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Taghavi-Nejad FS, Fallah N, Lotfi Gaskaree B. Mindfulness and Procrastination Among University EFL Learners: The Role of Attention Control and Self-Regulated Learning. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241287423. [PMID: 39332823 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241287423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the interconnections among mindfulness, self-regulated learning (SRL), attention control, and procrastination among English as a foreign language (EFL) learner in Iran. Additionally, the mediating influence of SRL and attention control on mindfulness-procrastination link were tested. For this purpose, 272 university EFL students were conveniently selected and administered self-report questionnaires. Structural equation modeling and mediation analyses were employed. The results indicated that greater levels of SRL and attention control were related to lower levels of procrastination. Further, mindfulness directly predicted SRL and attention control. The findings also showed that although mindfulness did not directly account for procrastination, it could indirectly impact procrastination via the mediation of SRL and attention control. The findings were discussed, and implications and suggestions for future research were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nasser Fallah
- Department of English Language, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
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2
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Yong JC, Lim CH, Jonason PK, Thomas AG. Income and Sex Moderate the Association Between Population Density and Reproduction: A Multilevel Analysis of Life History Strategies Across 23 Nations. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024:10.1007/s10508-024-02955-w. [PMID: 39039341 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02955-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
While previous studies guided by evolutionary life history theory have revealed several important socioecological moderators of the influence of population density (PD) on reproduction, absent is an understanding of how individual-level factors such as personal resources and sex differences might interact and play a role. Using data from a large sample of clients (N = 4,432,440) of an online dating company spanning 317 states nested within 23 countries, we contributed a robust multilevel analysis of life history effects by assessing the interaction between state-level PD and individual-level income on offspring quantity, and we further qualified this analysis by sex. Consistent with previous research, PD was negatively correlated with having children. Consistent with our novel hypotheses, this negative relationship was moderated by income such that the link between PD and low fertility became weaker with increasing levels of income and these patterns were stronger for men than for women. These results held despite controlling for a variety of country-level, state-level, and individual-level confounds. Findings are discussed together with theoretical and practical implications for the management of fertility based on evolutionary life history perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C Yong
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Northumberland Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Chun Hui Lim
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter K Jonason
- Psychology Research Institute, University of Economics and Human Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Sergi I, Ariemma L, Gallucci M, Gnisci A, Marcone R, Perugini M, Senese VP, Mottola F. How HEXACO personality traits are involved in school performance of middle school adolescents (10-14 years). Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 247:104319. [PMID: 38761755 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper aimed at investigating the relationship between HEXACO personality traits and academic performance in two samples of Italian 10-14 years old middle-school adolescents (N = 714 and N = 1093) using Multilevel Mixed Models. The main results show that: 1) Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience were the most important predictors of school performance, followed by Honesty-Humility; 2) a modest effect was present also for eXtraversion and Emotionality; 3) these influences occurred net of the influence of gender and class and could be generalized to male and female adolescents across 6th, 7th and 8th grade; 5) Perfectionism, Diligence and Prudence within Conscientiousness, Inquisitiveness within Openness, and Sincerity within Honesty-Humility were the facets more correlated with school performance; 6) results were replicated in two studies. Results are discussed and conclusions are drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Sergi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Lucia Ariemma
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Marcello Gallucci
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Augusto Gnisci
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Roberto Marcone
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Marco Perugini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo, 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Paolo Senese
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesca Mottola
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico, 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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Yeshua M, Berger A. Self-Regulated Parenting: A Systematic Review of the Relations Between Effortful Control, the Big-Five, and Parenting Practices. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241256623. [PMID: 38822819 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241256623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
It is well established that parents' own self-regulation is related to adaptive parenting practices (such as warmth and sensitivity) as well as to maladaptive ones (such as laxness and over-reactivity). However, parenting practices are not solely determined by parents' self-regulation. We discuss how broad personality dimensions (drawn from the Big-Five model) relate to temperamental self-regulation (effortful control) and to parenting practices. Considering the limited empirical literature linking these three constructs, we present extant evidence for each of the dyadic connections between these three constructs. We then propose a comprehensive model that includes the plausible moderation/mediation role of different personality dimensions (such as conscientiousness and agreeableness) on the connection between self-regulation and parenting practices. This systematic review summarizes the extant empirical findings from 74 studies, linking effortful control, character and parenting practices. It is the first to systematically review and organize the accumulating knowledge regarding their relations. Based on the reviewed literature, a conceptual framework is proposed for predicting parenting practices, which are, in turn, a crucial concept predicting children's behavioral and cognitive outcomes. In doing so, it provides a theoretical basis for the importance of parental character traits, specifically conscientiousness and agreeableness, as mediators between the parent's effortful control and their actual parenting practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maor Yeshua
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Andrea Berger
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Brancart X, Rossi G, Dierckx E, De Vos I, De Raedt R. Temperament Based Personality Types in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Latent Profile Analysis. Psychol Belg 2024; 64:24-41. [PMID: 38618169 PMCID: PMC11012024 DOI: 10.5334/pb.1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Three adaptive trait-based personality types have been replicated across ages, cultures, clinical problems and clustering methods: Resilient, Undercontrolled and Overcontrolled type (RUO). Recently there is growing interest in and importance of biopsychosocial transdiagnostic factors underlying personality types, such as temperamental reactivity and self-regulation. Latter can be understood in terms of Behavioural Inhibition (BIS), Behavioural Activation Systems (BAS) and Effortful Control (EC). The occurrence of temperament based RUO types has not yet been confirmed in older adults with or without a mental disorder. Therefore, based on a person-centered approach, the current study investigates whether RUO types can be corroborated in older adults based on the aforementioned temperamental factors. Latent profile analysis yielded two distinct personality profiles in community-dwelling over-60s, which we tentatively labeled a resilient (n = 167) and overcontrolled/inhibited type (n = 241). Compared to the resilient type, the overcontrolled/inhibited type scored lower on EC and higher on BIS. We could not corroborate an undercontrolled type (profiles scored equally on BAS). Group comparisons revealed that overcontrolled/inhibited older adults demonstrated significantly more clinical symptoms, higher emotional instability, lower scores on adaptive traits, less resilience and were significantly more likely to use passive and avoidant coping styles, compared to resilient older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Brancart
- Xenia Brancart Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Psychology, Personality and Psychopathology research group (PEPS), Brussels, Belgium
- Ghent University (UG), Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent, Belgium
- VUB-UG alliance research group Personality and Information Processing in Older Adults, PIPO, Belgium
| | - Gina Rossi
- VUB-UG alliance research group Personality and Information Processing in Older Adults, PIPO, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Psychology, Personality and Psychopathology research group (PEPS), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva Dierckx
- VUB-UG alliance research group Personality and Information Processing in Older Adults, PIPO, Belgium
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Department of Psychology, Personality and Psychopathology research group (PEPS), Brussels, Belgium
- Alexianen Zorggroep Tienen (AZT), Psychiatric Hospital, Tienen, Belgium
| | - Indra De Vos
- VUB-UG alliance research group Personality and Information Processing in Older Adults, PIPO, Belgium
| | - Rudi De Raedt
- Ghent University (UG), Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent, Belgium
- VUB-UG alliance research group Personality and Information Processing in Older Adults, PIPO, Belgium
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Waddell JT, Sternberg A, Eisenberg N, Chassin L. Longitudinal Relations Among Parental Substance Use Disorder and Adolescent Drinking Behavior: The Role of Temperament, Negative Urgency, and Maternal Parenting. J Youth Adolesc 2024; 53:833-848. [PMID: 37864729 PMCID: PMC11232500 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-023-01886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that parental substance use disorder is associated with adolescent drinking indirectly through negative urgency, a form of impulsivity that is particularly associated with high-risk drinking. Moreover, childhood mechanisms of risk may play a role in this developmental chain such that childhood temperament and parenting may be mechanisms through which parental substance use disorder is associated with adolescent negative urgency and drinking behavior. Therefore, the current study tested whether parental substance use disorder was indirectly associated with adolescent drinking frequency through childhood temperament (i.e., "dysregulated irritability") and adolescent negative urgency, and whether relations differed by levels of maternal support and consistency of discipline. Data come from a multigenerational, longitudinal study of familial substance use disorder (N = 276, Mage in childhood = 6.28 (SD = 1.16), Mage in adolescence = 15.86 (SD = 1.56), 45.3% female). Findings indicated that parental substance use disorder indirectly predicted adolescent drinking through both childhood dysregulated irritability and adolescent negative urgency (mediated pathways). This indirect relation was stronger at higher vs. lower levels of maternal support but did not vary by maternal consistency of discipline. Parental substance use disorder also indirectly predicted adolescent drinking separately through childhood dysregulated irritability and negative urgency. Findings thus suggest that childhood dysregulated irritability may be an early marker of risk toward high-risk personality traits and behavior in adolescence that are associated with having a parental history of substance use disorder. Findings also suggest that increased maternal support may only be helpful in buffering risk for those with low levels of dysregulated irritability. Prevention efforts focused on childhood emotion regulation and emotion-based action may be useful in preventing adolescent risk behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Waddell
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA.
| | | | - Nancy Eisenberg
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - Laurie Chassin
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
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Yi H, Xiao M, Chen X, Yan Q, Yang Y, Liu Y, Song S, Gao X, Chen H. Resting-state functional network connectivity underlying conscientiousness in school-aged children. Child Neuropsychol 2024; 30:486-502. [PMID: 37278282 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2023.2221757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Conscientiousness is a personality trait that matures from early childhood to late adolescence, yet little is known about its underlying brain mechanisms during this period. To investigate this, our study examined the resting-state functional network connectivity (rsFNC) of 69 school-aged children (mean age = 10.12 years, range = 9-12) using a whole-brain region-of-interest (ROI) based analysis, based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The results indicated a positive association between conscientiousness and the rsFNC between the fronto-parietal network (FPN) and two brain networks: the somatosensory motor-hand network (SMHN) and the auditory network (AN). However, conscientiousness was negatively associated with the rsFNC between FPN and two other networks: the salience network (SN); the default mode network (DMN). Moreover, our results suggest that the FPN may play a hub role in the neural performance of children's conscientiousness. Intrinsic brain networks, particularly those involved in higher-order cognitive functions, impact children's conscientiousness. Therefore, FPN plays an important role in the development of children's personality, providing insight into the neural mechanisms underlying children's personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Yi
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyue Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ximei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiaoling Yan
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiqing Song
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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8
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Furnham A, Cheng H. Correlates of Conscientiousness: Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. J Genet Psychol 2024; 185:114-123. [PMID: 37942725 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2023.2279143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This study explored correlates of the trait Conscientiousness drawing on longitudinal data from the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS), with a sample of 7,436 mothers. Data were collected when participants' children were born and again at ages nine months, 3, 11, and 14 years. Structural equation modeling showed that the family poverty indicator, self-esteem, parent-child relationship, children's behavioral problems, and education all had significant and direct effects on maternal trait Conscientiousness. The strongest predictor was self-esteem (measured over 13 years previously), followed by children's behavioral problems and parent-child relationship quality. The implications for helping mothers and their children are considered and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Furnham
- BI: Department of Leadership and Organisational Behaviour, Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helen Cheng
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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9
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Bekesiene S. Impact of personality on cadet academic and military performance within mediating role of self-efficacy. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1266236. [PMID: 37908826 PMCID: PMC10613648 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1266236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The current operational military environment is changing, complex, unpredictable, and ambiguous. Due to such situations, soldiers are constantly forced to think about their values, norms, and roles that should be part of their profession. Consequently, they must first be educated and trained on how to behave in a particular operational military environment. Pursuing an officer's education at military academies is very difficult not only physically but also psychologically. Cadets are required to be prepared to lead in extreme environments upon graduation. Despite the fact that military tasks are technically complex, the individual operational activities of soldiers are gaining more and more strategic meaning. Therefore, the importance of selecting the process and military education programs of soldiers is increasingly stressed. Cognitive abilities and skills individually predict performance in academic and professional settings, but it is less clear how personality can influence performance. Therefore, this study focused on the explanation of the individual factors that affect the achievements of the cadets. Specifically, the objective of this study was to examine direct and mediated relationships between personality traits and the military and academic performance of cadets. Methods This study followed a quantitative method analysis. The research models were assessed using the structural equation modeling technique. Bootstrap was applied to evaluate a 95% level confidence interval on estimates with 5,000 bootstrap samples, and to evaluate direct and indirect effects. The analysis was based on a sample of 120 cadets from the Lithuanian Military Academy. The effects on military and academic performance were evaluated using the Self-Efficacy scale, the Big Five personality trait scale, academic performance was evaluated through academic grades and military performance was evaluated using instructor ratings. Results To support our hypotheses, it was found that self-efficacy has a mediating effect on the performance of cadets. Additionally, the traits of conscientiousness, openness to experience and extraversion were related to both military and academic performance. Furthermore, self-efficacy appeared as a partial mediator of the relationship between personality traits and cadet performance. Conclusion The findings of this study help clarify the relationship between the personality traits of the cadets and the military and academic performance. In addition, these results may be useful for the further development of military education and training, for the development of testing, and selection of military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svajone Bekesiene
- General Jonas Zemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Chang F, Huo Y, Zhang S, Zeng H, Tang B. The impact of boarding schools on the development of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities in adolescents. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1852. [PMID: 37742020 PMCID: PMC10517520 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since China adopted a policy to eliminate rural learning centers, boarding has become an important feature of the current rural student community. However, there is a lack of consensus on the impact of boarding schools on students' cognitive and non-cognitive development. This study investigates the effect of boarding schools on the development of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities of junior high school students in rural northwest China. METHODS Using a sample of 5,660 seventh-grade students from 160 rural junior high schools across 19 counties, we identify a causal relationship between boarding and student abilities with the instrumental variables (IV) approach. RESULTS The results suggest that boarding positively influences memory and attention, while it has no significant effect on other cognitive abilities such as reasoning, transcription speed, and accuracy. Furthermore, we find no significant association between boarding and the development of non-cognitive skills. CONCLUSIONS Given the widespread prevalence of boarding schools in rural regions, our study highlights the growing importance of improving school management to promote the development of students' cognitive abilities and integrating the development of non-cognitive or social-emotional abilities into students' daily routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chang
- Center of Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University Shaanxi Province, No. 620 West Chang’an Street, Chang’an District, Xi’an, 710119 China
| | - Yanan Huo
- Center of Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University Shaanxi Province, No. 620 West Chang’an Street, Chang’an District, Xi’an, 710119 China
| | - Songyan Zhang
- Center of Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University Shaanxi Province, No. 620 West Chang’an Street, Chang’an District, Xi’an, 710119 China
| | - Hang Zeng
- Center of Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University Shaanxi Province, No. 620 West Chang’an Street, Chang’an District, Xi’an, 710119 China
| | - Bin Tang
- Center of Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University Shaanxi Province, No. 620 West Chang’an Street, Chang’an District, Xi’an, 710119 China
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Grills AE, Fletcher JM, Vaughn SR, Bowman C. Internalizing Symptoms and Reading Difficulties Among Early Elementary School Students. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023; 54:1064-1074. [PMID: 35072871 PMCID: PMC10666225 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01315-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While the field of learning disabilities has grown substantially over the past several decades (Grigorenko et al. in Am Psychol 75:37, 2020) little work has explored the role of internalizing symptoms among struggling students. The present study compared struggling and typical readers on several child reported internalizing measures at both the beginning and end of a school year during which time they received either classroom-as-usual or research-team provided intensive intervention. Struggling readers who did and did not meet reading benchmarks were also compared at year-end. While minimal differences were present at the beginning of the year, numerous differences were observed at the end, with students exhibiting persistent reading struggles reporting significantly greater distress. Bi-directional associations emerged with beginning of year group status predicting internalizing symptoms and beginning of year internalizing symptoms predicting end of year intervention response group status. Findings are discussed in terms of future directions for enhancing intervention studies of struggling readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie E Grills
- Wheelock College of Education & Human Development, Boston University, 2 Silber Way, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Jack M Fletcher
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 3695 Cullen Boulevard, Room 126, Houston, TX, 77204-5022, USA
| | - Sharon R Vaughn
- College of Education, University of Texas at Austin, 1918 Speedway, Stop D5000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Chelsey Bowman
- Wheelock College of Education & Human Development, Boston University, 2 Silber Way, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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12
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Babakr Z, Fatahi N. Risk-taking Behaviour: The Role of Dark Triad Traits, Impulsivity, Sensation Seeking and Adverse Childhood Experience. Acta Inform Med 2023; 31:292-299. [PMID: 38379693 PMCID: PMC10875951 DOI: 10.5455/aim.2023.31.292-299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Dark Triad Traits, Adverse Childhood Experiences, impulsivity and sensation seeking significantly influence whether one engages in or avoids various risk behaviours and personality throughout life. Objective The present study aimed to investigate how Dark Triad Traits, Adverse Childhood Experience and impulsivity sensation influence risk taking behaviour personality throughout life. Methods The sample included 222 university students from four universities, 82 males (36.9%) and 140 females (63.1%), and aged between 18 and 51 years. Results The results showed that adverse childhood experiences, psychopathy, narcissism, impulsivity and sensation-seeking predicted risk taking. Machiavellianism, on the other hand, did not significantly predict risk taking. Based on results, adverse childhood experiences predicted risk-taking directly and indirectly through psychopathy, narcissism, impulsivity and sensation seeking. Conclusion The results indicate that early childhood experiences are a significant factor in personality traits and that positive early experiences could lead to minimising risk taking and reducing levels of impulsivity, sensation-seeking and dark triad traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zana Babakr
- Faculty of Arts, Psychology Department, Soran University, Iraq
| | - Nabi Fatahi
- Faculty of Arts, Psychology Department, Soran University, Iraq
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Yeshua M, Zohar AH, Berger A. Mediating roles of character traits and parenting in the relationship between maternal effortful control and children's conduct problems. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15211. [PMID: 37065687 PMCID: PMC10100806 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parenting practices are crucial to children's development and are important predictors of children's conduct problems. The aim of the current study was to test the mediating role of mothers' character traits on the relationship between their temperamental self-regulation and their parenting practices, and on their children's conduct problems. Method A representative sample of 387 Israeli mothers of kindergarten children was recruited online. They completed questionnaires about their own effortful control (adult temperament questionnaire; ATQ), character traits (temperament and character inventory-revised (TCI-R), big five inventory (BFI)), and parenting practices (coping with children's negative emotions scale; CCNES), as well as conduct problems of their children (strengths and difficulties questionnaire; SDQ). Structural equation models were fitted, testing for direct and indirect connections, once with character traits drawn from the TCI and once with BFI traits. Results In both analyses, the first model presented a significant direct effect between mothers' effortful control and children's conduct problems. When including mother's parenting and character (based on the TCI or on the BFI) in the model, the direct path became insignificant and significant mediation effects were found; specifically, the indirect path through the parenting practices, as well as the mediated mediation path through the parenting practices and character. Moreover, mediation effects were found between mothers' effortful control and parenting practices through some character traits. The selected models showed a good fit (e.g., NFI = 0.985; CFI = 0.997; RMSEA = 0.038). Discussion Our findings emphasize the importance of the mother's mature personality characteristics, the mother's actual parental practices, and the crucial value of this path for predicting child behavior outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maor Yeshua
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ada H. Zohar
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
- Graduate Program in Clinical Psychology, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
- Graduate Program in Gerontological Clinical Psychology, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
| | - Andrea Berger
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- School of Brain Sciences and Cognition, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Eckley D, Allen A, Millear P, Rune KT. COVID-19's impact on learning processes in Australian university students. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2023; 26:161-189. [PMID: 36415584 PMCID: PMC9668712 DOI: 10.1007/s11218-022-09739-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has accentuated the role and interplay of numerous educational factors, inviting pedagogical research concerning online education. Using self-determination theory's basic psychological needs and fundamental learning theories, identified educational factors were integrated into three pathways: (1) autonomy, technology acceptance, and self-regulation of learning; (2) relatedness, authentic happiness, and a classroom community; and (3) competency, harmonious passion, and trait conscientiousness. This study extends educational research by elucidating the relationships between psychological need fulfilment, educational factors, and students' expectations of their future grades during the impact of COVID-19. Australian university students (N = 226, 77% female) completed questionnaires assessing their experience of home isolation, factors of each hypothesised pathway, and their expected grades. Structural equation modelling revealed that higher need fulfilment significantly predicted engagement in educational factors and that educational factors are complexly interrelated, providing resilience, motivation, and the mechanisms that facilitate learning. Most importantly, relatedness between academics and students positively influenced all learning pathways. Reciprocal determinism demonstrated the most substantial association with expected grades, and new insight was gained into the interrelationships of passion, trait conscientiousness, and self-regulation of learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell Eckley
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556 Australia
| | - Andrew Allen
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556 Australia
| | - Prudence Millear
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556 Australia
| | - Karina Tirsvad Rune
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556 Australia
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15
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Yi Y, Tan Q, Liu J, Liang F, Liu C, Yin Z. The Mechanism of Cumulative Ecological Risk Affecting College Students' Sense of Social Responsibility: The Double Fugue Effect of Belief in a Just World and Empathy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:10. [PMID: 36612330 PMCID: PMC9819354 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
According to bioecological theory, the development of college students' social responsibility is affected by the cumulative effect of ecological risks. However, research on the impact of cumulative ecological risk on social responsibility and its potential mechanisms are still lacking. Carol Gilligan (1982) proposed that the ethics of care and justice are like two related but independent melodies, which together constitute the whole of moral psychology. However, despite being an important part of moral psychology, social responsibility has rarely been investigated empirically with regards to the psychological mechanisms of justice and caring orientation. Therefore, the current study had 1607 college students complete questionnaires regarding cumulative ecological risk, social responsibility, belief in a just world, and empathy, aiming to explore the impact of cumulative ecological risk on college students' sense of social responsibility and the mediating roles of belief in a just world and empathy. Results showed that: (1) cumulative ecological risk was significantly negatively correlated with college students' sense of social responsibility, belief in a just world, and empathy, whereas social responsibility, belief in a just world, and empathy were significantly positively correlated; (2) belief in a just world and empathy played mediating roles in the relationship between cumulative ecological risk and social responsibility. The results also showed that the development of college students' sense of social responsibility was affected by the cumulative ecological risk from various directions; this influence was also seen to play a role in the motivation system of social responsibility through the ethics of care with empathy as the important part, as well as through the ethics of justice. The results suggest that we should reduce the ecological risks at their source, and improve and consolidate students' social support systems; moreover, we should not only enhance college students' sense of mission and responsibility to consciously maintain social justice order, but also adopt empathy training as a part of the curriculum to improve students' empathy at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Yi
- School of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Qianbao Tan
- School of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- “The 14th Five-Year Plan” Research Base for Education Science, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- School of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Fuqun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510631, China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 411500, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yin
- Xiangtan Municipality Public Security Bureau, Xiangtan 411100, China
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16
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Li Y, Cai H, Li X, Qian Y, Zhang C, Zhu J, Yu Y. Functional connectivity of the central autonomic and default mode networks represent neural correlates and predictors of individual personality. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:2187-2200. [PMID: 36069656 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There is solid evidence for the prominent involvement of the central autonomic and default mode systems in shaping personality. However, whether functional connectivity of these systems can represent neural correlates and predictors of individual variation in personality traits is largely unknown. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 215 healthy young adults were used to construct the sympathetic (SN), parasympathetic (PN), and default mode (DMN) networks, with intra- and internetwork functional connectivity measured. Personality factors were assessed using the five-factor model. We examined the associations between personality factors and functional network connectivity, followed by performance of personality prediction based on functional connectivity using connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM), a recently developed machine learning approach. All personality factors (neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, and agreeableness) other than openness were significantly correlated with intra- and internetwork functional connectivity of the SN, PN, and DMN. Moreover, the CPM models successfully predicted conscientiousness and agreeableness at the individual level using functional network connectivity. Our findings may expand existing knowledge regarding the neural substrates underlying personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Huanhuan Cai
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xueying Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yinfeng Qian
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Cun Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jiajia Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
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17
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Bendel-Stenzel LC, An D, Kochanska G. Infants' attachment security and children's self-regulation within and outside the parent-child relationship at kindergarten age: Distinct paths for children varying in anger proneness. J Exp Child Psychol 2022; 221:105433. [PMID: 35447426 PMCID: PMC9187604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Research in developmental psychology has robustly documented positive associations between parent-child attachment security and the child's self-regulation (SR). This study of 102 community mothers, fathers, and infants contributes to that research by examining the role of attachment security, observed at 15 months using the Attachment Q-Set, as a predictor of two distinct aspects of self-regulation at 67 months: executive functioning (SR-EF), observed in abstract Stroop-like tasks (Day/Night & Snow/Grass and Tapping), and parent-related (SR-PR), observed within the context of the parent-child relationship in response to the mother's (SR-MR) and father's (SR-FR) requests and prohibitions. We also examined child anger proneness, observed at 7 months, as a moderator of those associations. In both mother-child and father-child dyads, child security predicted SR-EF; More secure children performed better in executive functioning tasks. In mother-child dyads, security also predicted SR-MR, but the effect was qualified by the interaction of security and anger proneness, such that the effect was significant only for highly anger-prone children. The effect reflected differential susceptibility: Compared with lower-anger peers, highly anger-prone children developed worse SR-MR if their security was low, but they developed better SR-MR if their security was high. The findings highlight the benefits of a nuanced approach to self-regulation, considering child individuality as interacting with security and examining processes in both mother-child and father-child dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilly C Bendel-Stenzel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Danming An
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Grazyna Kochanska
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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18
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Personality traits and mental health care utilization: Longitudinal findings from the MIDUS. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022; 99:104260. [PMID: 36793507 PMCID: PMC9928170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Underutilization of mental health services is prevalent in the U.S., and an understanding of utilization patterns can inform interventions to enhance treatment use. The current study investigated longitudinal associations between changes in mental health care utilization (MHCU) and Big Five personality traits. Data included three waves (4,658 adult participants) of the Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) study. 1,632 participants provided data at all three waves. Second-order latent growth curve models showed that MHCU level predicted an increase in emotional stability, and emotional stability level predicted a decrease in MHCU. Increases in emotional stability, extraversion, and conscientiousness predicted decreases in MHCU. These results indicate that personality is associated with MHCU over time and may inform interventions to increase MHCU.
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19
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An In-depth Review of Conscientiousness and Educational Issues. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10648-022-09693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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20
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Ni Y, Geldhof GJ, Chen BB, Stawski RS. Maturation or disruption? Conscientiousness development in the transition into adolescence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/01650254221104068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research to date has shown longitudinal changes in conscientiousness during early and middle adolescence, but most studies have been conducted in Western countries. The present study aimed to examine the pattern of mean-level conscientiousness change at the transition into early adolescence among a Chinese sample using curve of factors (CUFFS) models. Four waves of data from 661 Chinese children aged 8 years old at baseline in the China Family Panel Studies were used. Parents were asked to rate their children’s level of conscientiousness every 2 years. On average, mean-level conscientiousness showed a decelerating increase. Girls had higher average conscientiousness levels than boys, but they did not differ in change patterns. The inconsistency between the current study and previous research indicates that conscientiousness development may depend, in part, on cultural factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ni
- Oregon State University, USA
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21
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Ma M, Li M, Wang Q, Qiu A, Wang T. Online self‐regulated learning and academic procrastination: A moderated mediation model. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Ma
- Department of Special Education, School of Education Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi China
- Department of Academic & Student Affairs Xi'an Mangya School Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, College of Education University of Houston Houston Texas USA
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Special Education, School of Education Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi China
- Department of Academic & Student Affairs Dalian No. 3 Middle School Dalian China
| | - Arui Qiu
- Department of Special Education, School of Education Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Tingzhao Wang
- Department of Special Education, School of Education Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi China
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22
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Mai J, Yibo W, Ling Z, Lina L, Xinying S. Health Literacy and Personality Traits in Two Types of Family Structure-A Cross-Sectional Study in China. Front Psychol 2022; 13:835909. [PMID: 35548527 PMCID: PMC9083055 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.835909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The level of health literacy is one of the important factors affecting health outcomes. Family is an important place to shape personality traits, and people with different personalities will adopt different lifestyles, which will lead to variations in health outcomes. Therefore, this article aims to explore the relationship between health literacy and personality and its influencing factors in different family structures. Methods This was a cross-sectional study with 1,406 individuals. A questionnaire was utilized to measure health literacy, personality and demographic variables, including family structure. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were used to examine the relation between health literacy and personality traits between two types of family structure. Results CCA showed that the canonical correlation coefficients were 0.309 (p < 0.001) and 0.347 (p < 0.001), in two-parent family and single-parent family, respectively. The openness of personality traits exhibited the highest correlation with health literacy. Compared with the remaining personality traits, openness yielded the strongest effect (β = 0.485 and β = 0.830) in two types of family structure, respectively. Education and monthly income were significantly associated with health literacy. Conclusion Our results support the relation between health literacy and personality traits in two types of family structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Mai
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wu Yibo
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhou Ling
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lina
- School of Nursing, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sun Xinying
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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23
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Stewart AJ, Newton NJ. Devilish details: The importance of marginalia in personality research. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Ercengiz M, Safalı S, Kaya A, Turan ME. A hypothetic model for examining the relationship between happiness, forgiveness, emotional reactivity and emotional security. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-15. [PMID: 35370385 PMCID: PMC8960667 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02909-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of life is happiness, according to Plato. Perhaps the most critical questions in the life of human beings have been on happiness and processes that affect happiness. The present study was planned during the COVID-19 pandemic; perhaps human beings are most needed for happiness. The original hypothetical model and the findings constitute the powerful and different aspects of the present study. This study determined a hypothetical model to examine the relationships among happiness, forgiveness, emotional reactivity, and emotional security. The participant group of the study consists of a total of 916 individuals from Turkey, 617 women, and 299 men. The age scale of the participants is between 18-25. Participants completed the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, the Emotional Security Scale, the Emotional Reactivity Scale, and the Oxford Happiness Scale. Mediation analysis was conducted using Hayes' (2017) process macro. According to the proposed model in the study, emotional reactivity mediates the relationship between forgiveness and happiness. As the individual's forgiveness increases, their emotional reactivity decreases, and as the emotional reactivity decreases, the individual's level of happiness increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ercengiz
- Faculty of Education, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
| | - Serdar Safalı
- Faculty of Education, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
| | - Alican Kaya
- Faculty of Education, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
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25
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Perceived Partner's Self-Control and Social Support Effects on Relationship Satisfaction in Couples Experiencing Infertility or Miscarriage: Dyadic Analyses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19041970. [PMID: 35206157 PMCID: PMC8872363 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19041970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The process that infertile couples and those after a miscarriage go through is unpredictable and difficult to control; therefore, it is associated with a lowered sense of control for both partners. Uncontrolled stress creates a higher level of anxiety, which is associated not only with a lower quality of life but also with worse results from infertility treatment and higher risks of miscarriage. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the partner’s perceived self-control and marital satisfaction in the context of the partners’ coping strategies. The actor-partner interdependence model was applied to 90 heterosexual married couples. Our results show that men who perceive their wives as being more self-controlled and women who are perceived by their husbands as being more self-controlled feel more satisfied in their relationships. The effect of a partner’s perceived self-control on satisfaction with the relationship was weaker when controlled for the length of marriage. It also appeared to be moderated through the spouses’ use of social support. We conclude that the effects of the partner’s perceived self-control and social support are strong for marital satisfaction in the context of infertility and miscarriage.
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26
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Alessandri G, Perinelli E, Filosa L, Eisenberg N, Valiente C. The validity of the higher-order structure of effortful control as defined by inhibitory control, attention shifting, and focusing: A longitudinal and multi-informant study. J Pers 2021; 90:781-798. [PMID: 34923632 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Effortful control (EC) has been conceptualized as a higher-order construct defined by a class of self-regulatory mechanisms. However, the developmental higher-order structure of EC has seldom been investigated with a thorough psychometric analysis. To begin to fill this gap in the literature, data were obtained from parents and teachers of 185 children (age at T1: M = 9.43 y/o, SD = 1.17) every 2 years for 8 years. METHOD We used a structural equation modeling approach for assessing if EC develops as a higher-order factor superordinate to three commonly studied self-regulatory mechanisms, namely inhibitory control (IC), attention focusing (AF), and attention shifting (AS). RESULTS Results showed that (a) IC, AF, and AS followed a similar pattern of growth, (b) EC displayed an acceptable degree of scalar longitudinal invariance when operationalized as a latent variable indicated by IC, AF, and AS, (c) a higher-order structure explained the co-development of IC, AF, and AS, and (d) stability and change in EC negatively predicted externalizing symptoms, much better than the stability and change of IC, AF, and AS, but only for parents' reports. CONCLUSION Overall, the higher-order structure of EC was supported, but our results also indicated that there is a certain degree of uniqueness in its facets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Alessandri
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Perinelli
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto (TN), Italy
| | - Lorenzo Filosa
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nancy Eisenberg
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Carlos Valiente
- Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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27
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Deng X. Identification with all humanity and willingness to help people in COVID-19 affected countries: Testing a moderated mediation model. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021; 181:111012. [PMID: 36540629 PMCID: PMC9756888 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The conceptualization of Identification with All Humankind (IWAH) suggests that human beings care deeply not only for their own ingroups but for all humanity as a whole. The COVID-19 pandemic has witnessed so much international help across national borders. Inspired by research on IWAH, we examined whether IWAH was associated with adolescents' sympathy for people in COVID-19 affected countries, which was further related to their willingness to help. The moderating role of conscientiousness on this indirect association was also examined. Eight hundred and fifty four students were recruited as participants. Data were obtained with adolescents reporting on their IWAH, sympathy for and willingness to help people in COVID-19 affected countries. The results indicated that IWAH was both directly and indirectly associated with their willingness to help people in COVID-19 affected countries via sympathy for them. Adolescents' conscientiousness moderated the indirect relation of adolescents' IWAH with their willingness to help via sympathy for people in COVID-19 affected countries. Specifically, for adolescents high in conscientiousness, IWAH was more strongly associated with willingness to give help. The main conclusion is that adolescents high in IWAH were more likely to experience sympathy for people in COVID-19 affected countries, thus making them more likely to give help, especially for adolescents high in conscientiousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Deng
- School of Marxism, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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28
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Conger RD, Martin MJ, Masarik AS. Dynamic associations among socioeconomic status (SES), parenting investments, and conscientiousness across time and generations. Dev Psychol 2021; 57:147-163. [PMID: 33539124 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Building on recommendations from several of the articles in the special section on conscientiousness in the June 2014 issue of Developmental Psychology, the present study tested predictions from the interactionist model (IM) of socioeconomic influences on individual development. In an approach consistent with the idea of cumulative advantage, the model proposed that adolescent and child conscientiousness would be fostered by higher family socioeconomic status (SES) and the parenting and material investments that SES promotes. The IM also predicted a transactional process in which adolescent conscientiousness would promote future socioeconomic success which, in turn, would foster greater adult conscientiousness. Analyses with a cohort of 347 adolescents followed for over 20 years were largely consistent with these predictions, although the findings suggested some modifications to the IM, including the addition of a stronger direct role for family processes in eventual social and economic outcomes. Moreover, additional analyses with 282 of the children of these cohort members demonstrated that this same process was partially replicated in the next generation of children. The findings suggest reciprocal or transactional influences that promote conscientiousness and accumulating personal, economic, and social advantages over time and generations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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29
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Götz FM, Gosling SD, Rentfrow PJ. Small Effects: The Indispensable Foundation for a Cumulative Psychological Science. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 17:205-215. [PMID: 34213378 DOI: 10.1177/1745691620984483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We draw on genetics research to argue that complex psychological phenomena are most likely determined by a multitude of causes and that any individual cause is likely to have only a small effect. Building on this, we highlight the dangers of a publication culture that continues to demand large effects. First, it rewards inflated effects that are unlikely to be real and encourages practices likely to yield such effects. Second, it overlooks the small effects that are most likely to be real, hindering attempts to identify and understand the actual determinants of complex psychological phenomena. We then explain the theoretical and practical relevance of small effects, which can have substantial consequences, especially when considered at scale and over time. Finally, we suggest ways in which scholars can harness these insights to advance research and practices in psychology (i.e., leveraging the power of big data, machine learning, and crowdsourcing science; promoting rigorous preregistration, including prespecifying the smallest effect size of interest; contextualizing effects; changing cultural norms to reward accurate and meaningful effects rather than exaggerated and unreliable effects). Only once small effects are accepted as the norm, rather than the exception, can a reliable and reproducible cumulative psychological science be built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich M Götz
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge.,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia
| | - Samuel D Gosling
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne
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30
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Cundiff JM, Duggan KA, Xia M, Matthews KA. Prospective Associations of Parenting and Childhood Maltreatment with Personality in Adolescent Males. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2021; 31:417-434. [PMID: 33792995 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This longitudinal study examines whether early experiences with caregivers between the ages of 10 and 12 are associated with later adolescent personality at age 16 using both parent and child reports. Lower positive parenting was prospectively associated with higher neuroticism and lower extraversion and conscientiousness for both parent and self-reports of personality, as well as lower openness and agreeableness by parent report. Substantiated maltreatment was prospectively associated with greater neuroticism and lower agreeableness and conscientiousness assessed by parent report. Prospective associations were similar across Black and White participants. Positive parenting and, to a lesser extent, a lack of maltreatment were associated with adaptive personality profiles in adolescents, and associations were stronger for parent reports of personality.
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Ka L, R E, K W, G J, Lje B. Associations between Facets and Aspects of Big Five Personality and Affective Disorders:A Systematic Review and Best Evidence Synthesis. J Affect Disord 2021; 288:175-188. [PMID: 33901698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Big Five personality traits correlate with affective disorders, with neuroticism considered a risk factor, and conscientiousness and extroversion considered protective factors. However, the relationships between affective disorders and lower-order personality facets and aspects are less clear. METHOD A systematic review was carried out to identify studies measuring associations between lower-order personality constructs and affective disorders. Big Five facets were measured using the NEO-PI-R, and aspects using the BFAS. PsycINFO, EMBASE, MedLine and OpenGrey were searched from January 1st, 1985 to June 30th, 2020. Fifteen studies met criteria and reported a total of 408 associations. Data were analysed using best evidence synthesis. RESULTS Most facets of neuroticism were positively associated with affective disorders. Positive emotion in extroversion, and competence and self-discipline in conscientiousness, were negatively associated with affective disorders. Trust in agreeableness, and actions in openness, were negatively associated with anxiety disorders, whereas fantasy in openness was positively associated with anxiety disorders. At the aspect level, withdrawal in neuroticism was positively associated with MDD, whereas industriousness in conscientiousness was negatively associated with MDD. LIMITATIONS Due to the use the heterogenous measures between studies, a meta-analysis could not be performed. Only Big Five personality constructs were investigated, limited to BFAS personality aspects, and NEO-PI-R personality facets. CONCLUSIONS Neuroticism, positive emotion, competence and self-discipline correlate with various anxiety and depressive disorders. These facets may be endophenotypes for affective disorders in general. Future research is needed to investigate mediating pathways between personality facets and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyon Ka
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, M13 9PG.
| | - Elliott R
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, M13 9PG
| | - Ware K
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL
| | - Juhasz G
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brown Lje
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL
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32
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Ishihara T, Morita N, Nakajima T, Yamatsu K, Okita K, Sagawa M, Kamijo K. Differential effects of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness on worst- and best- school subjects. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2021; 6:8. [PMID: 33795680 PMCID: PMC8016962 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-021-00086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows a beneficial association between physical fitness and school children's academic performance. However, several other studies have failed to demonstrate such an association. We reanalyzed data of a two-year longitudinal study of the association between changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and academic performance of school children by focusing on intra-individual variability in grade points as a possible source of this discrepancy. We analyzed data from 469 junior high school students to examine if improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness had a differential effect on an individual student's worst and best grade points. Results indicated that improvements in physical fitness were associated with an improvement in the worst grade points. On the contrary, we did not observe a similar longitudinal association with the best grade points. These findings suggest that improving cardiorespiratory fitness improves the worst grade points of an individual, selectively. We suggest that intra-individual variability in grade points might moderate the association between physical fitness and academic performance changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Ishihara
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Noriteru Morita
- Department of Sports Cultural Studies, Hokkaido University of Education, Iwamizawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Nakajima
- Department of Teachers Training, Hokkaido University of Education, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Koji Yamatsu
- Faculty of Education, Saga University, Saga, Saga, Japan
| | - Koichi Okita
- Department of Sport Education, Hokusho University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masato Sagawa
- Department of Sports Cultural Studies, Hokkaido University of Education, Iwamizawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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Predictors of Initial Status and Change in Self-Control During the College Transition. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 73. [PMID: 33551532 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although self-control tends to increase through late adolescence, there are individual differences in patterns of growth. Latent growth modeling was used to investigate change in self-control across students' first year of college (N = 569, M age = 18.03; 70.3% female; 89.6% White), and whether attachment to parents predicted this change when controlling for personality and demographic variables. Self-control decreased linearly across five assessments, with significant heterogeneity in intercepts and slopes. Personality was associated with initial self-control, and greater avoidant attachment to mothers and openness to experience predicted greater declines. Overall, self-control changes across late adolescence, and attachment and personality explain individual differences in that change, indicating potential intervention targets during emerging adulthood.
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34
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Waddell JT, Sternberg A, Bui L, Ruof AR, Blake AJ, Grimm KJ, Elam KK, Eisenberg N, Chassin L. Relations Between Child Temperament and Adolescent Negative Urgency in a High-Risk Sample. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021; 90. [PMID: 33424044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2020.104056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Negative urgency, rash action during negative mood states, is a strong predictor of risky behavior. However, its developmental antecedents remain largely unstudied. The current study tested whether childhood temperament served as a developmental antecedent to adolescent negative urgency. Participants (N=239) were from a longitudinal study oversampled for a family history of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Negative emotionality (anger and sadness reactivity) and effortful control were measured in childhood (5-8) and negative urgency in adolescence (13-18). Childhood anger reactivity was uniquely related to later negative urgency above and beyond sadness reactivity. Effortful control was not related to later negative urgency; however, a latent variable capturing the shared variance between childhood effortful control and anger reactivity was related to later negative urgency.
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35
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Holmberg E, Teppola T, Pajulo M, Davis EP, Nolvi S, Kataja EL, Sinervä E, Karlsson L, Karlsson H, Korja R. Maternal Anxiety Symptoms and Self-Regulation Capacity Are Associated With the Unpredictability of Maternal Sensory Signals in Caregiving Behavior. Front Psychol 2020; 11:564158. [PMID: 33414740 PMCID: PMC7782240 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The unpredictability of maternal sensory signals in caregiving behavior has been recently found to be linked with infant neurodevelopment. The research area is new, and very little is yet known, how maternal anxiety and depressive symptoms and specific parental characteristics relate to the unpredictable maternal care. The aims of the current study were to explore how pre- and postnatal maternal anxiety and depressive symptoms and self-regulation capacity associate with the unpredictability of maternal sensory signals. The study population consisted of 177 mother-infant dyads. The unpredictability of the maternal sensory signals was explored from the video-recorded mother-infant free play situation when the infant was 8 months of age. Pre- and postnatal anxiety and depressive symptoms were measured by questionnaires prenatally at gwks 14, 24, 34, and 3 and 6 months postpartum. Maternal self-regulation capacity, a trait considered to be stable in adulthood, was assessed using adult temperament questionnaire when the infant was 12 months of age. We found that elevated prenatal maternal anxiety symptoms associated with higher unpredictability in the maternal care while depressive symptoms were unrelated to the unpredictability of maternal care. Moreover, the association was moderated by maternal self-regulation capacity, as higher anxiety symptoms during pre-and postnatal period were associated more unpredictability among the mothers with low self-regulation capacity. The combination of higher amount of maternal anxiety symptoms and lower self-regulation capacity seems to constitute specific risk for the unpredictable maternal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Holmberg
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Taija Teppola
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marjukka Pajulo
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Saara Nolvi
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, Turku Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, a Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt - Univeristät zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eeva-Leena Kataja
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eija Sinervä
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Linnea Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Child Psychiatry, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hasse Karlsson
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Hospital District of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - Riikka Korja
- FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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36
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Lyon KA, Elliott R, Brown LJE, Eszlari N, Juhasz G. Complex mediating effects of rumination facets between personality traits and depressive symptoms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 56:721-728. [PMID: 33340106 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates whether facets of rumination statistically mediate the relationships between Big Five personality traits and depressive symptoms. Self-reported personality traits and rumination were investigated as predictors of depressive symptoms in a cross-sectional sample of 3043 participants aged 18-60 years (68.8% female). Multiple regression analysis investigated which personality traits and rumination facets best explained variance in depressive symptoms. Structural equation modelling was used to determine whether facets of rumination mediated the relationships between personality traits and depressive symptoms. Multiple regression analysis found that variance in depressive symptoms was best explained by the personality traits neuroticism, extroversion, conscientiousness; and both facets of rumination, brooding and reflection. Structural equation modelling added that the effects of neuroticism, extroversion, conscientiousness and openness on depressive symptoms were statistically mediated by brooding; the effects of neuroticism, extroversion and openness to depressive symptoms were statistically mediated by reflection. Rumination facets statistically mediated the effects of various personality traits on depressive symptoms. These results provide insights into which individuals may be best suited to treatments for depression targeting rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran A Lyon
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca Elliott
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Laura J E Brown
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Nora Eszlari
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,NAP-2-SE New Antidepressant Target Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Juhasz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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37
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Szcześniak M, Rodzeń W, Malinowska A, Kroplewski Z. Big Five Personality Traits and Gratitude: The Role of Emotional Intelligence. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2020; 13:977-988. [PMID: 33204190 PMCID: PMC7667173 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s268643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among many possible variables that can be associated with gratitude, researchers list personality traits. Considering that these relationships are not always consistent, the first purpose of the present study was to verify how the Big Five factors connect to dispositional gratitude in a sample of Polish participants. The second purpose was to assess the unique contribution of personality traits on gratitude with multiple regression analyses. Moreover, because much remains to be learned about whether these associations are indirectly influenced by different personal or social variables, the third goal was to explore the role of emotional intelligence as a potential mediational mechanism implicated in the relationship between personality traits and gratitude. Participants Methods and Data Collection The sample consisted of 712 Polish respondents who were aged between 17 and 88. Most of them were women (64.3%). They answered questionnaires concerning their personality traits, emotional intelligence, and gratitude. The research was conducted using the paper-and-pencil method through convenience sampling. Results The results showed that both gratitude and emotional intelligence correlated positively and significantly with extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Gratitude and emotional intelligence correlated negatively and significantly with neuroticism. The personality predictor of gratitude with the highest and positive standardized regression value was agreeableness, followed by openness to experience and extraversion. Neuroticism had a negative impact on gratitude. Conscientiousness was the only statistically insignificant predictor in the tested multiple regression model. Moreover, emotional intelligence mediated the relationship between four dimensions of personality (extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) and gratitude and acted as a suppressor between neuroticism and gratitude. Conclusion The current study broadens our comprehension of the interaction among personality traits, emotional intelligence, and a grateful disposition. Moreover, it imparts a noteworthy foundation not only for the mediatory role of emotional intelligence between four dimensions of personality and gratitude but also for its suppressor effect between neuroticism and being grateful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wojciech Rodzeń
- Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, Szczecin 71-017, Poland
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38
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Luo Y, Pattanakul D. Infant expectations of instant or delayed gratification. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19081. [PMID: 33154545 PMCID: PMC7644689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Choices between immediate gratification and long-term (but larger) gains are prevalent in human life, which is why the decision-making processes to delay gratification have been studied extensively throughout different developmental ages. Children's delay-of-gratification behaviors have been examined in the well-known "marshmallow test," in which 3- to 5-year-olds are given a marshmallow and told by an experimenter that they can eat it immediately or wait for an unspecified duration of time (which can be capped at 15 min) until the experimenter returns so that they can receive another marshmallow. Children's wait time has been viewed as a good indicator of their later development. Here we show that a group of 22-month-old infants (N = 32) already held expectations about others' choices in a violation-of-expectation looking-time task modeled after the marshmallow test. The infants expected an agent to defer gratification based on a speaker's promise of the second marshmallow available in the future, but to eat the currently attainable marshmallow when the speaker made no such promise. Our findings indicate an early-emerging understanding of others' choices of delayed or instant gratification and shed new light on the development of delay-of-gratification behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Luo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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39
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Ng-Knight T, Schoon I. Self-control in early childhood: Individual differences in sensitivity to early parenting. J Pers 2020; 89:500-513. [PMID: 32997810 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study extends existing research on the role of infant temperament as a moderator of the association between the quality of parent-child relationships and children's self-control during the pre-school years. In particular, we focus on the potential moderating role of a dimension of early infant temperament known as behavioral inhibition. Assumptions formulated within the diathesis-stress, the vantage-sensitivity, and the differential susceptibility models of individual differences in environmental sensitivity are tested. METHOD Data are from the Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative birth cohort of 18,552 infants born in the United Kingdom during 2000/01. RESULTS The results show that the quality of both mother-child and father-child relationships are associated with children's development of self-control in early childhood. Additionally, individual differences in infant temperament moderate the association between mother-child conflict and children's development of self-control. Specifically, high behavioral inhibition shows a vantage-sensitivity pattern for mother-child conflict. CONCLUSIONS Aspects of both mothers' and fathers' relationships with their young children independently predict variations in self-control. This study also provides an initial indication that behavioral inhibition, a temperamental trait best-known for being a risk factor for anxiety, may provide small benefits in relation to young children's self-control development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid Schoon
- Department of Social Science, University College London Institute of Education, London, UK
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40
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Lenes R, Gonzales CR, Størksen I, McClelland MM. Children's Self-Regulation in Norway and the United States: The Role of Mother's Education and Child Gender Across Cultural Contexts. Front Psychol 2020; 11:566208. [PMID: 33132970 PMCID: PMC7550693 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-regulation develops rapidly during the years before formal schooling, and it helps lay the foundation for children’s later social, academic, and educational outcomes. However, children’s self-regulation may be influenced by cultural contexts, sociodemographic factors, and characteristics of the child. The present study investigates whether children’s levels of self-regulation, as measured by the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders (HTKS) task, are the same in samples from Norway (Mage = 5.79; N = 243, 49.4% girls) and the United States (U.S.) (Mage = 5.65; N = 264, 50.8% girls) and whether the role of mother’s education level and child gender on children’s self-regulation differ across the two samples. Results showed that Norwegian and U.S. children had similar levels of self-regulation. Mother’s education level significantly predicted children’s self-regulation in the U.S. sample but not in the Norwegian sample, and this difference across samples was significant. Girls had a significantly higher level of self-regulation than boys in the Norwegian sample, but there were no gender differences in the U.S. sample. However, the effect of child gender on self-regulation did not differ significantly across the two samples. Results highlight the importance of cross-cultural studies of self-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragnhild Lenes
- Norwegian Centre for Learning Environment and Behavioural Research in Education, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Ingunn Størksen
- Norwegian Centre for Learning Environment and Behavioural Research in Education, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Megan M McClelland
- Human Development and Family Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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41
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Lyon KA, Juhasz G, Brown LJE, Elliott R. Big Five personality facets explaining variance in anxiety and depressive symptoms in a community sample. J Affect Disord 2020; 274:515-521. [PMID: 32663984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personality traits are risk and protective factors in affective disorders. However, few studies have investigated the role of narrow personality facets, with existing research yielding contradictory results. Previous research has mostly focused on simple correlations. Several studies have performed separate multiple regressions within each trait, and have used non-standard measures of personality, making it difficult to determine how individual facets make unique contributions. METHOD This study performed secondary analysis of the NewMood data set (collected 2004-2009), comprising 264 participants from Greater Manchester. Participants provided self-reports of all NEO-PI-R personality facets, and semi-structured questionnaires of clinical depression and anxiety. All personality facets were entered into multiple regressions to explain variance in depression and anxiety. RESULTS Variance in both anxiety and depression were explained by a small number of personality facets, namely facet depression (referring to demotivation), facets positive emotion and assertiveness in extroversion, and facet competence in conscientiousness. LIMITATIONS This study relies on cross-sectional data and cannot determine causation. This study uses a mostly female sample, and the results were not stratified by sex due to the small sample. CONCLUSION Previous studies suggest that broad trait neuroticism positively associates with affective disorders; this study adds that the effect of neuroticism is limited to facet depression (related to demotivation). Contrary to previous studies, no facet of agreeableness or openness explained variance in affective disorders, and facet assertiveness positively associated with affective disorder scores. These findings may help to improve treatment matching and explain the mechanisms through which affective disorders develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Lyon
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, G.803 Stopford Building Oxford Road, M13 9PG, United Kingdom.
| | - G Juhasz
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, G.803 Stopford Building Oxford Road, M13 9PG, United Kingdom; SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - L J E Brown
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - R Elliott
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, G.803 Stopford Building Oxford Road, M13 9PG, United Kingdom
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42
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Allen TA, Oshri A, Rogosch FA, Toth SL, Cicchetti D. Offspring Personality Mediates the Association between Maternal Depression and Childhood Psychopathology. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 47:345-357. [PMID: 29959661 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Offspring of mothers diagnosed with major depression are at increased risk for a wide range of psychological problems. Previous research has shown that individual differences in personality development can be informative for predicting risk and resilience to psychopathology, especially within at-risk populations. In the present study, we examined whether individual differences in offspring personality development during early to middle childhood could account for the association between maternal depression and offspring behavior problems later in childhood. Participants included 64 offspring of mothers diagnosed with major depression and 68 offspring of healthy comparison mothers. Personality was assessed via parent report at ages 3, 4, 5, and 9. Offspring internalizing and externalizing symptoms were assessed at age 9 via parent and teacher report. Results of latent growth curve models indicated that offspring Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness mediated the link between early maternal depression and later childhood behavior problems, though results varied across maternal and teacher reports. Findings suggest that individual differences in youth personality and personality development are important predictors of emerging psychopathology among offspring of mothers diagnosed with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Allen
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, 33 Russell Street Suite 1028, Toronto, ON, M5S 2S1, Canada.
| | - Assaf Oshri
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Fred A Rogosch
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sheree L Toth
- Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dante Cicchetti
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Yañez AM, Bennasar-Veny M, Leiva A, García-Toro M. Implications of personality and parental education on healthy lifestyles among adolescents. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7911. [PMID: 32404935 PMCID: PMC7220907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64850-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown an association between personality and health status. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between personality traits, parental education and health-related lifestyles in a cohort of Spanish adolescents. This is a longitudinal study with a source population of 1,123 third-year students (aged 14-15) in secondary schools in Spain. At the baseline evaluation sociodemographic variables, parental education and personality (Big Five Questionnaire for Children) were collected. At 18 months of follow-up health related lifestyles, including adherence to a healthy diet (KidMed index), tobacco and alcohol consumption, physical exercise, sleep problems and recreative screen and social network time were collected. A total of 824 adolescents (73.4%) completed the 18 months assessment and 695 (84.3%) presented valid data. Higher conscientiousness was associated to a lower risk for non-adherence to Mediterranean diet (OR = 0.7, 95% CIs=0.5-0.9), tobacco (OR = 0.5, 95% CIs=0.3-0.7) and alcohol consumption (OR = 0.6, 95% CIs=0.5-0.8), excessive use of screens (OR = 0.7, 95% CIs=0.5-0.9) and social network sites (OR = 0.7, 95% CIs=0.5-0.8). Higher levels of extraversion was significantly related to a lower risk of physical inactivity (OR = 0.7, 95% CIs=0.6-0.9), but they are at a higher risk of low adherence to Mediterranean diet (OR = 1.3, 95% CIs=1.0-1.7), tobacco (OR = 2.7, 95% CIs=1.7-4.3) and alcohol consumption (OR = 1.9, 95% CIs=1.5-2.4) and excessive use of social network sites (OR = 1.6, 95% CIs=1.3-1.9). High levels of emotional instability were associated with tobacco consumption (OR = 1.5, 95% CIs=1.0-2.2) and sleep problems (OR = 2.0, 95% CIs=1.5-2.7). Finally, we found an association with lower parental education and adolescents' low adherence to Mediterranean diet (OR = 1.6, 95% CIs=1.0-2.4) and sleep problems (OR = 1.8, 95% CIs=1.0-3.0). Cluster analysis of health-related behaviours indicated the presence of two different clusters (unhealthy and healthy adolescents) that were associated with personality traits. Conscientiousness, extraversion, emotional instability and parental education are independent factors associated with the acquisition of adolescent healthy lifestyles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina M Yañez
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.,Research Group on Global Health & Human Development, Balearic Islands University, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Miquel Bennasar-Veny
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain. .,Research Group on Global Health & Human Development, Balearic Islands University, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Leiva
- Primary Care Research Unit of Mallorca, Balearic Islands Health Service, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Mauro García-Toro
- Department of Medicine, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
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Krieger V, Amador-Campos JA, Guàrdia-Olmos J. Executive functions, Personality traits and ADHD symptoms in adolescents: A mediation analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232470. [PMID: 32374779 PMCID: PMC7202790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain personality traits and cognitive domains of executive functions (EF) are differentially related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in adolescents. This study aimed to analyze the five-factor model (FFM) personality characteristics in adolescents with ADHD, and to examine whether EF mediate the relationships between FFM personality traits and ADHD symptoms. A comprehensive diagnostic assessment, including ADHD clinical interviews, ADHD rating scales, neuropsychological EF testing (i.e., working memory, flexibility and inhibition) and a personality assessment was carried out in a sample of 118 adolescents (75 ADHD and 43 control participants, 68% males), aged 12 to 16 years, and their parents and teachers. Adolescents with ADHD had lower scores than control participants on Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, and higher scores on Neuroticism. Structural equation models (SEM) showed that Conscientiousness directly influenced inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, while Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Extraversion directly affected hyperactive-impulsive symptoms. Only Conscientiousness exerted indirect effects on inattention, but not on hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms, via EF; higher scores on Conscientiousness were related to higher scores on EF, which in turn were related to lower scores on inattentive symptoms. These findings corroborate the relationships between ADHD symptoms, FFM personality traits and EF and indicate the mediating effect of EF on the relationship between Conscientiousness and inattention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Krieger
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Amador-Campos
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona (UBneuro), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Joan Guàrdia-Olmos
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona (UBneuro), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- UB institute of Complex Systems, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Ruof AK, Elam KK, Chassin L. Maternal influences on effortful control in adolescence: Developmental pathways to externalizing behaviors. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 29:411-426. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariana K. Ruof
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics Arizona State University Tempe Arizona
| | - Kit K. Elam
- School of Public Health Indiana University – Bloomington Bloomington Indiana
| | - Laurie Chassin
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics Arizona State University Tempe Arizona
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46
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Valiente C, Swanson J, DeLay D, Fraser AM, Parker JH. Emotion-related socialization in the classroom: Considering the roles of teachers, peers, and the classroom context. Dev Psychol 2020; 56:578-594. [PMID: 32077726 PMCID: PMC7041856 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to apply aspects of the heuristic model advanced by Eisenberg, Cumberland, and Spinrad (1998) to the study of socialization that takes place in preschool and elementary school classrooms. Investigating socialization in this context is important given the number of hours students spend in school, the emotional nature of social interactions that take place involving teachers and students, and the emotions students often experience in the context of academic work. Guided by Eisenberg, Cumberland, et al.'s (1998) call to consider complex socialization pathways, we focus our discussion on ways teachers, peers, and the classroom context can shape students' emotion-related outcomes (e.g., self-regulation, adjustment) and academic-related outcomes (e.g., school engagement, achievement) indirectly and differentially (e.g., as a function of student or classroom characteristics). Our illustrative review of the intervention literature demonstrates that the proposed classroom-based socialization processes have clear applied implications, and efforts to improve socialization in the classroom can promote students' emotional and academic competence. We conclude our discussion by outlining areas that require additional study. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Valiente
- Arizona State University, T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics
| | - Jodi Swanson
- Arizona State University, T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics
| | - Dawn DeLay
- Arizona State University, T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics
| | - Ashley M. Fraser
- Arizona State University, T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics
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Boldt LJ, Goffin KC, Kochanska G. The significance of early parent-child attachment for emerging regulation: A longitudinal investigation of processes and mechanisms from toddler age to preadolescence. Dev Psychol 2020; 56:431-443. [PMID: 32077715 PMCID: PMC7041853 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Eisenberg, Cumberland, and Spinrad (1998; Eisenberg, Spinrad, & Cumberland, 1998) included parent-child attachment as a key dimension of the early emotion socialization environment. We examined processes linking children's early attachment with social regulation and adjustment in preadolescence in 102 community mothers, fathers, and children. Security of attachment, assessed at 2 years, using observers' Attachment Q-Set (Waters, 1987), was posited as a significant, although indirect, predictor of children's adaptive social regulation at 10 and 12 years. We proposed that security initiated paths to future social regulation by promoting children's capacities for emotion regulation in response to frustration at 3, 4.5, and 5.5 years: having to suppress a desired behavior, observed in delay tasks, to regulate anger, observed in parent-child control contexts, and a traitlike tendency to regulate anger when frustrated, rated by parents. We conceptualized adaptive social regulation at 10 and 12 years as encompassing regulation of negative emotional tone, observed in diverse parent-child interactions, parent-rated regulation of negativity in broad social interactions, and child-reported internalization of adults' values and standards of conduct. Multiple-mediation analyses documented two paths parallel for mother- and father-child relationships: From security to emotion regulation in delay tasks to internalization of adults' values, and from security to parent-rated traitlike regulation of anger to parent-rated regulation of negativity in broad social interactions. Two additional paths were present for mothers and children only. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea J Boldt
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa
| | - Kathryn C Goffin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa
| | - Grazyna Kochanska
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of Iowa
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48
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Atherton OE, Lawson KM, Robins RW. The development of effortful control from late childhood to young adulthood. J Pers Soc Psychol 2020; 119:417-456. [PMID: 31999153 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the developmental precursors of effortful control, a temperament trait that involves the propensity to regulate one's impulses and behaviors, to motivate the self toward a goal when there are conflicting desires, and to focus and shift attention easily. Data came from the California Families Project, a multimethod longitudinal study of 674 Mexican-origin youth (and their parents), who were assessed at ages 10, 12, 14, 16, and 19. Effortful control (measured via self- and parent-reports) was moderately stable over time (r = .47 from age 10 to 19), and its developmental trajectory followed a u-shaped pattern (decreasing from age 10 to 14, before increasing from age 14 to 19). Findings from latent growth curve models showed that youth who experience more hostility from their parents, associate more with deviant peers, attend more violent schools, live in more violent neighborhoods, and experience more ethnic discrimination tend to exhibit an exacerbated dip in effortful control. In contrast, youth with parents who closely monitor their behavior and whereabouts exhibited a shallower dip in effortful control. Analyses of the facets of effortful control revealed important disparities in their trajectories; specifically inhibitory control showed linear increases, attention control showed linear decreases, and activation control showed the same u-shaped trajectory as overall effortful control. Moreover, most of the precursors of effortful control replicated for inhibitory control and attention control, but not for activation control. We discuss the broader implications of the findings for adolescent personality development and self-regulation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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49
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Schmerse D. Preschool Quality Effects on Learning Behavior and Later Achievement in Germany: Moderation by Socioeconomic Status. Child Dev 2020; 91:2237-2254. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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50
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Nudelman G, Otto K. Personal Belief in a Just World and Conscientiousness: A meta-analysis, facet-level examination, and mediation model. Br J Psychol 2019; 112:92-119. [PMID: 31872871 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research efforts have been devoted to understanding the nature of Conscientiousness, the only Big Five personality trait that has been robustly linked to professional achievement and longevity. We proposed that Conscientiousness is associated with Personal Belief in a Just World (PBJW), that is, the extent to which an individual believes that her or his efforts will be rewarded. To investigate this proposition, we undertook a meta-analysis synthesizing past findings regarding the relationship between PBJW and Conscientiousness; we confirmed a positive relationship between the two constructs (r = .16) based on 17 samples and 5,810 individuals. We further proposed a theoretical framework linking PBJW to specific facets of Conscientiousness. A survey of a representative sample of the US population (n = 311) confirmed that PBJW is positively correlated with the specific facets of Self-efficacy, Achievement-striving, and Self-discipline. Internal Locus of Control mediated these associations, elucidating the underlying processes linking PBJW and Conscientiousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Nudelman
- Psychology Department, Academic College of Tel Aviv-Jaffa, Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Israel
| | - Kathleen Otto
- Faculty of Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
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