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Pena-Leon V, Perez-Lois R, Villalon M, Prida E, Muñoz-Moreno D, Fernø J, Quiñones M, Al-Massadi O, Seoane LM. Novel mechanisms involved in leptin sensitization in obesity. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116129. [PMID: 38490517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Leptin is a hormone that is secreted by adipocytes in proportion to adipose tissue size, and that informs the brain about the energy status of the body. Leptin acts through its receptor LepRb, expressed mainly in the hypothalamus, and induces a negative energy balance by potent inhibition of feeding and activation of energy expenditure. These actions have led to huge expectations for the development of therapeutic targets for metabolic complications based on leptin-derived compounds. However, the majority of patients with obesity presents elevated leptin production, suggesting that in this setting leptin is ineffective in the regulation of energy balance. This resistance to the action of leptin in obesity has led to the development of "leptin sensitizers," which have been tested in preclinical studies. Much research has focused on generating combined treatments that act on multiple levels of the gastrointestinal-brain axis. The gastrointestinal-brain axis secretes a variety of different anorexigenic signals, such as uroguanylin, glucagon-like peptide-1, amylin, or cholecystokinin, which can alleviate the resistance to leptin action. Moreover, alternative mechanism such as pharmacokinetics, proteostasis, the role of specific kinases, chaperones, ER stress and neonatal feeding modifications are also implicated in leptin resistance. This review will cover the current knowledge regarding the interaction of leptin with different endocrine factors from the gastrointestinal-brain axis and other novel mechanisms that improve leptin sensitivity in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Pena-Leon
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raquel Perez-Lois
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Villalon
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Prida
- Translational Endocrinology group, Endocrinology Section, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (IDIS/CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz-Moreno
- Translational Endocrinology group, Endocrinology Section, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (IDIS/CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5201 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mar Quiñones
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Omar Al-Massadi
- Translational Endocrinology group, Endocrinology Section, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (IDIS/CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luisa M Seoane
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Yin M, Wang Y, Han M, Liang R, Li S, Wang G, Gang X. Mechanisms of bariatric surgery for weight loss and diabetes remission. J Diabetes 2023; 15:736-752. [PMID: 37442561 PMCID: PMC10509523 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes(T2D) lead to defects in intestinal hormones secretion, abnormalities in the composition of bile acids (BAs), increased systemic and adipose tissue inflammation, defects of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) catabolism, and dysbiosis of gut microbiota. Bariatric surgery (BS) has been shown to be highly effective in the treatment of obesity and T2D, which allows us to view BS not simply as weight-loss surgery but as a means of alleviating obesity and its comorbidities, especially T2D. In recent years, accumulating studies have focused on the mechanisms of BS to find out which metabolic parameters are affected by BS through which pathways, such as which hormones and inflammatory processes are altered. The literatures are saturated with the role of intestinal hormones and the gut-brain axis formed by their interaction with neural networks in the remission of obesity and T2D following BS. In addition, BAs, gut microbiota and other factors are also involved in these benefits after BS. The interaction of these factors makes the mechanisms of metabolic improvement induced by BS more complicated. To date, we do not fully understand the exact mechanisms of the metabolic alterations induced by BS and its impact on the disease process of T2D itself. This review summarizes the changes of intestinal hormones, BAs, BCAAs, gut microbiota, signaling proteins, growth differentiation factor 15, exosomes, adipose tissue, brain function, and food preferences after BS, so as to fully understand the actual working mechanisms of BS and provide nonsurgical therapeutic strategies for obesity and T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengsha Yin
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of OrthopedicsThe Second Hospital Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Mingyue Han
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Ruishuang Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Xiaokun Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
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Watso JC, Fancher IS, Gomez DH, Hutchison ZJ, Gutiérrez OM, Robinson AT. The damaging duo: Obesity and excess dietary salt contribute to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13589. [PMID: 37336641 PMCID: PMC10406397 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among adults worldwide. In this review, we focus on two of the most critical public health challenges that contribute to hypertension-obesity and excess dietary sodium from salt (i.e., sodium chloride). While the independent effects of these factors have been studied extensively, the interplay of obesity and excess salt overconsumption is not well understood. Here, we discuss both the independent and combined effects of excess obesity and dietary salt given their contributions to vascular dysfunction, autonomic cardiovascular dysregulation, kidney dysfunction, and insulin resistance. We discuss the role of ultra-processed foods-accounting for nearly 60% of energy intake in America-as a major contributor to both obesity and salt overconsumption. We highlight the influence of obesity on elevated blood pressure in the presence of a high-salt diet (i.e., salt sensitivity). Throughout the review, we highlight critical gaps in knowledge that should be filled to inform us of the prevention, management, treatment, and mitigation strategies for addressing these public health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Watso
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Ibra S. Fancher
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Dulce H. Gomez
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Orlando M. Gutiérrez
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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DastAmooz S, Broujeni ST, Sarahian N. A primary study on rat fetal development and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels under the control of electromagnetic fields. J Public Health Afr 2023; 14:2347. [PMID: 37538938 PMCID: PMC10395370 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2023.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In previous researches, electromagnetic fields have been shown to adversely affect the behavior and biology of humans and animals; however, body growth and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were not evaluated. Objective The original investigation aimed to examine whether Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) exposure had adverse effects on spatial learning and motor function in rats and if physical activity could diminish the damaging effects of EMF exposure. In this study, we measured anthropometric measurements and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in pregnant rats' offspring to determine if Wi-Fi EMF also affected their growth. These data we report for the first time in this publication. Methods Twenty Albino-Wistar pregnant rats were divided randomly into EMF and control (CON) groups, and after delivery, 12 male fetuses were randomly selected. For assessing the body growth change of offspring beginning at delivery, then at 21 postnatal days, and finally at 56 post-natal days, the crown-rump length of the body was assessed using a digital caliper. Examining BDNF factor levels, an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA kit was taken. Bodyweight was recorded by digital scale. Results Outcomes of the anthropometric measurements demonstrated that EMF blocked body growth in rats exposed to EMF. The results of the BDNF test illustrated that the BDNF in the EMF liter group was remarkably decreased compared to the CON group. The results indicate that EMF exposure could affect BDNF levels and harm body growth in pregnant rats' offspring. Conclusions The results suggest that EMF exposure could affect BDNF levels and impair body growth in pregnant rats' offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima DastAmooz
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Shahzad Tahmasebi Broujeni
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences in Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Sarahian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Kooshki L, Zarneshan SN, Fakhri S, Moradi SZ, Echeverria J. The pivotal role of JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways in neurodegenerative diseases: Mechanistic approaches to polyphenols and alkaloids. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 112:154686. [PMID: 36804755 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are characterized by progressive neuronal dysfunctionality which results in disability and human life-threatening events. In recent decades, NDDs are on the rise. Besides, conventional drugs have not shown potential effectiveness to attenuate the complications of NDDs. So, exploring novel therapeutic agents is an urgent need to combat such disorders. Accordingly, growing evidence indicates that polyphenols and alkaloids are promising natural candidates, possessing several beneficial pharmacological effects against diseases. Considering the complex pathophysiological mechanisms behind NDDs, Janus kinase (JAK), insulin receptor substrate (IRS), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) seem to play critical roles during neurodegeneration/neuroregeneration. In this line, modulation of the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways and their interconnected mediators by polyphenols/alkaloids could play pivotal roles in combating NDDs, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), stroke, aging, multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), depression and other neurological disorders. PURPOSE Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective roles of polyphenols/alkaloids as multi-target natural products against NDDs which are critically passing through the modulation of the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A systematic and comprehensive review was performed to highlight the modulatory roles of polyphenols and alkaloids on the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways in NDDs, according to the PRISMA guideline, using scholarly electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and associated reference lists. RESULTS In the present study 141 articles were included from a total of 1267 results. The results showed that phenolic compounds such as curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, and quercetin, and alkaloids such as berberine could be introduced as new strategies in combating NDDs through JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathways. This is the first systematic review that reveals the correlation between the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K axis which is targeted by phytochemicals in NDDs. Hence, this review highlighted promising insights into the neuroprotective potential of polyphenols and alkaloids through the JAK/STAT and IRS/PI3K signaling pathway and interconnected mediators toward neuroprotection. CONCLUSION Amongst natural products, phenolic compounds and alkaloids are multi-targeting agents with the most antioxidants and anti-inflammatory effects possessing the potential of combating NDDs with high efficacy and lower toxicity. However, additional reports are needed to prove the efficacy and possible side effects of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Kooshki
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Seyed Zachariah Moradi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran; Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Javier Echeverria
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Adipose Tissue Paracrine-, Autocrine-, and Matrix-Dependent Signaling during the Development and Progression of Obesity. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030407. [PMID: 36766750 PMCID: PMC9913478 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an ever-increasing phenomenon, with 42% of Americans being considered obese (BMI ≥ 30) and 9.2% being considered morbidly obese (BMI ≥ 40) as of 2016. With obesity being characterized by an abundance of adipose tissue expansion, abnormal tissue remodeling is a typical consequence. Importantly, this pathological tissue expansion is associated with many alterations in the cellular populations and phenotypes within the tissue, lending to cellular, paracrine, mechanical, and metabolic alterations that have local and systemic effects, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In particular, vascular dynamics shift during the progression of obesity, providing signaling cues that drive metabolic dysfunction. In this review, paracrine-, autocrine-, and matrix-dependent signaling between adipocytes and endothelial cells is discussed in the context of the development and progression of obesity and its consequential diseases, including adipose fibrosis, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
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Ramos-Jiménez A, Zavala-Lira RA, Moreno-Brito V, González-Rodríguez E. FAT/CD36 Participation in Human Skeletal Muscle Lipid Metabolism: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2022; 12:jcm12010318. [PMID: 36615118 PMCID: PMC9821548 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12010318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid translocase/cluster of differentiation 36 (FAT/CD36) is a multifunctional membrane protein activated by a high-fat diet, physical exercise, fatty acids (FAs), leptin, and insulin. The principal function of FAT/CD36 is to facilitate the transport of long-chain fatty acids through cell membranes such as myocytes, adipocytes, heart, and liver. Under high-energy expenditure, the different isoforms of FAT/CD36 in the plasma membrane and mitochondria bind to the mobilization and oxidation of FAs. Furthermore, FAT/CD36 is released in its soluble form and becomes a marker of metabolic dysfunction. Studies with healthy animals and humans show that physical exercise and a high-lipid diet increase FAT/CD36 expression and caloric expenditure. However, several aspects such as obesity, diabetes, Single Nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and oxidative stress affect the normal FAs metabolism and function of FAT/CD36, inducing metabolic disease. Through a comprehensive systematic review of primary studies, this work aimed to document molecular mechanisms related to FAT/CD36 in FAs oxidation and trafficking in skeletal muscle under basal conditions, physical exercise, and diet in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnulfo Ramos-Jiménez
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo S/N, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Ruth A. Zavala-Lira
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Anillo Envolvente del PRONAF y Estocolmo S/N, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Verónica Moreno-Brito
- Facultad de Medicina, Circuito Universitario Campus II, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31124, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Everardo González-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Medicina, Circuito Universitario Campus II, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua 31124, Chihuahua, Mexico
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Anti-Obesity and Anti-Adipogenic Effects of Administration of Arginyl-Fructose-Enriched Jeju Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Extract in C57BL/6 Mice and in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes Models. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103248. [PMID: 35630735 PMCID: PMC9143543 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we reported that arginyl-fructose (AF), one of the Amadori rearrangement compounds (ARCs) produced by the heat processing of Korean ginseng can reduce carbohydrate absorption by inhibiting intestinal carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes in both in vitro and in vivo animal models. This reduced absorption of carbohydrate might be helpful to control body weight gain due to excessive carbohydrate consumption and support induced calorie restriction. However, the weight management effect, except for the effect due to anti-hyperglycemic action, along with the potential mechanism of action have not yet been determined. Therefore, the efforts of this study are to investigate and understand the possible weight management effect and mechanism action of AF-enriched barley extracts (BEE). More specifically, the effect of BEE on lipid accumulation and adipogenic gene expression, body weight gain, body weight, plasma lipids, body fat mass, and lipid deposition were evaluated using C57BL/6 mice and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes models. The formation of lipid droplets in the 3T3-L1 treated with BEE (500 and 750 µg/mL) was significantly blocked (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (30% fat) for 8 weeks with BEE (0.3 g/kg-body weight). Compared to the high fat diet control (HFD) group, the cells treated with BEE significantly decreased in intracellular lipid accumulation with concomitant decreases in the expression of key transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBP/α), the mRNA expression of downstream lipogenic target genes such as fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c). Supplementation of BEE effectively lowered the body weight gain, visceral fat accumulation, and plasma lipid concentrations. Compared to the HFD group, BEE significantly suppressed body weight gain (16.06 ± 2.44 g vs. 9.40 ± 1.39 g, p < 0.01) and increased serum adiponectin levels, significantly, 1.6-folder higher than the control group. These results indicate that AF-enriched barley extracts may prevent diet-induced weight gain and the anti-obesity effect is mediated in part by inhibiting adipogenesis and increasing adiponectin level.
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Gao SJ, Liu DQ, Li DY, Sun J, Zhang LQ, Wu JY, Song FH, Zhou YQ, Mei W. Adipocytokines: Emerging therapeutic targets for pain management. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112813. [PMID: 35279597 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although pain has lower mortality rates than cancer, diabetes and stroke, pain is a predominate source of distress and disability. However, the management of pain remains an enormous problem. Many drugs used to pain treatment have more or less side effects. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic target is critical for the treatment of pain. Notably, studies have shown that adipocytokines have a dual role in pain. Growing shreds of evidence shows that the levels of adipocytokines are upregulated or downregulated in the development of pain. In addition, substantial evidence indicates that regulation of adipocytokines levels in models of pain attenuates or promotes pain behaviors. In this review, we summarized and discussed the effect of adipocytokines in pain. These evidence indicates that adipocytokines attenuate or promote pain behaviors through interacting with their receptors, activating serotonin pathway, interacting with μ-opioid receptor, activating microglia, infiltrating macrophage and so on. Overall, adipocytokines have some potential in treating pain, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear and need to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Jie Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Dai-Qiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Dan-Yang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Jia Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Long-Qing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Jia-Yi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Fan-He Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Ya-Qun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.
| | - Wei Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China.
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Jeong B, Kim KK, Lee TH, Kim HR, Park BS, Park JW, Jeong JK, Seong JY, Lee BJ. Spexin Regulates Hypothalamic Leptin Action on Feeding Behavior. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020236. [PMID: 35204737 PMCID: PMC8961618 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) is a recently identified neuropeptide that is believed to play an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Here, we describe a mediating function of SPX in hypothalamic leptin action. Intracerebroventricular (icv) SPX administration induced a decrease in food intake and body weight gain. SPX was found to be expressed in cells expressing leptin receptor ObRb in the mouse hypothalamus. In line with this finding, icv leptin injection increased SPX mRNA in the ObRb-positive cells of the hypothalamus, which was blocked by treatment with a STAT3 inhibitor. Leptin also increased STAT3 binding to the SPX promoter, as measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. In vivo blockade of hypothalamic SPX biosynthesis with an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS ODN) resulted in a diminished leptin effect on food intake and body weight. AS ODN reversed leptin’s effect on the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA expression and, moreover, decreased leptin-induced STAT3 binding to the POMC promoter sequence. These results suggest that SPX is involved in leptin’s action on POMC gene expression in the hypothalamus and impacts the anorexigenic effects of leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea; (B.J.); (K.-K.K.); (T.-H.L.); (B.-S.P.); (J.-W.P.)
| | - Kwang-Kon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea; (B.J.); (K.-K.K.); (T.-H.L.); (B.-S.P.); (J.-W.P.)
| | - Tae-Hwan Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea; (B.J.); (K.-K.K.); (T.-H.L.); (B.-S.P.); (J.-W.P.)
| | - Han-Rae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 22037, USA; (H.-R.K.); (J.-K.J.)
| | - Byong-Seo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea; (B.J.); (K.-K.K.); (T.-H.L.); (B.-S.P.); (J.-W.P.)
| | - Jeong-Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea; (B.J.); (K.-K.K.); (T.-H.L.); (B.-S.P.); (J.-W.P.)
| | - Jin-Kwon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 22037, USA; (H.-R.K.); (J.-K.J.)
| | - Jae-Young Seong
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.S.); (B.-J.L.)
| | - Byung-Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea; (B.J.); (K.-K.K.); (T.-H.L.); (B.-S.P.); (J.-W.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.S.); (B.-J.L.)
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11
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Relationship between Energy Balance and Circulating Levels of Hepcidin and Ferritin in the Fasted and Postprandial States. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103557. [PMID: 34684558 PMCID: PMC8539037 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Markers of iron metabolism are altered in new-onset diabetes, but their relationship with metabolic signals involved in the maintenance of energy balance is poorly understood. The primary aim was to explore the associations between markers of iron metabolism (hepcidin and ferritin) and markers of energy balance (leptin, ghrelin, and the leptin/ghrelin ratio) in both the fasted and postprandial states. These associations were also studied in the sub-groups stratified by diabetes status. This was a cross-sectional study of individuals without disorders of iron metabolism who were investigated after an overnight fast and, in addition, some of these individuals underwent a mixed meal test to determine postprandial responses of metabolic signals. The associations between hepcidin, ferritin, and leptin, ghrelin, leptin/ghrelin ratio were studied using several multiple linear regression models. A total of 76 individuals in the fasted state and 34 individuals in the postprandial state were included. In the overall cohort, hepcidin was significantly inversely associated with leptin (in the most adjusted model, the β coefficient ± SE was −883.45 ± 400.94; p = 0.031) and the leptin/ghrelin ratio (in the most adjusted model, the β coefficient ± SE was −148.26 ± 61.20; p = 0.018) in the fasted state. The same associations were not statistically significant in the postprandial state. In individuals with new-onset prediabetes or diabetes (but not in those with normoglycaemia or longstanding prediabetes or diabetes), hepcidin was significantly inversely associated with leptin (in the most adjusted model, the β coefficient ± SE was −806.09 ± 395.44; p = 0.050) and the leptin/ghrelin ratio (in the most adjusted model, the β coefficient ± SE was −129.40 ± 59.14; p = 0.037). Leptin appears to be a mediator in the link between iron metabolism and new-onset diabetes mellitus. These findings add to the growing understanding of mechanisms underlying the derangements of glucose metabolism.
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12
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Kaneko K. Appetite regulation by plant-derived bioactive peptides for promoting health. Peptides 2021; 144:170608. [PMID: 34265369 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Appetite is closely regulated not only by gut hormonal and neuronal peptides but also by exogenous peptides derived from food proteins. Food proteins are now recognized to contain many thousands of bioactive compounds that provide additional health benefits beyond their nutritional effects. Bioactive peptides are beneficial to the life and/or to regulate physiological functions. Although animal protein products have been widely applied in the food industry, exploring the possibilities of developing functional foods based on plant protein-derived peptides is considered attractive for achieving sustainable development goals. In addition, peptides from plant proteins have the potential to treat numerous diseases or risk factors and may therefore facilitate a healthy life expectancy. In this review, we discuss the identified plant-based bioactive peptides and their appetite regulating effects. Plant-based bioactive peptides may provide new opportunities to discover novel approaches that can improve and prevent diseases in a sustainable environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kaneko
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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13
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Correa‐da‐Silva F, Fliers E, Swaab DF, Yi C. Hypothalamic neuropeptides and neurocircuitries in Prader Willi syndrome. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12994. [PMID: 34156126 PMCID: PMC8365683 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare and incurable congenital neurodevelopmental disorder, resulting from the absence of expression of a group of genes on the paternally acquired chromosome 15q11-q13. Phenotypical characteristics of PWS include infantile hypotonia, short stature, incomplete pubertal development, hyperphagia and morbid obesity. Hypothalamic dysfunction in controlling body weight and food intake is a hallmark of PWS. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that PWS subjects have abnormal neurocircuitry engaged in the hedonic and physiological control of feeding behavior. This is translated into diminished production of hypothalamic effector peptides which are responsible for the coordination of energy homeostasis and satiety. So far, studies with animal models for PWS and with human post-mortem hypothalamic specimens demonstrated changes particularly in the infundibular and the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, both in orexigenic and anorexigenic neural populations. Moreover, many PWS patients have a severe endocrine dysfunction, e.g. central hypogonadism and/or growth hormone deficiency, which may contribute to the development of increased fat mass, especially if left untreated. Additionally, the role of non-neuronal cells, such as astrocytes and microglia in the hypothalamic dysregulation in PWS is yet to be determined. Notably, microglial activation is persistently present in non-genetic obesity. To what extent microglia, and other glial cells, are affected in PWS is poorly understood. The elucidation of the hypothalamic dysfunction in PWS could prove to be a key feature of rational therapeutic management in this syndrome. This review aims to examine the evidence for hypothalamic dysfunction, both at the neuropeptidergic and circuitry levels, and its correlation with the pathophysiology of PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Correa‐da‐Silva
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Neuropsychiatric DisordersNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dick F. Swaab
- Department of Neuropsychiatric DisordersNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Chun‐Xia Yi
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and MetabolismAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyAmsterdam University Medical Center (UMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Neuropsychiatric DisordersNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAn Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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14
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Microglia-Neuron Crosstalk in Obesity: Melodious Interaction or Kiss of Death? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105243. [PMID: 34063496 PMCID: PMC8155827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced obesity can originate from the dysregulated activity of hypothalamic neuronal circuits, which are critical for the regulation of body weight and food intake. The exact mechanisms underlying such neuronal defects are not yet fully understood, but a maladaptive cross-talk between neurons and surrounding microglial is likely to be a contributing factor. Functional and anatomical connections between microglia and hypothalamic neuronal cells are at the core of how the brain orchestrates changes in the body's metabolic needs. However, such a melodious interaction may become maladaptive in response to prolonged diet-induced metabolic stress, thereby causing overfeeding, body weight gain, and systemic metabolic perturbations. From this perspective, we critically discuss emerging molecular and cellular underpinnings of microglia-neuron communication in the hypothalamic neuronal circuits implicated in energy balance regulation. We explore whether changes in this intercellular dialogue induced by metabolic stress may serve as a protective neuronal mechanism or contribute to disease establishment and progression. Our analysis provides a framework for future mechanistic studies that will facilitate progress into both the etiology and treatments of metabolic disorders.
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15
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Liu J, Cao J, Li Y, Guo F. Beneficial Flavonoid in Foods and Anti-obesity Effect. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1923730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaoxian Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fujiang Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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16
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Guzmán-Ruiz MA, Jiménez A, Cárdenas-Rivera A, Guerrero-Vargas NN, Organista-Juárez D, Guevara-Guzmán R. Regulation of Metabolic Health by an "Olfactory-Hypothalamic Axis" and Its Possible Implications for the Development of Therapeutic Approaches for Obesity and T2D. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1727-1743. [PMID: 33813677 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory system is responsible for the reception, integration and interpretation of odors. However, in the last years, it has been discovered that the olfactory perception of food can rapidly modulate the activity of hypothalamic neurons involved in the regulation of energy balance. Conversely, the hormonal signals derived from changes in the metabolic status of the body can also change the sensitivity of the olfactory system, suggesting that the bidirectional relationship established between the olfactory and the hypothalamic systems is key for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. In the first part of this review, we describe the possible mechanisms and anatomical pathways involved in the modulation of energy balance regulated by the olfactory system. Hence, we propose a model to explain its implication in the maintenance of the metabolic homeostasis of the organism. In the second part, we discuss how the olfactory system could be involved in the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type two diabetes and, finally, we propose the use of intranasal therapies aimed to regulate and improve the activity of the olfactory system that in turn will be able to control the neuronal activity of hypothalamic centers to prevent or ameliorate metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Alaide Guzmán-Ruiz
- Laboratorio Sensorial, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Edificio A, 4º piso, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Adriana Jiménez
- Laboratorio Sensorial, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Edificio A, 4º piso, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alfredo Cárdenas-Rivera
- Centro de Investigación en Bioingeniería, Universidad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Lima, Perú
| | - Natalí N Guerrero-Vargas
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Diana Organista-Juárez
- Laboratorio Sensorial, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Edificio A, 4º piso, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rosalinda Guevara-Guzmán
- Laboratorio Sensorial, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Edificio A, 4º piso, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
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17
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Liang Y, Ma Y, Wang J, Nie L, Hou X, Wu W, Zhang X, Tian Y. Leptin Contributes to Neuropathic Pain via Extrasynaptic NMDAR-nNOS Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1185-1195. [PMID: 33099751 PMCID: PMC7878206 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocytokine that is primarily secreted by white adipose tissue, and it contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain in collaboration with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). Functional NMDARs are a heteromeric complex that primarily comprise two NR1 subunits and two NR2 subunits. NR2A is preferentially located at synaptic sites, and NR2B is enriched at extrasynaptic sites. The roles of synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDARs in the contribution of leptin to neuropathic pain are not clear. The present study examined whether the important role of leptin in neuropathic pain was related to synaptic or extrasynaptic NMDARs. We used a rat model of spared nerve injury (SNI) and demonstrated that the intrathecal administration of the NR2A-selective antagonist NVP-AAM077 and the NR2B-selective antagonist Ro25-6981 prevented and reversed mechanical allodynia following SNI. Administration of exogenous leptin mimicked SNI-induced behavioral allodynia, which was also prevented by NVP-AAM077 and Ro25-6981. Mechanistic studies showed that leptin enhanced NR2B- but not NR2A-mediated currents in spinal lamina II neurons of naïve rats. Leptin also upregulated the expression of NR2B, which was blocked by the NR2B-selective antagonist Ro25-6981, in cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Leptin enhanced neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression, which was also blocked by Ro25-6981, in cultured DRG cells. However, leptin did not change NR2A expression, and the NR2A-selective antagonist NVP-AAM077 had no effect on leptin-enhanced nNOS expression. Our data suggest an important cellular link between the spinal effects of leptin and the extrasynaptic NMDAR-nNOS-mediated cellular mechanism of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Liang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yuxin Ma
- Department of Anatomy, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jieqin Wang
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lei Nie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Xusheng Hou
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- Target and Interventional Therapy Department of Oncology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Xingmei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Yinghong Tian
- Experiment Teaching & Administration Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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18
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Singh O, Agarwal N, Yadav A, Basu S, Malik S, Rani S, Kumar V, Singru PS. Concurrent changes in photoperiod-induced seasonal phenotypes and hypothalamic CART peptide-containing systems in night-migratory redheaded buntings. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2775-2798. [PMID: 33141294 PMCID: PMC7608113 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis whether hypothalamic cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)-containing systems were involved in photoperiod-induced responses associated with spring migration (hyperphagia and weight gain) and reproduction (gonadal maturation) in migratory songbirds. We specifically chose CART to examine neural mechanism(s) underlying photoperiod-induced responses, since it is a potent anorectic neuropeptide and involved in the regulation of changes in the body mass and reproduction in mammals. We first studied the distribution of CART-immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus of migratory redheaded buntings (Emberiza bruniceps). CART-immunoreactive neurons were found extensively distributed in the preoptic, lateral hypothalamic (LHN), anterior hypothalamic (AN), suprachiasmatic (SCN), paraventricular (PVN), dorsomedialis hypothalami (DMN), inferior hypothalamic (IH), and infundibular (IN) nuclei. Then, we correlated hypothalamic CART-immunoreactivity in buntings with photostimulated seasonal states, particularly winter non-migratory/non-breeding (NMB) state under short days, and spring premigratory/pre-breeding (PMB) and migratory/breeding (MB) states under long days. There were significantly increased CART-immunoreactive cells, and percent fluorescent area of CART-immunoreactivity was significantly increased in all mapped hypothalamic areas, except the SCN, PVN, AN, and DMN in photostimulated PMB and MB states, as compared to the non-stimulated NMB state. In particular, CART was richly expressed in the medial preoptic nucleus, LHN, IH and IN during MB state in which buntings showed reduced food intake and increased night-time activity. These results suggest that changes in the activity of the CART-containing system in different brain regions were associated with heightened energy needs of the photoperiod-induced seasonal responses during spring migration and reproduction in migratory songbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omprakash Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, 752050, Odisha, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Neha Agarwal
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India.,Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Anupama Yadav
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Sumela Basu
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, 752050, Odisha, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Shalie Malik
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Sangeeta Rani
- Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Praful S Singru
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khurda, 752050, Odisha, India. .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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19
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Lee J, Raycraft L, Johnson AW. The dynamic regulation of appetitive behavior through lateral hypothalamic orexin and melanin concentrating hormone expressing cells. Physiol Behav 2020; 229:113234. [PMID: 33130035 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) is a heterogeneous brain structure extensively studied for its potent role in regulating energy balance. The anatomical and molecular diversity of the LHA permits the orchestration of responses to energy sensing cues from the brain and periphery. Two of the primary cell populations within the LHA associated with integration of this information are Orexin (ORX) and Melanin Concentrating Hormone (MCH). While both of these non-overlapping populations exhibit orexigenic properties, the activities of these two systems support feeding behavior through contrasting mechanisms. We describe the anatomical and functional properties as well as interaction with other neuropeptides and brain reward and hedonic systems. Specific outputs relating to arousal, food seeking, feeding, and metabolism are coordinated through these mechanisms. We then discuss how both the ORX and MCH systems harmonize in a divergent yet overall cooperative manner to orchestrate feeding behavior through transitions between various appetitive states, and thus offer novel insights into LHA allostatic control of appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander W Johnson
- Department of Psychology; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
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20
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Sergi D, Williams LM. Potential relationship between dietary long-chain saturated fatty acids and hypothalamic dysfunction in obesity. Nutr Rev 2020; 78:261-277. [PMID: 31532491 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced hypothalamic inflammation, which leads to hypothalamic dysfunction and a loss of regulation of energy balance, is emerging as a potential driver of obesity. Excessive intake of long-chain saturated fatty acids is held to be the causative dietary component in hypothalamic inflammation. This review summarizes current evidence on the role of long-chain saturated fatty acids in promoting hypothalamic inflammation and the related induction of central insulin and leptin insensitivity. Particularly, the present review focuses on the molecular mechanisms linking long-chain saturated fatty acids and hypothalamic inflammation, emphasizing the metabolic fate of fatty acids and the resulting lipotoxicity, which is a key driver of hypothalamic dysfunction. In conclusion, long-chain saturated fatty acids are key nutrients that promote hypothalamic inflammation and dysfunction by fostering the build-up of lipotoxic lipid species, such as ceramide. Furthermore, when long-chain saturated fatty acids are consumed in combination with high levels of refined carbohydrates, the proinflammatory effects are exacerbated via a mechanism that relies on the formation of advanced glycation end products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Sergi
- Nutrition and Health Substantiation Group, Nutrition and Health Program, Health and Biosecurity, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lynda M Williams
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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21
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Yousefi M, Jonaidi H, Sadeghi B. Influence of peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on feed intake, body temperature and hypothalamic expression of neuropeptides involved in appetite regulation in broilers and layer chicks. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:110-117. [PMID: 32820660 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1813254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
1. This study examined the expression of genes related to appetite-regulating neuropeptides in the hypothalamus of broiler and layer chicks (Gallus gallus) after intraperitoneal (IP) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 2. Both broiler and layer chicks received (n = 10 per group) LPS at doses of 0 and 200 µg and feed intake was measured up to 6 h after injection. In a further experiment, (n = 8 per group) mRNA abundance of some hypothalamic neuropeptides was measured 2 h after injection. The rectal temperature of each chick was measured before and 2 h post-injection. 3. Feed intake was significantly decreased by LPS from 2 h after injection and thereafter, while the rectal temperature did not change. 4. LPS decreased the expression of appetite-enhancing neuropeptides: neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) in broilers and, NPY in layer chicks. The expression of appetite-suppressing neuropeptides (corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and, cocaine and amphetamine regulated-transcript (CART) was not changed in broilers, while CRF tended to decrease and POMC was significantly decreased in layers. The abundance of the cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) did not change in broilers but was decreased in layers. 5. The findings indicated that the reduction in gene expression of hypothalamic appetite-enhancing neuropeptides NPY and AgRP is responsible for anorexia caused by LPS at a dose that did not influence body temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yousefi
- Division of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman (SBUK) , Kerman, Iran
| | - H Jonaidi
- Division of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman (SBUK) , Kerman, Iran
| | - B Sadeghi
- Division of Food Hygiene and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman (SBUK) , Kerman, Iran
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22
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Gauda EB, Conde S, Bassi M, Zoccal DB, Almeida Colombari DS, Colombari E, Despotovic N. Leptin: Master Regulator of Biological Functions that Affects Breathing. Compr Physiol 2020; 10:1047-1083. [PMID: 32941688 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic in developed countries accounting for many of the metabolic and cardiorespiratory morbidities that occur in adults. These morbidities include type 2 diabetes, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), obstructive sleep apnea, chronic intermittent hypoxia, and hypertension. Leptin, produced by adipocytes, is a master regulator of metabolism and of many other biological functions including central and peripheral circuits that control breathing. By binding to receptors on cells and neurons in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and carotid body, leptin links energy and metabolism to breathing. In this comprehensive article, we review the central and peripheral locations of leptin's actions that affect cardiorespiratory responses during health and disease, with a particular focus on obesity, SDB, and its effects during early development. Obesity-induced hyperleptinemia is associated with centrally mediated hypoventilation with decrease CO2 sensitivity. On the other hand, hyperleptinemia augments peripheral chemoreflexes to hypoxia and induces sympathoexcitation. Thus, "leptin resistance" in obesity is relative. We delineate the circuits responsible for these divergent effects, including signaling pathways. We review the unique effects of leptin during development on organogenesis, feeding behavior, and cardiorespiratory responses, and how undernutrition and overnutrition during critical periods of development can lead to cardiorespiratory comorbidities in adulthood. We conclude with suggestions for future directions to improve our understanding of leptin dysregulation and associated clinical diseases and possible therapeutic targets. Lastly, we briefly discuss the yin and the yang, specifically the contribution of relative adiponectin deficiency in adults with hyperleptinemia to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:1047-1083, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle B Gauda
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Silvia Conde
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mirian Bassi
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel B Zoccal
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Simoes Almeida Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Colombari
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nikola Despotovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Leptin stimulates synaptogenesis in hippocampal neurons via KLF4 and SOCS3 inhibition of STAT3 signaling. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 106:103500. [PMID: 32438059 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal development of neuronal connections in the hippocampus requires neurotrophic signals, including the cytokine leptin. During neonatal development, leptin induces formation and maturation of dendritic spines, the main sites of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampal neurons. However, the molecular mechanisms for leptin-induced synaptogenesis are not entirely understood. In this study, we reveal two novel targets of leptin in developing hippocampal neurons and address their role in synaptogenesis. First target is Kruppel-Like Factor 4 (KLF4), which we identified using a genome-wide target analysis strategy. We show that leptin upregulates KLF4 in hippocampal neurons and that leptin signaling is important for KLF4 expression in vivo. Furthermore, KLF4 is required for leptin-induced synaptogenesis, as shKLF4 blocks and upregulation of KLF4 phenocopies it. We go on to show that KLF4 requires its signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) binding site and thus potentially blocks STAT3 activity to induce synaptogenesis. Second, we show that leptin increases the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), another well-known inhibitor of STAT3, in developing hippocampal neurons. SOCS3 is also required for leptin-induced synaptogenesis and sufficient to stimulate it alone. Finally, we show that constitutively active STAT3 blocks the effects of leptin on spine formation, while the targeted knockdown of STAT3 is sufficient to induce it. Overall, our data demonstrate that leptin increases the expression of both KLF4 and SOCS3, inhibiting the activity of STAT3 in the hippocampal neurons and resulting in the enhancement of glutamatergic synaptogenesis during neonatal development.
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Lee SH, Byun MS, Lee JH, Yi D, Sohn BK, Lee JY, Kim YK, Shin SA, Sohn CH, Lee DY. Sex-Specific Association of Lifetime Body Mass Index with Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Biomarkers. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 75:767-777. [PMID: 32333586 PMCID: PMC7369081 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Although recent studies indicate that the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may differ by both sex and age of BMI measurement, little information is available on sex- or age-specific associations between BMI and AD neuropathologies. Objective: To examined whether sex-specific BMIs measured at different life-stages (in early adulthood, midlife, and late life) were associated with cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and AD-signature region cortical thickness (AD-CT) in cognitively normal (CN) older adults. Methods: A total of 212 CN subjects aged 60–90 years (females 108, males 104), who participated in the Korean Brain Aging Study for Early Diagnosis and Prediction of Alzheimer’s Disease (KBASE), an ongoing prospective cohort study, were included. All participants underwent comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological assessments, [11C] Pittsburgh Compound B positron emission tomography, and brain magnetic resonance imaging. BMIs at different life stages were calculated. Multiple regression analyses were performed separately for either sex. Results: In males, lower early adulthood or midlife BMI was associated with greater cerebral Aβ deposition, but late life BMI was not. Lower midlife BMI was associated with reduced AD-CT, but the BMI in early adulthood and late life was not. In females, no significant association was observed between any lifetime BMI and Aβ deposition or AD-CT. Conclusion: Our results support a male-specific association between BMI prior to late life, and in vivo AD pathologies. Avoiding underweight status early in life may be important to prevent AD dementia in males, but not females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hoon Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Bucheon Geriatric Medical Center, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Byun
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Yi
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Kyung Sohn
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyeong Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong A Shin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Sohn
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Sun C, Tang K, Wu J, Xu H, Zhang W, Cao T, Zhou Y, Yu T, Li A. Leptin modulates olfactory discrimination and neural activity in the olfactory bulb. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 227:e13319. [PMID: 31144469 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Leptin is an important peptide hormone that regulates food intake and plays a crucial role in modulating olfactory function. Although a few previous studies have investigated the effect of leptin on odor perception and discrimination in rodents, research on the neural basis underlying the behavioral changes is lacking. Here we study how leptin affects behavioral performance during a go/no-go task and how it modulates neural activity of mitral/tufted cells in the olfactory bulb, which plays an important role in odor information processing and representation. METHODS A go/no-go odor discrimination task was used in the behavioral test. For in vivo studies, single unit recordings, local field potential recordings and fiber photometry recordings were used. For in vitro studies, we performed patch clamp recordings in the slice of the olfactory bulb. RESULTS Behaviorally, leptin affects performance and reaction time in a difficult odor-discrimination task. Leptin decreases the spontaneous firing of single mitral/tufted cells, decreases the odor-evoked beta and high gamma local field potential response, and has bidirectional effects on the odor-evoked responses of single mitral/tufted cells. Leptin also inhibits the population calcium activity in genetically identified mitral/tufted cells and granule cells. Furthermore, in vitro slice recordings reveal that leptin inhibits mitral cell activity through direct modulation of the voltage-sensitive potassium channel. CONCLUSIONS The behavioral reduction in odor discrimination observed after leptin administration is likely due to decreased neural activity in mitral/tufted cells, caused by modulation of potassium channels in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Keke Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Jing Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Han Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Tiantian Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
- The Affiliated Changzhou NO.2 People's Hospital with Nanjing Medical University Changzhou China
| | - Tian Yu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora Colorado
| | - Anan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
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Mills JG, Larkin TA, Deng C, Thomas SJ. Weight gain in Major Depressive Disorder: Linking appetite and disordered eating to leptin and ghrelin. Psychiatry Res 2019; 279:244-251. [PMID: 30878306 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) involves changes in appetite and weight, with a subset of individuals at an increased risk of weight gain. Pathways to weight gain may include appetite disturbances, excess eating, and dysregulation of appetite hormones. However, little research has simultaneously examined relationships between hormones, eating behaviours and MDD symptoms. Plasma ghrelin and leptin, biometrics, eating behaviours and psychopathology were compared between depressed (n = 60) and control (n = 60) participants. Depressed participants were subcategorised into those with increased or decreased appetite/weight for comparison by subtype. The Dutch Eating Behaviours Questionnaire and Yale Food Addiction Scale measured eating behaviours. Disordered eating was higher in MDD than controls, in females than males, and in depressed individuals with increased, compared to decreased, appetite/weight. Leptin levels were higher in females only. Leptin levels correlated positively, and ghrelin negatively, with disordered eating. The results provide further evidence for high levels of disordered eating in MDD, particularly in females. The correlations suggest that excessive eating in MDD is significantly linked to appetite hormones, indicating that it involves physiological, rather than purely psychological, factors. Further, longitudinal, research is needed to better understand whether hormonal factors play a causal role in excessive eating in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Mills
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Theresa A Larkin
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Chao Deng
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia; Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Susan J Thomas
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
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Ferrer B, Peres TV, Dos Santos AA, Bornhorst J, Morcillo P, Gonçalves CL, Aschner M. Methylmercury Affects the Expression of Hypothalamic Neuropeptides That Control Body Weight in C57BL/6J Mice. Toxicol Sci 2019; 163:557-568. [PMID: 29850906 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental pollutant that affects primarily the central nervous system (CNS), causing neurological alterations. An early symptom of MeHg poisoning is the loss of body weight and appetite. Moreover, the CNS has an important role in controlling energy homeostasis. It is known that in the hypothalamus nutrient and hormonal signals converge to orchestrate control of body weight and food intake. In this study, we investigated if MeHg is able to induce changes in the expression of key hypothalamic neuropeptides that regulate energy homeostasis. Thus, hypothalamic neuronal mouse cell line GT 1-7 was treated with MeHg at different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 5 µM). MeHg induced the expression of the anorexigenic neuropeptide pro-omiomelanocortin (Pomc) and the orexigenic peptide Agouti-related peptide (Agrp) in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting deregulation of mechanisms that control body weight. To confirm these in vitro observations, 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice (males and females) were exposed to MeHg in drinking water, modeling the most prevalent exposure route to this metal. After 30-day exposure, no changes in body weight were detected. However, MeHg treated males showed a significant decrease in fat depots. Moreover, MeHg affected the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides that control food intake and body weight in a gender- and dose-dependent manner. Thus, MeHg increases Pomc mRNA only in males in a dose-dependent way, and it does not have effects on the expression of Agrp mRNA. The present study shows, for first time, that MeHg is able to induce changes in hypothalamic neuropeptides that regulate energy homeostasis, favoring an anorexigenic/catabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Ferrer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Tanara Vieira Peres
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | | | - Julia Bornhorst
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Patricia Morcillo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Cinara Ludvig Gonçalves
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
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McKinley MJ, Denton DA, Ryan PJ, Yao ST, Stefanidis A, Oldfield BJ. From sensory circumventricular organs to cerebral cortex: Neural pathways controlling thirst and hunger. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12689. [PMID: 30672620 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Much progress has been made during the past 30 years with respect to elucidating the neural and endocrine pathways by which bodily needs for water and energy are brought to conscious awareness through the generation of thirst and hunger. One way that circulating hormones influence thirst and hunger is by acting on neurones within sensory circumventricular organs (CVOs). This is possible because the subfornical organ and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), the sensory CVOs in the forebrain, and the area postrema in the hindbrain lack a normal blood-brain barrier such that neurones within them are exposed to blood-borne agents. The neural signals generated by hormonal action in these sensory CVOs are relayed to several sites in the cerebral cortex to stimulate or inhibit thirst or hunger. The subfornical organ and OVLT respond to circulating angiotensin II, relaxin and hypertonicity to drive thirst-related neural pathways, whereas circulating amylin, leptin and possibly glucagon-like peptide-1 act at the area postrema to influence neural pathways inhibiting food intake. As a result of investigations using functional brain imaging techniques, the insula and anterior cingulate cortex, as well as several other cortical sites, have been implicated in the conscious perception of thirst and hunger in humans. Viral tracing techniques show that the anterior cingulate cortex and insula receive neural inputs from thirst-related neurones in the subfornical organ and OVLT, with hunger-related neurones in the area postrema having polysynaptic efferent connections to these cortical regions. For thirst, initially, the median preoptic nucleus and, subsequently, the thalamic paraventricular nucleus and lateral hypothalamus have been identified as likely sites of synaptic links in pathways from the subfornical organ and OVLT to the cortex. The challenge remains to identify the links in the neural pathways that relay signals originating in sensory CVOs to cortical sites subserving either thirst or hunger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McKinley
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Derek A Denton
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Office of the Dean of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip J Ryan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Song T Yao
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aneta Stefanidis
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brian J Oldfield
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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29
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van der Klaauw AA, Croizier S, Mendes de Oliveira E, Stadler LKJ, Park S, Kong Y, Banton MC, Tandon P, Hendricks AE, Keogh JM, Riley SE, Papadia S, Henning E, Bounds R, Bochukova EG, Mistry V, O'Rahilly S, Simerly RB, Minchin JEN, Barroso I, Jones EY, Bouret SG, Farooqi IS. Human Semaphorin 3 Variants Link Melanocortin Circuit Development and Energy Balance. Cell 2019; 176:729-742.e18. [PMID: 30661757 PMCID: PMC6370916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic melanocortin neurons play a pivotal role in weight regulation. Here, we examined the contribution of Semaphorin 3 (SEMA3) signaling to the development of these circuits. In genetic studies, we found 40 rare variants in SEMA3A-G and their receptors (PLXNA1-4; NRP1-2) in 573 severely obese individuals; variants disrupted secretion and/or signaling through multiple molecular mechanisms. Rare variants in this set of genes were significantly enriched in 982 severely obese cases compared to 4,449 controls. In a zebrafish mutagenesis screen, deletion of 7 genes in this pathway led to increased somatic growth and/or adiposity demonstrating that disruption of Semaphorin 3 signaling perturbs energy homeostasis. In mice, deletion of the Neuropilin-2 receptor in Pro-opiomelanocortin neurons disrupted their projections from the arcuate to the paraventricular nucleus, reduced energy expenditure, and caused weight gain. Cumulatively, these studies demonstrate that SEMA3-mediated signaling drives the development of hypothalamic melanocortin circuits involved in energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha A van der Klaauw
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sophie Croizier
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edson Mendes de Oliveira
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lukas K J Stadler
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Soyoung Park
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Youxin Kong
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Pathogenesis of Vascular Infections Unit, INSERM, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Matthew C Banton
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Panna Tandon
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Audrey E Hendricks
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK; Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA
| | - Julia M Keogh
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Susanna E Riley
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sofia Papadia
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elana Henning
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca Bounds
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elena G Bochukova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Vanisha Mistry
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard B Simerly
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, TN 37232-0615, USA
| | - James E N Minchin
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Inês Barroso
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sebastien G Bouret
- The Saban Research Institute, Developmental Neuroscience Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; INSERM U1172, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.
| | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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Larson CJ. Translational Pharmacology and Physiology of Brown Adipose Tissue in Human Disease and Treatment. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 251:381-424. [PMID: 30689089 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) is experimentally modeled to better understand the biology of this important metabolic tissue, and also to enable the potential discovery and development of novel therapeutics for obesity and sequelae resulting from the persistent positive energy balance. This chapter focuses on translation into humans of findings and hypotheses generated in nonhuman models of BAT pharmacology. Given the demonstrated challenges of sustainably reducing caloric intake in modern humans, potential solutions to obesity likely lie in increasing energy expenditure. The energy-transforming activities of a single cell in any given tissue can be conceptualized as a flow of chemical energy from energy-rich substrate molecules into energy-expending, endergonic biological work processes through oxidative degradation of organic molecules ingested as nutrients. Despite the relatively tight coupling between metabolic reactions and products, some expended energy is incidentally lost as heat, and in this manner a significant fraction of the energy originally captured from the environment nonproductively transforms into heat rather than into biological work. In human and other mammalian cells, some processes are even completely uncoupled, and therefore purely energy consuming. These molecular and cellular actions sum up at the physiological level to adaptive thermogenesis, the endogenous physiology in which energy is nonproductively released as heat through uncoupling of mitochondria in brown fat and potentially skeletal muscle. Adaptive thermogenesis in mammals occurs in three forms, mostly in skeletal muscle and brown fat: shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscle, non-shivering thermogenesis in brown fat, and diet-induced thermogenesis in brown fat. At the cellular level, the greatest energy transformations in humans and other eukaryotes occur in the mitochondria, where creating energetic inefficiency by uncoupling the conversion of energy-rich substrate molecules into ATP usable by all three major forms of biological work occurs by two primary means. Basal uncoupling occurs as a passive, general, nonspecific leak down the proton concentration gradient across the membrane in all mitochondria in the human body, a gradient driving a key step in ATP synthesis. Inducible uncoupling, which is the active conduction of protons across gradients through processes catalyzed by proteins, occurs only in select cell types including BAT. Experiments in rodents revealed UCP1 as the primary mammalian molecule accounting for the regulated, inducible uncoupling of BAT, and responsive to both cold and pharmacological stimulation. Cold stimulation of BAT has convincingly translated into humans, and older clinical observations with nonselective 2,4-DNP validate that human BAT's participation in pharmacologically mediated, though nonselective, mitochondrial membrane decoupling can provide increased energy expenditure and corresponding body weight loss. In recent times, however, neither beta-adrenergic antagonism nor unselective sympathomimetic agonism by ephedrine and sibutramine provide convincing evidence that more BAT-selective mechanisms can impact energy balance and subsequently body weight. Although BAT activity correlates with leanness, hypothesis-driven selective β3-adrenergic agonism to activate BAT in humans has only provided robust proof of pharmacologic activation of β-adrenergic receptor signaling, limited proof of the mechanism of increased adaptive thermogenesis, and no convincing evidence that body weight loss through negative energy balance upon BAT activation can be accomplished outside of rodents. None of the five demonstrably β3 selective molecules with sufficient clinical experience to merit review provided significant weight loss in clinical trials (BRL 26830A, TAK 677, L-796568, CL 316,243, and BRL 35135). Broader conclusions regarding the human BAT therapeutic hypothesis are limited by the absence of data from most studies demonstrating specific activation of BAT thermogenesis in most studies. Additionally, more limited data sets with older or less selective β3 agonists also did not provide strong evidence of body weight effects. Encouragingly, β3-adrenergic agonists, catechins, capsinoids, and nutritional extracts, even without robust negative energy balance outcomes, all demonstrated increased total energy expenditure that in some cases could be associated with concomitant activation of BAT, though the absence of body weight loss indicates that in no cases did the magnitude of negative energy balance reach sufficient levels. Glucocorticoid receptor agonists, PPARg agonists, and thyroid hormone receptor agonists all possess defined molecular and cellular pharmacology that preclinical models predicted to be efficacious for negative energy balance and body weight loss, yet their effects on human BAT thermogenesis upon translation were inconsistent with predictions and disappointing. A few new mechanisms are nearing the stage of clinical trials and may yet provide a more quantitatively robust translation from preclinical to human experience with BAT. In conclusion, translation into humans has been demonstrated with BAT molecular pharmacology and cell biology, as well as with physiological response to cold. However, despite pharmacologically mediated, statistically significant elevation in total energy expenditure, translation into biologically meaningful negative energy balance was not achieved, as indicated by the absence of measurable loss of body weight over the duration of a clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Larson
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Liang H, Nie J, Van Skike CE, Valentine JM, Orr ME. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin at the Crossroad Between Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1128:185-225. [PMID: 31062331 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3540-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that Alzheimer's disease may manifest as a metabolic disorder with pathology and/or dysfunction in numerous tissues. Adults with Alzheimer's disease suffer with significantly more comorbidities than demographically matched Medicare beneficiaries (Zhao et al, BMC Health Serv Res 8:108, 2008b). Reciprocally, comorbid health conditions increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (Haaksma et al, PLoS One 12(5):e0177044, 2017). Type 2 diabetes mellitus is especially notable as the disease shares many overlapping pathologies observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease, including hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and cognitive dysfunction, as described in Chap. 8 of this book (Yoshitake et al, Neurology 45(6):1161-1168, 1995; Leibson et al, Am J Epidemiol 145(4):301-308, 1997; Ott et al, Neurology 53(9):1937-1942, 1999; Voisin et al, Rev Med Interne 24(Suppl 3):288s-291s, 2003; Janson et al. Diabetes 53(2):474-481, 2004; Ristow M, J Mol Med (Berl) 82(8):510-529, 2004; Whitmer et al, BMJ 330(7504):1360, 2005, Curr Alzheimer Res 4(2):103-109, 2007; Ohara et al, Neurology 77(12):1126-1134, 2011). Although nondiabetic older adults also experience age-related cognitive decline, diabetes is uniquely associated with a twofold increased risk of Alzheimer's disease, as described in Chap. 2 of this book (Yoshitake et al, Neurology 45(6):1161-1168, 1995; Leibson et al, Am J Epidemiol 145(4):301-308, 1997; Ott et al. Neurology 53(9):1937-1942, 1999; Ohara et al, Neurology 77(12):1126-1134, 2011). Good glycemic control has been shown to improve cognitive status (Cukierman-et al, Diabetes Care 32(2):221-226, 2009), and the use of insulin sensitizers is correlated with a lower rate of cognitive decline in older adults (Morris JK, Burns JM, Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 12(5):520-527, 2012). At the molecular level, the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a key role in maintaining energy homeostasis. Nutrient availability and cellular stress information, both extracellular and intracellular, are integrated and transduced through mTOR signaling pathways. Aberrant regulation of mTOR occurs in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease and in numerous tissues of individuals with type 2 diabetes (Mannaa et al, J Mol Med (Berl) 91(10):1167-1175, 2013). Moreover, modulating mTOR activity with a pharmacological inhibitor, rapamycin, provides wide-ranging health benefits, including healthy life span extension in numerous model organisms (Vellai et al, Nature 426(6967):620, 2003; Jia et al, Development 131(16):3897-3906, 2004; Kapahi et al, Curr Biol 14(10):885-890, 2004; Kaeberlein et al, Science 310(5751):1193-1196, 2005; Powers et al, Genes Dev 20(2):174-184, 2006; Harrison et al, Nature 460(7253):392-395, 2009; Selman et al, Science 326(5949):140-144, 2009; Sharp ZD, Strong R, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 65(6):580-589, 2010), which underscores its importance to overall organismal health and longevity. In this chapter, we discuss the physiological role of mTOR signaling and the consequences of mTOR dysregulation in the brain and peripheral tissues, with emphasis on its relevance to the development of Alzheimer's disease and link to type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Liang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jia Nie
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Candice E Van Skike
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Joseph M Valentine
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Miranda E Orr
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- San Antonio Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's & Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Mills JG, Thomas SJ, Larkin TA, Pai NB, Deng C. Problematic eating behaviours, changes in appetite, and weight gain in Major Depressive Disorder: The role of leptin. J Affect Disord 2018; 240:137-145. [PMID: 30071417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appetite and weight changes are core symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and those with MDD are at increased risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders. Leptin promotes satiety, with leptin dysregulation and resistance noted in obesity. However, the role of leptin in weight changes in MDD is not established. This study investigates leptin levels in relation to appetite and weight changes and problematic eating behaviours in MDD. METHODS Plasma leptin levels, psychopathology and biometrics were compared between participants meeting DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for MDD (n = 63) and healthy controls (n = 60). Depressed participants were also sub-categorised according to increased, decreased or unchanged appetite and weight. The Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire and Yale Food Addiction Scale were examined in a subset of participants with MDD. RESULTS Females with increased appetite/weight had higher leptin levels than those with stable or reduced appetite/weight, however males showed the opposite effect. Leptin levels were positively correlated with problematic eating behaviours. One quarter of the depressed subset, all females, met the Yale criteria for food addiction, approximately double the rates reported in general community samples. LIMITATIONS The study is limited by a cross sectional design and a small sample size in the subset analysis of eating behaviours. CONCLUSIONS The results provide new information about associations between leptin, sex-specific weight and appetite changes and problematic eating behaviours, which may be risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in MDD, particularly in females. Future longitudinal research investigating leptin as a risk factor for weight gain in MDD is warranted, and may lead to early interventions aimed at preventing weight gain in at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Mills
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Susan J Thomas
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Theresa A Larkin
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Nagesh B Pai
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Chao Deng
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia; Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, University of Wollongong, Australia
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33
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Fetissov SO, Averina OV, Danilenko VN. Neuropeptides in the microbiota-brain axis and feeding behavior in autism spectrum disorder. Nutrition 2018; 61:43-48. [PMID: 30684851 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A combination of altered social and feeding behaviors is common in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Nevertheless, it has been established that several specific neuropeptides are critically involved in the regulation of both feeding and social behavior, such as α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and oxytocin, respectively. Moreover, recent data implicated gut microbiota in regulation of host feeding and emotion and revealed its dysbiosis in ASD, suggesting a mechanistic role of altered microbiota-brain axis in ASD. In this review, we discuss how gut microbiota dysbiosis may alter hunger and satiety peptide hormones as well as brain peptidergic pathways involved in the regulation of host feeding and social behaviors and hence may contribute to the ASD pathophysiology. In particular, we show that interactions between α-MSH and oxytocin systems in the brain can provide clues for better understanding of the mechanisms underlying altered feeding and social behaviors in ASD and that the origin of such alterations can be linked to gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergueï O Fetissov
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; University of Rouen Normandy, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France.
| | - Olga V Averina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery N Danilenko
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Ichikawa H, Sugimoto M, Sakao Y, Sahara S, Ohashi N, Sano K, Tadokoro S, Azekura H, Shimomura A, Yamashita F, Sugiyama D, Fukuta K, Furuta T, Kato A, Sugimoto K, Yasuda H. Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection improves nutrition status in Japanese hemodialysis patients: a pilot study. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2018; 64:91-95. [PMID: 30705518 PMCID: PMC6348417 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.18-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma ghrelin level is influenced by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) status and the severity of gastric mucosal atrophy, and the ghrelin level is associated with nutrition status in hemodialysis patients. Here, we investigated the efficacy of H. pylori eradication therapy in improving nutrition status in relation to the ghrelin level in H. pylori-positive hemodialysis patients. Of H. pylori-positive patients receiving hemodialysis at 8 dialysis center, 21 patients underwent gastroduodenoscopy for evaluation of the severity of gastric atrophy, and nutrition markers and plasma ghrelin levels before and 1 year after H. pylori eradication therapy were evaluated. Serum cholinesterase level was significantly increased after H. pylori eradication compared with the level before eradication (303.2 ± 76.0 vs 287.3 ± 68.1 IU/L, p = 0.029). In particular, cholesterol (before, 196.6 ± 23.2 mg/dl; after, 206.1 ± 25.9 mg/dl, p = 0.042) and cholinesterase levels (before, 296.9 ± 70.8 IU/L; after, 316.4 ± 73.8 IU/L, p = 0.049) increased more strongly in patients with mild–moderate atrophy than those with severe atrophy, irrespective of improvement of plasma acyl-ghrelin and desacyl-ghrelin levels after eradication therapy. In conclusion, H. pylori eradication may improve nutrition status by increasing serum cholinesterase and cholesterol levels in hemodialysis patients, especially those with mild and moderate gastric mucosal atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Ichikawa
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Mitsushige Sugimoto
- Division of Digestive Endoscopy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Seta, Tsukinowa-cho, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yukitoshi Sakao
- Hamana Clinic, 235-1 Numa, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 434-0037, Japan
| | - Shu Sahara
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Naro Ohashi
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Koji Sano
- Sano Clinic, 1818 Tennou-cho, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 435-0052, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tadokoro
- Tadokoro Clinic, 1239 Uchino, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 434-0044, Japan
| | - Hisanori Azekura
- Sanaru Sun Clinic, 2-14-39 Higashiiba, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8036, Japan
| | - Akira Shimomura
- Sanarudai Asahi Clinic, 5-20-10 Sanarudai, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 432-8021, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Yamashita
- Yamashita Clinic, 2-1-5 Nakaizumi, Iwata, Shizuoka 438-0078, Japan
| | - Daiki Sugiyama
- Satsuki no Mori Clinic, 1665-2 Nakase, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 434-0012, Japan
| | - Ken Fukuta
- Hiryu Clinic, 304-9 Akura, Futamata-cho, Tenryu-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3311, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furuta
- Center for Clinical Research, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kato
- Blood Purification Unit, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Ken Sugimoto
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hideo Yasuda
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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35
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Maejima Y, Yokota S, O'Hashi R, Aoyama M, Shimomura K. The effect of avertin anesthesia and a mixture of three types of anesthetic agents on food intakeand body weight in high fat-induced obese maleand female mice. Exp Anim 2018; 68:57-69. [PMID: 30210091 PMCID: PMC6389510 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.17-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Basic research on obesity is becoming more important due to an increasing number of obese
people. Experiments using obesity-model animals often require surgical interventions, such
as gastric operation, and proper selection of anesthesia is important. Avertin, an agent
mainly composed of 2,2,2-Tribromoethanol, has been used as general anesthesia for a long
time, without the use of narcotic drugs. In the current study, we found that a single
injection of avertin can decrease body weight (BW) in male and female C57BL/6J and ICR
mice with high fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity, but not in standard diet-fed nonobese males
and females. Because the BW-reducing effect was more prominent in the female mice, we
compared the effects of avertin and a mixture of three types of anesthetic agents (3MIX),
which was developed in 2011, on BW reduction in HFD-induced obese female mice. Although
both avertin and 3MIX decreased food intake and BW, the effects of avertin were
significantly more potent than those of 3MIX. C-Fos expression, a neural activation
marker, was dramatically increased in the brain regions related to the regulation of both
food intake and the autonomic nervous system after avertin injection, but not after 3MIX
injection. This suggests that avertin strongly stimulates the center of feeding regulation
and the autonomic nervous system and therefore decreases BW. The current study suggests
the advantages of using 3MIX for surgical interventions in mice in obesity research, as it
is ideal to prevent anesthesia-induced BW decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Maejima
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Shoko Yokota
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Rie O'Hashi
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masato Aoyama
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Minemachi, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Kenju Shimomura
- Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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36
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Hu T, Yang Z, Li MD. Pharmacological Effects and Regulatory Mechanisms of Tobacco Smoking Effects on Food Intake and Weight Control. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2018; 13:453-466. [PMID: 30054897 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-018-9800-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Beyond promoting smoking initiation and preventing smokers from quitting, nicotine can reduce food intake and body weight and thus is viewed as desirable by some smokers, especially many women. During the last several decades, the molecular mechanisms underlying the inverse correlation between smoking and body weight have been investigated extensively in both animals and humans. Nicotine's weight effects appear to result especially from the drug's stimulation of α3β4 nicotine acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are located on pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), leading to activation of the melanocortin circuit, which is associated with body weight. Further, α7- and α4β2-containing nAChRs have been implicated in weight control by nicotine. This review summarizes current understanding of the regulatory effects of nicotine on food intake and body weight according to the findings from pharmacological, molecular genetic, electrophysiological, and feeding studies on these appetite-regulating molecules, such as α3β4, α7, and α4β2 nAChRs; neuropeptide Y (NPY); POMC; melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R); agouti-related peptide (AgRP); leptin, ghrelin, and protein YY (PYY).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongli Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ming D Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA.
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37
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Seldin MM, Koplev S, Rajbhandari P, Vergnes L, Rosenberg GM, Meng Y, Pan C, Phuong TMN, Gharakhanian R, Che N, Mäkinen S, Shih DM, Civelek M, Parks BW, Kim ED, Norheim F, Chella Krishnan K, Hasin-Brumshtein Y, Mehrabian M, Laakso M, Drevon CA, Koistinen HA, Tontonoz P, Reue K, Cantor RM, Björkegren JLM, Lusis AJ. A Strategy for Discovery of Endocrine Interactions with Application to Whole-Body Metabolism. Cell Metab 2018; 27:1138-1155.e6. [PMID: 29719227 PMCID: PMC5935137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inter-tissue communication via secreted proteins has been established as a vital mechanism for proper physiologic homeostasis. Here, we report a bioinformatics framework using a mouse reference population, the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel (HMDP), which integrates global multi-tissue expression data and publicly available resources to identify and functionally annotate novel circuits of tissue-tissue communication. We validate this method by showing that we can identify known as well as novel endocrine factors responsible for communication between tissues. We further show the utility of this approach by identification and mechanistic characterization of two new endocrine factors. Adipose-derived Lipocalin-5 is shown to enhance skeletal muscle mitochondrial function, and liver-secreted Notum promotes browning of white adipose tissue, also known as "beiging." We demonstrate the general applicability of the method by providing in vivo evidence for three additional novel molecules mediating tissue-tissue interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus M Seldin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Simon Koplev
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Prashant Rajbhandari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gregory M Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yonghong Meng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thuy M N Phuong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Raffi Gharakhanian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nam Che
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Selina Mäkinen
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Diana M Shih
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mete Civelek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brian W Parks
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eric D Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Frode Norheim
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Margarete Mehrabian
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heikki A Koistinen
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rita M Cantor
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Johan L M Björkegren
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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38
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Araújo-Vilar D, Domingo-Jiménez R, Ruibal Á, Aguiar P, Ibáñez-Micó S, Garrido-Pumar M, Martínez-Olmos MÁ, López-Soler C, Guillín-Amarelle C, González-Rodríguez M, Rodríguez-Núñez A, Álvarez-Escudero J, Liñares-Paz M, González-Méndez B, Rodríguez-García S, Sánchez-Iglesias S. Association of metreleptin treatment and dietary intervention with neurological outcomes in Celia's encephalopathy. Eur J Hum Genet 2018; 26:396-406. [PMID: 29367704 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-017-0052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Celia's encephalopathy (progressive encephalopathy with/without lipodystrophy, PELD) is a recessive neurodegenerative disease that is fatal in childhood. It is caused by a c.985C>T variant in the BSCL2/seipin gene that results in an aberrant seipin protein. We evaluated neurological development before and during treatment with human recombinant leptin (metreleptin) plus a dietary intervention rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the only living patient. A 7 years and 10 months old girl affected by PELD was treated at age 3 years with metreleptin, adding at age 6 omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. Her mental age was evaluated using the Battelle Developmental Inventory Screening Test (BDI), and brain PET/MRI was performed before treatment and at age 5, 6.5, and 7.5 years. At age 7.5 years, the girl remains alive and leads a normal life for her mental age of 30 months, which increased by 4 months over the last 18 months according to BDI. PET images showed improved glucose uptake in the thalami, cerebellum, and brainstem. This patient showed a clear slowdown in neurological regression during leptin replacement plus a high PUFA diet. The aberrant BSCL2 transcript was overexpressed in SH-SY5Y cells and was treated with docosahexaenoic acid (200 µM) plus leptin (0.001 mg/ml) for 24 h. The relative expression of aberrant BSCL2 transcript was measured by qPCR. In vitro studies showed significant reduction (32%) in aberrant transcript expression. This therapeutic approach should be further studied in this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Araújo-Vilar
- Thyroid and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Biomedical Research Institute (CIMUS)-IDIS, School of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Rosario Domingo-Jiménez
- Section of Neuropediatrics, Division of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca-IMIB Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Álvaro Ruibal
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Fundación Tejerina, Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Imaging and Medical Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pablo Aguiar
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Molecular Imaging and Medical Physics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. IDIS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Salvador Ibáñez-Micó
- Section of Neuropediatrics, Division of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca-IMIB Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel Garrido-Pumar
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-Olmos
- Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Guillín-Amarelle
- Thyroid and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Biomedical Research Institute (CIMUS)-IDIS, School of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María González-Rodríguez
- Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Núñez
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Pediatric Area, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Julián Álvarez-Escudero
- Anesthesia and Reanimation Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mercedes Liñares-Paz
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Blanca González-Méndez
- Thyroid and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Biomedical Research Institute (CIMUS)-IDIS, School of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Silvia Rodríguez-García
- Thyroid and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Biomedical Research Institute (CIMUS)-IDIS, School of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sofía Sánchez-Iglesias
- Thyroid and Metabolic Diseases Unit, Biomedical Research Institute (CIMUS)-IDIS, School of Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Gallic acid modulates phenotypic behavior and gene expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by interfering with leptin pathway. Pathol Res Pract 2017; 214:30-37. [PMID: 29254802 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gallic acid is a polyphenolic compost appointed to interfere with neoplastic cells behavior. Evidence suggests an important role of leptin in carcinogenesis pathways, inducing a proliferative phenotype. We investigated the potential of gallic acid to modulate leptin-induced cell proliferation and migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. The gallic acid effect on leptin secretion by oral squamous cell carcinoma cells, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms, was also assessed. For this, we performed proliferation, migration, immunocytochemical and qPCR assays. The expression levels of cell migration-related genes (MMP2, MMP9, Col1A1, and E-cadherin), angiogenesis (HIF-1α, mir210), leptin signaling (LepR, p44/42 MAPK), apoptosis (casp-3), and secreted leptin levels by oral squamous cell carcinoma cells were also measured. Gallic acid decreased proliferation and migration of leptin-treated oral squamous cell carcinoma cells, and reduced mRNA expression of MMP2, MMP9, Col1A1, mir210, but did not change HIF-1α. Gallic acid decreased levels of leptin secreted by oral squamous cell carcinoma cells, accordingly with downregulation of p44/42 MAPK expression. Thus, gallic acid appears to break down neoplastic phenotype of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by interfering with leptin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa al'Absi
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, 55812-2487, USA.
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41
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Gul S, Saleem D, Haleem MA, Haleem DJ. Inhibition of hormonal and behavioral effects of stress by tryptophan in rats. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:409-417. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1395551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Gul
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- Department of Physiology, Wah Medical College, Wah Cantt, Pakistan
| | - Darakhshan Saleem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75300, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A. Haleem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75300, Pakistan
| | - Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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42
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Guarino D, Nannipieri M, Iervasi G, Taddei S, Bruno RM. The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in the Pathophysiology of Obesity. Front Physiol 2017; 8:665. [PMID: 28966594 PMCID: PMC5606212 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions globally and represents a major cause of comorbidities, mostly related to cardiovascular disease. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction has a two-way relationship with obesity. Indeed, alterations of the ANS might be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, acting on different pathways. On the other hand, the excess weight induces ANS dysfunction, which may be involved in the haemodynamic and metabolic alterations that increase the cardiovascular risk of obese individuals, i.e., hypertension, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. This article will review current evidence about the role of the ANS in short-term and long-term regulation of energy homeostasis. Furthermore, an increased sympathetic activity has been demonstrated in obese patients, particularly in the muscle vasculature and in the kidneys, possibily contributing to increased cardiovascular risk. Selective leptin resistance, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, hyperinsulinemia and low ghrelin levels are possible mechanisms underlying sympathetic activation in obesity. Weight loss is able to reverse metabolic and autonomic alterations associated with obesity. Given the crucial role of autonomic dysfunction in the pathophysiology of obesity and its cardiovascular complications, vagal nerve modulation and sympathetic inhibition may serve as therapeutic targets in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Guarino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy.,Institute of Clinical Physiology of CNRPisa, Italy.,Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPisa, Italy
| | - Monica Nannipieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Taddei
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Bruno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy
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Masdrakis VG, Papageorgiou C, Markianos M. Associations of plasma leptin to clinical manifestations in reproductive aged female patients with panic disorder. Psychiatry Res 2017; 255:161-166. [PMID: 28551488 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies suggest the implication of the adipocyte hormone leptin in anxiety and fear processes. We explored for potential differences regarding plasma leptin, cortisol and the ratio leptin/Body Mass Index (BMI) between 27 medication-free female patients with Panic Disorder (PD) and 42 age-matched female controls, and for potential associations between plasma leptin and psychometric evaluations including number of panic attacks during last week, Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness (CGI-S) and Symptoms Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). Cortisol levels showed no differences between patients and controls, or correlations to leptin or to any clinical features. Both groups demonstrated a strong positive correlation between leptin and BMI and similar leptin and leptin/BMI, despite patients' lower BMI. However, patients -but not controls- demonstrated significant negative correlations of leptin to the 'somatization', 'anxiety', and 'phobic anxiety' SCL-90-R subscales. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation of leptin and of leptin/BMI ratio to the number of panic attacks during last week, while higher CGI-S was associated with lower leptin/BMI ratio. Our results, limited to PD female patients, suggest that lower leptin serum levels are significantly associated with greater severity of psychopathological manifestations, including number of panic attacks, symptoms of somatization, anxiety and phobic anxiety and overall clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios G Masdrakis
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, 74 Vas. Sofias Avenue, 11528 Athens, Greece.
| | - Charalambos Papageorgiou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, 74 Vas. Sofias Avenue, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Manolis Markianos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, 74 Vas. Sofias Avenue, 11528 Athens, Greece
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GPR88 is a critical regulator of feeding and body composition in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9912. [PMID: 28855710 PMCID: PMC5577241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR88 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor with predominant expression in reward-related areas in the brain. While the lack of GPR88 has been demonstrated to induce behavioral deficits, the potential function of the receptor in the control of food intake and energy balance remains unexplored. In this work, the role of GPR88 in energy homeostasis was investigated in Gpr88−/− mice fed either standard chow or high fat diet (HFD). Gpr88−/− mice showed significantly reduced adiposity accompanied with suppressed spontaneous food intake, particularly pronounced under HFD treatment. While energy expenditure was likewise lower in Gpr88−/− mice, body weight gain remained unchanged. Furthermore, deregulation in glucose tolerance and insulin responsiveness in response to HFD was attenuated in Gpr88−/− mice. On the molecular level, distinct changes in the hypothalamic mRNA levels of cocaine-and amphetamine-regulated transcript (Cartpt), a neuropeptide involved in the control of feeding and reward, were observed in Gpr88−/− mice. In addition, GPR88 deficiency was associated with altered expressions of the anorectic Pomc and the orexigenic Npy in the arcuate nucleus, especially under HFD condition. Together, our results indicate that GPR88 signalling is not only important for reward processes, but also plays a role in the central regulatory circuits for energy homeostasis.
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Liu JY, Mu S, Zhang SP, Guo W, Li QF, Xiao XQ, Zhang J, Wang ZH. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery suppresses hypothalamic PTP1B protein level and alleviates leptin resistance in obese rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2536-2542. [PMID: 28947917 PMCID: PMC5609316 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery on protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) expression levels and leptin activity in hypothalami of obese rats. Obese rats induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) that underwent RYGB (n=11) or sham operation (SO, n=9), as well as an obese control cohort (Obese, n=10) and an additional normal-diet group (ND, n=10) were used. Food efficiency was measured at 8 weeks post-operation. Plasma leptin levels were evaluated and hypothalamic protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) levels and leptin signaling activity were examined at the genetic and protein levels. The results indicated that food efficiency was typically lower in RYGB rats compared with that in the Obese and SO rats. In the RYGB group, leptin receptor expression and proopiomelanocortin was significantly higher, while Neuropeptide Y levels were lower than those in the Obese and SO groups. Furthermore, the gene and protein expression levels of PTP1B in the RYGB group were lower, while levels of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 protein were much higher compared with those in the Obese and SO groups. In conclusion, RYGB surgery significantly suppressed hypothalamic PTP1B protein expression. PTP1B regulation may partially alleviate leptin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Song Mu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Ping Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Fu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Xiao
- Laboratory of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Becker TM, Favero M, Di Marzo V, Cristino L, Busetto G. Endocannabinoid-dependent disinhibition of orexinergic neurons: Electrophysiological evidence in leptin-knockout obese mice. Mol Metab 2017; 6:594-601. [PMID: 28580289 PMCID: PMC5444110 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the ob/ob mouse model of obesity, chronic absence of leptin causes a significant increase of orexin (OX) production by hypothalamic neurons and excessive food intake. The altered OX level is linked to a dramatic increase of the inhibitory innervation of OX producing neurons (OX neurons) and the over expression of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) by OX neurons of ob/ob mice. Little is known about the function of the excitatory synapses of OX neurons in ob/ob mice, and their modulation by 2-AG. In the present study, we fill this gap and provide the first evidence of the overall level of activation of OX neurons in the ob/ob mice. METHODS We performed in vitro whole-cell patch-clamp recordings on OX neurons located in the perifornical area of the lateral hypothalamus in acute brain slices of wt and ob/ob mice. We identified OX neurons on the basis of their electrophysiological membrane properties, with 96% of concordance with immunohistochemisty. RESULTS We found that OX neurons of ob/ob mice are innervated by less efficient and fewer excitatory synapses than wt mice. Consequently, ob/ob OX neurons show more negative resting membrane potential and lower action potential firing frequency than wt. The bath application of the cannabinoid type-1 receptor agonist WIN55,212-2, depresses both the excitatory and the inhibitory synapses in ob/ob animals, but only the excitatory synapses in wt animals. Finally, the physiologic release of 2-AG induces a prevalent depression of inhibition (disinhibition) of OX neurons in ob/ob animals but not in wt. CONCLUSIONS In ob/ob mice, chronic absence of leptin induces a 2-AG mediated functional disinhibition of OX neurons. This helps explain the increase of OX production and, consequently, the excessive food intake of ob/ob mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Michael Becker
- Department of Neuroscience Biomedicine and Movement, Section of Physiology and Psychology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Morgana Favero
- Department of Neuroscience Biomedicine and Movement, Section of Physiology and Psychology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.,National Institute of Neuroscience, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Busetto
- Department of Neuroscience Biomedicine and Movement, Section of Physiology and Psychology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.,National Institute of Neuroscience, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Pandit R, Beerens S, Adan RAH. Role of leptin in energy expenditure: the hypothalamic perspective. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R938-R947. [PMID: 28356295 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00045.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin is a peripheral signal that informs the brain about the metabolic status of an organism. Although traditionally viewed as an appetite-suppressing hormone, studies in the past decade have highlighted the role of leptin in energy expenditure. Leptin has been shown to increase energy expenditure in particular through its effects on the cardiovascular system and brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis via the hypothalamus. The current review summarizes the role of leptin signaling in various hypothalamic nuclei and its effects on the sympathetic nervous system to influence blood pressure, heart rate, and BAT thermogenesis. Specifically, the role of leptin signaling on three different hypothalamic nuclei, the dorsomedial hypothalamus, the ventromedial hypothalamus, and the arcuate nucleus, is reviewed. It is known that all of these brain regions influence the sympathetic nervous system activity and thereby regulate BAT thermogenesis and the cardiovascular system. Thus the current work focuses on how leptin signaling in specific neuronal populations within these hypothalamic nuclei influences certain aspects of energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pandit
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S Beerens
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R A H Adan
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Yang H, Guo W, Li J, Cao S, Zhang J, Pan J, Wang Z, Wen P, Shi X, Zhang S. Leptin concentration and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0166360. [PMID: 28278178 PMCID: PMC5344319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Although high leptin concentration has been shown to be correlated with established vascular risk factors, epidemiologic studies have reported inconclusive results on the association between leptin and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Therefore, a meta-analysis was performed to evaluate this issue. Methods We searched Pubmed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from their inception to Jan 2016 for both case-control and cohort studies that assessed leptin concentration and CVD risk. Reports with odds ratio (OR), risk ratio (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were considered. The data were extracted by two investigators independently. Results A total of 13 epidemiologic studies totaling 4257 CVD patients and 26710 controls were included. A significant inverse association was shown between leptin and coronary heart disease (CHD), with an overall OR of 1.16 (95% CI: 1.02–1.32), but not for stroke (OR = 1.21, 95% CI 0.98–1.48) under sociodemographic adjustment. Further adjustment for additional cardiovascular risk factors resulted in ORs of 1.16 (95% CI 0.97–1.40) for CHD and 1.10 (95% CI 0.89–1.35) for stroke. The findings remained when analyses were restricted to high-quality studies and indicated OR estimates of 1.07 (95% CI 0.96–1.19) for CHD and 0.98 (95% CI 0.76–1.25) for stroke. In a subgroup meta-analysis, a high leptin level was not independently associated with CHD in both females (OR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.86–1.23) and males (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 0.95–1.26) or with stroke in both females (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.87–1.47) and males (OR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.59–1.09). There was no significant publication bias as suggested by Egger test outcomes. Conclusions Our findings indicate that high leptin levels may not be associated with risks of CHD and stroke. Further large, well-designed prospective cohort studies are needed to fully evaluate the role of leptin on the risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery & Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, Henan Province, China
| | - Wenzhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery & Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, Henan Province, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery & Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, Henan Province, China
| | - Shengli Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery & Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiakai Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery & Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, Henan Province, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery & Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery & Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, Henan Province, China
| | - Peihao Wen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery & Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaoyi Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery & Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, Henan Province, China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery & Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, Henan Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic that contributes to a number of health complications including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer and neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacotherapeutic strategies to treat obesity are urgently needed. Research over the past two decades has increased substantially our knowledge of central and peripheral mechanisms underlying homeostatic energy balance. Homeostatic mechanisms involve multiple components including neuronal circuits, some originating in hypothalamus and brain stem, as well as peripherally-derived satiety, hunger and adiposity signals that modulate neural activity and regulate eating behavior. Dysregulation of one or more of these homeostatic components results in obesity. Coincident with obesity, reward mechanisms that regulate hedonic aspects of food intake override the homeostatic regulation of eating. In addition to functional interactions between homeostatic and reward systems in the regulation of food intake, homeostatic signals have the ability to alter vulnerability to drug abuse. Regarding the treatment of obesity, pharmacological monotherapies primarily focus on a single protein target. FDA-approved monotherapy options include phentermine (Adipex-P®), orlistat (Xenical®), lorcaserin (Belviq®) and liraglutide (Saxenda®). However, monotherapies have limited efficacy, in part due to the recruitment of alternate and counter-regulatory pathways. Consequently, a multi-target approach may provide greater benefit. Recently, two combination products have been approved by the FDA to treat obesity, including phentermine/topiramate (Qsymia®) and naltrexone/bupropion (Contrave®). The current review provides an overview of homeostatic and reward mechanisms that regulate energy balance, potential therapeutic targets for obesity and current treatment options, including some candidate therapeutics in clinical development. Finally, challenges in anti-obesity drug development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Narayanaswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Linda P Dwoskin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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50
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Fetissov SO. Role of the gut microbiota in host appetite control: bacterial growth to animal feeding behaviour. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:11-25. [PMID: 27616451 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The life of all animals is dominated by alternating feelings of hunger and satiety - the main involuntary motivations for feeding-related behaviour. Gut bacteria depend fully on their host for providing the nutrients necessary for their growth. The intrinsic ability of bacteria to regulate their growth and to maintain their population within the gut suggests that gut bacteria can interfere with molecular pathways controlling energy balance in the host. The current model of appetite control is based mainly on gut-brain signalling and the animal's own needs to maintain energy homeostasis; an alternative model might also involve bacteria-host communications. Several bacterial components and metabolites have been shown to stimulate intestinal satiety pathways; at the same time, their production depends on bacterial growth cycles. This short-term bacterial growth-linked modulation of intestinal satiety can be coupled with long-term regulation of appetite, controlled by the neuropeptidergic circuitry in the hypothalamus. Indeed, several bacterial products are detected in the systemic circulation, which might act directly on hypothalamic neurons. This Review analyses the data relevant to possible involvement of the gut bacteria in the regulation of host appetite and proposes an integrative homeostatic model of appetite control that includes energy needs of both the host and its gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergueï O Fetissov
- Nutrition, Gut &Brain Laboratory, Inserm UMR 1073, University of Rouen Normandy, 22 Boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen, France
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