strength in young adults with ADHD aged 18-25 years. Sixty-one individuals with confirmed ADHD and 56 adults without ADHD completed Purdue Pegboard tasks for manual dexterity and maximal hand- and pinch-grip tests for strength. In the Purdue Pegboard task, participants placed pins using the right, left, and both-hands, respectively. In addition, participants built assemblies using pins, washers, and collars with alternating hand movements. The results demonstrated that women without ADHD out-performed the other three groups in the right-hand, bimanual, and assembly PPB tasks. Both maximal hand strength tests demonstrated that men were stronger than women, but no differences were observed between adults with and without ADHD. The current findings suggest that adults with ADHD may have deficits in manual dexterity and tasks requiring bimanual coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, FL, United States
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Duval F, Erb A, Mokrani M, Weiss T, Carcangiu R. First‐Dose Methylphenidate‐Induced Changes in the Anti‐Saccade Task Performance and Outcome in Adults with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2021; 3:146-152. [PMID: 36101656 PMCID: PMC9175892 DOI: 10.1176/appi.prcp.20210010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We examined whether the anti‐saccade task (AST) performance after the first methylphenidate (MPH) dose could be associated with subsequent clinical outcome in adults with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods Ninety‐seven drug‐naive DSM‐5 ADHD adults participated in this study. The AST parameters were measured at baseline, after the first MPH‐dose (10 mg orally), and 6 months after chronic MPH treatment. Results were compared with those of 50 healthy control (HC) subjects. Results At baseline, ADHDs showed longer saccadic reaction times and more direction errors than HCs (both p < 0.00001). Acute and chronic MPH administration resulted in normalization of the AST performances. Multivariate regression analysis after adjusting for age, sex, weight, and severity of symptoms at baseline, revealed that a low percentage of direction errors after the first MPH‐dose (i.e., ≤10%) could predict remission at month 6 (OR: 5.84; 95% CI: 2.00–17.11; p = 0.001). Conclusions Our findings indicate that: (1) impairments of motor planning and response inhibition in adults with ADHD are improved with MPH, and (2) a low direction error percentage after the first MPH‐dose may be an independent predictor of remission. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03411434 The antisaccade task (AST) is useful to reveal impairments in inhibitory control in ADHD. Never‐medicated adult ADHD subjects show delays in reaction times and increased direction errors. Methyphenidate (MPH) administration, either acute or chronic, normalizes AST performances. Direction error percentages after the first MPH‐dose could predict treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Duval
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France (F. Duval, A. Erb, M. Mokrani, T. Weiss, R. Carcangiu)
| | - Alexis Erb
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France (F. Duval, A. Erb, M. Mokrani, T. Weiss, R. Carcangiu)
| | - Marie‐Claude Mokrani
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France (F. Duval, A. Erb, M. Mokrani, T. Weiss, R. Carcangiu)
| | - Thomas Weiss
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France (F. Duval, A. Erb, M. Mokrani, T. Weiss, R. Carcangiu)
| | - Roberta Carcangiu
- Pôle 8/9 Psychiatry, APF2R, Centre Hospitalier, Rouffach, France (F. Duval, A. Erb, M. Mokrani, T. Weiss, R. Carcangiu)
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Maron DN, Bowe SJ, Spencer-Smith M, Mellahn OJ, Perrykkad K, Bellgrove MA, Johnson BP. Oculomotor deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:1198-1213. [PMID: 34655657 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Atypical motor coordination and cognitive processes, such as response inhibition and working memory, have been extensively researched in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Oculomotor neural circuits overlap extensively with regions involved in motor planning and cognition, therefore studies of oculomotor function may offer unique insights into motor and cognitive control in ADHD. We performed a series of pairwise meta-analyses based on data from 26 oculomotor studies in ADHD to examine whether there were differences in performance on visually-guided saccade, gap, antisaccade, memory-guided, pursuit eye movements and fixation tasks. These analyses revealed oculomotor disturbances in ADHD, particularly for difficulties relating to saccade inhibition, memorizing visual target locations and initiating antisaccades. There was no evidence for pursuit eye movement disturbances or saccade dysmetria. Investigating oculomotor abnormalities in ADHD may provide insight into top-down cognitive control processes and motor control, and may serve as a promising biomarker in ADHD research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia N Maron
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Steven J Bowe
- Deakin Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Megan Spencer-Smith
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Olivia J Mellahn
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kelsey Perrykkad
- Cognition and Philosophy Lab, Philosophy Department, School of Philosophical, Historical and International Studies, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Beth P Johnson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, 18 Innovation Walk, Monash University, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Predicting the course of ADHD symptoms through the integration of childhood genomic, neural, and cognitive features. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4046-4054. [PMID: 33173195 PMCID: PMC8345321 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) shows a highly variable course with age: some individuals show improving, others stable or worsening symptoms. The ability to predict symptom course could help individualize treatment and guide interventions. By studying a cohort of 362 youth, we ask if polygenic risk for ADHD, combined with baseline neural and cognitive features could aid in the prediction of the course of symptoms over an average period of 4.8 years. Compared to a never-affected comparison group, we find that participants with worsening symptoms carried the highest polygenic risk for ADHD, followed by those with stable symptoms, then those whose symptoms improved. Participants with worsening symptoms also showed atypical baseline cognition. Atypical microstructure of the cingulum bundle and anterior thalamic radiation was associated with improving symptoms while reduction of thalamic volume was found in those with stable symptoms. Machine-learning algorithms, trained and tested on independent groups, performed well in classifying those never affected against groups with worsening, stable, and improving symptoms (area under the curve >0.79). We conclude that some measures of polygenic risk, cognition, and neuroimaging show significant associations with the future course of ADHD symptoms and may have modest predictive power. These features warrant further exploration as prognostic tools.
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Abstract
Forster and Lavie (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40[1], 251-260, 2014; Psychological Science, 27[2], 203-212, 2016) found that task-irrelevant distraction correlated positively with a measure of mind-wandering and a report of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomology. Based primarily on these results, Forster and Lavie claimed to establish an attention-distractibility trait. Here, I tested whether these associations could be distinguished from associations with working memory capacity and task-relevant distraction (measured with an antisaccade task). With data collected from 226 subjects (ns differ among analyses), the results from the current study suggest that the measures of task-irrelevant distraction and working memory capacity were not (or only very weakly) associated with measures of mind wandering (measured both with a stand-alone questionnaire and in-task thought probes) and ADHD symptomology. Task-relevant interference (i.e., antisaccade accuracy) was associated with mind-wandering reports from in-task thought probes (presented in a separate task), but not the stand-alone mind wandering questionnaire or ADHD symptomology. Additionally, the measure of irrelevant-distraction exhibited low internal consistency suggesting that (as measured) it may not be a suitable individual difference measure. [Preregistration, data, analysis scripts and output are available via the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/bhs24/ ].
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Onandia-Hinchado I, Pardo-Palenzuela N, Diaz-Orueta U. Cognitive characterization of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by domains: a systematic review. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:893-937. [PMID: 33620582 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is reportedly the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed during childhood, and it is recognized as a common condition in adulthood. We review the evidence to help identify cognitive domains associated to deficits in adult ADHD. A systematic review with narrative synthesis was performed, assessing studies on adult ADHD, neuropsychology and research on involved cognitive domains in adults 18+ years old with an established diagnosis of ADHD, in seven electronic databases (PubMed, PsychInfo, WebOfScience, Embase, Scopus, OvidSPMedline, and Teseo), and Worldcat and OpenGrey grey literature databases. 93 studies were included for this review, encompassing findings from a total 5574 adults diagnosed only with ADHD, medication-naïve or non-medicated at the moment of the assessment and 4880 healthy controls. Adults diagnosed with ADHD may show, when compared to healthy controls, a cognitive profile characterized by deficits across all attention modalities, processing speed, executive function (mainly working memory and inhibition with emphasis on reward delay and interference control), verbal memory, reading skills, social cognition and arithmetic abilities. A cognitive characterization of adult ADHD by domains is established beyond the sole consideration of attention and executive function problems. Along with these, verbal memory, language (mainly reading), social cognition and arithmetic abilities may also contribute to a more comprehensive characterization of the cognitive profile in adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Unai Diaz-Orueta
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Room 3.11, John Hume Building, North Campus, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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Connolly A, Fielding J, Papadopoulos N, McGinley J, Murphy A, Rinehart NJ. Factors Associated With Accidental Injuries in Children With ADHD-Combined Type: More Than a Motor Problem? J Atten Disord 2019; 23:1320-1330. [PMID: 26975838 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716633857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: We explored the relationship between accidental injuries, motor impairment, and co-occurring autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms in children with ADHD-combined type (ADHD-CT). Method: Participants were 32 male children diagnosed with ADHD-CT and 23 typically developing male children (7-12 years, full scale IQ [FSIQ] > 80). Parents completed a customized questionnaire on the occurrence of accidental injuries (e.g., bruises, cuts) their child experienced in the past 12 months. Motor proficiency was assessed using the Movement ABC-2 (MABC-2). Parents rated motor, ADHD-CT, ASD, and anxiety symptoms. Results: Children with ADHD-CT had significantly increased parent-reported accidental injuries compared with typically developing children. Among children with ADHD-CT, Spearman's rho rank correlations revealed no association between increased accidental injuries and MABC-2 score, but significant associations with increased hyperactivity/impulsivity, ASD, and anxiety symptoms. Conclusion: Although these findings require validation, they suggest a need for further research investigating the contribution of co-occurring ASD and anxiety symptoms to accidental injuries in children with ADHD-CT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanne Fielding
- 1 Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,2 University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Anna Murphy
- 4 Monash Health, Cheltenham, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole J Rinehart
- 1 Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,3 Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Objective: Neuropsychological performance patterns associated with adult ADHD subtypes are unknown. The aim of the current systematic review was to identify and synthesize available literature regarding neuropsychological performance associated with adult ADHD subtypes. Method: Searches were completed using the databases PsycINFO and PubMed for studies published before March 2017 addressing adult ADHD subtypes and neuropsychological performance. Data characterizing the neuropsychological tests utilized in each study were obtained and sorted into eight domains. To summarize the results of all comparisons (ADHD subtype compared with control, or to each other), we counted the proportion of tests within each domain with significant group differences. Results/Conclusion: We deemed four domains informative in differentiating ADHD subtypes from controls. Of these, memory was the only domain that held promise in distinguishing ADHD-Inattentive and ADHD-Combined. Limitations of the available literature are highlighted and recommendations for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy LeRoy
- 1 Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR, USA
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Lin YJ, Gau SSF. Developmental changes of neuropsychological functioning in individuals with and without childhood ADHD from early adolescence to young adulthood: a 7-year follow-up study. Psychol Med 2019; 49:940-951. [PMID: 29941053 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718001599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our knowledge about the developmental change of neuropsychological functioning in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is limited. This prospective longitudinal study examined the changes in neuropsychological functions and their associations with the changes of ADHD symptoms across the developmental stages from early adolescence to young adulthood. METHODS We followed up 53 individuals diagnosed with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) ADHD during childhood (mean age 12.77 years at time 1, 19.81 years at time 2) and 50 non-ADHD controls (mean age 12.80 years at time 1, 19.36 years at time 2) with repeated psychiatric interviews at two time points to confirm ADHD and other psychiatric diagnoses. Neuropsychological functions with high- and low-executive demands, measured by the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery (CANTAB) at two time points, were compared. RESULTS Both groups showed improvements in all neuropsychological tasks except reaction time in the ADHD group. Despite having a greater improvement in spatial working memory (SWM) than controls, individuals with ADHD still performed worse in various neuropsychological tasks than controls at follow-up. Better baseline intra-dimension/extra-dimension shift and parental occupation predicted fewer ADHD symptoms at follow-up independent of baseline ADHD symptoms. The degree of ADHD symptom reduction was not significantly linearly correlated to the magnitude of neuropsychological function improvement. CONCLUSION Individuals with ADHD and controls had parallel developments in neuropsychological functioning, except a catch-up in SWM in ADHD. Almost all neuropsychological functions herein were still impaired in ADHD at late adolescence/young adulthood. There may be a threshold (i.e. non-linear) relationship between neuropsychological functioning and ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry,National Taiwan University and College of Medicine,Taipei,Taiwan
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Hayes TR, Henderson JM. Scan patterns during scene viewing predict individual differences in clinical traits in a normative sample. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196654. [PMID: 29791467 PMCID: PMC5965850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between viewer individual differences and gaze control has been largely neglected in the scene perception literature. Recently we have shown a robust association between individual differences in viewer cognitive capacity and scan patterns during scene viewing. These findings suggest other viewer individual differences may also be associated with scene gaze control. Here we expand our findings to quantify the relationship between individual differences in clinical traits and scene viewing behavior in a normative sample. The present study used Successor Representation Scanpath Analysis (SRSA) to quantify the strength of the association between individual differences in scan patterns during real-world scene viewing and individual differences in viewer attention-deficit disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and dyslexia scores. The SRSA results revealed individual differences in vertical scan patterns that explained more than half of the variance in attention-deficit scores, a third of the variance in autism quotient scores, and about a quarter of the variance in dyslexia scores. These results suggest that individual differences in attention-deficit disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and dyslexia scores are most strongly associated with vertical scanning behaviors when viewing real-world scenes. More importantly, our results suggest scene scan patterns have promise as potential diagnostic tools and provide insight into the types of vertical scan patterns that are most diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R. Hayes
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John M. Henderson
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Yep R, Soncin S, Brien DC, Coe BC, Marin A, Munoz DP. Using an emotional saccade task to characterize executive functioning and emotion processing in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. Brain Cogn 2018; 124:1-13. [PMID: 29698907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite distinct diagnostic criteria, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder (BD) share cognitive and emotion processing deficits that complicate diagnoses. The goal of this study was to use an emotional saccade task to characterize executive functioning and emotion processing in adult ADHD and BD. Participants (21 control, 20 ADHD, 20 BD) performed an interleaved pro/antisaccade task (look toward vs. look away from a visual target, respectively) in which the sex of emotional face stimuli acted as the cue to perform either the pro- or antisaccade. Both patient groups made more direction (erroneous prosaccades on antisaccade trials) and anticipatory (saccades made before cue processing) errors than controls. Controls exhibited lower microsaccade rates preceding correct anti- vs. prosaccade initiation, but this task-related modulation was absent in both patient groups. Regarding emotion processing, the ADHD group performed worse than controls on neutral face trials, while the BD group performed worse than controls on trials presenting faces of all valence. These findings support the role of fronto-striatal circuitry in mediating response inhibition deficits in both ADHD and BD, and suggest that such deficits are exacerbated in BD during emotion processing, presumably via dysregulated limbic system circuitry involving the anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Yep
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Stephen Soncin
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Donald C Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Alina Marin
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Hotel Dieu Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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Neely KA, Wang P, Chennavasin AP, Samimy S, Tucker J, Merida A, Perez-Edgar K, Huang-Pollock C. Deficits in inhibitory force control in young adults with ADHD. Neuropsychologia 2017; 99:172-178. [PMID: 28284985 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Poor inhibitory control is a well-established cognitive correlate of adults with ADHD. However, the simple reaction time (RT) task used in a majority of studies records performance errors only via the presence or absence of a single key press. This all-or-nothing response makes it impossible to capture subtle differences in underlying processes that shape performance. Subsequently, all-or-nothing tasks may underestimate the prevalence of executive function deficits in ADHD. The current study measured inhibitory control using a standard Go/No-Go RT task and a more sensitive continuous grip force task among adults with (N=51, 22 female) and without (N=51, 29 female) ADHD. Compared to adults without ADHD, adults with ADHD made more failed inhibits in the classic Go/No-Go paradigm and produced greater and more variable force during motor inhibition. The amount of force produced on failed inhibits was a stronger predictor of ADHD-related symptoms than the number of commissions in the standard RT task. Adults with ADHD did not differ from those without ADHD on the mean force and variability of force produced in Go trials. These findings suggest that the use of a precise and continuous motor task, such as the force task used here, provides additional information about the nature of inhibitory motor control in adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Neely
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Peiyuan Wang
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, PA 16802, USA
| | - Amanda P Chennavasin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, PA 16802, USA
| | - Shaadee Samimy
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jacqueline Tucker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andrea Merida
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, PA 16802, USA
| | - Koraly Perez-Edgar
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, PA 16802, USA
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Weigard A, Huang-Pollock C. The role of speed in ADHD-related working memory deficits: A time-based resource-sharing and diffusion model account. Clin Psychol Sci 2017; 5:195-211. [PMID: 28533945 PMCID: PMC5437983 DOI: 10.1177/2167702616668320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several recent commentaries suggest that, for psychological science to move beyond "homuncular" explanations for cognitive control, it is critically important to examine the role of basic and computationally well-defined processes (e.g. cognitive processing speed). Correlational evidence has previously linked slow speed to working memory (WM) deficits in ADHD, but the directionality of this relationship has not been investigated experimentally and the mechanisms through which speed may influence WM are unclear. Herein, we demonstrate in school-aged children with and without ADHD, that manipulating speed (indexed with the diffusion model) within a WM paradigm reduces WM capacity due to an increase in cognitive load, in a manner that is consistent with predictions of the time-based resource-sharing model of WM. Results suggest slow speed is a plausible cause of WM deficits in ADHD, provide a mechanistic account of this relationship, and urge the exploration of non-executive neurocognitive processes in clinical research on etiology.
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18
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Amador-Campos JA, Aznar-Casanova JA, Bezerra I, Torro-Alves N, Sánchez MM. Attentional blink in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2015; 37:133-8. [PMID: 26018647 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2014-1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the temporal mechanism of attention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and controls using a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task in which two letters (T1 and T2) were presented in close temporal proximity among distractors (attentional blink [AB]). METHOD Thirty children aged between 9 and 13 years (12 with ADHD combined type and 18 controls) took part in the study. Both groups performed two kinds of RSVP task. In the single task, participants simply had to identify a target letter (T1), whereas in the dual task, they had to identify a target letter (T1) and a probe letter (T2). RESULTS The ADHD and control groups were equivalent in their single-task performance. However, in the dual-task condition, there were significant between-group differences in the rate of detection of the probe letter (T2) at lag + 1 and lag + 4. The ADHD group exhibited a larger overall AB compared with controls. CONCLUSION Our findings provide support for a link between ADHD and attentional blink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Amador-Campos
- Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, School of Psychology, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Izabela Bezerra
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Department of Psychology, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Nelson Torro-Alves
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Department of Psychology, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Manuel M Sánchez
- Department of Basic Psychology, School of Psychology, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Kurdziel LBF, Dempsey K, Zahara M, Valera E, Spencer RMC. Impaired visuomotor adaptation in adults with ADHD. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:1145-53. [PMID: 25567090 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent psychiatric disorder in children that often continues into adulthood. It has been suggested that motor impairments in ADHD are associated with underlying cerebellar pathology. If such is the case, individuals with ADHD should be impaired on motor tasks requiring healthy cerebellar function. To test this, we compared performance of individuals with ADHD and ADHD-like symptoms with non-ADHD controls on a visuomotor adaptation task known to be impaired following cerebellar lesions. Participants adapted reaching movements to a visual representation that was rotated by 30°. Individuals with ADHD and those with ADHD-like symptoms took longer to correct the angle of movement once the rotation was applied relative to controls. However, post-adaptation residual effect did not differ for individuals with ADHD and ADHD-like symptoms compared to the control group. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that mild cerebellar deficits are evident in the motor performance of adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B F Kurdziel
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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20
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Donnadieu S, Berger C, Lallier M, Marendaz C, Laurent A. Is the impairment in temporal allocation of visual attention in children with ADHD related to a developmental delay or a structural cognitive deficit? RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 36C:384-395. [PMID: 25462498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the temporal allocation of visual attention in 11-year-old children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by comparing their attentional blink (AB) parameters (duration, amplitude and minimum performance) with those observed in three groups of healthy control participants (8-year-olds, 11-year-olds and adults). The AB is a marker of impaired ability to detect a second target following the identification of a first target when both appear randomly within a rapid sequence of distractor items. Our results showed developmental effects; with age, the AB duration decreased and the AB minimum moved to shorter lag times. Importantly, 11-year old children with ADHD presented much the same similar AB patterns (in terms of duration and minimum position) as the healthy 8-year-old controls. Our results support the hypothesis whereby impaired allocation of temporal selective attention in children with ADHD is due to a developmental delay and not a specific cognitive deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Donnadieu
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, CNRS UMR-5105, Grenoble, France; Université de Savoie, BP 1104, 73011 Chambéry Cedex, France.
| | - Carole Berger
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, CNRS UMR-5105, Grenoble, France; Université de Savoie, BP 1104, 73011 Chambéry Cedex, France
| | - Marie Lallier
- Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Christian Marendaz
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, CNRS UMR-5105, Grenoble, France; Université Pierre Mendès France, BP 47, 38040 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Annie Laurent
- CHU de Grenoble, Département de Psychiatrie, 38000 Grenoble, France
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21
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Wong LM, Goodrich-Hunsaker NJ, McLennan Y, Tassone F, Zhang M, Rivera SM, Simon TJ. Eye movements reveal impaired inhibitory control in adult male fragile X premutation carriers asymptomatic for FXTAS. Neuropsychology 2014; 28:571-584. [PMID: 24773414 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fragile X premutation carriers (fXPCs) have an expansion of 55-200 CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene. Male fXPCs are at risk for developing a neurodegenerative motor disorder (FXTAS) often accompanied by inhibitory control impairments, even in fXPCs without motor symptoms. Inhibitory control impairments might precede, and thus indicate elevated risk for motor impairment associated with FXTAS. We tested whether inhibitory impairments are observable in fXPCs by assessing oculomotor performance. METHOD Participants were males aged 18-48 years asymptomatic for FXTAS. FXPCs (n = 21) and healthy age-matched controls (n = 22) performed four oculomotor tasks. In a Fixation task, participants fixated on a central cross and maintained gaze position when a peripheral stimulus appeared. In a Pursuit task, participants maintained gaze on a square moving at constant velocity. In a Prosaccade task, participants fixated on a central cross, then looked at a peripheral stimulus. An Antisaccade task was identical to the Prosaccade task, except participants looked in the direction opposite the stimulus. Inhibitory cost was the difference in saccade latency between the Antisaccade and Prosaccade tasks. RESULTS Relative to controls, fXPCs had longer saccade latency in the Antisaccade task. In fXPCs, inhibitory cost was positively associated with vermis area in lobules VI-VII. CONCLUSION Antisaccades require inhibitory control to inhibit reflexive eye movements. We found that eye movements are sensitive to impaired inhibitory control in fXPCs asymptomatic for FXTAS. Thus, eye movements may be useful in assessing FXTAS risk or disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling M Wong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis Medical Center
| | | | - Yingratana McLennan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis Medical Center
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center
| | - Melody Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis
| | - Susan M Rivera
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
| | - Tony J Simon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis Medical Center
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Roberts W, Miller MA, Weafer J, Fillmore MT. Heavy drinking and the role of inhibitory control of attention. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2014; 22:133-40. [PMID: 24611837 PMCID: PMC4082663 DOI: 10.1037/a0035317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol can disrupt goal-directed behavior by impairing the ability to inhibit attentional shifts toward salient but goal-irrelevant stimuli. Individuals who are highly sensitive to this effect of the drug may be at increased risk for problematic drinking, especially among those whose attention is drawn to alcohol-related cues in the environment (i.e., attentional bias). The current study examined the acute impairing effect of alcohol on inhibitory mechanisms of attentional control in a group of healthy social drinkers. We then examined whether increased sensitivity to this disinhibiting effect of alcohol was associated with heavy drinking, especially among those who have an attentional bias toward alcohol-related stimuli. Eighty nondependent social drinkers performed a delayed ocular response task that measured their inhibitory control of attention by their ability to suppress attentional shifts to irrelevant stimuli. Attentional bias was measured using a visual probe task. Inhibitory control was assessed following a moderate dose of alcohol (0.64 g/kg) and a placebo. Participants made more inhibitory failures (i.e., premature saccades) following 0.64 g/kg alcohol compared with placebo and the relation of this effect to their drinking habits did depend on the level of the drinker's attentional bias to alcohol-related stimuli. Among drinkers with higher attentional bias, greater impairment of inhibitory control was associated with heavier drinking. In contrast, drinkers with little or no attentional bias showed no relation between their sensitivity to the disinhibiting effects of alcohol and drinking habits. These findings have implications for understanding how heightened incentive-salience of alcohol cues and impaired attentional control can interactively contribute to excessive alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica Weafer
- University of Chicago, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience
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23
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Wong LM, Goodrich-Hunsaker NJ, McLennan YA, Tassone F, Rivera SM, Simon TJ. A cross-sectional analysis of orienting of visuospatial attention in child and adult carriers of the fragile X premutation. J Neurodev Disord 2014; 6:45. [PMID: 25937844 PMCID: PMC4416306 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-6-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fragile X premutation carriers (fXPCs) have an expansion of 55–200 CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene. Male fXPCs are at risk for developing a neurodegenerative motor disorder (fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS)) often accompanied by cognitive decline. Several broad domains are implicated as core systems of dysfunction in fXPCs, including perceptual processing of spatial information, orienting of attention to space, and inhibiting attention to irrelevant distractors. We tested whether orienting of spatial attention is impaired in fXPCs. Methods Participants were fXPCs or healthy controls (HCs) asymptomatic for FXTAS. In experiment 1, they were male and female children and adults (aged 7–45 years). They oriented attention in response to volitional (endogenous) and reflexive (exogenous) cues. In experiment 2, the participants were men (aged 18–48 years). They oriented attention in an endogenous cueing task that manipulated the amount of information in the cue. Results In women, fXPCs exhibited slower reaction times than HCs in both the endogenous and exogenous conditions. In men, fXPCs exhibited slower reaction times than HCs in the exogenous condition and in the challenging endogenous cueing task with probabilistic cues. In children, fXPCs did not differ from HCs. Conclusions Because adult fXPCs were slower even when controlling for psychomotor speed, results support the interpretation that a core dysfunction in fXPCs is the allocation of spatial attention, while perceptual processing and attention orienting are intact. These findings indicate the importance of considering age and sex when interpreting and generalizing studies of fXPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling M Wong
- Davis Medical Center, MIND Institute, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA ; War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422 USA
| | | | - Yingratana A McLennan
- Davis Medical Center, MIND Institute, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Davis Medical Center, MIND Institute, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Susan M Rivera
- Davis Medical Center, MIND Institute, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA ; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA ; Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Tony J Simon
- Davis Medical Center, MIND Institute, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
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Rajendran K, Rindskopf D, O'Neill S, Marks DJ, Nomura Y, Halperin JM. Neuropsychological functioning and severity of ADHD in early childhood: a four-year cross-lagged study. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 122:1179-88. [PMID: 24364619 PMCID: PMC4980645 DOI: 10.1037/a0034237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have poorer neuropsychological functioning relative to their typically developing peers. However, it is unclear whether early neuropsychological functioning predicts later ADHD severity and/or the latter is longitudinally associated with subsequent neuropsychological functioning; and whether these relations are different in children with and without early symptoms of ADHD. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal associations between ADHD severity and neuropsychological functioning among children at high and low risk of developing ADHD. Hyperactive/Inattentive (H/I; n = 140) and Typically developing (TD; n = 76) preschoolers (age 3-4 years) were recruited (BL) and followed annually for 3 years (F1, F2, and F3). Teachers rated the children's ADHD severity and impairment using the Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 and the Children's Problem Checklist, respectively. Parent reports of children's ADHD severity were obtained using the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Present and Lifetime version. Neuropsychological functioning was assessed using the NEPSY. In the full sample, there were bidirectional longitudinal associations between neuropsychological functioning and ADHD severity between F1 and F3. Among H/I children, neuropsychological functioning at F1 and F2 predicted ADHD severity at F2 and F3, respectively. In contrast, among TD children the only significant relationship observed was that elevated ADHD symptoms at F2 were associated with poorer neuropsychological functioning at F3. Improved neuropsychological functioning may attenuate ADHD symptoms and associated impairment among H/I children during the early school years. Interventions designed to improve neuropsychological functioning among young H/I children may be beneficial in reducing their ADHD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah O'Neill
- Department of Psychology, The City College of the City University of New York
| | - David J Marks
- New York University, Langone Medical Center, Child Study Center
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Miller M, Loya F, Hinshaw SP. Executive functions in girls with and without childhood ADHD: developmental trajectories and associations with symptom change. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 54:1005-15. [PMID: 23600917 PMCID: PMC3732514 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We prospectively followed an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n = 140) and a matched comparison sample (n = 88) from childhood through young adulthood to evaluate developmental trajectories of executive functions (EF) and associations between EF trajectories and dimensional measures of ADHD symptoms. We hypothesized that (a) EF trajectories would be similar in girls both with and without childhood ADHD, with the ADHD group showing greater impairment across time; and (b) changes in EF abilities would predict changes in ADHD symptoms across time, consistent with the theory that ADHD symptom reductions partially result from prefrontally mediated EF development. METHOD Latent growth curve models were used to evaluate development of sustained attention, response inhibition, working memory, and global EF abilities, and associations between EF trajectories and ADHD symptom trajectories. RESULTS Girls with childhood-diagnosed ADHD showed greater improvement across development on measures of sustained attention and global EF, but similar rates of improvement on measures of working memory and response inhibition. Changes in the global EF measure predicted changes in both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms across time, whereas changes in response inhibition predicted changes in hyperactive-impulsive symptoms; associations between changes in other EF variables and symptoms were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest variability in patterns of EF improvement over time in females with ADHD histories and indicate that EF development may play a role in symptom change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Miller
- Department of psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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van Lieshout M, Luman M, Buitelaar J, Rommelse N, Oosterlaan J. Does neurocognitive functioning predict future or persistence of ADHD? A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2013; 33:539-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bittencourt J, Velasques B, Teixeira S, Basile LF, Salles JI, Nardi AE, Budde H, Cagy M, Piedade R, Ribeiro P. Saccadic eye movement applications for psychiatric disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9:1393-409. [PMID: 24072973 PMCID: PMC3783508 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s45931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study presented here analyzed the patterns of relationship between oculomotor performance and psychopathology, focusing on depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and anxiety disorder. METHODS Scientific articles published from 1967 to 2013 in the PubMed/Medline, ISI Web of Knowledge, Cochrane, and SciELO databases were reviewed. RESULTS Saccadic eye movement appears to be heavily involved in psychiatric diseases covered in this review via a direct mechanism. The changes seen in the execution of eye movement tasks in patients with psychopathologies of various studies confirm that eye movement is associated with the cognitive and motor system. CONCLUSION Saccadic eye movement changes appear to be heavily involved in the psychiatric disorders covered in this review and may be considered a possible marker of some disorders. The few existing studies that approach the topic demonstrate a need to improve the experimental paradigms, as well as the methods of analysis. Most of them report behavioral variables (latency/reaction time), though electrophysiological measures are absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Bittencourt
- Brain Mapping and Sensory Motor Integration Laboratory, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Institute of Applied Neuroscience, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Neurophysiology and Neuropsychology of Attention, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Laboratory of Physical Therapy, Veiga de Almeida University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Stern SK, Morris MK. Discrimination of ADHD and Reading Disability in Adults Using the D-KEFS. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2012; 28:125-34. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acs111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Laasonen M, Salomaa J, Cousineau D, Leppämäki S, Tani P, Hokkanen L, Dye M. Project DyAdd: Visual attention in adult dyslexia and ADHD. Brain Cogn 2012; 80:311-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Hakvoort Schwerdtfeger RM, Alahyane N, Brien DC, Coe BC, Stroman PW, Munoz DP. Preparatory neural networks are impaired in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during the antisaccade task. Neuroimage Clin 2012; 2:63-78. [PMID: 24179760 PMCID: PMC3777763 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often display executive function impairments, particularly in inhibitory control. The antisaccade task, which measures inhibitory control, requires one to suppress an automatic prosaccade toward a salient visual stimulus and voluntarily make an antisaccade in the opposite direction. ADHD patients not only have longer saccadic reaction times, but also make more direction errors (i.e., a prosaccade was executed toward the stimulus) during antisaccade trials. These deficits may stem from pathology in several brain areas that are important for executive control. Using functional MRI with a rapid event-related design, adults with combined subtype of ADHD (coexistence of attention and hyperactivity problems), who abstained from taking stimulant medication 20 h prior to experiment onset, and age-match controls performed pro- and antisaccade trials that were interleaved with pro- and anti-catch trials (i.e., instruction was presented but no target appeared, requiring no response). This method allowed us to examine brain activation patterns when participants either prepared (during instruction) or executed (after target appearance) correct pro or antisaccades. Behaviorally, ADHD adults displayed several antisaccade deficits, including longer and more variable reaction times and more direction errors, but saccade metrics (i.e., duration, velocity, and amplitude) were normal. When preparing to execute an antisaccade, ADHD adults showed less activation in frontal, supplementary, and parietal eye fields, compared to controls. However, activation in these areas was normal in the ADHD group during the execution of a correct antisaccade. Interestingly, unlike controls, adults with ADHD produced greater activation than controls in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during antisaccade execution, perhaps as part of compensatory mechanisms to optimize antisaccade production. Overall, these data suggest that the saccade deficits observed in adults with ADHD do not result from an inability to execute a correct antisaccade but rather the failure to properly prepare (i.e., form the appropriate task set) for the antisaccade trial. The data support the view that the executive impairments, including inhibitory control, in ADHD adults are related to poor response preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia Alahyane
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald C. Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian C. Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick W. Stroman
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas P. Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Executive functions (EFs) make possible mentally playing with ideas; taking the time to think before acting; meeting novel, unanticipated challenges; resisting temptations; and staying focused. Core EFs are inhibition [response inhibition (self-control--resisting temptations and resisting acting impulsively) and interference control (selective attention and cognitive inhibition)], working memory, and cognitive flexibility (including creatively thinking "outside the box," seeing anything from different perspectives, and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances). The developmental progression and representative measures of each are discussed. Controversies are addressed (e.g., the relation between EFs and fluid intelligence, self-regulation, executive attention, and effortful control, and the relation between working memory and inhibition and attention). The importance of social, emotional, and physical health for cognitive health is discussed because stress, lack of sleep, loneliness, or lack of exercise each impair EFs. That EFs are trainable and can be improved with practice is addressed, including diverse methods tried thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Diamond
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada.
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Engelhardt PE, Veld SN, Nigg JT, Ferreira F. Are language production problems apparent in adults who no longer meet diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Cogn Neuropsychol 2012; 29:275-99. [PMID: 23005917 PMCID: PMC3478888 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2012.712957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined sentence production in a sample of adults (N = 21) who had had attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as children, but as adults no longer met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria (APA, 2000). This "remitted" group was assessed on a sentence production task. On each trial, participants saw two objects and a verb. Their task was to construct a sentence using the objects as arguments of the verb. Results showed more ungrammatical and disfluent utterances with one particular type of verb (i.e., participle). In a second set of analyses, we compared the remitted group to both control participants and a "persistent" group, who had ADHD as children and as adults. Results showed that remitters were more likely to produce ungrammatical utterances and to make repair disfluencies compared to controls, and they patterned more similarly to ADHD participants. Conclusions focus on language output in remitted ADHD, and the role of executive functions in language production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Engelhardt
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Neuropsychological weaknesses in adult ADHD; cognitive functions as core deficit and roles of them in persistence to adulthood. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2012; 18:819-26. [PMID: 22687463 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617712000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Prior investigations have shown that individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have impaired neuropsychological functions. This study had two aims, first to investigate weakened cognitive functions in adult ADHD (aADHD), and second, to investigate difference between persisters (those having persistently ongoing ADHD diagnosis in adulthood), and remitters (those having ADHD diagnosis only in childhood and not in adulthood), in terms of cognitive deficits. We evaluated performance on a comprehensive neuropsychological battery in three groups including 34 persisters, 35 remitters, and 35 healthy control group (absence of childhood and adulthood ADHD diagnosis). Our findings showed that adults with ADHD have inefficient attention, interference control and set-shifting functions, which may be revealed on neuropsychological tests that require greater cognitive demand. Given the finding that interference control deficit exists across the lifespan in people with ADHD, we suggest that interference control-associated functional weakness may be a core deficit for ADHD. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1-8).
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Baskin-Sommers A, Wolf R, Buckholtz J, Warren C, Newman J. Exaggerated Attention Blink Response in Prisoners with Externalizing. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2012. [PMID: 23180900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The diverse phenotypic expressions of disinhibitory psychopathology are believed to reflect a common latent predisposing variable: externalizing. While deficiencies in executive functioning (i.e., cognitive/inhibitory control, working memory) and affective hyper-reactivity are commonly associated with externalizing, there is also evidence that externalizing is related to anomalous allocation of attention. In this study, we administered an attention blink task to a sample of male prisoners and assessed externalizing using the Impulsive-Antisociality scale (Benning, Patrick, Hicks, Blonigen, & Krueger, 2003). Individuals with high Impulsive-Antisociality displayed a significantly steeper attention blink (i.e., less accurate identification of a second target) than individuals with low Impulsive-Antisociality. Results provide new evidence that externalizers over-allocate attention to salient information and suggest a novel conceptualization of their disinhibitory psychopathology.
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Engelhardt PE, Ferreira F, Nigg JT. Language production strategies and disfluencies in multi-clause network descriptions: a study of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychology 2011; 25:442-53. [PMID: 21463044 DOI: 10.1037/a0022436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A prominent behavioral manifestation of impulsivity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is inappropriate language production, such as talking excessively, blurting out answers, and interrupting others. OBJECTIVE In this study, we examined language production in ADHD and non-ADHD controls to determine whether these types of language production problems are apparent in adults with ADHD. METHOD Participants (18-35 years old, 53.3% male) were asked to describe networks of colored dots that contained two branches that differed in length and complexity. According to the Minimal-Load Principle (Levelt, 1989), participants should prefer to describe a shorter and less complex branch first, in order to minimize planning and memory demands when formulating a description of the network. The dependent measures focused on which branch participants chose to describe first and the fluency of the descriptions. Four types of disfluency were examined: filled pauses, silent pauses, repetitions, and repairs. RESULTS There was no difference between ADHD participants and controls in the decisions they made when describing the networks (p > .10, η² = .004). Participants in both groups preferred to describe a short branch before describing a long branch and decisions were unaffected by complexity. However, ADHD participants did produce more words overall, t(73) = -2.33, p < .05, η² = .07, and they also produced more disfluencies, F(4, 70) = 2.98, p < .05, η² = .15, even after adjusting for number of words produced. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest less language efficiency and reduced fluency in ADHD, and that language production issues remain in adults with ADHD, similar to the issues commonly reported in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Engelhardt
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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36
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Adams ZW, Roberts WM, Milich R, Fillmore MT. Does response variability predict distractibility among adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Psychol Assess 2011; 23:427-36. [PMID: 21443365 DOI: 10.1037/a0022112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Increased intraindividual variability in response time (RTSD) has been observed reliably in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and has often been used as a measure of inattention. RTSD is assumed to reflect attentional lapses and distractibility, though evidence for the validity of this connection is lacking. We assessed whether RTSD is an indicator of inattention by comparing RTSD on the stop-signal task (SST) with performance on the delayed oculomotor response (DOR) task, a measure of distractibility. Participants included 30 adults with ADHD and 28 controls. Participants completed the SST and the DOR task, which measured subjects' ability to maintain attention and avoid distraction by inhibiting reflexive saccades toward distractors. On the SST, the ADHD group was slower to inhibit than were controls, indicating poorer inhibitory control in ADHD. The ADHD group also displayed slower reaction times (RTs), greater RTSD, and more omission errors. On the DOR task, the ADHD group displayed more premature saccades (i.e., greater distractibility) than did controls. Greater variability in RT was associated with increased distraction on the DOR task, but only in ADHD participants. Results suggest that RTSD is linked to distractibility among adults with ADHD and support the use of RTSD as a valid measure of inattention in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W Adams
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA.
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Green JT, Chess AC, Conquest CJ, Yegla BA. Conditioned inhibition in a rodent model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behav Neurosci 2011; 125:979-87. [PMID: 22004263 DOI: 10.1037/a0025921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A deficit in inhibition may underlie some of the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), particularly impulsivity. However, the data on inhibitory deficits in children with ADHD are mixed. Moreover, there has been little characterization of inhibitory processes in animal models of ADHD. Pavlov's conditioned inhibition procedure allows a direct assessment of the inhibitory status of a stimulus via summation and retardation tests. Therefore, in the current study, we examined conditioned inhibition in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), the most well-validated animal model of ADHD. SHRs and Wistar rats were trained in a simultaneous feature-negative discrimination in eyeblink conditioning. Each session consisted of a mixture of 2 trial types: a tone paired with a periocular stimulation (A+) or a tone and light presented simultaneously without a periocular stimulation (XA-). Both SHRs and Wistars were able to discriminate A+ from XA- trials. In subsequent summation (X presented simultaneously with a different conditioned excitor, B) and retardation (X paired with the periocular stimulation) tests, the presence of inhibition to X was confirmed in both SHRs and Wistars: X reduced responding to B, and X was slow to develop excitation when paired with periocular stimulation. These results are the first to demonstrate Pavlovian conditioned inhibition in SHRs and to use summation and retardation tests to confirm X as a conditioned inhibitor. The data indicate that conditioned inhibition is intact in SHRs; thus, inhibitory processes that do not require prefrontal cortex or cerebellum may be normal in this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Green
- Department of Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0134, USA.
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38
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Vaughn AJ, Epstein JN, Rausch J, Altaye M, Langberg J, Newcorn JH, Hinshaw SP, Hechtman L, Arnold LE, Swanson JM, Wigal T. Relation between outcomes on a continuous performance test and ADHD symptoms over time. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 39:853-64. [PMID: 21476025 PMCID: PMC3112297 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-011-9501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between the developmental trajectories of neuropsychological functioning and ADHD symptomatology in a longitudinal sample of children ages 9 to 14. Participants and measures were derived from the Multimodal Treatment Study for ADHD including 534MTA participants and 254 normal controls. Despite improvement over time, MTA participants continued to receive higher ratings of ADHD symptomatology and exhibit greater difficulties across the majority of neuropsychological outcomes. No relations were found between improvements in neuropsychological functioning and ADHD symptomatology over time. Findings provide support for the persistence of neuropsychological functioning and ADHD symptomatology. Findings did not support the hypothesized relation between improvements in frontally-mediated neuropsychological functioning and ADHD symptomatology possibly due to the brief 1-year lag and limited assessment battery. Findings are discussed in relation to neuropsychological development including recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Vaughn
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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39
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Roberts W, Fillmore MT, Milich R. Separating automatic and intentional inhibitory mechanisms of attention in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 120:223-33. [PMID: 21058752 DOI: 10.1037/a0021408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Researchers in the cognitive sciences recognize a fundamental distinction between automatic and intentional mechanisms of inhibitory control. The use of eye-tracking tasks to assess selective attention has led to a better understanding of this distinction in specific populations, such as children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study examined automatic and intentional inhibitory control mechanisms in adults with ADHD using a saccadic interference task and a delayed ocular response task. Thirty adults with ADHD were evaluated against 27 comparison adults on measures of inhibitory control. The delayed ocular response task showed that adults with ADHD were less able than comparison adults to inhibit a reflexive saccade toward the sudden appearance of a stimulus in the periphery. However, saccadic interference task performance showed that the ADHD group did not differ significantly from the comparison group on a measure of automatic inhibitory control. These findings suggest a dissociation between automatic and intentional inhibitory deficits in adults with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
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Adams ZW, Milich R, Fillmore MT. Examining manual and visual response inhibition among ADHD subtypes. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 38:971-83. [PMID: 20449644 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-010-9420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study compared inhibitory functioning among ADHD subtype groups on manual and visual versions of the stop task. Seventy-six children, identified as ADHD/I (n=17), ADHD/C (n=43), and comparison (n=20) completed both tasks. Results indicated that both ADHD groups were slower to inhibit responses than the comparison group on both tasks. Comparison children were faster to inhibit than activate responses on both tasks. Children in the ADHD groups also demonstrated this robust pattern on the manual task. However, on the visual task, the ADHD groups evidenced slowed inhibition comparable to the time required to activate responding. This implies that the visual task is more sensitive than the manual task to inhibitory deficits associated with ADHD. The ADHD/I and the ADHD/C groups did not differ on most measures, suggesting that neither stop task is effective in differentiating the subtypes. These findings extend work highlighting the role of disinhibition in ADHD, and contrast recent work suggesting divergence between ADHD subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W Adams
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 202A Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA
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42
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Karatekin C, Bingham C, White T. Oculomotor and pupillometric indices of pro- and antisaccade performance in youth-onset psychosis and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Schizophr Bull 2010; 36:1167-86. [PMID: 19429843 PMCID: PMC2963044 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbp035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The goals of the study were to examine inhibitory deficits on the antisaccade task in 8- to 20-year olds with youth-onset psychosis or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy controls and to examine if age-related changes in performance differed across groups. In addition to the conventional measures of performance, pupillary dilations were used to obtain estimates of phasic and tonic level of arousal. Results showed that the psychosis, but not the ADHD, group had elevated antisaccade error rates; however, variability of error rates was high in all groups. These inhibitory failures were accompanied by a lower level of momentary cognitive effort (as indexed by pupillary dilations). The largest differences between the control and clinical groups were found not in the expected indices of inhibition but in the probability of correcting inhibitory errors and in variability of antisaccade response times, which were correlated with each other. These findings did not appear to be attributable to a deficit in maintaining task instructions in mind in either disorder or lack of motivation in ADHD. Instead, results point to impairments in both clinical groups in sustaining attention on a trial-by-trial basis, resulting in deficits in self-monitoring. Thus, results show inhibitory deficits in the context of more general attentional impairments in both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Karatekin
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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43
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Allman AA, Benkelfat C, Durand F, Sibon I, Dagher A, Leyton M, Baker GB, O'Driscoll GA. Effect of D-amphetamine on inhibition and motor planning as a function of baseline performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 211:423-33. [PMID: 20602089 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1912-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Baseline performance has been reported to predict dopamine (DA) effects on working memory, following an inverted-U pattern. This pattern may hold true for other executive functions that are DA-sensitive. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of D: -amphetamine, an indirect DA agonist, on two other putatively DA-sensitive executive functions, inhibition and motor planning, as a function of baseline performance. METHODS Participants with no prior stimulant exposure participated in a double-blind crossover study of a single dose of 0.3 mg/kg, p.o. of D: -amphetamine and placebo. Participants were divided into high and low groups, based on their performance on the antisaccade and predictive saccade tasks on the baseline day. Executive functions, mood states, heart rate and blood pressure were assessed before (T0) and after drug administration, at 1.5 (T1), 2.5 (T2) and 3.5 h (T3) post-drug. RESULTS Antisaccade errors decreased with D: -amphetamine irrespective of baseline performance (p = 0.025). For antisaccade latency, participants who generated short-latency antisaccades at baseline had longer latencies on D: -amphetamine than placebo, while those with long-latency antisaccades at baseline had shorter latencies on D: -amphetamine than placebo (drug x group, p = 0.04). D: -amphetamine did not affect motor planning. Ratings of mood improved on D: -amphetamine (p < 0.001). Magnitude of D: -amphetamine-induced changes in elation was related to baseline reaction time variability. CONCLUSIONS D: -amphetamine reduced antisaccade error rates in healthy controls, replicating and extending findings with DA agonists in clinical populations. D: -amphetamine had baseline-dependent effects on antisaccade latency, consistent with an inverted-U relationship between performance and DA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava-Ann Allman
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
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Engelhardt PE, Corley M, Nigg JT, Ferreira F. The role of inhibition in the production of disfluencies. Mem Cognit 2010; 38:617-28. [PMID: 20551341 PMCID: PMC5221571 DOI: 10.3758/mc.38.5.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Disfluency is a common occurrence in speech and is generally thought to be related to difficulty in the production system. One unexplored issue is the extent to which inhibition is required to prevent incorrect speech plans from being articulated. Therefore, we examined disfluency production in participants with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is linked to deficits in inhibitory function and response suppression (Nigg, 2001). Participants completed a sentence production task in which they were presented with two pictures and a verb and their task was to produce a sentence. If inhibition plays a role in preventing incorrect speech plans, we would expect ADHD participants to produce more repetition and repair disfluencies than would non-ADHD controls. The results showed that one subtype of ADHD (i.e., the combined) produced more repair disfluencies as task demands increased. We conclude that the production system relies on inhibitory control in order to prevent errors in language production.
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Bedard ACV, Trampush JW, Newcorn JH, Halperin JM. Perceptual and motor inhibition in adolescents/young adults with childhood-diagnosed ADHD. Neuropsychology 2010; 24:424-34. [PMID: 20604617 PMCID: PMC2900812 DOI: 10.1037/a0018752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined perceptual and motor inhibition in a longitudinal sample of adolescents/young adults who were diagnosed with ADHD in childhood, and as a function of the relative persistence of ADHD. METHOD Ninety-eight participants diagnosed with ADHD in childhood were reevaluated approximately 10 years later. Eighty-five never-ADHD controls similar in age, IQ, sociodemographic background, and gender distribution served as a comparison group. Participants were administered a psychiatric interview and the Stimulus and Response Conflict Tasks (Nassauer & Halperin, 2003). RESULTS Participants with childhood ADHD demonstrated slower and less accurate responses to both control and conflict conditions relative to the comparison group, as well as more variable responses in both conditions of the motor inhibition task; there was no specific effect of childhood ADHD on perceptual or motor inhibition. ADHD persisters and partial remitters did not differ in overall accuracy, speed or variability in responding, but relative to partial remitters, persisters demonstrated greater slowing in response to perceptual conflict. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with theories positing state regulation, but not inhibitory control deficits in the etiology of ADHD, and suggest that improved perceptual inhibition may be associated with better outcome for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joey W. Trampush
- Neuropsychology Doctoral Subprogram, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey M. Halperin
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Neuropsychology Doctoral Subprogram, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychology, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, New York, USA
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46
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Sonuga-Barke EJS, Halperin JM. Developmental phenotypes and causal pathways in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: potential targets for early intervention? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010; 51:368-89. [PMID: 20015192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Early intervention approaches have rarely been implemented for the prevention of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this paper we explore whether such an approach may represent an important new direction for therapeutic innovation. We propose that such an approach is most likely to be of value when grounded in and informed by developmental models of the dynamic, complex and heterogeneous nature of the condition. First, we set out a rationale for early intervention grounded in the science of ADHD viewed through developmental models. Second, we re-examine the concept of disorder-onset from the perspective of developmental trajectories and phenotypes. Third, we examine potential causal pathways to ADHD with regard to originating risk, pathophysiological mediators, environmental moderators and developmental continuities. Finally, we explore the potential value of strategies for identifying young children at risk for ADHD, and implementing interventions in ways that can target these underlying pathogenic processes. The utility of such an approach represents an important area for future research but still requires 'proof of concept'. Therefore prior to widespread clinical implementation, far greater knowledge is required of (i) developmental pathways into ADHD, (ii) the value of identifying neuropsychological mediators of these pathways, and (iii) the extent to which targeting mediating mechanisms will improve treatment outcomes for children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Developmental Brain-Behaviour Laboratory, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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Carr L, Henderson J, Nigg JT. Cognitive control and attentional selection in adolescents with ADHD versus ADD. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2010; 39:726-40. [PMID: 21058121 PMCID: PMC3059559 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2010.517168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An important research question is whether Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is related to early- or late-stage attentional control mechanisms and whether this differentiates a nonhyperactive subtype (ADD). This question was addressed in a sample of 145 ADD/ADHD and typically developing comparison adolescents (aged 13-17). Attentional blink and antisaccade tasks were used to assay early- and late-stage control, respectively. ADD was defined using normative cutoffs to ensure low activity level in children who otherwise met full criteria for ADHD. The ADD group had an attenuated attentional blink versus controls and ADHD-combined. The effect was not produced using DSM--IV definition of ADHD-primarily inattentive type or DSM symptom counts. ADHD-combined showed greater weakness in response inhibition, as manifest in the antisaccade task. Combining tasks yielded an interaction differentiating group performance on the two tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Carr
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, USA.
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Engelhardt PE, Ferreira F, Nigg JT. Priming sentence production in adolescents and adults with attention-deficit/hyper-activity disorder. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2009; 37:995-1006. [PMID: 19421852 PMCID: PMC5204369 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-009-9323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical accounts of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) posit a prominent role for problems in response inhibition (Nigg 2006). A key avenue for impulsivity in children with ADHD is inappropriate language expression. In this study, we sought to determine whether poor inhibitory control affects language production in adolescents and adults with ADHD. One hundred and ninety-five participants (13-35 years old; 65% male) were presented with two pictures and a verb, and their task was to form a sentence. If deficits in response inhibition affect language production, then participants with ADHD should be more likely than non-ADHD controls to begin speaking before having formulated a plan that will allow a grammatical continuation. The results showed that the ADHD-combined subtype, in particular, was more likely to produce an ungrammatical sequence. Effects were not moderated by age or gender. These data suggest that response suppression deficits in ADHD adversely affect the basic processes of sentence formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Engelhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
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Alteration of Attentional Blink in High Functioning Autism: A Pilot Study. J Autism Dev Disord 2009; 39:1522-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-009-0821-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Inhibition and the Validity of the Stroop Task for Children with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2009; 39:1112-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-009-0721-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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