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Wong PF, Isakova-Sivak I, Stepanova E, Krutikova E, Bazhenova E, Rekstin A, Rudenko L. Development of Cross-Reactive Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Candidates against Both Lineages of Influenza B Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:95. [PMID: 38250908 PMCID: PMC10821225 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza viruses continue to cause a significant social and economic burden globally. Vaccination is recognized as the most effective measure to control influenza. Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) are an effective means of preventing influenza, especially among children. A reverse genetics (RG) system is required to rapidly update the antigenic composition of vaccines, as well as to design LAIVs with a broader spectrum of protection. Such a system has been developed for the Russian LAIVs only for type A strains, but not for influenza B viruses (IBV). METHODS All genes of the B/USSR/60/69 master donor virus (B60) were cloned into RG plasmids, and the engineered B60, as well as a panel of IBV LAIV reassortants were rescued from plasmid DNAs encoding all viral genes. The engineered viruses were evaluated in vitro and in a mouse model. RESULTS The B60 RG system was successfully developed, which made it possible to rescue LAIV reassortants with the desired antigenic composition, including hybrid strains with hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes belonging to the viruses from different IBV lineages. The LAIV candidate carrying the HA of the B/Victoria-lineage virus and NA from the B/Yamagata-lineage virus demonstrated optimal characteristics in terms of safety, immunogenicity and cross-protection, prompting its further assessment as a broadly protective component of trivalent LAIV. CONCLUSIONS The new RG system for B60 MDV allowed the rapid generation of type B LAIV reassortants with desired genome compositions. The generation of hybrid LAIV reassortants with HA and NA genes belonging to the opposite IBV lineages is a promising approach for the development of IBV vaccines with broad cross-protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia; (P.-F.W.); (E.S.); (E.K.); (E.B.); (A.R.); (L.R.)
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Ivanov PA, Lyashko AV, Kost VY, Lomakina NF, Rtishchev AA, Bunkova NI, Timofeeva TA, Balanova MA, Ionov SA, Gorikov DV, Markushin SG. Determination of cold-adapted influenza virus (Orthomyxoviridae: Alphainfluenzavirus) polymerase activity by the minigenome method with a fluorescent protein. Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:526-535. [PMID: 38156568 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polymerase proteins PB1 and PB2 determine the cold-adapted phenotype of the influenza virus A/Krasnodar/101/35/59 (H2N2), as was shown earlier. OBJECTIVE The development of the reporter construct to determine the activity of viral polymerase at 33 and 37 °C using the minigenome method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Co-transfection of Cos-1 cells with pHW2000 plasmids expressing viral polymerase proteins PB1, PB2, PA, NP (minigenome) and reporter construct. RESULTS Based on segment 8, two reporter constructs were created that contain a direct or inverted NS1-GFP-NS2 sequence for the expression of NS2 and NS1 proteins translationally fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP), which allowed the evaluation the transcriptional and/or replicative activity of viral polymerase. CONCLUSION Polymerase of virus A/Krasnodar/101/35/59 (H2N2) has higher replicative and transcriptional activity at 33 °C than at 37 °C. Its transcriptional activity is more temperature-dependent than its replicative activity. The replicative and transcriptional activity of polymerase A/Puerto Rico/8/34 virus (H1N1, Mount Sinai variant) have no significant differences and do not depend on temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Ivanov
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, the Russian Ministry of Health
| | - A V Lyashko
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, the Russian Ministry of Health
| | - V Y Kost
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - N F Lomakina
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, the Russian Ministry of Health
| | | | - N I Bunkova
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, the Russian Ministry of Health
| | - T A Timofeeva
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, the Russian Ministry of Health
| | - M A Balanova
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, the Russian Ministry of Health
| | - S A Ionov
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, the Russian Ministry of Health
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology
| | - D V Gorikov
- N.F. Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, the Russian Ministry of Health
- Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology
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Seo H, Jang Y, Kwak D. The Protective Efficacy of Single-Dose Nasal Immunization with Cold-Adapted Live-Attenuated MERS-CoV Vaccine against Lethal MERS-CoV Infections in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1353. [PMID: 37631921 PMCID: PMC10459767 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe diseases in humans. Camels act as intermediate hosts for MERS-CoV. Currently, no licensed vaccine is available for this virus. We have developed a potential candidate vaccine for MERS-CoV using the cold adaptation method. We cultivated the vaccine in Vero cells at temperatures as low as 22 °C. This live-attenuated vaccine virus showed high attenuation levels in transgenic mice with the MERS-CoV human receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) (K18-hDPP4). The inoculated K18-hDPP4 mice exhibited no clinical signs such as death or body weight loss. Furthermore, no traces of infectious virus were observed when the tissues (nasal turbinate, brain, lung, and kidney) of the K18-hDPP4 mice infected with the cold-adapted vaccine strain were tested. A single intranasal dose of the vaccine administered to the noses of the K18-hDPP4 mice provided complete protection. We did not observe any deaths, body weight loss, or viral detection in the tissues (nasal turbinate, brain, lung, and kidney). Based on these promising results, the developed cold-adapted, attenuated MERS-CoV vaccine strain could be one of the candidates for human and animal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejeong Seo
- PioneerVaccine, Inc., Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea;
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyunpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunyueng Jang
- PioneerVaccine, Inc., Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyunpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Xu J, Liu M, Niu X, Hanson J, Jung K, Ru P, Tu H, Jones DM, Vlasova AN, Saif LJ, Wang Q. The Cold-Adapted, Temperature-Sensitive SARS-CoV-2 Strain TS11 Is Attenuated in Syrian Hamsters and a Candidate Attenuated Vaccine. Viruses 2022; 15:95. [PMID: 36680135 PMCID: PMC9867033 DOI: 10.3390/v15010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) replicate in the respiratory/oral mucosa, mimic natural infection, and can induce mucosal and systemic immune responses to the full repertoire of SARS-CoV-2 structural/nonstructural proteins. Generally, LAVs produce broader and more durable protection than current COVID-19 vaccines. We generated a temperature-sensitive (TS) SARS-CoV-2 mutant TS11 via cold-adaptation of the WA1 strain in Vero E6 cells. TS11 replicated at >4 Log10-higher titers at 32 °C than at 39 °C. TS11 has multiple mutations, including those in nsp3, a 12-amino acid-deletion spanning the furin cleavage site of the S protein and a 371-nucleotide-deletion spanning the ORF7b-ORF8 genes. We tested the pathogenicity and protective efficacy of TS11 against challenge with a heterologous virulent SARS-CoV-2 D614G strain 14B in Syrian hamsters. Hamsters were randomly assigned to mock immunization-challenge (Mock-C) and TS11 immunization-challenge (TS11-C) groups. Like the mock group, TS11-vaccinated hamsters did not show any clinical signs and continuously gained body weight. TS11 replicated well in the nasal cavity but poorly in the lungs and caused only mild lesions in the lungs. After challenge, hamsters in the Mock-C group lost weight. In contrast, the animals in the TS11-C group continued gaining weight. The virus titers in the nasal turbinates and lungs of the TS11-C group were significantly lower than those in the Mock-C group, confirming the protective effects of TS11 immunization of hamsters. Histopathological examination demonstrated that animals in the Mock-C group had severe pulmonary lesions and large amounts of viral antigens in the lungs post-challenge; however, the TS11-C group had minimal pathological changes and few viral antigen-positive cells. In summary, the TS11 mutant was attenuated and induced protection against disease after a heterologous SARS-CoV-2 challenge in Syrian hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Xu
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Mingde Liu
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Niu
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Juliette Hanson
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Kwonil Jung
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Peng Ru
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University James Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Huolin Tu
- James Molecular Laboratory at Polaris, The Ohio State University James Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43240, USA
| | - Daniel M. Jones
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University James Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- James Molecular Laboratory at Polaris, The Ohio State University James Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43240, USA
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Dempsey R, Ritter L, Parker L. Strain development of A/H1N1pdm09 candidate vaccine viruses for the 2021–22 northern hemisphere influenza season. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaccine effectiveness (VE) of the A/H1N1pdm09 component of the 2017–18 quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (QLAIV) was improved by performing rational haemagglutinin (HA) mutagenesis. Introducing N125D, D127E, D222G and R223Q substitutions into the HA protein of A/Slovenia/2903/2015 (A/SLOV15) enhanced replicative fitness in primary human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs). This allowed A/SLOV15 to overcome inter-strain competition in QLAIV, resulting in improved VE.
During strain development for the 2021–22 QLAIV formulation, A/H1N1pdm09 LAIV viruses containing wild-type (WT) HA and neuraminidase (NA) sequences were found to replicate poorly in embryonated eggs and hNECs. We aimed to enhance replicative fitness via the HA mutagenesis approach that was performed previously for A/SLOV15. Therefore, combinations of these four mutations were introduced into the HA protein of representative 6B.1A-5a.2 viruses, A/Victoria/2570/2019 and A/Victoria/1/2020 (A/VIC1). Replicative fitness of A/VIC1 V7 was improved ~30-fold in eggs and ~300-fold in hNECs relative to its parent, without compromising other critical LAIV characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Dempsey
- Flu-BPD, Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lydia Ritter
- Flu-BPD, Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lauren Parker
- Flu-BPD, Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Liverpool, UK
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Safety and Viral Shedding of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV) in Chinese Healthy Juveniles and Adults: A Phase Ⅰ Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111796. [DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the safety and viral shedding of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in Chinese healthy juveniles and adults. A total of 80 Eligible volunteers were divided into two age groups (≥18 and 3–17 years old). Volunteers were randomly and equally assigned to the experimental group and placebo-controlled group by ratio of 3:1 in each age group. Vaccination was carried out in steps. Totally, 34 (56.67%) adverse events and 24 (40.00%) adverse reactions of the LAIV group were reported. Most adverse reactions were grade 1 and grade 2, and the incidence of adverse reactions that grade 3 was 5%. The most common local reaction was runny nose/nasal congestion (n = 4, 6.67%). And the most common general reaction was fever (n = 10, 16.67%). There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of total adverse reactions, different grades of adverse reactions, and symptoms between the experimental group and placebo-controlled group. No severe adverse events were reported. Three subjects (5.00%) had been detected vaccine strains on the 3rd day after LAIV vaccination; one was type B and the other two were H3N2. Four subjects (6.67%) had been detected with vaccine strains on the 7th day after LAIV vaccination, all were H3N2. There were no subjects detected carrying the influenza virus on the 15th day after vaccination. There were no statistically significant differences in the positive rate of vaccine strains of influenza virus between the experimental group and placebo-controlled group. The vaccine was well tolerated and not associated with increased rates in adverse reactions or the occurrence of severe adverse events. Pathogenicity of shed vaccine virus to surrounding people was not observed. Thus, Phase Ⅱ study can be carried out as scheduled.
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Petro-Turnquist EM, Bullard BL, Pekarek MJ, Weaver EA. Adenoviral-Vectored Centralized Consensus Hemagglutinin Vaccine Provides Broad Protection against H2 Influenza a Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060926. [PMID: 35746534 PMCID: PMC9229510 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several influenza pandemics have occurred in the past century, one of which emerged in 1957 from a zoonotic transmission of H2N2 from an avian reservoir into humans. This pandemic caused 2–4 million deaths and circulated until 1968. Since the disappearance of H2N2 from human populations, there has been waning immunity against H2, and this subtype is not currently incorporated into seasonal vaccines. However, H2 influenza remains a pandemic threat due to consistent circulation in avian reservoirs. Here, we describe a method of pandemic preparedness by creating an adenoviral-vectored centralized consensus vaccine design against human H2 influenza. We also assessed the utility of serotype-switching to enhance the protective immune responses seen with homologous prime-boosting strategies. Immunization with an H2 centralized consensus showed a wide breadth of antibody responses after vaccination, protection against challenge with a divergent human H2 strain, and significantly reduced viral load in the lungs after challenge. Further, serotype switching between two species C adenoviruses enhanced protective antibody titers after heterologous boosting. These data support the notion that an adenoviral-vectored H2 centralized consensus vaccine has the ability to provide broadly cross-reactive immune responses to protect against divergent strains of H2 influenza and prepare for a possible pandemic.
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Seo SU, Seong BL. Prospects on Repurposing a Live Attenuated Vaccine for the Control of Unrelated Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:877845. [PMID: 35651619 PMCID: PMC9149153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.877845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Live vaccines use attenuated microbes to acquire immunity against pathogens in a safe way. As live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) still maintain infectivity, the vaccination stimulates diverse immune responses by mimicking natural infection. Induction of pathogen-specific antibodies or cell-mediated cytotoxicity provides means of specific protection, but LAV can also elicit unintended off-target effects, termed non-specific effects. Such mechanisms as short-lived genetic interference and non-specific innate immune response or long-lasting trained immunity and heterologous immunity allow LAVs to develop resistance to subsequent microbial infections. Based on their safety and potential for interference, LAVs may be considered as an alternative for immediate mitigation and control of unexpected pandemic outbreaks before pathogen-specific therapeutic and prophylactic measures are deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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Dempsey R, Tamburrino G, Schewe KE, Crowe J, Nuccitelli A, Dibben O. Haemagglutinin substitutions N125D, D127E, D222G and R223Q improve replicative fitness and vaccine effectiveness of an A/H1N1pdm09 live attenuated influenza vaccine virus by enhancing α-2,6 receptor binding. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010585. [PMID: 35622874 PMCID: PMC9182293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2013–14 and 2015–16, A/H1N1pdm09 live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) viruses replicated inefficiently in primary human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC). This led to reduced vaccine effectiveness (VE) in quadrivalent formulations, mediated by inter-strain competition. By mutating the haemagglutinin (HA) protein, we aimed to enhance hNEC replication of a novel A/H1N1pdm09 vaccine strain to overcome competition and improve VE. Combinations of N125D, D127E, D222G and R223Q substitutions were introduced to the HA protein of A/Slovenia/2903/2015 (A/SLOV15). A/SLOV15 S13, containing all four HA substitutions, produced approximately 1000-fold more virus than parental V1 during hNEC infection. Immunogenicity in ferrets was increased by approximately 10-fold, without compromising yield in eggs or antigenic match to wild-type (wt) reference strains. Despite S13 and V1 being antigenically similar, only S13 protected ferrets from wt virus shedding and fever post-challenge. Crucially, these data suggested that enhanced fitness allowed S13 to overcome inter-strain competition in quadrivalent LAIV (QLAIV). This improved efficacy was later validated by real-world VE data. S13 displayed increased binding avidity to a mammalian-like α-2,6 receptor analogue (6-SLN), relative to V1, while maintaining avian-like 3-SLN avidity. In silico modelling of the HA receptor binding site revealed additional interactions in the S13:6-SLN binding network and a mild increase in 6-SLN binding energy, indicating a possible mechanism for increased α-2,6 receptor-binding avidity. These data confirm that rational HA mutagenesis can be used to optimise hNEC replication and VE for A/H1N1pdm09 LAIV viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Dempsey
- Flu-BPD, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Giulia Tamburrino
- In vivo expressed biologics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jonathan Crowe
- Flu-BPD, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Nuccitelli
- In vivo expressed biologics, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Dibben
- Flu-BPD, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Artiaga BL, Morozov I, Ransburgh R, Kwon T, Balaraman V, Indran SV, De Carvalho Madrid DM, Gu W, Henningson J, Ma W, Richt JA, Driver JP. Evaluating α-galactosylceramide as an adjuvant for live attenuated influenza vaccines in pigs. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022; 2:19. [PMID: 35936354 PMCID: PMC9339466 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells activated with the glycolipid ligand α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) stimulate a wide variety of immune cells that enhance vaccine-mediated immune responses. Several studies have used this approach to adjuvant inactivated and subunit influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines, including to enhance cross-protective influenza immunity. However, less is known about whether α-GalCer can enhance live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines, which usually induce superior heterologous and heterosubtypic immunity compared to non-replicating influenza vaccines. The current study used the swine influenza challenge model to assess whether α-GalCer can enhance cross-protective immune responses elicited by a recombinant H3N2 LAIV vaccine (TX98ΔNS1) encoding a truncated NS1 protein. In one study, weaning pigs were administered the H3N2 TX98ΔNS1 LAIV vaccine with 0, 10, 50, and 100 μg/kg doses of α-GalCer, and subsequently challenged with a heterologous H3N2 virus. All treatment groups were protected from infection. However, the addition of α-GalCer appeared to suppress nasal shedding of the LAIV vaccine. In another experiment, pigs vaccinated with the H3N2 LAIV, with or without 50 μg/kg of α-GalCer, were challenged with the heterosubtypic pandemic H1N1 virus. Pigs vaccinated with the LAIV alone generated cross-reactive humoral and cellular responses which blocked virus replication in the airways, and significantly decreased virus shedding. On the other hand, combining the vaccine with α-GalCer reduced cross-protective cellular and antibody responses, and resulted in higher virus titers in respiratory tissues. These findings suggest that: (i) high doses of α-GalCer impair the replication and nasal shedding of the LAIV vaccine; and (ii) α-GalCer might interfere with heterosubtypic cross-protective immune responses. This research raise concerns that should be considered before trying to use NKT cell agonists as a possible adjuvant approach for LAIV vaccines. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s44149-022-00051-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca L. Artiaga
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Russell Ransburgh
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Taeyong Kwon
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Velmurugan Balaraman
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Sabarish V. Indran
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | | | - Weihong Gu
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Jamie Henningson
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Jürgen A. Richt
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - John P. Driver
- grid.134936.a0000 0001 2162 3504Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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Ayaz S, Dibben O, Chapman D. Presence of defective viral genes in H1N1 live attenuated influenza vaccine strains is not associated with reduced human cell fitness or vaccine effectiveness. Vaccine 2021; 39:6735-6745. [PMID: 34663504 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 seasons, quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) showed reduced pandemic 2009 H1N1 (A/H1N1pdm09) vaccine effectiveness (VE) in the U.S. Impaired fitness of A/H1N1pdm09 LAIV strains in primary human nasal epithelial cells (hNEC) was subsequently shown to be associated with reduced VE. As defective viral genes (DVG) have been detected in QLAIV, it was hypothesised that these might play a role in reduced A/H1N1pdm09 fitness. By applying RT-PCR based approaches, DVG for PB2, PB1 and PA segments were detected in all influenza A LAIV strains tested. Absolute quantification of PA vRNA as a biomarker, using a novel digital RT-PCR assay (RT-dPCR), showed that DVG were a minority population (between 10.2 and 27.8 % of PA vRNA) in LAIV, irrespective of subtype or VE. Importantly, no difference was observed between the fitter pre-2009 H1N1 A/New Caledonia/20/1999 (A/NC99) and less fit A/H1N1pdm09 A/Bolivia/509/2013 (A/BOL13), containing medians of 16.0 % and 10.2 % PA DVG, respectively. Manipulating propagation conditions and minimising A/BOL13 PA DVG to 5.2 % failed to improve viral replication in hNEC, suggesting DVG were not limiting A/BOL13 fitness. Conversely, DVG were able to reduce A/NC99 replication in hNEC to A/BOL13-like levels, but only by enrichment of PA DVG to 66.5 % of vRNA. Notably, this required LAIV propagation under conditions markedly different to those used for vaccine production. We conclude from these data that abundance of DVG in QLAIV is not associated with variations in influenza A VE and that the reduced fitness of A/BOL13 previously described was not driven by the presence of DVG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Ayaz
- Flu-BPD, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Oliver Dibben
- Flu-BPD, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Liverpool, UK
| | - David Chapman
- Flu-BPD, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Liverpool, UK
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12
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Lee S, Ryu JH. Influenza Viruses: Innate Immunity and mRNA Vaccines. Front Immunol 2021; 12:710647. [PMID: 34531860 PMCID: PMC8438292 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.710647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system represents the first line of defense against influenza viruses, which cause severe inflammation of the respiratory tract and are responsible for more than 650,000 deaths annually worldwide. mRNA vaccines are promising alternatives to traditional vaccine approaches due to their safe dosing, low-cost manufacturing, rapid development capability, and high efficacy. In this review, we provide our current understanding of the innate immune response that uses pattern recognition receptors to detect and respond to mRNA vaccination. We also provide an overview of mRNA vaccines, and discuss the future directions and challenges in advancing this promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- SangJoon Lee
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jin-Hyeob Ryu
- BIORCHESTRA Co., Ltd, Daejeon, South Korea.,BIORCHESTRA Co., Ltd, Cambridge, MA, United States
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13
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Nuwarda RF, Alharbi AA, Kayser V. An Overview of Influenza Viruses and Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1032. [PMID: 34579269 PMCID: PMC8473132 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains one of the major public health concerns because it causes annual epidemics and can potentially instigate a global pandemic. Numerous countermeasures, including vaccines and antiviral treatments, are in use against seasonal influenza infection; however, their effectiveness has always been discussed due to the ongoing resistance to antivirals and relatively low and unpredictable efficiency of influenza vaccines compared to other vaccines. The growing interest in vaccines as a promising approach to prevent and control influenza may provide alternative vaccine development options with potentially increased efficiency. In addition to currently available inactivated, live-attenuated, and recombinant influenza vaccines on the market, novel platforms such as virus-like particles (VLPs) and nanoparticles, and new vaccine formulations are presently being explored. These platforms provide the opportunity to design influenza vaccines with improved properties to maximize quality, efficacy, and safety. The influenza vaccine manufacturing process is also moving forward with advancements relating to egg- and cell-based production, purification processes, and studies into the physicochemical attributes and vaccine degradation pathways. These will contribute to the design of more stable, optimized vaccine formulations guided by contemporary analytical testing methods and via the implementation of the latest advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veysel Kayser
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.F.N.); (A.A.A.)
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14
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Abstract
Live attenuated, cold-adapted influenza vaccines exhibit several desirable characteristics, including the induction of systemic, mucosal, and cell-mediated immunity resulting in breadth of protection, ease of administration, and yield. Seasonal live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) were developed in the United States and Russia and have been used in several countries. In the last decade, following the incorporation of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 strain, the performance of both LAIVs has been variable and the U.S.-backbone LAIV was less effective than the corresponding inactivated influenza vaccines. The cause appears to be reduced replicative fitness of some H1N1pdm09 viruses, indicating a need for careful selection of strains included in multivalent LAIV formulations. Assays are now being implemented to select optimal strains. An improved understanding of the determinants of replicative fitness of vaccine strains and of vaccine effectiveness of LAIVs is needed for public health systems to take full advantage of these valuable vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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15
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Development of a Genetically Stable Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Strain Using an Engineered High-Fidelity Viral Polymerase. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.00493-21. [PMID: 33827947 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00493-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses demonstrate a vast range of variants, called quasispecies, due to error-prone replication by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Although live attenuated vaccines are effective in preventing RNA virus infection, there is a risk of reversal to virulence after their administration. To test the hypothesis that high-fidelity viral polymerase reduces the diversity of influenza virus quasispecies, resulting in inhibition of reversal of the attenuated phenotype, we first screened for a high-fidelity viral polymerase using serial virus passages under selection with a guanosine analog ribavirin. Consequently, we identified a Leu66-to-Val single amino acid mutation in polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1). The high-fidelity phenotype of PB1-L66V was confirmed using next-generation sequencing analysis and biochemical assays with the purified influenza viral polymerase. As expected, PB1-L66V showed at least two-times-lower mutation rates and decreased misincorporation rates, compared to the wild type (WT). Therefore, we next generated an attenuated PB1-L66V virus with a temperature-sensitive (ts) phenotype based on FluMist, a live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) that can restrict virus propagation by ts mutations, and examined the genetic stability of the attenuated PB1-L66V virus using serial virus passages. The PB1-L66V mutation prevented reversion of the ts phenotype to the WT phenotype, suggesting that the high-fidelity viral polymerase could contribute to generating an LAIV with high genetic stability, which would not revert to the pathogenic virus.IMPORTANCE The LAIV currently in use is prescribed for actively immunizing individuals aged 2 to 49 years. However, it is not approved for infants and elderly individuals, who actually need it the most, because it might prolong virus propagation and cause an apparent infection in these individuals, due to their weak immune systems. Recently, reversion of the ts phenotype of the LAIV strain currently in use to a pathogenic virus was demonstrated in cultured cells. Thus, the generation of mutations associated with enhanced virulence in LAIV should be considered. In this study, we isolated a novel influenza virus strain with a Leu66-to-Val single amino acid mutation in PB1 that displayed a significantly higher fidelity than the WT. We generated a novel LAIV candidate strain harboring this mutation. This strain showed higher genetic stability and no ts phenotype reversion. Thus, our high-fidelity strain might be useful for the development of a safer LAIV.
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16
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Kim YH, Hong KJ, Kim H, Nam JH. Influenza vaccines: Past, present, and future. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2243. [PMID: 33949021 PMCID: PMC8209895 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Globally, infection by seasonal influenza viruses causes 3-5 million cases of severe illness and 290,000-650,000 respiratory deaths each year. Various influenza vaccines, including inactivated split- and subunit-type, recombinant and live attenuated vaccines, have been developed since the 1930s when it was discovered that influenza viruses could be cultivated in embryonated eggs. However, the protection rate offered by these vaccines is rather low, especially in very young children and the elderly. In this review, we describe the history of influenza vaccine development, the immune responses induced by the vaccines and the adjuvants applied. Further, we suggest future directions for improving the effectiveness of influenza vaccines in all age groups. This includes the development of an influenza vaccine that induces a balanced T helper cell type 1 and type 2 immune responses based on the understanding of the immune system, and the development of a broad-spectrum influenza vaccine that can increase effectiveness despite antigen shifts and drifts, which are characteristics of the influenza virus. A brighter future can be envisaged if the development of an adjuvant that is safe and effective is realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of R&D, SK Bioscience, Bundang-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Jong Hong
- UIC Foundation, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Department of R&D, SK Bioscience, Bundang-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Nam
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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17
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Luczo JM, Bousse T, Johnson SK, Jones CA, Pearce N, Neiswanger CA, Wang MX, Miller EA, Petrovsky N, Wentworth DE, Bronshtein V, Papania M, Tompkins SM. Intranasal powder live attenuated influenza vaccine is thermostable, immunogenic, and protective against homologous challenge in ferrets. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:59. [PMID: 33883559 PMCID: PMC8060263 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause annual seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics; vaccination is the most effective countermeasure. Intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) are needle-free, mimic the natural route of infection, and elicit robust immunity. However, some LAIVs require reconstitution and cold-chain requirements restrict storage and distribution of all influenza vaccines. We generated a dry-powder, thermostable LAIV (T-LAIV) using Preservation by Vaporization technology and assessed the stability, immunogenicity, and efficacy of T-LAIV alone or combined with delta inulin adjuvant (Advax™) in ferrets. Stability assays demonstrated minimal loss of T-LAIV titer when stored at 25 °C for 1 year. Vaccination of ferrets with T-LAIV alone or with delta inulin adjuvant elicited mucosal antibody and robust serum HI responses in ferrets, and was protective against homologous challenge. These results suggest that the Preservation by Vaporization-generated dry-powder vaccines could be distributed without refrigeration and administered without reconstitution or injection. Given these significant advantages for vaccine distribution and delivery, further research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina M Luczo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - Tatiana Bousse
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott K Johnson
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Cheryl A Jones
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicholas Pearce
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carlie A Neiswanger
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Min-Xuan Wang
- Universal Stabilization Technologies, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Erin A Miller
- Universal Stabilization Technologies, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, Warradale, South Australia, Australia
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Victor Bronshtein
- Universal Stabilization Technologies, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mark Papania
- Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stephen M Tompkins
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
- Emory-UGA Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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18
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Defining the root cause of reduced H1N1 live attenuated influenza vaccine effectiveness: low viral fitness leads to inter-strain competition. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:35. [PMID: 33712628 PMCID: PMC7955111 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00300-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 2013-14 and 2015-16 influenza seasons, reduced vaccine effectiveness (VE) was observed for the H1N1 component of the FluMist quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (QLAIV) in the USA, leading to loss of Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendation. Here we demonstrate in ferrets that 2015-16A/H1N1pdm09 vaccine strain A/Bolivia/559/2013 (A/BOL13) is outcompeted in trivalent (TLAIV) and QLAIV formulations, leading to reduced protection from wild-type challenge. While monovalent (MLAIV) A/BOL13 provided significant protection from wild-type virus shedding and fever at doses as low as 3.0 log10 fluorescent focus units (FFU), it failed to provide a similar level of protection in TLAIV or QLAIV formulation, even at a 6.0 log10 FFU dose. Conversely, clinically effective H1N1 strain A/New Caledonia/20/1999 provided significant protection in MLAIV, TLAIV, and QLAIV formulations. In conclusion, reduced A/BOL13 replicative fitness rendered it susceptible to inter-strain competition in QLAIV, contributing to its reduced VE in the 2015-16 season.
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19
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Cox A, Schmierer J, D’Angelo J, Smith A, Levenson D, Treanor J, Kim B, Dewhurst S. A Mutated PB1 Residue 319 Synergizes with the PB2 N265S Mutation of the Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine to Convey Temperature Sensitivity. Viruses 2020; 12:E1246. [PMID: 33142846 PMCID: PMC7693792 DOI: 10.3390/v12111246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines have modest efficacy. This is especially true for current live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV), which have been inferior to the inactivated versions in recent years. Therefore, a new generation of live vaccines may be needed. We previously showed that a mutation at PB1 residue 319 confers enhanced temperature sensitivity and attenuation in an LAIV constructed in the genetic background of the mouse-adapted Influenza A Virus (IAV) strain A/PR/8/34 (PR8). Here, we describe the origin/discovery of this unique mutation and demonstrate that, when combined with the PB2 N265S mutation of LAIV, it conveys an even greater level of temperature sensitivity and attenuation on PR8 than the complete set of attenuating mutations from LAIV. Furthermore, we show that the combined PB1 L319Q and PB2 N265S mutations confer temperature sensitivity on IAV polymerase activity in two different genetic backgrounds, PR8 and A/Cal/04/09. Collectively, these findings show that the PB2 LAIV mutation synergizes with a mutation in PB1 and may have potential utility for improving LAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Residency Program, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jordana Schmierer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
| | - Josephine D’Angelo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Upstate Medical School, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Andrew Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA
| | - Dustyn Levenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- M.D./Ph.D. Training Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - John Treanor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA)/HHS/ASPR, Influenza and Emerging Diseases Division 21J14, 200 C St SW, Washington, DC 20515, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Stephen Dewhurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA; (A.C.); (J.S.); (J.D.); (A.S.); (D.L.); (J.T.); (B.K.)
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20
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Seo SH, Jang Y. Cold-Adapted Live Attenuated SARS-Cov-2 Vaccine Completely Protects Human ACE2 Transgenic Mice from SARS-Cov-2 Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E584. [PMID: 33022950 PMCID: PMC7712048 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A safe and effective vaccine that can provide herd immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is urgently needed to stop the spread of this virus among humans. Many human viral vaccines are live, attenuated forms of viruses that elicit humoral and cellular immunity. Here, we describe a cold-adapted live-attenuated vaccine (SARS-CoV-2/human/Korea/CNUHV03-CA22 °C/2020) developed by gradually adapting the growth of SARS-CoV-2 from 37 °C to 22 °C in Vero cells. This vaccine can be potentially administered to humans as a nasal spray. Its single dose strongly induced neutralising antibodies (titre > 640), cellular immunity, and mucosal IgA antibodies in intranasally immunised K18-hACE2 mice, which are very susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infections. The one-dose vaccinated mice were completely protected from SARS-CoV-2 infection and did not show body weight loss, death, or the presence of virus in tissues, such as the nasal turbinates, brain, lungs, and kidneys. These results demonstrate that the cold-adapted live attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine we have developed may be a candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Heui Seo
- Laboratory of Influenza Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
- Institute of Influenza Virus, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Yunyueng Jang
- Laboratory of Influenza Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
- Institute of Influenza Virus, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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21
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Li Z, Zaiser SA, Shang P, Heiden DL, Hajovsky H, Katwal P, DeVries B, Baker J, Richt JA, Li Y, He B, Fang Y, Huber VC. A chimeric influenza hemagglutinin delivered by parainfluenza virus 5 vector induces broadly protective immunity against genetically divergent influenza a H1 viruses in swine. Vet Microbiol 2020; 250:108859. [PMID: 33039727 PMCID: PMC7500346 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An HA-based vaccine candidate, created by DNA shuffling (HA-113), can be immunogenic when recombinant antigen is expressed by PIV5 (PIV5-113). Immunity induced by the PIV5-113 vaccine can protect mice against infection with 4 of 5 parental HAs used to create the vaccine. Immunity induced by PIV5-113 can protect pigs against infection with an influenza virus isolate that is known to be infectious in pigs.
Pigs are an important reservoir for human influenza viruses, and influenza causes significant economic loss to the swine industry. As demonstrated during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, control of swine influenza virus infection is a critical step toward blocking emergence of human influenza virus. An effective vaccine that can induce broadly protective immunity against heterologous influenza virus strains is critically needed. In our previous studies [McCormick et al., 2015; PLoS One, 10(6):e0127649], we used molecular breeding (DNA shuffling) strategies to increase the breadth of the variable and conserved epitopes expressed within a single influenza A virus chimeric hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Chimeric HAs were constructed using parental HAs from the 2009 pandemic virus and swine influenza viruses that had a history of zoonotic transmission to humans. In the current study, we used parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV-5) as a vector to express one of these chimeric HA antigens, HA-113. Recombinant PIV-5 expressing HA-113 (PIV5-113) were rescued, and immunogenicity and protective efficacy were tested in both mouse and pig models. The results showed that PIV5-113 can protect mice and pigs against challenge with viruses expressing parental HAs. The protective immunity was extended against other genetically diversified influenza H1-expressing viruses. Our work demonstrates that PIV5-based influenza vaccines are efficacious as vaccines for pigs. The PIV5 vaccine vector and chimeric HA-113 antigen are discussed in the context of the development of universal influenza vaccines and the potential contribution of PIV5-113 as a candidate universal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, United States
| | - Sarah A Zaiser
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States
| | - Pengcheng Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, United States
| | - Dustin L Heiden
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States
| | - Heather Hajovsky
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States
| | - Pratik Katwal
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States
| | - Baylor DeVries
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States
| | - Jack Baker
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States
| | - Juergen A Richt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, United States
| | - Yanhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, United States
| | - Biao He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, United States.
| | - Ying Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, United States.
| | - Victor C Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, United States.
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22
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Oxford JS, Gill D. Vaccines from the Spanish Influenza as a firm foundation for new developments. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2051-2055. [PMID: 32783768 PMCID: PMC7553681 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1793710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1914, the concept of a prophylactic vaccine, administered to a person before the disease had been contracted, was still controversial. Nevertheless, Almroth Wright tested new pneumococcus vaccines in South Africa, where the incidence of bacterial pneumonia was high amongst workers in the gold mines. He established the use of clinical trials, using around ten thousand workers, both in vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. The two groups were not matched to modern standards. Also, of course, those workers in the control unvaccinated group could not be protected: but some considered a prophylactic vaccine would exacerbate the disease. The vaccines were manufactured to contain a range of pneumococci from different clinical samples, in a serious attempt to match the microbes in the vaccine to the field bacteria. Deaths were averted by the vaccine; and side effects were noted to be minimal. Reexamination of pathology samples from the Spanish Influenza Pandemic showed quite clearly the contribution of pneumococci and streptococci to the mortality of over fifty million people in 1918-1919. The microbe causing this Pandemic was isolated in 1933, and was shown to be a true virus; this finding initiated a huge expanse and interest in influenza virus vaccines, both killed and live. A chance discovery allowed the purification of Influenza M and NP proteins then permitted the production of experimental vaccines. These vaccines were formulated to induce and B and/or T cell responses to the internal proteins. Several of these Universal Influenza Vaccines have been tested in quarantine, and have now reached Phase III trials in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Oxford
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Douglas Gill
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Keep S, Stevenson-Leggett P, Steyn A, Oade MS, Webb I, Stuart J, Vervelde L, Britton P, Maier HJ, Bickerton E. Temperature Sensitivity: A Potential Method for the Generation of Vaccines against the Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:E754. [PMID: 32674326 PMCID: PMC7412246 DOI: 10.3390/v12070754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious economically important respiratory pathogen of domestic fowl. Reverse genetics allows for the molecular study of pathogenic determinants to enable rational vaccine design. The recombinant IBV (rIBV) Beau-R, a molecular clone of the apathogenic Beaudette strain, has previously been investigated as a vaccine platform. To determine tissues in which Beau-R could effectively deliver antigenic genes, an in vivo study in chickens, the natural host, was used to compare the pattern of viral dissemination of Beau-R to the pathogenic strain M41-CK. Replication of Beau-R was found to be restricted to soft tissue within the beak, whereas M41-CK was detected in beak tissue, trachea and eyelid up to seven days post infection. In vitro assays further identified that, unlike M41-CK, Beau-R could not replicate at 41 °C, the core body temperature of a chicken, but is able to replicate a 37 °C, a temperature relatable to the very upper respiratory tract. Using a panel of rIBVs with defined mutations in the structural and accessory genes, viral replication at permissive and non-permissive temperatures was investigated, identifying that the Beau-R replicase gene was a determinant of temperature sensitivity and that sub-genomic mRNA synthesis had been affected. The identification of temperature sensitive allelic lesions within the Beau-R replicase gene opens up the possibility of using this method of attenuation in other IBV strains for future vaccine development as well as a method to investigate the functions of the IBV replicase proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Phoebe Stevenson-Leggett
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Angela Steyn
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Michael S. Oade
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Isobel Webb
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Jamie Stuart
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick), School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Helena J. Maier
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
| | - Erica Bickerton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (A.S.); (M.S.O.); (I.W.); (J.S.); (P.B.); (H.J.M.)
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Abstract
Seasonal influenza vaccines prevent influenza-related illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths. However, these vaccines are not as effective as other viral vaccines, and there is clearly room for improvement. Here, we review the history of seasonal influenza vaccines, describe challenges associated with producing influenza vaccine antigens, and discuss the inherent difficulties of updating influenza vaccine strains each influenza season. We argue that seasonal influenza vaccines can be dramatically improved by modernizing antigen production processes and developing models that are better at predicting viral evolution. Resources should be specifically dedicated to improving seasonal influenza vaccines while developing entirely new vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Gouma
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , ,
| | - Elizabeth M Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , ,
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; , ,
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25
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Hawksworth A, Lockhart R, Crowe J, Maeso R, Ritter L, Dibben O, Bright H. Replication of live attenuated influenza vaccine viruses in human nasal epithelial cells is associated with H1N1 vaccine effectiveness. Vaccine 2020; 38:4209-4218. [PMID: 32376111 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 influenza seasons, live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) generated reduced vaccine effectiveness (VE) against circulating H1N1 strains. This reduced VE coincided with the introduction of pandemic 2009 H1N1 (A/H1N1pdm09) vaccine virus reassortants, in place of pre-2009 seasonal H1N1 strains. Here, we explored one specific hypothesis for reduced VE; decreased replicative fitness of A/H1N1pdm09 strains in humans. Two A/H1N1pdm09 strains with reduced VE, A/California/07/2009 (A/CA09) and A/Bolivia/559/2013 (A/BOL13), were compared to pre-2009 seasonal H1N1 strains, A/New Caledonia/20/1999 (A/NC99) and A/South Dakota/6/2007 (A/SD07). Initial results showed that A/H1N1pdm09 strains had reduced multi-cycle infectivity in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, compared to their pre-2009 counterparts. The A/BOL13 viral titre was found to be 2.65 log10/mL lower when measured by multi-cycle 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay compared to single-cycle fluorescent focus assay (FFA). By contrast, clinically effective A/NC99 titres differed by only 0.54 log10/mL. In human alveolar (A549) cells, A/H1N1pdm09 strains replicated less than pre-2009 strains, with A/CA09 and A/BOL13 generating lower peak viral titres over 5 days. This phenotype was corroborated in physiologically relevant, primary human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs). Here, peak titres for pre-2009 strains A/NC99 and A/SD07 were 8.43 log10 TCID50/mL and 8.52 log10 TCID50/mL, respectively, versus 6.89 log10 TCID50/mL and 6.06 log10 TCID50/mL for A/H1N1pdm09 strains A/CA09 and A/BOL13. This confirmed a reduced ability of A/H1N1pdm09 strains to sustain replication in human respiratory cells. Using this information, H1N1 candidate A/Slovenia/2903/2015 (A/SLOV15) was characterised for replacement of A/BOL13 in the 2017/18 LAIV. A/SLOV15 produced comparable single and multi-cycle infectivity titres (Δ 0.16 log10/mL) and reached a peak titre 1.23 log10 TCID50/mL higher than that of A/BOL13 in hNEC cultures. Taken together, these data suggest a reduction in sustained multi-cycle replication in human cells as a plausible root cause for reduced A/H1N1pdm09 VE.
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O’Connell AK, Douam F. Humanized Mice for Live-Attenuated Vaccine Research: From Unmet Potential to New Promises. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E36. [PMID: 31973073 PMCID: PMC7157703 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated vaccines (LAV) represent one of the most important medical innovations in human history. In the past three centuries, LAV have saved hundreds of millions of lives, and will continue to do so for many decades to come. Interestingly, the most successful LAVs, such as the smallpox vaccine, the measles vaccine, and the yellow fever vaccine, have been isolated and/or developed in a purely empirical manner without any understanding of the immunological mechanisms they trigger. Today, the mechanisms governing potent LAV immunogenicity and long-term induced protective immunity continue to be elusive, and therefore hamper the rational design of innovative vaccine strategies. A serious roadblock to understanding LAV-induced immunity has been the lack of suitable and cost-effective animal models that can accurately mimic human immune responses. In the last two decades, human-immune system mice (HIS mice), i.e., mice engrafted with components of the human immune system, have been instrumental in investigating the life-cycle and immune responses to multiple human-tropic pathogens. However, their use in LAV research has remained limited. Here, we discuss the strong potential of LAVs as tools to enhance our understanding of human immunity and review the past, current and future contributions of HIS mice to this endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Douam
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
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27
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Proteomics as a tool for live attenuated influenza vaccine characterisation. Vaccine 2019; 38:868-877. [PMID: 31708181 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many viral vaccines, including the majority of influenza vaccines, are grown in embryonated chicken eggs and purified by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. For influenza vaccines this process is well established, but the viral strains recommended for use in vaccines are updated frequently. As viral strains can have different growth properties and responses to purification, these updates risk changes in the composition of the vaccine product. Changes of this sort are hard to assess, as influenza virions are complex structures containing variable ratios of both viral and host proteins. To address this, we used liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), a flexible and sensitive method ideally suited to identifying and quantifying the proteins present in complex mixtures. By applying LC-MS/MS to the pilot scale manufacturing process of the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) FluMist® Quadrivalent vaccine (AstraZeneca), we were able to obtain a detailed description of how viral and host proteins are removed or retained at each stage of LAIV purification. LC-MS/MS allowed us to quantify the removal of individual host proteins at each stage of the purification process, confirming that LAIV purification efficiently depletes the majority of host proteins and identifying the small subset of host proteins which are associated with intact virions. LC-MS/MS also identified substantial differences in the retention of the immunosuppressive viral protein NS1 in purified virions. Finally, LC-MS/MS allowed us to detect subtle variations in the LAIV production process, both upstream of purification and during downstream purification stages. This demonstrates the potential utility of LC-MS/MS for optimising the purification of complex biological mixtures and shows that it is a promising approach for process optimisation in a wide variety of vaccine manufacturing platforms.
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28
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Tyr82 Amino Acid Mutation in PB1 Polymerase Induces an Influenza Virus Mutator Phenotype. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00834-19. [PMID: 31462570 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00834-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In various positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, a low-fidelity viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) confers attenuated phenotypes by increasing the mutation frequency. We report a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus RdRp mutant strain with a mutator phenotype. Based on structural data of RdRp, rational targeting of key residues, and screening of fidelity variants, we isolated a novel low-fidelity mutator strain of influenza virus that harbors a Tyr82-to-Cys (Y82C) single-amino-acid substitution in the PB1 polymerase subunit. The purified PB1-Y82C polymerase indeed showed an increased frequency of misincorporation compared with the wild-type PB1 in an in vitro biochemical assay. To further investigate the effects of position 82 on PB1 polymerase fidelity, we substituted various amino acids at this position. As a result, we isolated various novel mutators other than PB1-Y82C with higher mutation frequencies. The structural model of influenza virus polymerase complex suggested that the Tyr82 residue, which is located at the nucleoside triphosphate entrance tunnel, may influence a fidelity checkpoint. Interestingly, although the PB1-Y82C variant replicated with wild-type PB1-like kinetics in tissue culture, the 50% lethal dose of the PB1-Y82C mutant was 10 times lower than that of wild-type PB1 in embryonated chicken eggs. In conclusion, our data indicate that the Tyr82 residue of PB1 has a crucial role in regulating polymerase fidelity of influenza virus and is closely related to attenuated pathogenic phenotypes in vivo IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus rapidly acquires antigenic changes and antiviral drug resistance, which limit the effectiveness of vaccines and drug treatments, primarily owing to its high rate of evolution. Virus populations formed by quasispecies can contain resistance mutations even before a selective pressure is applied. To study the effects of the viral mutation spectrum and quasispecies, high- and low-fidelity variants have been isolated for several RNA viruses. Here, we report the discovery of a low-fidelity RdRp variant of influenza A virus that contains a substitution at Tyr82 in PB1. Viruses containing the PB1-Y82C substitution showed growth kinetics and viral RNA synthesis levels similar to those of the wild-type virus in cell culture; however, they had significantly attenuated phenotypes in a chicken egg infection experiment. These data demonstrated that decreased RdRp fidelity attenuates influenza A virus in vivo, which is a desirable feature for the development of safer live attenuated vaccine candidates.
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29
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Comparative Study of the Temperature Sensitive, Cold Adapted and Attenuated Mutations Present in the Master Donor Viruses of the Two Commercial Human Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100928. [PMID: 31658679 PMCID: PMC6832241 DOI: 10.3390/v11100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause annual, seasonal infection across the globe. Vaccination represents the most effective strategy to prevent such infections and/or to reduce viral disease. Two major types of influenza vaccines are approved for human use: inactivated influenza vaccines (IIVs) and live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs). Two Master Donor Virus (MDV) backbones have been used to create LAIVs against influenza A virus (IAV): the United States (US) A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (AA) and the Russian A/Leningrad/134/17/57 (Len) H2N2 viruses. The mutations responsible for the temperature sensitive (ts), cold-adapted (ca) and attenuated (att) phenotypes of the two MDVs have been previously identified and genetically mapped. However, a direct comparison of the contribution of these residues to viral attenuation, immunogenicity and protection efficacy has not been conducted. Here, we compared the In vitro and in vivo phenotype of recombinant influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H1N1 (PR8) viruses containing the ts, ca and att mutations of the US (PR8/AA) and the Russian (PR8/Len) MDVs. Our results show that PR8/Len is more attenuated in vivo than PR8/AA, although both viruses induced similar levels of humoral and cellular responses, and protection against homologous and heterologous viral challenges. Our findings support the feasibility of using a different virus backbone as MDV for the development of improved LAIVs for the prevention of IAV infections.
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30
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Abstract
Technological advances in immunology, protein design, and genetic delivery have unlocked new possibilities for vaccine concepts and delivery technologies that were previously inaccessible. These next-generation vaccine design efforts are particularly promising in their potential to provide solutions to challenging targets for which conventional approaches have proven ineffective—for example, a universal influenza vaccine. In this perspective, we discuss emerging approaches to vaccine design and engineering based on recent insights into immunology, structural biology, computational biology, and immunoengineering. We anticipate that these cutting-edge, interdisciplinary approaches will lead to breakthrough vaccine concepts for ever-evolving and (re)emerging influenza viruses, with important ramifications for global public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Correspondence: M. Kanekiyo, DVM, PhD, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 ()
| | - Daniel Ellis
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Neil P King
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle
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31
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Yang H, Yan Z, Zhang Z, Realivazquez A, Ma B, Liu Y. Anti-caries vaccine based on clinical cold-adapted influenza vaccine: A promising alternative for scientific and public-health protection against dental caries. Med Hypotheses 2019; 126:42-45. [PMID: 31010498 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dental caries remains one of the most pervasive infectious disease around the world. Protection against dental caries can be achieved experimentally by eliciting salivary IgA targeting surficial antigens of S. mutans, however, no such a vaccine has been launched for human use yet. Live vectored vaccines hold the greatest feasibility to induce potent and long-lasting immunity in the host. The FDA approved intranasal cold-adapted influenza vaccine has been used in clinical settings for many years. The vaccine can not only induce broad adaptive immune responses especially mucosal immunity, but the member strains can also circumvent existing immunity, presenting promising candidates for live vectored anti-caries vaccine. Moreover, the genetic techniques for modification of cold-adapted influenza viruses are well developed and widely applicable. Thus, we hypothesize that effective anti-caries vaccine can be developed with the backbone of cold-adapted influenza viruses by inserting specific antigenic identifier sequences of S. mutans into the viral genome, which is anticipated to protect against dental caries in humans with easy inoculation. The immune efficacies of recombinant cold-adapted influenza viruses expressing exogenous antigens have been verified by in vivo experiments for multiple infectious diseases, giving us great confidence to validate the safety properties and protection effect with this chimeric vaccine in animals or even humans. Existing data suggests that the live anti-caries vaccine may help improve public oral health by controlling the caries disease itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatological Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510140, PR China
| | - Zhonghai Yan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Zijian Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Adilene Realivazquez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Binger Ma
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatological Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510140, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, PR China.
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32
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Blanco-Lobo P, Nogales A, Rodríguez L, Martínez-Sobrido L. Novel Approaches for The Development of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020190. [PMID: 30813325 PMCID: PMC6409754 DOI: 10.3390/v11020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus still represents a considerable threat to global public health, despite the advances in the development and wide use of influenza vaccines. Vaccination with traditional inactivate influenza vaccines (IIV) or live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) remains the main strategy in the control of annual seasonal epidemics, but it does not offer protection against new influenza viruses with pandemic potential, those that have shifted. Moreover, the continual antigenic drift of seasonal circulating influenza viruses, causing an antigenic mismatch that requires yearly reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines, seriously compromises vaccine efficacy. Therefore, the quick optimization of vaccine production for seasonal influenza and the development of new vaccine approaches for pandemic viruses is still a challenge for the prevention of influenza infections. Moreover, recent reports have questioned the effectiveness of the current LAIV because of limited protection, mainly against the influenza A virus (IAV) component of the vaccine. Although the reasons for the poor protection efficacy of the LAIV have not yet been elucidated, researchers are encouraged to develop new vaccination approaches that overcome the limitations that are associated with the current LAIV. The discovery and implementation of plasmid-based reverse genetics has been a key advance in the rapid generation of recombinant attenuated influenza viruses that can be used for the development of new and most effective LAIV. In this review, we provide an update regarding the progress that has been made during the last five years in the development of new LAIV and the innovative ways that are being explored as alternatives to the currently licensed LAIV. The safety, immunogenicity, and protection efficacy profile of these new LAIVs reveal their possible implementation in combating influenza infections. However, efforts by vaccine companies and government agencies will be needed for controlled testing and approving, respectively, these new vaccine methodologies for the control of influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Blanco-Lobo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Laura Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, NY 14642, USA.
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Piedra PA. Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine: Will the Phoenix Rise Again? Pediatrics 2019; 143:peds.2018-3290. [PMID: 30617238 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-3290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Piedra
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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34
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Alternative Strategy for a Quadrivalent Live Attenuated Influenza Virus Vaccine. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01025-18. [PMID: 30135124 PMCID: PMC6189493 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01025-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza viruses infect 1 billion people worldwide and are associated with ∼500,000 deaths annually. In addition, the never-ending emergence of zoonotic influenza viruses associated with lethal human infections and of pandemic concern calls for the development of better vaccines and/or vaccination strategies against influenza virus. Regardless of the strategy, novel influenza virus vaccines must aim at providing protection against both seasonal influenza A and B viruses. In this study, we tested an alternative quadrivalent live attenuated influenza virus vaccine (QIV) formulation whose individual components have been previously shown to provide protection. We demonstrate in proof-of principle studies in mice that the QIV provides effective protection against lethal challenge with either influenza A or B virus. Influenza virus infections continue to pose a major public health threat worldwide associated with seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics. Vaccination is considered the first line of defense against influenza. Live attenuated influenza virus vaccines (LAIVs) may provide superior responses compared to inactivated vaccines because the former can better elicit a combination of humoral and cellular responses by mimicking a natural infection. Unfortunately, during the 2013–2014, 2014–2015, and 2015–2016 seasons, concerns emerged about the effectiveness of the only LAIV approved in the United States that prevented the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) from recommending its use. Such drawbacks open up the opportunity for alternative LAIV strategies that could overcome such concerns. Previously, we developed a combined strategy of temperature-sensitive mutations in the PB2 and PB1 segments and an epitope tag in the C terminus of PB1 that effectively attenuates influenza A viruses of avian and mammalian origin. More recently, we adopted a similar strategy for influenza B viruses. The resulting attenuated (att) influenza A and B viruses were safe, immunogenic, and protective against lethal influenza virus challenge in a variety of animal models. In this report, we provide evidence of the potential use of our att strategy in a quadrivalent LAIV (QIV) formulation carrying H3N2 and H1N1 influenza A virus subtype viruses and two antigenic lineages of influenza B viruses. In naive DBA/2J mice, two doses of the QIV elicited hemagglutination inhibition (HI) responses with HI titers of ≥40 and effectively protected against lethal challenge with prototypical pandemic H1N1 influenza A and influenza B virus strains. IMPORTANCE Seasonal influenza viruses infect 1 billion people worldwide and are associated with ∼500,000 deaths annually. In addition, the never-ending emergence of zoonotic influenza viruses associated with lethal human infections and of pandemic concern calls for the development of better vaccines and/or vaccination strategies against influenza virus. Regardless of the strategy, novel influenza virus vaccines must aim at providing protection against both seasonal influenza A and B viruses. In this study, we tested an alternative quadrivalent live attenuated influenza virus vaccine (QIV) formulation whose individual components have been previously shown to provide protection. We demonstrate in proof-of principle studies in mice that the QIV provides effective protection against lethal challenge with either influenza A or B virus.
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35
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Looi QH, Foo JB, Lim MT, Le CF, Show PL. How far have we reached in development of effective influenza vaccine? Int Rev Immunol 2018; 37:266-276. [PMID: 30252547 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2018.1500570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite of ongoing research programs and numerous clinical trials, seasonal influenza epidemics remain a major concern globally. Vaccination remains the most effective method to prevent influenza infection. However, current flu vaccines have several limitations, including limited vaccine capacity, long production times, inconsistence efficacy in certain populations, and lack of a "universal" solution. Different next-generation approaches such as cell line-based culture, reverse genetics, and virus expression technology are currently under development to address the aforementioned challenges in conventional vaccine manufacture pipeline. Such approaches hope for safe and scalable production, induce broad-spectrum immunity, create premade libraries of vaccine strains, and target nonvariable regions of antigenic proteins for "universal" vaccination. Here, we discuss the process and challenges of the current influenza vaccine platform as well as new approaches that are being investigated. These developments indicate that an exciting future lies ahead in the influenza vaccine field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hao Looi
- a Ming Medical Services Sdn. Bhd , Petaling Jaya , Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Jhi Biau Foo
- b School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences , Taylor's University , Subang Jaya , Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - May Teng Lim
- c Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus , Jalan Braga , Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Cheng Foh Le
- d School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science , University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus , Jalan Broga , Semenyih , Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- c Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus , Jalan Braga , Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia.,e Molecular Pharming and Bioproduction Research Group, Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Group, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus , Jalan Broga, Semenyih , Selangor Darul Ehsan , Malaysia
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Jhaveri R. Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine: Is Past Performance a Guarantee of Future Results? Clin Ther 2018; 40:1246-1254. [PMID: 30093132 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) has had a tumultuous recent history that can be difficult for many to follow and understand. Prior to 2013, LAIV had a record of accomplishment of providing equal or superior protection against influenza in children. Since 2013, concerns about the lack of protection with LAIV against pandemic H1N1 strains led to the withdrawal of any recommendation for use in the US by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). After some significant changes to the content, evaluation and production of LAIV, it has been be recommended again for use in the US in 2018-19. This commentary reviews the origin of LAIV, the events and circumstances that led to the withdrawal of any recommendation for LAIV use by the ACIP, the merits, shortcomings and repercussions of that decision and finally offers some thoughts about the future of LAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Jhaveri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Terauchi Y, Sano K, Ainai A, Saito S, Taga Y, Ogawa-Goto K, Tamura SI, Odagiri T, Tashiro M, Fujieda M, Suzuki T, Hasegawa H. IgA polymerization contributes to efficient virus neutralization on human upper respiratory mucosa after intranasal inactivated influenza vaccine administration. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1351-1361. [PMID: 29425074 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1438791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike the current injectable influenza vaccines, intranasally administered influenza vaccines induce influenza virus-specific IgA antibodies in the local respiratory mucosa as well as IgG antibodies in the systemic circulation. Our previous study showed that after five volunteers underwent intranasal administration with inactivated H3N2 or H5N1 vaccines, their IgA antibodies on the upper respiratory tract were present as monomers, dimers, and multimers (trimers and tetramers). Moreover, the multimers associated with the highest virus neutralizing activity. However, it has remained elusive whether a more practical intranasal vaccination strategy could induce the high-performance IgA multimers in the nasal mucosa. In the present study, volunteers were administered with two doses of the intranasal trivalent whole-virus inactivated influenza vaccine and showed that in nasal wash samples the amount of multimeric IgA correlated positively with virus neutralizing titers, indicating that the multimeric IgA antibodies play an important role in the antiviral activity at the nasal mucosa. Surface plasmon resonance analysis of the binding dynamics of nasal wash derived IgA monomers, dimers, and multimers against recombinant trimeric influenza virus HA showed that sample fractions containing IgA multimers dissociated from HA less well than sample fractions without IgA multimers. Thus, IgA multimers may "stick" to the antigen more tightly than the other structures. In summary, intranasal administration of two doses of multivalent inactivated influenza vaccines induced multimeric IgA. Multimerization of mucosal IgA antibodies conferred higher neutralizing activity against viruses in the nasal mucosa, possibly by increasing their cohesion to virus antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Terauchi
- a Department of Pathology , National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan.,b Department of Pediatrics , Kochi Medical School, Kochi University , Nankoku, Kochi , Japan
| | - Kaori Sano
- a Department of Pathology , National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Akira Ainai
- a Department of Pathology , National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- c Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yuki Taga
- d Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Nippi, Inc. , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Kiyoko Ogawa-Goto
- d Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Nippi, Inc. , Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Tamura
- a Department of Pathology , National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- c Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- c Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Mikiya Fujieda
- b Department of Pediatrics , Kochi Medical School, Kochi University , Nankoku, Kochi , Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- a Department of Pathology , National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- a Department of Pathology , National Institute of Infectious Diseases , Tokyo , Japan
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MicroRNA-Based Attenuation of Influenza Virus across Susceptible Hosts. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01741-17. [PMID: 29093096 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01741-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus drives significant morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock. Annual circulation of the virus in livestock and waterfowl contributes to severe economic disruption and increases the risk of zoonotic transmission of novel strains into the human population, where there is no preexisting immunity. Seasonal vaccinations in humans help prevent infection and can reduce symptoms when infection does occur. However, current vaccination regimens available for livestock are limited in part due to safety concerns regarding reassortment/recombination with circulating strains. Therefore, inactivated vaccines are used instead of the more immunostimulatory live attenuated vaccines. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been used previously to generate attenuated influenza A viruses for use as a vaccine. Here, we systematically targeted individual influenza gene mRNAs using the same miRNA to determine the segment(s) that yields maximal attenuation potential. This analysis demonstrated that targeting of NP mRNA most efficiently ablates replication. We further increased the plasticity of miRNA-mediated attenuation of influenza A virus by exploiting a miRNA, miR-21, that is ubiquitously expressed across influenza-susceptible hosts. In order to construct this targeted virus, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to eliminate the universally expressed miR-21 from MDCK cells. miR-21-targeted viruses were attenuated in human, mouse, canine, and avian cells and drove protective immunity in mice. This strategy has the potential to enhance the safety of live attenuated vaccines in humans and zoonotic reservoirs.IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus circulates annually in both avian and human populations, causing significant morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. High incidence of zoonotic infections greatly increases the potential for transmission to humans, where no preexisting immunity or vaccine exists. There is a critical need for new vaccine strategies to combat emerging influenza outbreaks. MicroRNAs were used previously to attenuate influenza A viruses. We propose the development of a novel platform to produce live attenuated vaccines that are highly customizable, efficacious across a broad species range, and exhibit enhanced safety over traditional vaccination methods. This strategy exploits a microRNA that is expressed abundantly in influenza virus-susceptible hosts. By eliminating this ubiquitous microRNA from a cell line, targeted viruses that are attenuated across susceptible strains can be generated. This approach greatly increases the plasticity of the microRNA targeting approach and enhances vaccine safety.
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The road to a more effective influenza vaccine: Up to date studies and future prospects. Vaccine 2017; 35:5388-5395. [PMID: 28866292 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus causes an acute respiratory infection in humans. Frequent point mutations in the influenza genome and occasional exchange of genetic segments between virus strains help the virus evade the pre-existing immunity, resulting in epidemics and pandemics. Although vaccination is the most effective intervention, mismatches between circulating viruses and vaccine strains reduce vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, current injectable vaccines induce IgG antibodies in serum (which limit progression of influenza symptoms) but not secretory IgA antibodies in the respiratory mucosa (which prevent virus infection efficiently). Therefore, numerous studies have attempted to improve influenza vaccines. The discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies has progressed research into antigen design. Studies designed to improve vaccine efficacy by changing the vaccine administration route have also been conducted. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying the action of various vaccines is essential if we are to develop a universal influenza vaccine. Therefore, evaluating the quality and quantity of antibodies induced by vaccines, which determine vaccine efficacy, is critical. However, at present vaccine evaluation relies on hemagglutination inhibition tests, which only measure the quantity of antibody produced. Antibody repertoires comprise a set of antibodies with specific genetic or molecular features that correspond to their functions. Genetically and functionally similar antibodies may be produced by multiple individuals exposed to an identical stimulus. Therefore, it may be possible to evaluate and compare multiple vaccine strategies in terms of the quality and quantity of an antibody response induced by a vaccine by examining antibody repertoires. Recent studies have used single cell expression and high-throughput immunoglobulin sequencing to provide a detailed picture of antibody responses. These novel methods may be critical for detailed characterization of antibody repertoires induced by various vaccination strategies.
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Suzuki T, Ainai A, Hasegawa H. Functional and structural characteristics of secretory IgA antibodies elicited by mucosal vaccines against influenza virus. Vaccine 2017; 35:5297-5302. [PMID: 28780981 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal tissues are major targets for pathogens. The secretions covering mucosal surfaces contain several types of molecules that protect the host from infection. Among these, mucosal immunoglobulins, including secretory IgA (S-IgA) antibodies, are the major contributor to pathogen-specific immune responses. IgA is the primary antibody class found in many external secretions and has unique structural and functional features not observed in other antibody classes. Recently, extensive efforts have been made to develop novel vaccines that induce immunity via the mucosal route. S-IgA is a key molecule that underpins the mechanism of action of these mucosal vaccines. Thus, precise characterization of S-IgA induced by mucosal vaccines is important, if the latter are to be used successfully in a clinical setting. Intensive studies identified the fundamental characteristics of S-IgA, which was first discovered almost half a century ago. However, S-IgA itself has not gained much attention of late, despite its importance to mucosal immunity; therefore, some important questions remain. This review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular characteristics of S-IgA and its role in intranasal mucosal vaccines against influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Akira Ainai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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Development of an Alternative Modified Live Influenza B Virus Vaccine. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00056-17. [PMID: 28381580 PMCID: PMC5446642 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00056-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza B virus (IBV) is considered a major human pathogen, responsible for seasonal epidemics of acute respiratory illness. Two antigenically distinct IBV hemagglutinin (HA) lineages cocirculate worldwide with little cross-reactivity. Live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines have been shown to provide better cross-protective immune responses than inactivated vaccines by eliciting local mucosal immunity and systemic B cell- and T cell-mediated memory responses. We have shown previously that incorporation of temperature-sensitive (ts) mutations into the PB1 and PB2 subunits along with a modified HA epitope tag in the C terminus of PB1 resulted in influenza A viruses (IAV) that are safe and effective as modified live attenuated (att) virus vaccines (IAV att). We explored whether analogous mutations in the IBV polymerase subunits would result in a stable virus with an att phenotype. The PB1 subunit of the influenza B/Brisbane/60/2008 strain was used to incorporate ts mutations and a C-terminal HA tag. Such modifications resulted in a B/Bris att strain with ts characteristics in vitro and an att phenotype in vivo Vaccination studies in mice showed that a single dose of the B/Bris att candidate stimulated sterilizing immunity against lethal homologous challenge and complete protection against heterologous challenge. These studies show the potential of an alternative LAIV platform for the development of IBV vaccines.IMPORTANCE A number of issues with regard to the effectiveness of the LAIV vaccine licensed in the United States (FluMist) have arisen over the past three seasons (2013-2014, 2014-2015, and 2015-2016). While the reasons for the limited robustness of the vaccine-elicited immune response remain controversial, this problem highlights the critical importance of continued investment in LAIV development and creates an opportunity to improve current strategies so as to develop more efficacious vaccines. Our laboratory has developed an alternative strategy, the incorporation of 2 amino acid mutations and a modified HA tag at the C terminus of PB1, which is sufficient to attenuate the IBV. As a LAIV, this novel vaccine provides complete protection against IBV strains. The availability of attenuated IAV and IBV backbones based on contemporary strains offers alternative platforms for the development of LAIVs that may overcome current limitations.
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Boonarkart C, Suptawiwat O, Sakorn K, Puthavathana P, Auewarakul P. Exposure to cold impairs interferon-induced antiviral defense. Arch Virol 2017; 162:2231-2237. [PMID: 28361289 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly believed that exposure to low temperature increases susceptibility to viral infection in the human respiratory tract, but a molecular mechanism supporting this belief has yet to be discovered. In this study, we investigated the effect of low temperature on viral infection and innate defense in cell lines from the human respiratory tract and found that interferon-induced antiviral responses were impaired at low temperatures. Cells maintained at 25°C and 33°C expressed lower levels of myxovirus resistance protein 1 (MxA) and 2'5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) mRNAs when compared to cells maintained at 37°C after infection by seasonal influenza viruses. Exogenous β-interferon treatment reduced the viral replication at 37°C, but not at 25°C. Our results suggest that the impairment of interferon-induced antiviral responses by low temperature is one of several mechanisms that could explain an increase in host susceptibility to respiratory viruses after exposure to cold temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chompunuch Boonarkart
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Ornpreya Suptawiwat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Kittima Sakorn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Pilaipan Puthavathana
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Prasert Auewarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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Tamura SI, Ainai A, Suzuki T, Kurata T, Hasegawa H. Intranasal Inactivated Influenza Vaccines: a Reasonable Approach to Improve the Efficacy of Influenza Vaccine? Jpn J Infect Dis 2017; 69:165-79. [PMID: 27212584 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2015.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is a contagious, acute respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus. The mucosal lining in the host respiratory tract is not only the site of virus infection, but also the site of defense; it is at this site that the host immune response targets the virus and protects against reinfection. One of the most effective methods to prevent influenza is to induce specific antibody (Ab) responses in the respiratory tract by vaccination. Two types of influenza vaccines, intranasal live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines and parenteral (injectable) inactivated vaccines, are currently used worldwide. These vaccines are approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the US Food and Drug Administration. Live attenuated vaccines induce both secretory IgA (S-IgA) and serum IgG antibodies (Abs), whereas parenteral vaccines induce only serum IgG Abs. However, intranasal administration of inactivated vaccines together with an appropriate adjuvant induces both S-IgA and IgG Abs. Several preclinical studies on adjuvant-combined, nasal-inactivated vaccines revealed that nasal S-IgA Abs, a major immune component in the upper respiratory tract, reacted with homologous virus hemagglutinin (HA) and were highly cross-reactive with viral HA variants, resulting in protection and cross-protection against infection by both homologous and variant viruses, respectively. Serum-derived IgG Abs, which are present mainly in the lower respiratory tract, are less cross-reactive and cross-protective. In addition, our own clinical trials have shown that nasal-inactivated whole virus vaccines, including a built-in adjuvant (single-stranded RNA), induced serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) Ab titers that fulfilled the EMA criteria for vaccine efficacy. The nasal-inactivated whole virus vaccines also induced high levels of nasal HI and neutralizing Ab titers, although we have not yet evaluated the nasal HI titers due to the lack of official criteria to establish efficacy based on this parameter. Data suggest that adjuvant-combined nasal-inactivated vaccines have advantages over the current injectable vaccine because the former induce both S-IgA and serum IgG Abs. In addition, nasal-inactivated vaccines seem to be superior to the LAIV vaccines, because non-infectious preparations could be used in high-risk groups. Thus, the development of intranasal inactivated vaccines is recommended, because such vaccines are expected to improve the efficacy of influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Tamura
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
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Nogales A, Martinez-Sobrido L, Topham DJ, DeDiego ML. NS1 Protein Amino Acid Changes D189N and V194I Affect Interferon Responses, Thermosensitivity, and Virulence of Circulating H3N2 Human Influenza A Viruses. J Virol 2017; 91:e01930-16. [PMID: 28003482 PMCID: PMC5309952 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01930-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus NS1 protein is a nonstructural, multifunctional protein that counteracts host innate immune responses, modulating virus pathogenesis. NS1 protein variability in subjects infected with H3N2 influenza A viruses (IAVs) during the 2010/2011 season was analyzed, and amino acid changes in residues 86, 189, and 194 were found. The consequences of these mutations for the NS1-mediated inhibition of IFN responses and the pathogenesis of the virus were evaluated, showing that NS1 mutations D189N and V194I impaired the ability of the NS1 protein to inhibit general gene expression, most probably because these mutations decreased the binding of NS1 to the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 30 (CPSF30). A recombinant A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8) H1N1 virus encoding the H3N2 NS1-D189N protein was slightly attenuated, whereas the virus encoding the H3N2 NS1-V194I protein was further attenuated in mice. The higher attenuation of this virus could not be explained by differences in the ability of the two NS1 proteins to counteract host innate immune responses, indicating that another factor must be responsible. In fact, we showed that the virus encoding the H3N2 NS1-V194I protein demonstrated a temperature-sensitive (ts) phenotype, providing a most likely explanation for the stronger attenuation observed. As far as we know, this is the first description of a mutation in NS1 residue 194 conferring a ts phenotype. These studies are relevant in order to identify new residues important for NS1 functions and in human influenza virus surveillance to assess mutations affecting the pathogenicity of circulating viruses.IMPORTANCE Influenza viral infections represent a serious public health problem, with influenza virus causing a contagious respiratory disease that is most effectively prevented through vaccination. The multifunctional nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is the main viral factor counteracting the host antiviral response. Therefore, influenza virus surveillance to identify new mutations in the NS1 protein affecting the pathogenicity of the circulating viruses is highly important. In this work, we evaluated amino acid variability in the NS1 proteins from H3N2 human seasonal viruses and the effect of the mutations on innate immune responses and virus pathogenesis. NS1 mutations D189N and V194I impaired the ability of the NS1 protein to inhibit general gene expression, and recombinant viruses harboring these mutations were attenuated in a mouse model of influenza infection. Interestingly, a virus encoding the H3N2 NS1-V194I protein demonstrated a temperature-sensitive phenotype, further attenuating the virus in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David J Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Marta L DeDiego
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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45
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Nogales A, Martínez-Sobrido L. Reverse Genetics Approaches for the Development of Influenza Vaccines. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:E20. [PMID: 28025504 PMCID: PMC5297655 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause annual seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics of human respiratory disease. Influenza virus infections represent a serious public health and economic problem, which are most effectively prevented through vaccination. However, influenza viruses undergo continual antigenic variation, which requires either the annual reformulation of seasonal influenza vaccines or the rapid generation of vaccines against potential pandemic virus strains. The segmented nature of influenza virus allows for the reassortment between two or more viruses within a co-infected cell, and this characteristic has also been harnessed in the laboratory to generate reassortant viruses for their use as either inactivated or live-attenuated influenza vaccines. With the implementation of plasmid-based reverse genetics techniques, it is now possible to engineer recombinant influenza viruses entirely from full-length complementary DNA copies of the viral genome by transfection of susceptible cells. These reverse genetics systems have provided investigators with novel and powerful approaches to answer important questions about the biology of influenza viruses, including the function of viral proteins, their interaction with cellular host factors and the mechanisms of influenza virus transmission and pathogenesis. In addition, reverse genetics techniques have allowed the generation of recombinant influenza viruses, providing a powerful technology to develop both inactivated and live-attenuated influenza vaccines. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of state-of-the-art, plasmid-based, influenza reverse genetics approaches and their implementation to provide rapid, convenient, safe and more effective influenza inactivated or live-attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Reversion of Cold-Adapted Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine into a Pathogenic Virus. J Virol 2016; 90:8454-63. [PMID: 27440882 PMCID: PMC5021423 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00163-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The only licensed live attenuated influenza A virus vaccines (LAIVs) in the United States (FluMist) are created using internal protein-coding gene segments from the cold-adapted temperature-sensitive master donor virus A/Ann Arbor/6/1960 and HA/NA gene segments from circulating viruses. During serial passage of A/Ann Arbor/6/1960 at low temperatures to select the desired attenuating phenotypes, multiple cold-adaptive mutations and temperature-sensitive mutations arose. A substantial amount of scientific and clinical evidence has proven that FluMist is safe and effective. Nevertheless, no study has been conducted specifically to determine if the attenuating temperature-sensitive phenotype can revert and, if so, the types of substitutions that will emerge (i.e., compensatory substitutions versus reversion of existing attenuating mutations). Serial passage of the monovalent FluMist 2009 H1N1 pandemic vaccine at increasing temperatures in vitro generated a variant that replicated efficiently at higher temperatures. Sequencing of the variant identified seven nonsynonymous mutations, PB1-E51K, PB1-I171V, PA-N350K, PA-L366I, NP-N125Y, NP-V186I, and NS2-G63E. None occurred at positions previously reported to affect the temperature sensitivity of influenza A viruses. Synthetic genomics technology was used to synthesize the whole genome of the virus, and the roles of individual mutations were characterized by assessing their effects on RNA polymerase activity and virus replication kinetics at various temperatures. The revertant also regained virulence and caused significant disease in mice, with severity comparable to that caused by a wild-type 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus. IMPORTANCE The live attenuated influenza vaccine FluMist has been proven safe and effective and is widely used in the United States. The phenotype and genotype of the vaccine virus are believed to be very stable, and mutants that cause disease in animals or humans have never been reported. By propagating the virus under well-controlled laboratory conditions, we found that the FluMist vaccine backbone could regain virulence to cause severe disease in mice. The identification of the responsible substitutions and elucidation of the underlying mechanisms provide unique insights into the attenuation of influenza virus, which is important to basic research on vaccines, attenuation reversion, and replication. In addition, this study suggests that the safety of LAIVs should be closely monitored after mass vaccination and that novel strategies to continue to improve LAIV vaccine safety should be investigated.
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Fleming SB. Viral Inhibition of the IFN-Induced JAK/STAT Signalling Pathway: Development of Live Attenuated Vaccines by Mutation of Viral-Encoded IFN-Antagonists. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4030023. [PMID: 27367734 PMCID: PMC5041017 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) induced anti-viral response is amongst the earliest and most potent of the innate responses to fight viral infection. The induction of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activation of transcription (JAK/STAT) signalling pathway by IFNs leads to the upregulation of hundreds of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) for which, many have the ability to rapidly kill viruses within infected cells. During the long course of evolution, viruses have evolved an extraordinary range of strategies to counteract the host immune responses in particular by targeting the JAK/STAT signalling pathway. Understanding how the IFN system is inhibited has provided critical insights into viral virulence and pathogenesis. Moreover, identification of factors encoded by viruses that modulate the JAK/STAT pathway has opened up opportunities to create new anti-viral drugs and rationally attenuated new generation vaccines, particularly for RNA viruses, by reverse genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Fleming
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, 720 Cumberland St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
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Mutations Designed by Ensemble Defect to Misfold Conserved RNA Structures of Influenza A Segments 7 and 8 Affect Splicing and Attenuate Viral Replication in Cell Culture. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156906. [PMID: 27272307 PMCID: PMC4896458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus is a significant public health threat, but little is understood about the viral RNA structure and function. Current vaccines and therapeutic options to control influenza A virus infections are mostly protein-centric and of limited effectiveness. Here, we report using an ensemble defect approach to design mutations to misfold regions of conserved mRNA structures in influenza A virus segments 7 and 8. Influenza A mutant viruses inhibit pre-mRNA splicing and attenuate viral replication in cell culture, thus providing evidence for functions of the targeted regions. Targeting these influenza A viral RNA regions provides new possibilities for designing vaccines and therapeutics against this important human respiratory pathogen. The results also demonstrate that the ensemble defect approach is an efficient way to test for function of RNA sequences.
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Pavia AT. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness: Mysteries, Enigmas, and a Few Clues. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1521-2. [PMID: 26743843 PMCID: PMC4837904 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Pavia
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
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Sanders BP, de los Rios Oakes I, van Hoek V, Bockstal V, Kamphuis T, Uil TG, Song Y, Cooper G, Crawt LE, Martín J, Zahn R, Lewis J, Wimmer E, Custers JHHV, Schuitemaker H, Cello J, Edo-Matas D. Cold-Adapted Viral Attenuation (CAVA): Highly Temperature Sensitive Polioviruses as Novel Vaccine Strains for a Next Generation Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005483. [PMID: 27032093 PMCID: PMC4816566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The poliovirus vaccine field is moving towards novel vaccination strategies. Withdrawal of the Oral Poliovirus Vaccine and implementation of the conventional Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine (cIPV) is imminent. Moreover, replacement of the virulent poliovirus strains currently used for cIPV with attenuated strains is preferred. We generated Cold-Adapted Viral Attenuation (CAVA) poliovirus strains by serial passage at low temperature and subsequent genetic engineering, which contain the capsid sequences of cIPV strains combined with a set of mutations identified during cold-adaptation. These viruses displayed a highly temperature sensitive phenotype with no signs of productive infection at 37°C as visualized by electron microscopy. Furthermore, decreases in infectious titers, viral RNA, and protein levels were measured during infection at 37°C, suggesting a block in the viral replication cycle at RNA replication, protein translation, or earlier. However, at 30°C, they could be propagated to high titers (9.4-9.9 Log10TCID50/ml) on the PER.C6 cell culture platform. We identified 14 mutations in the IRES and non-structural regions, which in combination induced the temperature sensitive phenotype, also when transferred to the genomes of other wild-type and attenuated polioviruses. The temperature sensitivity translated to complete absence of neurovirulence in CD155 transgenic mice. Attenuation was also confirmed after extended in vitro passage at small scale using conditions (MOI, cell density, temperature) anticipated for vaccine production. The inability of CAVA strains to replicate at 37°C makes reversion to a neurovirulent phenotype in vivo highly unlikely, therefore, these strains can be considered safe for the manufacture of IPV. The CAVA strains were immunogenic in the Wistar rat potency model for cIPV, inducing high neutralizing antibody titers in a dose-dependent manner in response to D-antigen doses used for cIPV. In combination with the highly productive PER.C6 cell culture platform, the stably attenuated CAVA strains may serve as an attractive low-cost and (bio)safe option for the production of a novel next generation IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara P. Sanders
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Isabel de los Rios Oakes
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Vladimir van Hoek
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Viki Bockstal
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias Kamphuis
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Taco G. Uil
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yutong Song
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Gillian Cooper
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E. Crawt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Martín
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Zahn
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - John Lewis
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eckard Wimmer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jerome H. H. V. Custers
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeronimo Cello
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Diana Edo-Matas
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Leiden, the Netherlands
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