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Rezapour T, Rafei P, Baldacchino A, Conrod PJ, Dom G, Fishbein DH, Kazemi A, Hendriks V, Newton N, Riggs NR, Squeglia LM, Teesson M, Vassileva J, Verdejo-Garcia A, Ekhtiari H. Neuroscience-informed classification of prevention interventions in substance use disorders: An RDoC-based approach. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 159:105578. [PMID: 38360332 PMCID: PMC11081014 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Neuroscience has contributed to uncover the mechanisms underpinning substance use disorders (SUD). The next frontier is to leverage these mechanisms as active targets to create more effective interventions for SUD treatment and prevention. Recent large-scale cohort studies from early childhood are generating multiple levels of neuroscience-based information with the potential to inform the development and refinement of future preventive strategies. However, there are still no available well-recognized frameworks to guide the integration of these multi-level datasets into prevention interventions. The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) provides a neuroscience-based multi-system framework that is well suited to facilitate translation of neurobiological mechanisms into behavioral domains amenable to preventative interventions. We propose a novel RDoC-based framework for prevention science and adapted the framework for the existing preventive interventions. From a systematic review of randomized controlled trials using a person-centered drug/alcohol preventive approach for adolescents, we identified 22 unique preventive interventions. By teasing apart these 22 interventions into the RDoC domains, we proposed distinct neurocognitive trajectories which have been recognized as precursors or risk factors for SUDs, to be targeted, engaged and modified for effective addiction prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Rezapour
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Parnian Rafei
- Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alex Baldacchino
- Division of Population and Behavioral Science, University of St Andrews School of Medicine, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Geert Dom
- Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Diana H Fishbein
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA; College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
| | - Atefeh Kazemi
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Vincent Hendriks
- Parnassia Addiction Research Centre (PARC, Brijder Addiction Treatment), Zoutkeetsingel 40, The Hague 2512 HN, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, LUMC Curium, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nicola Newton
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nathaniel R Riggs
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Lindsay M Squeglia
- Medical University of South Carolina, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Maree Teesson
- The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jasmin Vassileva
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Antonio Verdejo-Garcia
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Hamed Ekhtiari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Aneni K, Fernandes CSF, Hoerner LA, Szapary C, Pendergrass Boomer TM, Fiellin LE. A Video Game Intervention to Prevent Opioid Misuse Among Older Adolescents: Development and Preimplementation Study. JMIR Serious Games 2023; 11:e46912. [PMID: 37921851 PMCID: PMC10656656 DOI: 10.2196/46912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid misuse and mental disorders are highly comorbid conditions. The ongoing substance misuse and mental health crises among adolescents in the United States underscores the importance of widely scalable substance misuse preventive interventions that also address mental health risks. Serious video games offer an engaging, widely scalable method for delivering and implementing preventive interventions. However, there are no video game interventions that focus on preventing opioid misuse among older adolescents, and there are limited existing video game interventions that address mental health. OBJECTIVE This study aims to develop and conduct a formative evaluation of a video game intervention to prevent opioid misuse and promote mental health among adolescents aged 16-19 years (PlaySmart). We conducted formative work in preparation for a subsequent randomized controlled trial. METHODS We conducted development and formative evaluation of PlaySmart in 3 phases (development, playtesting, and preimplementation) through individual interviews and focus groups with multiple stakeholders (adolescents: n=103; school-based health care providers: n=51; and addiction treatment providers: n=6). PlaySmart content development was informed by the health belief model, the theory of planned behavior, and social cognitive theory. User-centered design principles informed the approach to development and play testing. The Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainability framework informed preimplementation activities. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes from interviews and focus groups that informed PlaySmart game content and approaches to future implementation of PlaySmart. RESULTS We developed a novel video game PlaySmart for older adolescents that addresses the risk and protective factors for opioid misuse and mental health. Nine themes emerged from the focus groups that provided information regarding game content. Playtesting revealed areas of the game that required improvement, which were modified for the final game. Preimplementation focus groups identified potential barriers and facilitators for implementing PlaySmart in school settings. CONCLUSIONS PlaySmart offers a promising digital intervention to address the current opioid and mental health crises among adolescents in a scalable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kammarauche Aneni
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Claudia-Santi F Fernandes
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Biomedical Informatics and Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Lily A Hoerner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Claire Szapary
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Lynn E Fiellin
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
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Spencer SD, Pokhrel P, Helm S, Wilczek K, Galimov A, Sussman S. Emerging Adulthood Attributes, Discrimination, Mental Health, and Substance Use in a Sample of Asian, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and White College Students. ASIAN AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 14:51-62. [PMID: 37362322 PMCID: PMC10289252 DOI: 10.1037/aap0000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Although Asian/Pacific Islanders are considered a single ethnic/racial category in national studies, Native Hawaiians/other Pacific Islanders (NHOPIs) and Asians show marked disparities in health outcomes and risk behaviors, including substance use. Currently, knowledge regarding the psychosocial mechanisms by which NHOPI ethnicity is associated with increased substance use, compared with Asian or White, is limited, especially among emerging adults. The present study tested a model in which the relationship between NHOPI ethnicity and higher substance use (i.e., current tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and illicit drug use) was hypothesized to be mediated through higher emerging adulthood stress (e.g., feeling "in-between," instability), higher self-reported racial/ethnic discrimination, substance use in one's social networks, and poorer mental health symptomology (i.e., depression, anxiety). Data collected at a single time-point from 2,344 college students (M age = 21.2 [SD = 2.1]; 54% Women; 24% NHOPI, 49% Asian, 27% White) were analyzed by employing structural equation modeling. NHOPI and Asian ethnicity were dummy coded with reference to White, and separate analyses were run for NHOPI and Asian groups, with White as the reference group. Results indicated that the association between NHOPI ethnicity and higher substance use was mediated in two steps, via higher racial/ethnic discrimination and poorer mental health symptomatology. NHOPI ethnicity, but not Asian, was associated with higher identification with emerging adulthood attributes, which in turn was associated with increased substance use. Implications are discussed in the context of reducing health disparities faced by NHOPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pallav Pokhrel
- University of Hawaiʻi Cancer Center, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
| | - Susana Helm
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
| | | | - Arthur Galimov
- Department of Preventative Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Steve Sussman
- Department of Preventative Medicine, University of Southern California
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Moreno O, Avila M, Garcia-Rodriguez I, Romo S, Rodriguez J, Matos C, Fuentes LS, Hernandez C, Ramos MS, Muñoz G, Gutierrez D, Bravo AJ, Corona R. Culturally enhancing a group-based motivational interviewing substance use prevention program for Latine youth. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2022; 30:100991. [PMID: 36159000 PMCID: PMC9489742 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2022.100991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Group Motivational Interviewing for Teens (GMIT) has been effective in reducing youth substance use in diverse communities, yet more research is needed to determine its efficacy in reducing tobacco and alternative tobacco products (ATP) use among Latine adolescents. This study modified GMIT to include a focus on ATPs (GMIT-ATP). GMIT was also linguistically translated so it could be offered in English and Spanish, culturally enhanced, and parent sessions were added (GMIT-ATP + P). Methods The study's aims were to 1) Develop a model of how cultural context, family relationships, and adolescent tobacco-related skills/beliefs are associated with smoking and ATP use; 2) Examine the impact of the GMIT-ATP intervention on adolescent tobacco use; 3) Examine whether the GMIT-ATP + P intervention improves family/parenting factors associated with reduced adolescent tobacco use; 4) Examine whether GMIT-ATP + P is more effective than GMIT-ATP in improving adolescent tobacco use; 5) Explore whether essential components of our behavior change model mediate the impact on tobacco use, and 6) Explore whether cultural factors influence the impacts of our intervention. Latine adolescents (ages 10-16) and their parents/guardians were recruited throughout Virginia. Parents and adolescents completed three surveys: before and immediately after the program ends and at 3-months post-intervention. Families attended 3 GMIT-ATP or GMIT-ATP + P sessions. Conclusion Findings from this study will be disseminated in Latine communities and with providers working with Latine youth and can serve as a community-based model to reduce substance and tobacco use (e.g., ATP) in these Latine communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo Moreno
- Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
- Corresponding author.
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M.S. SP, Joseph. JK, Vardhanan YS. Exploration of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Health Risk Behaviors (HRBs) in Male Recidivist Violent Offenders: Indian Scenario. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2022; 15:639-652. [PMID: 35958729 PMCID: PMC9360396 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-021-00434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aggression and violent behavior are widespread in the world and cause serious threats to public safety. Violent criminal recidivism rates remain very high among certain groups of offenders. In India, the quantum of total violent crimes is continuously increasing from 2009 to 2019. Adverse childhood experiences can affect the development of a child in many ways, leading to highly maladaptive behaviors, such as serious, violent, and chronic (SVC) delinquency. This study was done as a case-control method among recidivist violent offenders and controls to examine the effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on violent criminality. The questionnaire included the World Health Organization Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE- IQ) and standardized measures of Health Risk Behaviors (HRBs). Thirteen categories of adverse childhood experiences of the recidivist violent offenders and controls were measured. Bivariate analysis showed that there was a significant relation (p < 0.001) between ACEs and violent criminality in cases (M = 72.14, SD = 6.80, N = 35) and controls (M = 44.91, SD = 5.39, N = 32). The largest correlation was found between collective violence and household violence (r = 0.813). Bivariate correlation analyses were highly significant between total ACE score and criminality (r (35) = 0.927, p < 0.001). The results reveal that household violence, community violence and collective violence experienced by recidivist violent offenders were nearly double the rate of the control group. Findings emphasize the need for evaluations of ACEs in recidivist offenders for better rehabilitation strategies and also the necessity for preventive efforts at all levels. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40653-021-00434-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Prasad M.S.
- Assistant Professor, M.Sc. Forensic Science Programme, University of Calicut, Kerala Police Academy, Thrissur, 680631 Kerala India
| | | | - Y. Shibu Vardhanan
- Associate Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Malappuram, 673635 Kerala India
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Conner BW, Weller KG, Biondi MV, Allen AR, Rescigno MK, Resnik JL, Laughton SC, Warner KM, Hierholzer AE, Kim EY, Hagen MM, McFarland AA, Danko RP. High school health education: The impact of medical student led instruction in northern Nevada high schools. Prev Med Rep 2021; 24:101512. [PMID: 34401221 PMCID: PMC8353355 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical students teach effective school-based intervention classes. Program increases likelihood of discussing sensitive topics with providers. Substance abuse classes had the largest mean % increase in student response. Personal relationships as well as exercise classes improved student response. Stress reduction classes had the least impact on high school students.
Health education is an important topic in high school given its lasting effect on learners. Medical students are in a unique position to deliver this curriculum as they can provide information from a relatable standpoint. Ten medical students created a health education program, The Healthier Nevada Project (HNVP), designed for high school students using four modules focused on adolescent public health concerns: substance use and addiction, exercise, personal relationships, and stress and mental health. The curriculum was administered to over 700 health class students at three schools in Reno, Nevada, U.S.A., from August 2019–March 2020. This cross-sectional study measured whether the modules increased students’ comfort level, familiarity, and likelihood of discussing each topic with a healthcare provider. The method of evaluation was pre- and post-Likert scale surveys with 7–10 questions regarding students’ understanding of each topic, knowledge of related resources, and likelihood of future discussions with healthcare providers. Linear regression analysis showed significant increases in mean scores (in all cases p < 0.0001) for all four modules after the training. The modules were adjusted for the cluster effect of School and showed no significant two-way interaction between pre- and post-survey, although overall differences between schools were present. These findings indicate that HNVP significantly increased students’ knowledge, comfort, and likelihood of discussing each topic with a healthcare professional following module administration. Future efforts will aim to evaluate the long-term impact of HNVP on student behavior and evaluate if presenter type influences program success among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon W Conner
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Katherine G Weller
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Matt V Biondi
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Alexa R Allen
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Megan K Rescigno
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Justine L Resnik
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Sydney C Laughton
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Kendal M Warner
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Ariel E Hierholzer
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Erica Y Kim
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Molly M Hagen
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA.,University of Nevada, Reno School of Community Health Sciences, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Amy A McFarland
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Reka P Danko
- University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia St, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Cole JC, Percy A, Sumnall HR, McKay MT. An Examination of the Longer-Term Impact of a Combined Classroom and Parental Intervention on Alcohol-Related Harms and Heavy Episodic Drinking. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2021; 22:443-451. [PMID: 33433820 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-020-01193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although fewer adolescents are consuming alcohol than was the case in previous decades, those who are consuming alcohol are still exposed to alcohol-related harms. While the evidence for the effectiveness of universal, school-based interventions is limited, a recent cluster randomised controlled trial (The STAMPP Trial) reported a significant effect at 10 months post-intervention of a combined classroom/parental intervention on heavy episodic drinking (HED) in the previous 30 days, but no significant effect on the number of self-reported alcohol-related harms (ARH) experienced in the previous 6 months. This follow-up study sought to examine intervention effects 24 months after delivery of the intervention (+ 57 months from baseline, or + 34 months post-intervention). Participants were 5029 high school students in STAMPP (38% of 12,738 pupils originally randomised into the trial), from 87 schools (82.3% of schools recruited in the original STAMPP trial). Outcomes were assessed using two-level random intercepts models (logistic regression for HED and negative binomial for number of ARH). Results of the present study show that the intervention effect for HED deteriorated over the following 2 years (OR declined from 0.60 to 0.97), and there was still no difference in ARH. This was due to an increase in the prevalence of intervention students' HED rather than a reduction in prevalence in control students. Results are discussed in the context of prevention initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon C Cole
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Percy
- School of Social Sciences, Education and Social Work, Queen's University, Belfast, UK
| | - Harry R Sumnall
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael T McKay
- Department of Psychology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaux Lane House, Mercer Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Hamdan-Mansour AM, Al-Sagarat AY, Shehadeh JH, Al Thawabieh SS. Determinants of Substance Use Among High School Students in Jordan. Curr Drug Res Rev 2020; 12:168-174. [PMID: 32484106 DOI: 10.2174/2589977512666200525154422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use is becoming a global health problem that concerns health professionals and decision makers. Studies showed that teens are at higher risk for substance use. PURPOSE the purpose of this study was to examine the prediction power of the selected sociodemographic and psychological factors on substance use among high school students in Jordan. Specific aims were; 1) to explore substance use among high school students in Jordan, and 2) to examine the prediction power of sociodemographic and psychological factors on substance use among high school students in Jordan. METHODS This is a predictive cross-sectional study where data was collected using self-administered questionnaires from a convenience sample of 1497 high school students in the central district of Jordan. RESULTS Students who reported that they have never used stimulant agent were 91.5%, tranquilizer sedative 87.2%, hypnotic agent 85.8% and antidepressant agent 94.5%, while those never used nicotine were 81.7%. Coping efficacy (crude OR = 1.07, CI 95% = 1.03 - 1.12), psychological distress (crude OR = 1.07, CI 95% = 1.03 - 1.11), and perceived social support from family (crude OR = 1.20, CI 95% = 0.95 - 1.24) were significantly associated with substance use. While perceived social support from friends was not. CONCLUSION High school students are at risk for the use of various forms of substances and mainly the over counter ones. Legitimate rules of screening and using substance prevention programs at high schools considering the psychological factors is a priority for school health professionals and policy makers.
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Motivational interviewing to prevent early childhood caries: A randomized controlled trial. J Dent 2020; 97:103349. [PMID: 32330548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prevailing health education (PE) often fails to achieve sustained behavioral changes. This randomized controlled trial integrated motivational interviewing (MI) and a patient communication tool featuring interactive caries risk assessment (RA) into PE and investigated the effectiveness of PE, PE + MI, and PE + MI + RA in preventing early childhood caries. METHODS This study targeted children aged 3-4 years with unfavorable oral health behaviors. 692 parent-child dyads were recruited, randomly assigned into three groups (PE, PE + MI, and PE + MI + RA), and received respective interventions. A questionnaire was completed at baseline and after 6 and 12 months to collect information on socio-demographic background, parental efficacy and children's oral health behaviors. Children's oral hygiene status and dental caries were recorded at baseline and after 12 months. RESULTS 655 (94.7%) parent-child dyads remained in the study after 12 months. Caries increment was significantly lower in PE + MI group (β=-0.717, 95% CI: -1.035, -0.398) and PE + MI + RA group [β=-0.600, 95% CI: -0.793, -0.407] than in PE group. There was significantly greater reduction in plaque score in PE + MI group (β=-0.077, 95% CI: -0.106, -0.048) and PE + MI + RA group (β=-0.075, 95% CI: -0.113, -0.036), as compared with PE group. Significantly greater improvements were found in parental efficacy and children's oral health behaviors in PE + MI and PE + MI + RA groups than in PE group (all p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between PE + MI group and PE + MI + RA group across all outcome measures (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Intergration of motivational interviewing improves the effectiveness of prevailing health education in preventing early childhood caries, enhancing parental efficacy, and improving children's oral health behaviors. Incorporation of the communication tool for caries risk assessment does not further improve the effectiveness of motivational interviewing in protecting children's oral health. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The findings of this study provide much needed evidence for dentists, dental auxiliary staff and public health workers to select effective intervention to empower parents for improving children's oral health behaviors and preventing early childhood caries.
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Shono Y, Ames SL, Edwards MC, Stacy AW. The Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index for Adolescent Alcohol and Drug Problems: A Comprehensive Modern Psychometric Study. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2019. [PMID: 30079883 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2018.79.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI) has been used extensively as a measure of alcohol-related problems experienced by adolescents and young adults. The present study aimed to comprehensively examine the psychometric profile and criterion-related validity of an 18-item RAPI adapted to measure negative consequences resulting from alcohol and other drug use in an at-risk adolescent population. METHOD Categorical confirmatory factor analysis and the graded response model were used for evaluations of the latent factor structure, item properties, test information, and item invariance across gender, age groups (middle vs. late adolescence), and drug use profiles (readily available drugs vs. other illicit drugs), as well as computation of the item response theory scale scores for each of 617 alternative high school students (44% female). RESULTS A reduced set of 16 RAPI items provided plausible evidence of unidimensionality and good measurement precision at a relatively wide range of the latent trait continuum. All but two items were invariant across the drug use profiles. The other illicit drug group had higher levels of the latent substance-related problems than the readily available drug group. Criterion-related validity was supported using a measure of past-year polysubstance use. CONCLUSIONS The RAPI can be effectively modified to measure negative consequences resulting from alcohol and other drug use and reflects a sufficiently wide range of the latent continuum of problem use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Shono
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Susan L Ames
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California
| | | | - Alan W Stacy
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California
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Abstract
Purpose
Alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and other drugs use typically increases in prevalence and frequency during middle and late adolescence. School health instruction often focusses on providing facts and rarely provides tools for addressing the psychosocial risk factors needed to prevent substance use. The purpose of this paper is to report about the effectiveness of a prevention programme delivered in US high school health classes. The intervention augments typical instruction by providing teachers with activities that can be infused in their daily teaching.
Design/methodology/approach
In total, 26 schools were randomly assigned to receive the intervention or serve as controls. Pupils were pretested near the beginning of the school year, posttest near the end of the school year and administered a final test near the beginning of the following school year. Teachers in treatment schools were provided with activities designed to target psychosocial variables known to mediate substance use onset and self-initiated cessation. These include normative beliefs, intentionality, lifestyle incongruence, beliefs about consequences of use, peer pressure resistance skills, decision-making skills, goal setting skills and stress management skills.
Findings
Hierarchical modelling analytic strategies revealed the intervention to have definable positive impacts on alcohol and cigarette use. Moreover, the intervention had strongest effects on alcohol and cigarette use among pupils who were identified at pretest as being lower-than-average risk.
Originality/value
This research provides support for providing teachers with a strategy for preventing alcohol, tobacco and other drugs that can be used in a flexible manner to augment the instruction they are already mandated to provide.
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Grigsby TJ, Forster M, Tsai J, Rohrbach LA, Sussman S. Negative Substance Use Consequences Associated With Noncondom Use Among Male, but Not Female, Alternative High School Students. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2018; 88:531-537. [PMID: 29864204 PMCID: PMC5992488 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternative (or continuation) high schools are institutions designed for students at risk for not graduating due to behavioral, educational, or medical problems. The present study explored the relationship between negative substance use consequences (eg, having trouble at school or work) and noncondom use in this at-risk population and whether these associations varied by sex. METHODS Participants (N = 1101; 62.9% Hispanic; Mage = 16.85) were sampled from 24 alternative high schools in California, and data were analyzed using cross-sectional multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS We observed a relationship between the number of negative substance use consequences and probability of noncondom use at the last sexual encounter for boys (p < .001) but not girls (p > .05). There were significant associations between specific social consequences (missing school/work) and dependence symptoms (selling personal items to get alcohol or drugs) with noncondom use for boys only. There was a similar association between substance use frequency and noncondom use for boys. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that substance use consequences may be a useful and advantageous indicator of risky sexual behaviors such as noncondom use for boys, but not girls, in alternative high school settings. Future research and intervention programming recommendations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Grigsby
- Department of Kinesiology, Health, and Nutrition, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249
| | - Myriam Forster
- Department of Health Sciences, University of California, Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St, Northridge, CA 91330
| | - Jennifer Tsai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 North Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90032
| | - Louise A Rohrbach
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 North Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90032
| | - Steve Sussman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 North Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90032
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Ramo DE, Kaur M, Corpuz ES, Satre DD, Delucchi K, Brown SA, Prochaska JJ. Using Facebook to address smoking and heavy drinking in young adults: Protocol for a randomized, controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2018; 68:52-60. [PMID: 29510223 PMCID: PMC5937713 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco and alcohol often are used simultaneously by young adults, and their co-use is associated with greater health consequences than from single use. Social media platforms offer low cost and highly accessible channels to reach and engage young people in substance use interventions. The current trial seeks to compare the Facebook Tobacco Status Project (TSP) smoking cessation intervention to an intervention targeting both tobacco use and heavy episodic drinking (TSP + ALC) among young adults who use both substances. METHODS This randomized clinical trial will evaluate the feasibility and initial efficacy of TSP + ALC compared to TSP with 225 US young adult smokers reporting heavy drinking. Participants will be recruited online and randomized to one of two conditions (TSP or TSP + ALC), both with assignment to a Facebook group tailored to readiness to quit smoking. Groups will receive a 90-day intervention including daily Facebook postings and weekly live counseling sessions. The TSP + ALC group will include content related to alcohol use. All participants will be offered a 2-week introductory supply of nicotine patch. Participants will complete baseline, 3-, 6-, and 12-month online assessments of substance use and other health risk behaviors. The primary efficacy outcome is biochemically-verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence. Secondary outcomes include alcohol and tobacco use, combined use, and thoughts about each substance. DISCUSSION This trial examines an innovative and scalable approach to engaging young adults online in tobacco and alcohol use treatment. Study findings will inform digital health interventions and best practices for treating multiple substance use in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Ramo
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ella S Corpuz
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Derek D Satre
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kevin Delucchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sandra A Brown
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Judith J Prochaska
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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Systematic review of universal school-based 'resilience' interventions targeting adolescent tobacco, alcohol or illicit substance use: A meta-analysis. Prev Med 2017; 100:248-268. [PMID: 28390835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Universal school-based interventions that address adolescent 'resilience' may represent a means of reducing adolescent substance use, however previous systematic reviews have not examined the effectiveness of such an intervention approach. A systematic review was undertaken to 1) assess whether universal school-based 'resilience' interventions are effective in reducing the prevalence of tobacco, alcohol or illicit substance use by adolescents, and 2) describe such effectiveness per intervention characteristic subgroups. Eligible studies were peer-reviewed reports (1994-2015) of randomised controlled trials including participants aged 5-18years that reported adolescent tobacco, alcohol or illicit substance use, and implemented a universal school-based 'resilience' intervention (i.e. those addressing both individual (e.g. self-esteem) and environmental (e.g. school connectedness) protective factors of resilience). Trial effects for binary outcomes were synthesised via meta-analyses and effect sizes reported as odds ratios. Subgroup (by intervention type, prevention approach, setting, intervention duration, follow-up length) and sensitivity analyses (excluding studies at high risk of bias) were conducted. Nineteen eligible studies were identified from 16,619 records (tobacco: n=15, alcohol: n=17, illicit: n=11). An overall intervention effect was found for binary measures of illicit substance use (n=10; OR: 0.78, 95%CI: 0.6-0.93, p=0.007,Tau2=0.0, I2=0%), but not tobacco or alcohol use. A similar result was found when studies assessed as high risk of bias were excluded. Overall intervention effects were evident for illicit substance use within multiple intervention characteristic subgroups, but not tobacco and alcohol. Such results support the implementation of universal school-based interventions that address 'resilience' protective factors to reduce adolescent illicit substance use, however suggest alternate approaches are required for tobacco and alcohol use. PROSPERO registration: CRD42014004906.
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Janik P, Kosticova M, Pecenak J, Turcek M. Categorization of psychoactive substances into “hard drugs” and “soft drugs”: a critical review of terminology used in current scientific literature. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2017.1335736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Janik
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michaela Kosticova
- Institute of Social Medicine and Medical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Pecenak
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Turcek
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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16
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Dupont HB, Candel MJJM, Lemmens P, Kaplan CD, van de Mheen D, De Vries NK. Stages of Change Model has Limited Value in Explaining the Change in Use of Cannabis among Adolescent Participants in an Efficacious Motivational Interviewing Intervention. J Psychoactive Drugs 2017; 49:363-372. [PMID: 28548619 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1325030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previously, a Dutch randomized controlled trial evaluating an intervention aimed at changing adolescents' cannabis use, called Moti-4, has shown its efficacy. A secondary analysis of the Moti-4 data investigated the process of change specified by the Stage of Change (SOC) model in cannabis use during the trial. Seventy-one Moti-4 participants and 60 controls were recruited for the study with a pre-test, post-test (T1), and six-month follow-up (T2). All participants showed signs of problematic cannabis use. No contribution of the Moti-4 intervention to a change in SOC between T1 and T2 was found. Although motivation for treatment and motivation for change can be conceived as independent predictors of treatment outcome, the SOC a person is in does not mediate the effect of the intervention on change in cannabis use. However, a reduction in cannabis use was associated with a positive change in "action willingness," in line with the SOC model. In contrast to model expectations, a higher score on "contemplation" is associated with a higher cannabis consumption. Results highlight both the limitations and usefulness of the SOC model. Future interventions may focus more on the stage of "action willingness," as well as on perceived social norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans B Dupont
- a Moti-4 Research Project Coordinator, CAPHRI, School for Public Health and Primary Care , Maastricht University , Maastricht , the Netherlands.,b Manager, Addiction Prevention Department , Mondriaan , Heerlen , the Netherlands
| | - Math J J M Candel
- b Manager, Addiction Prevention Department , Mondriaan , Heerlen , the Netherlands
| | - Paul Lemmens
- c Professor, Statistical Department, CAPHRI, School for Public Health and Primary Care , Maastricht University , Maastricht , the Netherlands
| | - Charles D Kaplan
- d Assistant Professor, CAPHRI, School for Public Health and Primary Care , Maastricht University , Maastricht , the Netherlands
| | - Dike van de Mheen
- e Research Professor and Associate Dean of Research, Hamovitch Center for Science in the Human Services, School of Social Work , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA.,f Professor, Tranzo, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University , Tilburg , the Netherlands.,g Manager, Addiction Research Institute , Rotterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Nanne K De Vries
- h Dean, CAPHRI, School for Public Health and Primary Care , Maastricht University , Maastricht , the Netherlands
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Turhan A, Onrust SA, Ten Klooster PM, Pieterse ME. A school-based programme for tobacco and alcohol prevention in special education: effectiveness of the modified 'healthy school and drugs' intervention and moderation by school subtype. Addiction 2017; 112:533-543. [PMID: 27767230 DOI: 10.1111/add.13672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To test the effectiveness of the Healthy School and Drugs (HSD) programme on tobacco and alcohol use in Dutch secondary special education (SE) schools, and whether this depends upon subtypes of SE schools and the level of implementation. DESIGN In a quasi-experimental design with baseline and post-treatment follow-up, 363 students were allocated arbitrarily or depending on teacher motivation to either intervention condition (n = 205) or usual curriculum (n = 158). SETTING Thirteen secondary SE schools spread throughout the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS Participants were recruited during the autumn of 2013 from three school subtypes: SE for adolescents with intellectual/physical disabilities (SEI; n = 13), behavioural/emotional difficulties (SEB; n = 136) and learning disabilities/developmental disorders (SEL; n = 214). MEASUREMENTS Self-reported life-time smoking prevalence and life-time drinking frequency as outcomes, and school subtype (SEL/SEB) and implementation fidelity (high/low) as moderators. FINDINGS No significant differences were found at follow-up in life-time smoking [odds ratio (OR) = 1.52; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.74-3.12] and drinking frequency (d = 0.01; 95% CI = -0.16 to 0.18). Interaction analyses revealed adverse effects in SEB students for alcohol use (d = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.16-0.69). Effect on tobacco refusal self-efficacy was moderated positively by implementation fidelity (d = 0.35; 95% CI = 0.07-0.63). CONCLUSION The Healthy School and Drugs programme adapted for secondary special education in the Netherlands lacked clear evidence for effects on all outcomes. This pilot study suggests further that, within special education, substance use interventions may need to be targeted at school subtypes, as these may have harmful effects among students with behavioural difficulties. Finally, limited evidence was found that programme effectiveness may depend upon implementation fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Turhan
- Centre for eHealth and Wellbeing Research; Department of Psychology, Health and Technology, University of Twente, the Netherlands.,Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Simone A Onrust
- Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter M Ten Klooster
- Centre for eHealth and Wellbeing Research; Department of Psychology, Health and Technology, University of Twente, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel E Pieterse
- Centre for eHealth and Wellbeing Research; Department of Psychology, Health and Technology, University of Twente, the Netherlands
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Guillot CR, Bello MS, Tsai JY, Huh J, Leventhal AM, Sussman S. Longitudinal Associations between Anhedonia and Internet-Related Addictive Behaviors in Emerging Adults. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2016; 62:475-479. [PMID: 27182108 DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Internet addiction (including online gaming) has been associated with depression. However, most prior research relating internet addiction symptomatology to depressive symptoms has been cross-sectional, conducted with children and adolescents, and only examined depressive symptoms as a broad construct. The purpose of the current study was to examine potential longitudinal associations between anhedonia (i.e., difficulty experiencing pleasure, a key facet of depression) and internet-related addictive behaviors in 503 at-risk emerging adults (former attendees of alternative high schools). Participants completed surveys at baseline and approximately one year later (9-18 months later). Results indicated that trait anhedonia prospectively predicted greater levels of compulsive internet use and addiction to online activities as well as a greater likelihood of addiction to online/offline video games. These findings suggest that anhedonia may contribute to the development of internet-related addictive behaviors in the emerging adult population. Thus, interventions that target anhedonia in emerging adulthood (e.g., bupropion treatment or behavioral activation therapy) may help prevent or treat internet addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey R Guillot
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mariel S Bello
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Tsai
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jimi Huh
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA; University of Southern California, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steve Sussman
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA; University of Southern California, Department of Psychology, Los Angeles, CA, USA; University of Southern California, School of Social Work, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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19
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Pokhrel P, Fagan P, Cassel K, Trinidad DR, Kaholokula JK, Herzog TA. Social Network Characteristics, Social Support, and Cigarette Smoking among Asian/Pacific Islander Young Adults. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 57:353-65. [PMID: 27297612 PMCID: PMC4965804 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking may be one of the factors contributing to the high levels of cancer-related mortality experienced by certain Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI) subgroups (e.g., Native Hawaiian). Given the collectivist cultural orientation attributed to A/PI groups, social strategies are recommended for substance abuse or smoking cessation treatment among A/PI. However, research examining how social network characteristics and social support relate to smoking across A/PI subgroups has been lacking. This study investigated the associations between social network characteristics (e.g., size, composition), perceived social support, and recent cigarette use across Native Hawaiian, Filipino, and East Asian (e.g., Japanese, Chinese) young adults (18-35 year old). Cross-sectional, self-report data were collected from N = 435 participants (M age = 25.6, SD = 8.3; 61% women). Ethnic differences were found in a number of pathways linking social network characteristics, perceived social support, and cigarette smoking. Larger network size was strongly associated with higher perceived social support and lower recent cigarette smoking among Native Hawaiians but not Filipinos or East Asians. Higher perceived social support was associated with lower recent smoking among East Asians and Filipinos but not Native Hawaiians. Implications are discussed with regard to smoking prevention and cessation among A/PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallav Pokhrel
- Cancer Prevention & Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
| | - Pebbles Fagan
- Cancer Prevention & Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kevin Cassel
- Cancer Prevention & Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Dennis R Trinidad
- Family Medicine & Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Keawe'aimoku Kaholokula
- Department of Native Hawaiian Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Thaddeus A Herzog
- Cancer Prevention & Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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20
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Arpawong TE, Rohrbach LA, Milam JE, Unger JB, Land H, Sun P, Spruijt-Metz D, Sussman S. Stressful Life Events and Predictors of Post-traumatic Growth among High-Risk Early Emerging Adults. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 11:1-14. [PMID: 26640507 PMCID: PMC4666321 DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2014.994223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Stressful life events (SLEs) may elicit positive psychosocial change among youth, referred to as Post-traumatic Growth (PTG). We assessed types of SLEs experienced, degree to which participants reported PTG, and variables predicting PTG across 24 months among a sample of high risk, ethnically diverse early emerging adults. Participants were recruited from alternative high schools (n = 564; mean age=16.8; 65% Hispanic). Multi-level regression models were constructed to examine the impact of environmental (SLE quantity, severity) and personal factors (hedonic ability, perceived stress, developmental stage, future time orientation) on a composite score of PTG. The majority of participants reported positive changes resulted from their most life-altering SLE of the past two years. Predictors of PTG included fewer SLEs, less general stress, having a future time perspective, and greater identification with the developmental stage of Emerging Adulthood. Findings suggest intervention targets to foster positive adaptation among early emerging adults who experience frequent SLEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalida E. Arpawong
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Louise A. Rohrbach
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joel E. Milam
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer B. Unger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Helen Land
- Department of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Donna Spruijt-Metz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steve Sussman
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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21
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Dietrich T, Rundle-Thiele S, Schuster L, Drennan J, Russell-Bennett R, Leo C, Gullo MJ, Connor JP. Differential segmentation responses to an alcohol social marketing program. Addict Behav 2015; 49:68-77. [PMID: 26086082 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study seeks to establish whether meaningful subgroups exist within a 14-16 year old adolescent population and if these segments respond differently to the Game On: Know Alcohol (GOKA) intervention, a school-based alcohol social marketing program. METHODOLOGY This study is part of a larger cluster randomized controlled evaluation of the GOKA program implemented in 14 schools in 2013/2014. TwoStep cluster analysis was conducted to segment 2,114 high school adolescents (14-16 years old) on the basis of 22 demographic, behavioral, and psychographic variables. Program effects on knowledge, attitudes, behavioral intentions, social norms, alcohol expectancies, and drinking refusal self-efficacy of identified segments were subsequently examined. RESULTS Three segments were identified: (1) Abstainers, (2) Bingers, and (3) Moderate Drinkers. Program effects varied significantly across segments. The strongest positive change effects post-participation were observed for Bingers, while mixed effects were evident for Moderate Drinkers and Abstainers. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide preliminary empirical evidence supporting the application of social marketing segmentation in alcohol education programs. Development of targeted programs that meet the unique needs of each of the three identified segments will extend the social marketing footprint in alcohol education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Dietrich
- Social Marketing @ Griffith, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Australia.
| | - Sharyn Rundle-Thiele
- Social Marketing @ Griffith, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Australia.
| | - Lisa Schuster
- School of Advertising, Marketing and Public Relations, QUT Business School, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - Judy Drennan
- School of Advertising, Marketing and Public Relations, QUT Business School, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - Rebekah Russell-Bennett
- School of Advertising, Marketing and Public Relations, QUT Business School, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - Cheryl Leo
- School of Management and Governance, Murdoch University, Australia.
| | - Matthew J Gullo
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jason P Connor
- Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research and Discipline of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia.
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Sussman S, Pokhrel P, Sun P, Rohrbach LA, Spruijt-Metz D. Prevalence and co-occurrence of addictive behaviors among former alternative high school youth: A longitudinal follow-up study. J Behav Addict 2015; 4:189-94. [PMID: 26551909 PMCID: PMC4627680 DOI: 10.1556/2006.4.2015.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent work has studied addictions using a matrix measure, which taps multiple addictions through single responses for each type. This is the first longitudinal study using a matrix measure. METHODS We investigated the use of this approach among former alternative high school youth (average age = 19.8 years at baseline; longitudinal n = 538) at risk for addictions. Lifetime and last 30-day prevalence of one or more of 11 addictions reviewed in other work was the primary focus (i.e., cigarettes, alcohol, hard drugs, shopping, gambling, Internet, love, sex, eating, work, and exercise). These were examined at two time-points one year apart. Latent class and latent transition analyses (LCA and LTA) were conducted in Mplus. RESULTS Prevalence rates were stable across the two time-points. As in the cross-sectional baseline analysis, the 2-class model (addiction class, non-addiction class) fit the data better at follow-up than models with more classes. Item-response or conditional probabilities for each addiction type did not differ between time-points. As a result, the LTA model utilized constrained the conditional probabilities to be equal across the two time-points. In the addiction class, larger conditional probabilities (i.e., 0.40-0.49) were found for love, sex, exercise, and work addictions; medium conditional probabilities (i.e., 0.17-0.27) were found for cigarette, alcohol, other drugs, eating, Internet and shopping addiction; and a small conditional probability (0.06) was found for gambling. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Persons in an addiction class tend to remain in this addiction class over a one-year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Sussman
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, USA,* Corresponding author: Steve Sussman, PhD, FAAHB, FAPA; Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, and School of Social Work, Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California, Soto Street Building, 2001 North Soto Street, Room 302A, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Phone: +1-323-442-8220; Cell phone: +1-626-376- 0389; Fax: +1-626-442-8201; E-mail:
| | - Pallav Pokhrel
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Ping Sun
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, USA
| | - Louise A. Rohrbach
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, USA
| | - Donna Spruijt-Metz
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, USA
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Gates P, Albertella L. The effectiveness of telephone counselling in the treatment of illicit drug and alcohol use concerns. J Telemed Telecare 2015; 22:67-85. [PMID: 26026185 DOI: 10.1177/1357633x15587406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Technology-assisted substance use interventions such as 'high-tech' internet-based treatments are thought to be effective; however, the relatively 'low-tech' use of telephone counselling does not yet have an established evidence base. This paper reviews the literature including articles with information on the use of telephone counselling for the treatment of illicit drug or alcohol use. METHODS A systematic literature search using a set of telephone counselling and substance-related terms was conducted across four electronic databases. English studies prior to June 2014 that involved the use of telephone counselling with the treatment of illicit drug or alcohol use as a primary or secondary outcome were included. Review papers, opinion pieces, letters or editorials, case studies, published abstracts, and posters were excluded. In all, 94 publications were included in the review. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The literature was supportive of telephone counselling for the treatment of alcohol use in the short term; however, literature regarding illicit drug use was particularly scarce. The generalisability of findings was limited by evident methodological issues in the included studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gates
- National Cannabis Prevention and Information Centre, Randwick NSW, Australia
| | - Lucy Albertella
- National Cannabis Prevention and Information Centre, Randwick NSW, Australia
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Sussman S, Valente TW, Rohrbach LA, Dent CW, Sun P. Commentary--Project Towards No Drug Abuse: an evidence-based drug abuse prevention program. J Prim Prev 2015; 35:233-7. [PMID: 24788544 DOI: 10.1007/s10935-014-0353-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Project Towards No Drug Abuse (Project TND) is a research-based program that has been examined over seven group-randomized controlled trials. In all trials, an effect has been found on hard drug use. An effect has been found on alcohol use in four trials, and on cigarettes and marijuana in two trials. (Arguably, an effect is found on marijuana in three trials.) Program effects on violence-related behavior were established in earlier trials, though such effects were not assessed in later trials. Certainly, as in most scientific studies, there are limitations in the interpretation of the effects obtained, particularly regarding cigarette and marijuana use and violence-related behavior, and more empirical work is needed. For Project TND, however, numerous trial replications have been completed, and the effects within each trial could not have been obtained by chance alone more than 10 % of the time (two-tailed). These results suggest that Project TND is indeed evidence-based. To be evidence-based means that evidence has accumulated to suggest that the program is likely to work, at least under conditions that are comparable to those in which it has been tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Sussman
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Soto Street Building, 2001 North Soto Street, Room 302A, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA,
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Agabio R, Trincas G, Floris F, Mura G, Sancassiani F, Angermeyer MC. A Systematic Review of School-Based Alcohol and other Drug Prevention Programs. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2015; 11:102-12. [PMID: 25834630 PMCID: PMC4378029 DOI: 10.2174/1745017901511010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use in adolescents constitutes a major public health concern. Europe is the heaviest drinking region of the world. Several school-based alcohol prevention programs have been developed but it is not clear whether they are really effective. The present study was aimed at identifying the typology with the best evidence of effectiveness in European studies. METHODS A systematic search of meta-analyses and/or randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on interventions school-based prevention programs aimed at preventing alcohol consumption or changing the attitudes to consume alcohol. RESULTS A meta-analysis published in 2011 and 12 RCTs more recently published were identified. The meta-analysis evaluated 53 RCTs but only 11.3% of them were conducted in Europe. Globally, 23 RCTs (43.4%) showed some evidence of effectiveness, and 30 RCTs (56.6%) did not find significant difference between the groups. According to the conclusions of the meta-analysis, the Unplugged program should be considered as a practice option in Europe. Among the other 12 RCTs, 42% were conducted in Europe. Globally, 7 studies (58.3%) achieved positive results, and 5 studies (41.7%) did not find significant differences or produced a mixed pattern of results. Three of the 5 European trials (60%) used the Unplugged program with positive results. CONCLUSION Even if further studies should be conducted to confirm these results, Unplugged appears to be the prevention project with the best evidence of effectiveness in European studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Agabio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Trincas
- Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine and Unit of Psychosomatics and Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesca Floris
- Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine and Unit of Psychosomatics and Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gioia Mura
- Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine and Unit of Psychosomatics and Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Sancassiani
- Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine and Unit of Psychosomatics and Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Matthias C Angermeyer
- Department of Public Health and Clinical and Molecular Medicine and Unit of Psychosomatics and Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy ; Center for Public Mental Health, Gosim, Austria
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between individual drug use and peer leaders use. METHOD Analysis of drug use behaviors of 525 students randomized into three arms-control, standard, and networked where peers serve as group leaders. RESULTS Among the combined male and female group, there was no association between peer leader and individual use. Among males, peer leader use at baseline was positively associated with individual alcohol use at post-test. Among females, peer leader use at post-test was negatively associated with marijuana and cigarette use. CONCLUSION Having peer leaders in the network condition decreased the odds of marijuana and cigarette use among females. The opposite effect was found in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patchareeya Pumpuang Kwan
- 1Department of Health Sciences, California State University Northridge , Northridge, California , USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing disease. Primary interventions should aim to reduce first use or to prevent the transition from experimental use to addiction. School is the appropriate setting for preventive interventions. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of universal school-based interventions in reducing drug use compared to usual curricular activities or no intervention. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group's Trials Register (September 2013), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (2013, Issue 9), PubMed (1966 to September 2013), EMBASE (1988 to September 2013) and other databases. We also contacted researchers in the field and checked reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCT) evaluating school-based interventions designed to prevent illicit drugs use. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used the standard methodological procedures expected by The Cochrane Collaboration. MAIN RESULTS We included 51 studies, with 127,146 participants. Programmes were mainly delivered in sixth and seventh grade pupils. Most of the trials were conducted in the USA. Social competence approach versus usual curricula or no intervention Marijuana use at < 12 months follow-up: the results favoured the social competence intervention (risk ratio (RR) 0.90; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 1.01, four studies, 9456 participants, moderate quality evidence). Seven studies assessed this outcome (no data for meta-analysis): two showed a positive significant effect of intervention, three showed a non-significant effect, one found a significant effect in favour of the control group and one found a trend in favour of the control group.Marijuana use at 12+ months: the results favoured the social competence intervention (RR 0.86; 95% CI 0.74 to 1.00, one study, 2678 participants, high quality evidence). Seven studies assessed this outcome (no data for meta-analysis): two showed a significant positive effect of intervention, three showed a non-significant effect, one found a significant effect in favour of the control group and one a trend in favour of the control group.Hard drug use at < 12 months: we found no difference (RR 0.69; 95% CI 0.40 to 1.18, one study, 2090 participants, moderate quality evidence). Two studies assessed this outcome (no data for meta-analysis): one showed comparable results for the intervention and control group; one found a statistically non-significant trend in favour of the social competence approach.Hard drug use at 12+ months: we found no difference (mean difference (MD) -0.01; 95% CI -0.06 to 0.04), one study, 1075 participants, high quality evidence). One study with no data for meta-analysis showed comparable results for the intervention and control group.Any drug use at < 12 months: the results favoured social competence interventions (RR 0.27; 95% CI 0.14 to 0.51, two studies, 2512 participants, moderate quality evidence). One study with 1566 participants provided continuous data showing no difference (MD 0.02; 95% CI -0.05 to 0.09, moderate quality evidence). Social influence approach versus usual curricula or no intervention Marijuana use at < 12 months: we found a nearly statistically significant effect in favour of the social influence approach (RR 0.88; 95% CI 0.72 to 1.07, three studies, 10,716 participants, moderate quality evidence). One study with 764 participants provided continuous data showing results that favoured the social influence intervention (MD -0.26; 95% CI -0.48 to -0.04).Marijuana use at 12+ months: we found no difference (RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.81 to 1.13, one study, 5862 participants, moderate quality evidence). One study with 764 participants provided continuous data and showed nearly statistically significant results in favour of the social influence intervention (MD -0.22; 95% CI -0.46 to 0.02). Of the four studies not providing data for meta-analysis a statistically significant protective effect was only found by one study.Hard drug use at 12+ months: one study not providing data for meta-analysis found a significant protective effect of the social influence approach.Any drug use: no studies assessed this outcome. Combined approach versus usual curricula or no intervention Marijuana use at < 12 months: there was a trend in favour of intervention (RR 0.79; 95% CI 0.59 to 1.05, three studies, 8701 participants, moderate quality evidence). One study with 693 participants provided continuous data and showed no difference (MD -1.90; 95% CI -5.83 to 2.03).Marijuana use at 12+ months: the results favoured combined intervention (RR 0.83; 95% CI 0.69 to 0.99, six studies, 26,910 participants, moderate quality evidence). One study with 690 participants provided continuous data and showed no difference (MD -0.80; 95% CI -4.39 to 2.79). Two studies not providing data for meta-analysis did not find a significant effect.Hard drug use at < 12 months: one study with 693 participants provided both dichotomous and continuous data and showed conflicting results: no difference for dichotomous outcomes (RR 0.85; 95% CI 0.63 to 1.14), but results in favour of the combined intervention for the continuous outcome (MD -3.10; 95% CI -5.90 to -0.30). The quality of evidence was high.Hard drug use at 12+ months: we found no difference (RR 0.86; 95% CI 0.39 to 1.90, two studies, 1066 participants, high quality evidence). One study with 690 participants provided continuous data and showed no difference (MD 0.30; 95% CI -1.36 to 1.96). Two studies not providing data for meta-analysis showed a significant effect of treatment.Any drug use at < 12 months: the results favoured combined intervention (RR 0.76; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.89, one study, 6362 participants).Only one study assessed the effect of a knowledge-focused intervention on drug use and found no effect. The types of comparisons and the programmes assessed in the other two groups of studies were very heterogeneous and difficult to synthesise. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS School programmes based on a combination of social competence and social influence approaches showed, on average, small but consistent protective effects in preventing drug use, even if some outcomes did not show statistical significance. Some programmes based on the social competence approach also showed protective effects for some outcomes.Since the effects of school-based programmes are small, they should form part of more comprehensive strategies for drug use prevention in order to achieve a population-level impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Faggiano
- Department of TranslationalMedicine, Università del PiemonteOrientale, Via Solaroli 17,Novara, NO, 28100, Italy.
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Arpawong TE, Sussman S, Milam JE, Unger JB, Land H, Sun P, Rohrbach LA. Post-traumatic growth, stressful life events, and relationships with substance use behaviors among alternative high school students: a prospective study. Psychol Health 2014; 30:475-94. [PMID: 25346382 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2014.979171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A highly stressful life event (SLE) can elicit positive psychosocial growth, referred to as post-traumatic growth (PTG) among youth. We examined PTG and the number of SLEs for their influence on substance use behaviours among a sample of older, diverse alternative high school students participating in a drug prevention programme (n=564; mean age=16.8; 49% female; 65% Hispanic). Surveys assessed PTG, SLEs and substance use behaviours at the two-year follow-up. Multilevel regression models were run to examine the effect of PTG and the number of SLEs on frequency of substance use at the two-year follow-up, controlling for baseline substance use, sociodemographic variables, peer substance use, attrition propensity and treatment group. Greater PTG scores were associated with lower frequencies of alcohol use, getting drunk on alcohol, binge drinking, marijuana use and less substance abuse at the two-year follow-up, but not associated with cigarette or hard drug use. Also, PTG did not moderate the relationship between cumulative number of SLEs and substance use behaviours, rather PTG appears to be protective against negative effects of a single, life-altering SLE. Fostering PTG from a particularly poignant SLE may be useful for prevention programmes targeting alcohol, marijuana and substance abuse behaviours among high-risk youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalida E Arpawong
- a Department of Psychology , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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Sussman S, Arriaza B, Grigsby TJ. Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug misuse prevention and cessation programming for alternative high school youth: a review. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2014; 84:748-58. [PMID: 25274175 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relative to youth in regular high schools, alternative high school (AHS) youth are at high risk for alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) misuse. Prevention and cessation efforts are needed for this population. METHODS A systematic, exhaustive literature search was completed to identify ATOD misuse prevention and cessation research studies with AHS youth. RESULTS For the AHS population, 23 ATOD misuse prevention or cessation program evaluations were located. This review indicated that successful efforts have focused on instruction in motivation enhancement, life coping skills, and decision making. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol, tobacco, and other drug misuse prevention and cessation programming for AHSs is effective, delivered in the classroom or as a school-based clinic. There is little evidence, though, that this programming is effective when delivered through other modalities such as via computer or bridging beyond the school setting. More research and application of evidence-based programming are recommended for youth in AHS settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Sussman
- Preventive Medicine, Psychology, and Social Work, Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California Soto Street Building, 2001 North Soto Street, Room 302A, Los Angeles, CA 90032.
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Barnett E, Spruijt-Metz D, Moyers TB, Smith C, Rohrbach LA, Sun P, Sussman S. Bidirectional relationships between client and counselor speech: the importance of reframing. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2014; 28:1212-9. [PMID: 24955660 DOI: 10.1037/a0036227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the study of motivational interviewing (MI), counselor skill has been posited to influence client language about change or "change talk." This study investigates the relationship between a specific counselor behavior, valenced reflective listening, and client change talk in a MI intervention with substance-using adolescents. A combination of recorded in-person and telephone (n = 223) sessions were sequentially coded using the Motivational Interviewing Skill Code 2.5. Reflections were categorized by valence, meaning they included content that was either moving toward (i.e., positive reflection) or away from change (i.e., negative reflection). Client language was coded as either moving toward change, away from change, or neutral about change. Probability analyses showed positive reflections were 11 times more likely to be followed by change talk and 71% less likely to be followed by counter change talk. Negative reflections were 19 times more likely to be followed by counter change talk and 65% less likely to be followed by change talk. Client language was also predictive of counselor reflections, such that positive reflections were 10 times more likely to occur after client change talk and negative reflections were 19 times more likely to follow counter change talk. Because the percentage of change talk expressed in a session has been shown to be positively related to improved behavioral outcomes, counselors should avoid unintentional reflections of counter change talk and use reframing techniques to change the valence of client change language. Implications for MI practice and training are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ping Sun
- Department of Preventive Medicine
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Walton MA, Resko S, Barry KL, Chermack ST, Zucker RA, Zimmerman MA, Booth BM, Blow FC. A randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of a brief cannabis universal prevention program among adolescents in primary care. Addiction 2014; 109:786-97. [PMID: 24372937 PMCID: PMC3984620 DOI: 10.1111/add.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the efficacy of a brief intervention delivered by a therapist (TBI) or a computer (CBI) in preventing cannabis use among adolescents in urban primary care clinics. DESIGN A randomized controlled trial comparing: CBI and TBI versus control. SETTING Urban primary care clinics in the United States. PARTICIPANTS Research staff recruited 714 adolescents (aged 12-18 years) who reported no life-time cannabis use on a screening survey for this study, which included a baseline survey, randomization (stratified by gender and grade) to conditions (control; CBI; TBI) and 3-, 6- and 12-month assessments. MEASUREMENTS Using an intent-to-treat approach, primary outcomes were cannabis use (any, frequency); secondary outcomes included frequency of other drug use, severity of alcohol use and frequency of delinquency (among 85% completing follow-ups). FINDINGS Compared with controls, CBI participants had significantly lower rates of any cannabis use over 12 months (24.16%, 16.82%, respectively, P < 0.05), frequency of cannabis use at 3 and 6 months (P < 0.05) and other drug use at 3 months (P < 0.01). Compared with controls, TBI participants did not differ in cannabis use or frequency, but had significantly less other drug use at 3 months (P < 0.05), alcohol use at 6 months (P < 0.01) and delinquency at 3 months (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Among adolescents in urban primary care in the United States, a computer brief intervention appeared to prevent and reduce cannabis use. Both computer and therapist delivered brief interventions appeared to have small effects in reducing other risk behaviors, but these dissipated over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A. Walton
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stella Resko
- Wayne State University School of Social Work and Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kristen L. Barry
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Clinical Management Research, Health Services Research and Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stephen T. Chermack
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Clinical Management Research, Health Services Research and Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert A. Zucker
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marc A. Zimmerman
- University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Brenda M. Booth
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System
| | - Frederic C. Blow
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Clinical Management Research, Health Services Research and Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Pokhrel P, Herzog TA. Historical trauma and substance use among Native Hawaiian college students. Am J Health Behav 2014; 38:420-9. [PMID: 24636038 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.38.3.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the relationships among historical trauma, perceived discrimination, and substance use (cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use) among Native Hawaiians. METHODS Cross sectional self-report data were collected online from 128 Native Hawaiian community college students (M age = 27.5; SD = 9.5; 65% Women). Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. RESULTS Historical trauma had 2 paths to substance use: an indirect path to higher substance use through higher perceived discrimination and a direct path to lower substance use. CONCLUSIONS Thoughts, knowledge, or experience associated with historical trauma may enhance substance use behavior via increased perceived discrimination and may also be protective against substance use, possibly via increased pride in one's cultural heritage. This research has implications for historical trauma, discrimination, and substance use research concerning Native Hawaiians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallav Pokhrel
- Prevention and Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA.
| | - Thaddeus A Herzog
- Prevention and Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Is Project Towards No Drug Abuse (Project TND) an Evidence-Based Drug and Violence Prevention Program? A Review and Reappraisal of the Evaluation Studies. J Prim Prev 2014; 35:217-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10935-014-0348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sussman S, Arpawong TE, Sun P, Tsai J, Rohrbach LA, Spruijt-Metz D. Prevalence and co-occurrence of addictive behaviors among former alternative high school youth. J Behav Addict 2014; 3:33-40. [PMID: 24701344 PMCID: PMC3969796 DOI: 10.1556/jba.3.2014.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Recent work has studied multiple addictions using a matrix measure, which taps multiple addictions through single responses for each type. METHODS The present study investigated use of a matrix measure approach among former alternative high school youth (average age = 19.8 years) at risk for addictions. Lifetime and last 30-day prevalence of one or more of 11 addictions reviewed in other work (Sussman, Lisha & Griffiths, 2011) was the primary focus (i.e., cigarettes, alcohol, other/hard drugs, eating, gambling, Internet, shopping, love, sex, exercise, and work). Also, the co-occurrence of two or more of these 11 addictive behaviors was investigated. Finally, the latent class structure of these addictions, and their associations with other measures, was examined. RESULTS We found that ever and last 30-day prevalence of one or more of these addictions was 79.2% and 61.5%, respectively. Ever and last 30-day co-occurrence of two or more of these addictions was 61.5% and 37.7%, respectively. Latent Class Analysis suggested two groups: a generally Non-addicted Group (67.2% of the sample) and a "Work Hard, Play Hard"-addicted Group that was particularly invested in addiction to love, sex, exercise, the Internet, and work. Supplementary analyses suggested that the single-response type self-reports may be measuring the addictions they intend to measure. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS We suggest implications of these results for future studies and the development of prevention and treatment programs, though much more validation research is needed on the use of this type of measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Sussman
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, USA,Corresponding author: Steve Sussman, PhD, FAAHB, FAPA; Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California, Soto Street Building, 2001 North Soto Street, Room 302A, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Phone: +1-323-442-8220; Cell phone: +1-626-376-0389; Fax: +1-626-442-8201;
| | - Thalida Em Arpawong
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, USA
| | - Ping Sun
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Tsai
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, USA
| | - Louise A. Rohrbach
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, USA
| | - Donna Spruijt-Metz
- Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA, USA
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Barnett E, Moyers TB, Sussman S, Smith C, Rohrbach LA, Sun P, Spruijt-Metz D. From counselor skill to decreased marijuana use: does change talk matter? J Subst Abuse Treat 2013; 46:498-505. [PMID: 24462244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Client language about change, or change talk, is hypothesized to mediate the relationship between counselor fidelity in motivational interviewing (MI) and drug use outcomes. To investigate this causal chain, this study used data from an MI booster delivered to alternative high school students immediately after a universal classroom-based drug abuse prevention program. One hundred and seventy audio-recorded MI sessions about substance use were coded using the motivational interviewing skill code 2.5. Structural equation modeling showed that percentage of change talk on the part of the client mediated three of the four relationships between MI quality indicators and marijuana outcomes, while percentage of reflections of change talk showed a main effect of counselor skill on marijuana outcomes. Findings support change talk as an active ingredient of MI and provide new empirical support for the micro-skills of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Barnett
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California.
| | | | - Steve Sussman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
| | - Caitlin Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
| | - Louise A Rohrbach
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California
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Little MA, Sussman S, Sun P, Rohrbach LA. The Effects of Implementation Fidelity in the Towards No Drug Abuse Dissemination Trial. HEALTH EDUCATION 2013; 113. [PMID: 24386646 DOI: 10.1108/09654281311329231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current study examines the influence of contextual and provider-level factors on the implementation fidelity of a research-based substance abuse prevention program. Also, it investigates whether two provider-level factors, self-efficacy and beliefs about the value of the program, statistically moderate and mediate the effects of a provider training intervention on implementation fidelity. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Using generalized mixed-linear modeling, we examine relationships between program provider-, organizational, and community-level factors and implementation fidelity in a sample of 50 high school teachers from 43 high schools in 8 states across the U.S. Fidelity of implementation was assessed utilizing an observation procedure. FINDINGS Implementation fidelity was negatively associated with the urbanicity of the community and the level of teachers' beliefs about the value of the program, and positively predicted by the organizational capacity of the school. Comprehensive training significantly increased teachers' self-efficacy, which resulted in an increase in implementation fidelity. RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS School-based prevention program implementation is influenced by a variety of contextual factors occurring at multiple ecological levels. Future effectiveness and dissemination studies need to account for the complex nature of schools in analyses of implementation fidelity and outcomes. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Our findings suggest that both provider- and organizational-level factors are influential in promoting implementation fidelity. Before implementation begins, as well as throughout the implementation process, training and ongoing technical assistance should be conducted to increase teachers' skills, self-efficacy, and comfort with prevention curricula. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The present study is one of the few to examine contextual and provider-level correlates of implementation fidelity and use mediation analyses to explore whether provider-level factors mediate the effects of a provider training intervention on implementation fidelity.
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Barnett E, Spruijt-Metz D, Unger JB, Rohrbach LA, Sun P, Sussman S. Bidirectional associations between future time perspective and substance use among continuation high-school students. Subst Use Misuse 2013; 48:574-80. [PMID: 23750661 PMCID: PMC4181553 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2013.787092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether a bidirectional, longitudinal relationship exists between future time perspective (FTP), measured with the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, and any past 30-day use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, or hard drugs among continuation high school students (N = 1,310, mean age 16.8 years) in a large urban area. We found increased FTP to be protective against drug use for all substances except alcohol. While any baseline use of substances did not predict changes in FTP 1 year later. The discussion explores why alcohol findings may differ from other substances. Future consideration of FTP as a mediator of program effects is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Barnett
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Traube DE, Schrager SM, Holloway IW, Weiss G, Kipke MD. Environmental risk, social cognition, and drug use among young men who have sex with men: longitudinal effects of minority status on health processes and outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 127:1-7. [PMID: 22749680 PMCID: PMC3480562 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) continue to be at elevated risk for substance use; however, models explaining this phenomenon have often focused on a limited array of explanatory constructs. This study examined the longitudinal relationship of contextual risk factors, social cognitive processes, mental health, and health protective behavior to identify key mechanisms of illicit drug use of YMSM as they aged through emerging adulthood. METHODS Our sample included an ethnically diverse cohort of 487 YMSM recruited through venue based probability sampling in Los Angeles. We used latent growth curve modeling to understand relationships between environmental risk factors, changing individual and social process variables, health protective behavior, psychological distress, and illicit drug use outcomes among YMSM. RESULTS Age, ethnicity, violence and discrimination, depression, and previous histories of illicit drug use were key elements of risk for future illicit drug use among YMSM. During this theoretically distinct time period, health as a value, self-efficacy, and social support are vital social cognitive processes for promoting self-change among YMSM, and YMSM have independent growth within each process. Health as a value, self-efficacy, and social support were dynamic social cognitive processes, which served as key mechanisms by which risk factors were converted into health promotion strategies or psychological distress, and ultimately illicit drug use. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of prevention interventions aimed at reducing illicit drug use among YMSM can be enhanced by addressing social cognitive processes for this underserved portion of the male population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian E Traube
- School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-041, United States.
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Sussman S. A Lifespan Developmental-Stage Approach to Tobacco and Other Drug Abuse Prevention. ISRN ADDICTION 2013; 2013:745783. [PMID: 25298961 PMCID: PMC4186663 DOI: 10.1155/2013/745783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
At least by informal design, tobacco and other drug abuse prevention programs are tailored to human developmental stage. However, few papers have been written to examine how programming has been formulated as a function of developmental stage throughout the lifespan. In this paper, I briefly define lifespan development, how it pertains to etiology of tobacco and other drug use, and how prevention programming might be constructed by five developmental stages: (a) young child, (b) older child, (c) young teen, (d) older teen, and (e) adult (emerging, young-to-middle and older adult substages). A search of the literature on tobacco and other drug abuse prevention by developmental stage was conducted, and multiple examples of programs are provided for each stage. A total of 34 programs are described as examples of each stage (five-young children, 12-older children, eight-young teens, four-older teens, and five-adults). Implications for future program development research are stated. In particular, I suggest that programming continue to be developed for all stages in the lifespan, as opposed to focusing on a single stage and that developmentally appropriate features continues to be pursued to maximize program impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Sussman
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Little MA, Spruijt-Metz D, Pokhrel P, Sun P, Rohrbach LA, Sussman S. Predicting Self-Initiated Marijuana Use Cessation among Youth at Continuation High Schools. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:69. [PMID: 23898305 PMCID: PMC3724123 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current article reports a large scale study of the prediction of marijuana use cessation among individuals attending alternative high schools who were regular users at baseline. Based on the Triadic Influence Theory, predictors of marijuana use cessation at 1-year follow-up were organized by type of influence (e.g., interpersonal, cultural and attitudinal, and intrapersonal) and level of influence (e.g., distal and ultimate). Among the 522 students who were past 30-day marijuana users at baseline, quitting was defined as having not used marijuana in the last 30 days at 1-year follow-up (43% of baseline users). To account for the level of influence we employed a theory-based analytic strategy, hierarchical regression. In the final multivariate model, lower level of baseline marijuana use and less of a likelihood to endorse pro-drug-use myths remained predictors of marijuana use cessation 1-year later. Implications of these findings include the need to develop cessation programs that reduce psychological dependence on marijuana use, and correct cognitive misperceptions about drug use in order to help adolescents make decisions that lead to health-promoting behaviors.
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Barnett E, Sussman S, Smith C, Rohrbach LA, Spruijt-Metz D. Motivational Interviewing for adolescent substance use: a review of the literature. Addict Behav 2012; 37:1325-34. [PMID: 22958865 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a widely-used approach for addressing adolescent substance use. Recent meta-analytic findings show small but consistent effect sizes. However, differences in intervention format and intervention design, as well as possible mediators of change, have never been reviewed. This review of the literature summarizes the most up-to-date MI interventions with adolescents, looks at differences between intervention format and design, and discusses possible theory-based mechanisms of change. Of the 39 studies included in this review, 67% reported statistically significant improved substance use outcomes. Chi square results show no significant difference between interventions using feedback or not, or interventions combined with other treatment versus MI alone. The need for systematic investigation in theory-based mechanisms of change is presented.
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Lisha NE, Grana R, Sun P, Rohrbach L, Spruijt-Metz D, Reifman A, Sussman S. Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Revised Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA-R) in a Sample of Continuation High School Students. Eval Health Prof 2012; 37:156-77. [PMID: 22786874 DOI: 10.1177/0163278712452664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is now presumed that youth do not move directly from adolescence to adulthood, but rather pass through a transitional period, "emerging adulthood." The Revised Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA-R) is a self-report instrument developed to examine the attributes of this period. "At-risk" youth appear to enter emerging adulthood developmental tasks at a slightly earlier age than general population youth. In the present study, a 21-item version of the IDEA was administered to a sample of 1676 "at-risk" continuation (alternative) high school students in Southern California. Principal component factor analysis with orthogonal rotation revealed three factors the authors labeled "Identity Exploration," "Experimentation/Possibilities," and "Independence." Overall, the measure demonstrated high internal consistency. Construct validity analyses indicated that the measure was correlated with demographics, risk behaviors, and psychological measures. The authors conclude that the IDEA-R is a useful instrument for measuring emerging adulthood in at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadra E Lisha
- Univeristy of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Grana
- University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ping Sun
- Univeristy of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Steve Sussman
- Univeristy of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Traube DE, James S, Zhang J, Landsverk J. A national study of risk and protective factors for substance use among youth in the child welfare system. Addict Behav 2012; 37:641-50. [PMID: 22321315 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
While child welfare services are intended, in part, to diminish maltreatment's negative impact on adolescents' development, there is evidence that receiving child welfare services affects adolescents' substance use adversely. The literature on the extent and correlates of this problem is still emerging. The present study aims to fill part of this gap by examining the association between baseline psychosocial risk and protective factors on engagement in substance use behavior over a period of 36 months for child welfare involved youth. It further compares substance use behavior between youth placed in out-of-home care and those who remained with their biological families. Data come from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW), a national probability study of children and adolescents undergoing investigation for abuse or neglect. The sample for this analysis was restricted to 827 youth who were 11 years or older at baseline data collection. Key findings include a high rate of social substance use (47.7%) and illicit substance use (17.4%). There was a limited role of protective factors in mitigating risk behavior for social substance use (caregiver connectedness; OR=0.51, p<0.05). Avoiding foster care placement was a protective factor for illicit substance use (OR=0.43, p<0.05). Delinquency was a risk factor associated with both social substance use (OR=1.06, p<0.01) and hard substance use (OR=1.10, p<0.001). Given the high prevalence of substance use among child welfare involved youth, prevention efforts for this population require a better understanding of biological, psychological, and social protective factors. The child welfare system is an untapped resource that has the potential to be a gateway to and a platform for substance abuse prevention services that should be incorporated into child welfare safety and permanency interventions.
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Ames SL, Krank M, Grenard JL, Sussman S, Stacy AW. Prevention education effects on fundamental memory processes. Eval Health Prof 2012; 35:416-39. [PMID: 22544598 DOI: 10.1177/0163278712444287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated effects of a key session from a nationally recognized drug abuse prevention program on basic memory processes in 211 high-risk youth in Southern California. In a randomized, between-subject design, the authors manipulated assignment to a Myth and Denial program session and the time of assessment (immediate vs. 1-week delay). The authors examined program decay effects on memory accessibility and judgment errors. Those participants exposed to the program session generated more myths and facts from the program than those in the control group, suggesting that even a single program session influenced students' memory for program information and this was retained at least 1 week and detectable with indirect tests of memory accessibility. However, consistent with basic research perspectives, participants in the program-delayed assessment group erroneously generated more fact-related information from the session to the prompt "It is a myth that_____" than the participants in the program immediate assessment group; that is, they retained more facts as myths. These types of program effects, anticipated by basic memory theory, were not detected with a traditional judgment task in the present sample. The results suggest that basic science approaches offer a novel way of conceptually recasting prevention effects to more completely understand how these effects may operate. Implications for program evaluation and conceptualization are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Ames
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, CA 91711, USA.
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Traube DE, James S, Zhang J, Landsverk J. A national study of risk and protective factors for substance use among youth in the child welfare system. Addict Behav 2012. [PMID: 22321315 DOI: 10.1016/j.addben.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
While child welfare services are intended, in part, to diminish maltreatment's negative impact on adolescents' development, there is evidence that receiving child welfare services affects adolescents' substance use adversely. The literature on the extent and correlates of this problem is still emerging. The present study aims to fill part of this gap by examining the association between baseline psychosocial risk and protective factors on engagement in substance use behavior over a period of 36 months for child welfare involved youth. It further compares substance use behavior between youth placed in out-of-home care and those who remained with their biological families. Data come from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW), a national probability study of children and adolescents undergoing investigation for abuse or neglect. The sample for this analysis was restricted to 827 youth who were 11 years or older at baseline data collection. Key findings include a high rate of social substance use (47.7%) and illicit substance use (17.4%). There was a limited role of protective factors in mitigating risk behavior for social substance use (caregiver connectedness; OR=0.51, p<0.05). Avoiding foster care placement was a protective factor for illicit substance use (OR=0.43, p<0.05). Delinquency was a risk factor associated with both social substance use (OR=1.06, p<0.01) and hard substance use (OR=1.10, p<0.001). Given the high prevalence of substance use among child welfare involved youth, prevention efforts for this population require a better understanding of biological, psychological, and social protective factors. The child welfare system is an untapped resource that has the potential to be a gateway to and a platform for substance abuse prevention services that should be incorporated into child welfare safety and permanency interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian E Traube
- University of Southern California School of Social Work, 669 W 34th St., Los Angeles, CA 91202, USA.
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Barnett E, Spruijt-Metz D, Unger JB, Sun P, Rohrbach LA, Sussman S. Boosting a teen substance use prevention program with motivational interviewing. Subst Use Misuse 2012; 47:418-28. [PMID: 22216936 PMCID: PMC3496395 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2011.641057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A brief motivational interviewing (MI) intervention may be a viable adjunct to school-based substance abuse prevention programs. This article describes the development and implementation of a brief MI intervention with 573 adolescents (mean age 16.8; 40.3% female, 68% Latino) enrolled in eight continuation high schools in Southern California. Study participants were assigned to the MI condition in a randomized controlled trial of Project Toward No Drug Abuse. Data are provided on dosage, topics discussed, and quality of MI determined with the Motivational Interviewing Skill Code (MISC). Results suggest that the protocol was feasible and implemented with adequate fidelity. The study's limitations are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Barnett
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90032, USA.
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47
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Concurrent and predictive relationships between compulsive internet use and substance use: findings from vocational high school students in China and the USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:660-73. [PMID: 22690154 PMCID: PMC3367268 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Compulsive Internet Use (CIU) has increasingly become an area of research among process addictions. Largely based on data from cross-sectional studies, a positive association between CIU and substance use has previously been reported. This study presents gender and country-specific longitudinal findings on the relationships between CIU and substance use. METHODS Data were drawn from youth attending non-conventional high schools, recruited into two similarly implemented trials conducted in China and the USA. The Chinese sample included 1,761 students (49% male); the US sample included 1,182 students (57% male) with over half (65%) of the US youth being of Hispanic ethnicity. Path analyses were applied to detect the concurrent and predictive relationships between baseline and one-year follow-up measures of CIU level, 30-day cigarette smoking, and 30-day binge drinking. RESULTS (1) CIU was not positively related with substance use at baseline. (2) There was a positive predictive relationship between baseline CIU and change in substance use among female, but not male students. (3) Relationships between concurrent changes in CIU and substance use were also found among female, but not male students. (4) Baseline substance use did not predict an increase in CIU from baseline to 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS While CIU was found to be related to substance use, the relationship was not consistently positive. More longitudinal studies with better measures for Internet Addiction are needed to ascertain the detailed relationship between Internet addiction and substance use.
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