28
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Wang K, Goldenberg A, Dorison CA, Miller JK, Uusberg A, Lerner JS, Gross JJ, Agesin BB, Bernardo M, Campos O, Eudave L, Grzech K, Ozery DH, Jackson EA, Garcia EOL, Drexler SM, Jurković AP, Rana K, Wilson JP, Antoniadi M, Desai K, Gialitaki Z, Kushnir E, Nadif K, Bravo ON, Nauman R, Oosterlinck M, Pantazi M, Pilecka N, Szabelska A, van Steenkiste IMM, Filip K, Bozdoc AI, Marcu GM, Agadullina E, Adamkovič M, Roczniewska M, Reyna C, Kassianos AP, Westerlund M, Ahlgren L, Pöntinen S, Adetula GA, Dursun P, Arinze AI, Arinze NC, Ogbonnaya CE, Ndukaihe ILG, Dalgar I, Akkas H, Macapagal PM, Lewis S, Metin-Orta I, Foroni F, Willis M, Santos AC, Mokady A, Reggev N, Kurfali MA, Vasilev MR, Nock NL, Parzuchowski M, Barría MFE, Vranka M, Kohlová MB, Ropovik I, Harutyunyan M, Wang C, Yao E, Becker M, Manunta E, Kaminski G, Marko D, Evans K, Lewis DMG, Findor A, Landry AT, Aruta JJB, Ortiz MS, Vally Z, Pronizius E, Voracek M, Lamm C, Grinberg M, Li R, Valentova JV, Mioni G, Cellini N, Chen SC, Zickfeld J, Moon K, Azab H, Levy N, Karababa A, Beaudry JL, Boucher L, Collins WM, Todsen AL, van Schie K, Vintr J, Bavolar J, Kaliska L, Križanić V, Samojlenko L, Pourafshari R, Geiger SJ, Beitner J, Warmelink L, Ross RM, Stephen ID, Hostler TJ, Azouaghe S, McCarthy R, Szala A, Grano C, Solorzano CS, Anjum G, Jimenez-Leal W, Bradford M, Pérez LC, Vásquez JEC, Galindo-Caballero OJ, Vargas-Nieto JC, Kácha O, Arvanitis A, Xiao Q, Cárcamo R, Zorjan S, Tajchman Z, Vilares I, Pavlacic JM, Kunst JR, Tamnes CK, von Bastian CC, Atari M, Sharifian M, Hricova M, Kačmár P, Schrötter J, Rahal RM, Cohen N, FatahModarres S, Zrimsek M, Zakharov I, Koehn MA, Esteban-Serna C, Calin-Jageman RJ, Krafnick AJ, Štrukelj E, Isager PM, Urban J, Silva JR, Martončik M, Očovaj SB, Šakan D, Kuzminska AO, Djordjevic JM, Almeida IAT, Ferreira A, Lazarevic LB, Manley H, Ricaurte DZ, Monteiro RP, Etabari Z, Musser E, Dunleavy D, Chou W, Godbersen H, Ruiz-Fernández S, Reeck C, Batres C, Kirgizova K, Muminov A, Azevedo F, Alvarez DS, Butt MM, Lee JM, Chen Z, Verbruggen F, Ziano I, Tümer M, Charyate ACA, Dubrov D, Rivera MDCMCT, Aberson C, Pálfi B, Maldonado MA, Hubena B, Sacakli A, Ceary CD, Richard KL, Singer G, Perillo JT, Ballantyne T, Cyrus-Lai W, Fedotov M, Du H, Wielgus M, Pit IL, Hruška M, Sousa D, Aczel B, Szaszi B, Adamus S, Barzykowski K, Micheli L, Schmidt ND, Zsido AN, Paruzel-Czachura M, Bialek M, Kowal M, Sorokowska A, Misiak M, Mola D, Ortiz MV, Correa PS, Belaus A, Muchembled F, Ribeiro RR, Arriaga P, Oliveira R, Ann Vaughn L, Szwed P, Kossowska M, Czarnek G, Kielińska J, Antazo B, Betlehem R, Stieger S, Nilsonne G, Simonovic N, Taber J, Gourdon-Kanhukamwe A, Domurat A, Ihaya K, Yamada Y, Urooj A, Gill T, Čadek M, Bylinina L, Messerschmidt J, Kurfalı M, Adetula A, Baklanova E, Albayrak-Aydemir N, Kappes HB, Gjoneska B, House T, Jones MV, Berkessel JB, Chopik WJ, Çoksan S, Seehuus M, Khaoudi A, Bokkour A, El Arabi KA, Djamai I, Iyer A, Parashar N, Adiguzel A, Kocalar HE, Bundt C, Norton JO, Papadatou-Pastou M, De la Rosa-Gomez A, Ankushev V, Bogatyreva N, Grigoryev D, Ivanov A, Prusova I, Romanova M, Sarieva I, Terskova M, Hristova E, Kadreva VH, Janak A, Schei V, Sverdrup TE, Askelund AD, Pineda LMS, Krupić D, Levitan CA, Johannes N, Ouherrou N, Say N, Sinkolova S, Janjić K, Stojanovska M, Stojanovska D, Khosla M, Thomas AG, Kung FYH, Bijlstra G, Mosannenzadeh F, Balci BB, Reips UD, Baskin E, Ishkhanyan B, Czamanski-Cohen J, Dixson BJW, Moreau D, Sutherland CAM, Chuan-Peng H, Noone C, Flowe H, Anne M, Janssen SMJ, Topor M, Majeed NM, Kunisato Y, Yu K, Daches S, Hartanto A, Vdovic M, Anton-Boicuk L, Forbes PAG, Kamburidis J, Marinova E, Nedelcheva-Datsova M, Rachev NR, Stoyanova A, Schmidt K, Suchow JW, Koptjevskaja-Tamm M, Jernsäther T, Olofsson JK, Bialobrzeska O, Marszalek M, Tatachari S, Afhami R, Law W, Antfolk J, Žuro B, Van Doren N, Soto JA, Searston R, Miranda J, Damnjanović K, Yeung SK, Krupić D, Hoyer K, Jaeger B, Ren D, Pfuhl G, Klevjer K, Corral-Frías NS, Frias-Armenta M, Lucas MY, Torres AO, Toro M, Delgado LGJ, Vega D, Solas SÁ, Vilar R, Massoni S, Frizzo T, Bran A, Vaidis DC, Vieira L, Paris B, Capizzi M, de Holanda Coelho GL, Greenburgh A, Whitt CM, Tullett AM, Du X, Volz L, Bosma MJ, Karaarslan C, Sarıoğuz E, Allred TB, Korbmacher M, Colloff MF, Lima TJS, Ribeiro MFF, Verharen JPH, Karekla M, Karashiali C, Sunami N, Jaremka LM, Storage D, Habib S, Studzinska A, Hanel PHP, Holford DL, Sirota M, Wolfe K, Chiu F, Theodoropoulou A, Ahn ER, Lin Y, Westgate EC, Brohmer H, Hofer G, Dujols O, Vezirian K, Feldman G, Travaglino GA, Ahmed A, Li M, Bosch J, Torunsky N, Bai H, Manavalan M, Song X, Walczak RB, Zdybek P, Friedemann M, Rosa AD, Kozma L, Alves SG, Lins S, Pinto IR, Correia RC, Babinčák P, Banik G, Rojas-Berscia LM, Varella MAC, Uttley J, Beshears JE, Thommesen KK, Behzadnia B, Geniole SN, Silan MA, Maturan PLG, Vilsmeier JK, Tran US, Izquierdo SM, Mensink MC, Sorokowski P, Groyecka-Bernard A, Radtke T, Adoric VC, Carpentier J, Özdoğru AA, Joy-Gaba JA, Hedgebeth MV, Ishii T, Wichman AL, Röer JP, Ostermann T, Davis WE, Suter L, Papachristopoulos K, Zabel C, Ebersole CR, Chartier CR, Mallik PR, Urry HL, Buchanan EM, Coles NA, Primbs MA, Basnight-Brown DM, IJzerman H, Forscher PS, Moshontz H. A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5:1089-1110. [PMID: 34341554 PMCID: PMC8742248 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 12 May 2020. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4878591.v1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amit Goldenberg
- Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles A. Dorison
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Jeremy K. Miller
- Department of Psychology, Willamette University, Salem, OR, USA.,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to J.K.M.
| | - Andero Uusberg
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jennifer S. Lerner
- Harvard Kennedy School and Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James J. Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Márcia Bernardo
- Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Karolina Grzech
- University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Shira Meir Drexler
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Myrto Pantazi
- Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | - Katarzyna Filip
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Gabriela Mariana Marcu
- Department of Psychology, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania.,Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Agadullina
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Matúš Adamkovič
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov, Presov, Slovakia.,Institute of Social Sciences, CSPS Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Marta Roczniewska
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Sopot, Poland.,Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Reyna
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPSI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Angelos P. Kassianos
- Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Applied Health Research, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Lina Ahlgren
- Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Sara Pöntinen
- Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Gabriel Agboola Adetula
- Department of Pure and Applied Psychology, Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, Nigeria
| | - Pinar Dursun
- Department of Psychology, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | - Ilker Dalgar
- Department of Psychology, Ankara Medipol University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Handan Akkas
- MIS Department, Ankara Science University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Foroni
- Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Megan Willis
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anabela Caetano Santos
- Aventura Social and DESS H, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Institute of Environmental Health, Medicine Faculty, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,ISCTE, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Aviv Mokady
- Department of Psychology, Ben Gurion University, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Niv Reggev
- Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben Gurion University, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Merve A. Kurfali
- Department of Political Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Nora L. Nock
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michal Parzuchowski
- Center for Research on Cognition and Behavior, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Sopot, Sopot, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Ivan Ropovik
- Institute for Research and Development of Education, Faculty of Education, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.,Faculty of Education, University of Prešov, Prešov, Slovakia
| | | | - Chunhui Wang
- Chinese Center of Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Elvin Yao
- Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Maja Becker
- CLLE, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Dafne Marko
- Cognitive Science, Faculty of Education, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kortnee Evans
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David M. G. Lewis
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrej Findor
- Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | - Manuel S. Ortiz
- Departamento de Psicología, Laboratorio de Estrés y Salud, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Zahir Vally
- Department of Clinical Psychology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE.,Wolfson College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ekaterina Pronizius
- Department of Cognition, Emotion and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Voracek
- Department of Cognition, Emotion and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claus Lamm
- Department of Cognition, Emotion and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maurice Grinberg
- Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, Research Center for Cognitive Science, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ranran Li
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Giovanna Mioni
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Cellini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Human Inspired Technology Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Sau-Chin Chen
- Department of Human Development and Psychology, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Janis Zickfeld
- Department of Management, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karis Moon
- Department of Management, Kingston University London, Kingston, UK
| | - Habiba Azab
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Neil Levy
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alper Karababa
- Department of Psychological Counselling and Guidance, Faculty of Education, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Jennifer L. Beaudry
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leanne Boucher
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Pembroke Pines, FL, USA
| | - W. Matthew Collins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Anna Louise Todsen
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Kevin van Schie
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jáchym Vintr
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jozef Bavolar
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Lada Kaliska
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Valerija Križanić
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Lara Samojlenko
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Razieh Pourafshari
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sandra J. Geiger
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Beitner
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lara Warmelink
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Robert M. Ross
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian D. Stephen
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas J. Hostler
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Soufian Azouaghe
- Department of Psychology, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.,LIP/PC2S, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Randy McCarthy
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Anna Szala
- Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Oakland County, MI, USA
| | - Caterina Grano
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gulnaz Anjum
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Social Sciences and Liberal Arts, Institute of Business Administration, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Maria Bradford
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | - Ondřej Kácha
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Qinyu Xiao
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Rodrigo Cárcamo
- Department of Psychology, University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Saša Zorjan
- Department of Psychology, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Zuzanna Tajchman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Iris Vilares
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Jonas R. Kunst
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Mohammad Atari
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Monika Hricova
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Kačmár
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Schrötter
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Rima-Maria Rahal
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Noga Cohen
- Department of Special Education and The Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Saiedeh FatahModarres
- Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Miha Zrimsek
- Department of Translation Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ilya Zakharov
- Developmental Behavioral Genetics Laboratory, Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education, Moscow, Russia
| | - Monica A. Koehn
- Discipline of Psychology, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Celia Esteban-Serna
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Eva Štrukelj
- Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Peder Mortvedt Isager
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Urban
- Environment Center, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jaime R. Silva
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad del Desarrollo, Concepción, Chile.,Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile.,Sociedad Chilena de Desarrollo Emocional, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Sanja Batić Očovaj
- Dr Lazar Vrkatic Faculty of Legal and Business Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Department of Psychology, Serbia Union University, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dušana Šakan
- Dr Lazar Vrkatic Faculty of Legal and Business Studies, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Department of Psychology, Serbia Union University, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | | | - Inês A. T. Almeida
- Faculty of Medicine FMUC, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health ICNAS, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research CIBIT, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Ferreira
- Faculty of Medicine FMUC, Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health ICNAS, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research CIBIT, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Harry Manley
- Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Renan P. Monteiro
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | | | - Erica Musser
- Center for Children and Families, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Daniel Dunleavy
- Center for Translational Behavioral Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Weilun Chou
- Department of Psychology, Fo Guang University, Yilan County, Taiwan
| | | | - Susana Ruiz-Fernández
- FOM University of Applied Sciences, Hildesheim, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany.,LEAD Research Network, Eberhard Karls University, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Crystal Reeck
- Fox School of Business, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carlota Batres
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeong Min Lee
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhang Chen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Murat Tümer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Dmitrii Dubrov
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Bence Pálfi
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gage Singer
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Saint Michael, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer T. Perillo
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Maksim Fedotov
- Institute for Linguistic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Hongfei Du
- Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Guangzhou, China
| | - Magdalena Wielgus
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ilse L. Pit
- Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Calleva Research Centre for Evolution and Human Sciences, Magdalen College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matej Hruška
- Institute of European Studies and International Relations, Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Sousa
- Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health ICNAS, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research CIBIT, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Balazs Aczel
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barnabas Szaszi
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sylwia Adamus
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Leticia Micheli
- Institute of Psychology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Michal Bialek
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Kowal
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Michal Misiak
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland.,School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Débora Mola
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba–Conicet, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba–Conicet, Córdoba, Argentina.,Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo Sebastián Correa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba–Conicet, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Anabel Belaus
- Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIPsi), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba–Conicet, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fany Muchembled
- Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | | | - Patricia Arriaga
- CIS-IUL, Iscte-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Raquel Oliveira
- CIS-IUL, Iscte-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Intelligent Agents and Synthetic Characters Group (GAIPS), INESC-ID, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Małgorzata Kossowska
- Department of Philosophy, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Gabriela Czarnek
- Instytute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Julita Kielińska
- Instytute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Benedict Antazo
- Department of Psychology, Jose Rizal University, Pasig City, Philippines
| | - Ruben Betlehem
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Stefan Stieger
- Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Gustav Nilsonne
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicolle Simonovic
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Taber
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Amélie Gourdon-Kanhukamwe
- Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE), Kingston University, London, UK
| | - Artur Domurat
- Centre for Economic Psychology and Decision Sciences, Kozminski University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Keiko Ihaya
- Admission Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Anum Urooj
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tripat Gill
- Lazaridis School of Business and Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin Čadek
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Adeyemi Adetula
- LIP/PC2S, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Department of Psychology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Ekaterina Baklanova
- Institute of Asian and African Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Heather B. Kappes
- Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Biljana Gjoneska
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Thea House
- Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Marc V. Jones
- Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Jana B. Berkessel
- Mannheim Centre for European Social Research, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - William J. Chopik
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sami Çoksan
- Department of Psychology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Martin Seehuus
- Department of Psychology, Middlebury College; Vermont Psychological Services, University of Vermont, Middlebury, VT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Arca Adiguzel
- Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Halil Emre Kocalar
- Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Carsten Bundt
- Multimodal Imaging and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience Cluster, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - James O. Norton
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Lesmurdie, Australia
| | | | - Anabel De la Rosa-Gomez
- Faculty of Higher Studies “Iztacala”, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Dmitry Grigoryev
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandr Ivanov
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Prusova
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Romanova
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irena Sarieva
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Terskova
- Instytute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Evgeniya Hristova
- Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology, New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Allison Janak
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vidar Schei
- NHH Norwegian School of Economics, Department of Strategy and Management, Bergen, Norway
| | - Therese E. Sverdrup
- NHH Norwegian School of Economics, Department of Strategy and Management, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Dajana Krupić
- Norvel—Psychological Centre for Counselling and Research, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Carmel A. Levitan
- Department of Cognitive Science, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Nicolas Say
- Prague University of Economics and Business, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | | | | | - Meetu Khosla
- Psychology Department, DRC, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Gijsbert Bijlstra
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Farnaz Mosannenzadeh
- Behavioural Science Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Busra Bahar Balci
- Department of Psychology, Samsun University, Samsun, Turkey.,Department of Psychology, Dokuz Eylül University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ulf-Dietrich Reips
- Research Methods, Assessment, and iScience, Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | | | - Byurakn Ishkhanyan
- School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Johanna Czamanski-Cohen
- School of Creative Arts Therapies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.,Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Barnaby James Wyld Dixson
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Moreau
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clare A. M. Sutherland
- School of Psychology, King’s College, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.,School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hu Chuan-Peng
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chris Noone
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Heather Flowe
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michele Anne
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Steve M. J. Janssen
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Marta Topor
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Nadyanna M. Majeed
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Karen Yu
- Sewanee: The University of the South, Sewanee, TN, USA
| | - Shimrit Daches
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Andree Hartanto
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Milica Vdovic
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Media and Communications, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lisa Anton-Boicuk
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul A. G. Forbes
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Kamburidis
- Department of General, Experimental, Developmental, and Health Psychology, Sofia University St Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Evelina Marinova
- Department of General, Experimental, Developmental, and Health Psychology, Sofia University St Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mina Nedelcheva-Datsova
- Department of General, Experimental, Developmental, and Health Psychology, Sofia University St Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay R. Rachev
- Department of General, Experimental, Developmental, and Health Psychology, Sofia University St Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alina Stoyanova
- Department of General, Experimental, Developmental, and Health Psychology, Sofia University St Kliment Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kathleen Schmidt
- School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Jordan W. Suchow
- School of Business, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Reza Afhami
- Department of Art Studies, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Wilbert Law
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jan Antfolk
- The Faculty of Arts, Psychology and Theology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Barbara Žuro
- The Institute of Psychology; Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Natalia Van Doren
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Jose A. Soto
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Rachel Searston
- The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jacob Miranda
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Kaja Damnjanović
- Laboratory for Experimental Psychology, Institute of Philosophy, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, The University of Belgrade, Beograd-Stari Grad, Serbia
| | | | - Dino Krupić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, The University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | | | | | - Dongning Ren
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Gerit Pfuhl
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kristoffer Klevjer
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | - Marc Y. Lucas
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | | | - Mónica Toro
- Centro de Apego y Regulación Emocional, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Diego Vega
- Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Sara Álvarez Solas
- Grupo de investigación en Biogeografía y Ecología Espacial (BioGeoE2), Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador
| | | | - Sébastien Massoni
- Université de Lorraine; CNRS, BETA, Université de Strasbourg, Nancy, France
| | - Thomas Frizzo
- Université de Lorraine; CNRS, BETA, Université de Strasbourg, Nancy, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Greenburgh
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Alexa M. Tullett
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Xinkai Du
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Minke Jasmijn Bosma
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cemre Karaarslan
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Social Sciences, University of Başkent, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eylül Sarıoğuz
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Social Sciences, University of Başkent, Çankaya, Turkey
| | - Tara Bulut Allred
- Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Max Korbmacher
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Tiago J. S. Lima
- Department of Social and Work Psychology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Jeroen P. H. Verharen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Naoyuki Sunami
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Lisa M. Jaremka
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Daniel Storage
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Sumaiya Habib
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anna Studzinska
- University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Faith Chiu
- Department of Language and Linguistics, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | | | - El Rim Ahn
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Yijun Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin C. Westgate
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Hilmar Brohmer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriela Hofer
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Afroja Ahmed
- Department of Psychology, Global MINDS, University of Limerick, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Manyu Li
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA
| | | | - Nathan Torunsky
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Hui Bai
- University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Mathi Manavalan
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Xin Song
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Anna Dalla Rosa
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Zovencedo, Italy
| | - Luca Kozma
- Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sara G. Alves
- Center for Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Samuel Lins
- Center for Psychology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Rita C. Correia
- Center for Psychology, University of Porto, Amarante, Portugal
| | - Peter Babinčák
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Presov, Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Gabriel Banik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Presov, Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Luis Miguel Rojas-Berscia
- School of Languages and Cultures, University of Queensland, Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Centro de Estudios Orientales, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
| | - Marco A. C. Varella
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jim Uttley
- School of Architecture, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | | | - Shawn N. Geniole
- Department of Psychology, University of the Fraser Valley, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Miguel A. Silan
- University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | | | - Johannes K. Vilsmeier
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich S. Tran
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael C. Mensink
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Stout, White Bear Township, WI, USA
| | | | - Agata Groyecka-Bernard
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw; Social and Legal Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Wrocław, Poland.,Social and Legal Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Theda Radtke
- Department of Psychology, University of Wuppertal, Witten, Germany
| | | | - Joelle Carpentier
- Department of Organization and Human Resources, School of Management, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Tatsunori Ishii
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Jan Philipp Röer
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Thomas Ostermann
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - William E. Davis
- Department of Psychology, Wittenberg University, Springfield, OH, USA
| | - Lilian Suter
- School of Applied Psychology, ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | | | - Chelsea Zabel
- Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Peter R. Mallik
- Department of Psychology, Ashland University, Medina, OH, USA
| | - Heather L. Urry
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Erin M. Buchanan
- Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hans IJzerman
- Université Grenoble Alpes; Institut Universitaire de France, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Hannah Moshontz
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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