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Wang Y, Liu W, Jiao Y, Yang Y, Shan D, Ji X, Zhang R, Zhan Z, Tang Y, Guo D, Yan C, Liu F. Advances in the Differentiation of hiPSCs into Cerebellar Neuronal Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:1782-1794. [PMID: 39023738 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10763-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The cerebellum has historically been primarily associated with the regulation of precise motor functions. However, recent findings suggest that it also plays a pivotal role in the development of advanced cognitive functions, including learning, memory, and emotion regulation. Pathological changes in the cerebellum, whether congenital hereditary or acquired degenerative, can result in a diverse spectrum of disorders, ranging from genetic spinocerebellar ataxias to psychiatric conditions such as autism, and schizophrenia. While studies in animal models have significantly contributed to our understanding of the genetic networks governing cerebellar development, it is important to note that the human cerebellum follows a protracted developmental timeline compared to the neocortex. Consequently, employing animal models to uncover human-specific molecular events in cerebellar development presents significant challenges. The emergence of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has provided an invaluable tool for creating human-based culture systems, enabling the modeling and analysis of cerebellar physiology and pathology. hiPSCs and their differentiated progenies can be derived from patients with specific disorders or carrying distinct genetic variants. Importantly, they preserve the unique genetic signatures of the individuals from whom they originate, allowing for the elucidation of human-specific molecular and cellular processes involved in cerebellar development and related disorders. This review focuses on the technical advancements in the utilization of hiPSCs for the generation of both 2D cerebellar neuronal cells and 3D cerebellar organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Wenzhu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yichang Jiao
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yitong Yang
- School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272067, China
| | - Didi Shan
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Xinbo Ji
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Zexin Zhan
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yao Tang
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Chuanzhu Yan
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Shandong University, Qingdao, 266103, China.
| | - Fuchen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Research Institute of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 107 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
- Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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2
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Zhao S, Wang C, Luo H, Li F, Wang Q, Xu J, Huang Z, Liu W, Zhang W. A role for Retinoblastoma 1 in hindbrain morphogenesis by regulating GBX family. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:900-910. [PMID: 38570112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The hindbrain, which develops from the anterior end of the neural tube expansion, can differentiate into the metencephalon and myelencephalon, with varying sizes and functions. The midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) and hindbrain myelencephalon/ventral midline (HMVM) are known to be the source of the progenitors for the anterior hindbrain and myelencephalon, respectively. However, the molecular networks regulating hindbrain morphogenesis in these structures remain unclear. In this study, we show that retinoblastoma 1 (rb1) is highly expressed at the MHB and HMVM in zebrafish. Knocking out rb1 in mice and zebrafish results in an enlarged hindbrain due to hindbrain neuronal hyperproliferation. Further study reveals that Rb1 controls the hindbrain morphogenesis by suppressing the expression of Gbx1/Gbx2, essential transcription factors for hindbrain development, through its binding to E2f3/Hdac1, respectively. Interestingly, we find that Gbx1 and Gbx2 are expressed in different types of hindbrain neurons, suggesting distinct roles in hindbrain morphogenesis. In summary, our study clarifies the specific role of RB1 in hindbrain neural cell proliferation and morphogenesis by regulating the E2f3-Gbx1 axis and the Hdac1-Gbx2 axis. These findings provide a research paradigm for exploring the differential proliferation of neurons in various brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- The Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Chen Wang
- The Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Haiping Luo
- The Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Feifei Li
- The Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- The Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jin Xu
- The Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- The Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- The Innovation Centre of Ministry of Education for Development and Diseases, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China; Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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3
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Munoz-Gualan AP, Güngör A, Cezayirli PC, Rahmanov S, Gurses ME, Puelles L, Türe U. Human Adapted Prosomeric Model: A Future for Brainstem Tumor Classification. Brain Res 2024; 1837:148961. [PMID: 38679312 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
This study reevaluates the conventional understanding of midbrain anatomy and neuroanatomical nomenclature in the context of recent genetic and anatomical discoveries. The authors assert that the midbrain should be viewed as an integral part of the forebrain due to shared genetic determinants and evolutionary lineage. The isthmo-mesencephalic boundary is recognized as a significant organizer for both the caudal midbrain and the isthmo-cerebellar area. The article adopts the prosomeric model, redefining the whole brain as neuromeres, offering a more precise depiction of brain development, including processes like proliferation, neurogenesis, cell migration, and differentiation. This shift in understanding challenges traditional definitions of the midbrain based on external brain morphology. The study also delves into the historical context of neuroanatomical models, including the columnar model proposed by Herrick in 1910, which has influenced our understanding of brain structure. Furthermore, the study has clinical implications, affecting neuroanatomy, neurodevelopmental studies, and the diagnosis and treatment of brain disorders. It emphasizes the need to integrate molecular research into human neuroanatomical studies and advocates for updating neuroanatomical terminology to reflect modern genetic and molecular insights. The authors propose two key revisions. First, we suggest reclassifying the isthmo-cerebellar prepontine region as part of the hindbrain, due to its role in cerebellar development and distinct location caudal to the genetically-defined midbrain. Second, we recommend redefining the anterior boundary of the genetically-defined midbrain to align with genetic markers. In conclusion, the authors highlight the importance of harmonizing neuroanatomical nomenclature with current scientific knowledge, promoting a more precise and informed understanding of brain structure, which is crucial for both research and clinical applications related to the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abuzer Güngör
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurosurgery, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Phillip Cem Cezayirli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Haynes Neurosurgical Group, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Serdar Rahmanov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Enes Gurses
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurosurgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia -IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | - Uğur Türe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yeditepe University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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4
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Satou-Kobayashi Y, Takahashi S, Haramoto Y, Asashima M, Taira M. Zbtb11 interacts with Otx2 and patterns the anterior neuroectoderm in Xenopus. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293852. [PMID: 39083515 PMCID: PMC11290676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The zinc finger and BTB domain-containing 11 gene (zbtb11) is expressed in the Xenopus anterior neuroectoderm, but the molecular nature of the Zbtb11 protein during embryonic development remains to be elucidated. Here, we show the role of Zbtb11 in anterior patterning of the neuroectoderm and the cooperative action with the transcription factor Otx2. Both overexpression and knockdown of zbtb11 caused similar phenotypes: expanded expression of the posterior gene gbx2 in the neural plate, and later microcephaly with reduced eyes, suggesting that a proper level of zbtb11 expression is necessary for normal patterning of the neuroectoderm, including eye formation. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that Zbtb11 formed a complex with itself and with a phosphomimetic and repressive form of Otx2, suggesting that Zbtb11 forms a dimer or oligomer and interacts with Otx2 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Reporter analysis further showed that Zbtb11 enhanced the activity of the phosphomimetic Otx2 to repress a silencer element of the posterior gene meis3. These data suggest that Zbtb11 coordinates with phosphorylated Otx2 to specify the anterior neuroectoderm by repressing posterior genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeko Satou-Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Takahashi
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Haramoto
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Agri-Production Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Asashima
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Taira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Xu C, Alameri A, Leong W, Johnson E, Chen Z, Xu B, Leong KW. Multiscale engineering of brain organoids for disease modeling. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 210:115344. [PMID: 38810702 PMCID: PMC11265575 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Brain organoids hold great potential for modeling human brain development and pathogenesis. They recapitulate certain aspects of the transcriptional trajectory, cellular diversity, tissue architecture and functions of the developing brain. In this review, we explore the engineering strategies to control the molecular-, cellular- and tissue-level inputs to achieve high-fidelity brain organoids. We review the application of brain organoids in neural disorder modeling and emerging bioengineering methods to improve data collection and feature extraction at multiscale. The integration of multiscale engineering strategies and analytical methods has significant potential to advance insight into neurological disorders and accelerate drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Alia Alameri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Wei Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Emily Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zaozao Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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6
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Ferrão Maciel-Fiuza M, Rengel BD, Wachholz GE, do Amaral Gomes J, de Oliveira MR, Kowalski TW, Roehe PM, Luiz Vianna FS, Schüler-Faccini L, Mayer FQ, Varela APM, Fraga LR. New candidate genes potentially involved in Zika virus teratogenesis. Comput Biol Med 2024; 173:108259. [PMID: 38522248 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Despite efforts to elucidate Zika virus (ZIKV) teratogenesis, still several issues remain unresolved, particularly on the molecular mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS). To answer this question, we used bioinformatics tools, animal experiments and human gene expression analysis to investigate genes related to brain development potentially involved in CZS. Searches in databases for genes related to brain development and CZS were performed, and a protein interaction network was created. The expression of these genes was analyzed in a CZS animal model and secondary gene expression analysis (DGE) was performed in human cells exposed to ZIKV. A total of 2610 genes were identified in the databases, of which 1013 were connected. By applying centrality statistics of the global network, 36 candidate genes were identified, which, after selection resulted in nine genes. Gene expression analysis revealed distinctive expression patterns for PRKDC, PCNA, ATM, SMC3 as well as for FGF8 and SHH in the CZS model. Furthermore, DGE analysis altered expression of ATM, PRKDC, PCNA. In conclusion, systems biology are helpful tools to identify candidate genes to be validated in vitro and in vivo. PRKDC, PCNA, ATM, SMC3, FGF8 and SHH have altered expression in ZIKV-induced brain malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriãn Ferrão Maciel-Fiuza
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Duarte Rengel
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Elis Wachholz
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Julia do Amaral Gomes
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maikel Rosa de Oliveira
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thayne Woycinck Kowalski
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Teratogen Information System, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Bioinformatics Core, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Centro Universitário CESUCA, Cachoeirinha, Brazil
| | - Paulo Michel Roehe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sales Luiz Vianna
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Teratogen Information System, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lavínia Schüler-Faccini
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Teratogen Information System, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Quoos Mayer
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biotechnology Center, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Muterle Varela
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Rosa Fraga
- Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Teratogen Information System, Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Baddenhausen S, Lutz B, Hofmann C. Cannabinoid type-1 receptor signaling in dopaminergic Engrailed-1 expressing neurons modulates motivation and depressive-like behavior. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1379889. [PMID: 38660383 PMCID: PMC11042029 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1379889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system comprises highly versatile signaling functions within the nervous system. It is reported to modulate the release of several neurotransmitters, consequently affecting the activity of neuronal circuits. Investigations have highlighted its roles in numerous processes, including appetite-stimulating characteristics, particularly for palatable food. Moreover, endocannabinoids are shown to fine-tune dopamine-signaled processes governing motivated behavior. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that excitatory and inhibitory inputs controlled by the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1) regulate dopaminergic neurons in the mesocorticolimbic pathway. In the present study, we show that mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) express CB1, and we investigated the consequences of specific deletion of CB1 in cells expressing the transcription factor Engrailed-1 (En1). To this end, we validated a new genetic mouse line EN1-CB1-KO, which displays a CB1 knockout in mesDA neurons beginning from their differentiation, as a tool to elucidate the functional contribution of CB1 in mesDA neurons. We revealed that EN1-CB1-KO mice display a significantly increased immobility time and shortened latency to the first immobility in the forced swim test of adult mice. Moreover, the maximal effort exerted to obtain access to chocolate-flavored pellets was significantly reduced under a progressive ratio schedule. In contrast, these mice do not differ in motor skills, anhedonia- or anxiety-like behavior compared to wild-type littermates. Taken together, these findings suggest a depressive-like or despair behavior in an inevitable situation and a lack of motivation to seek palatable food in EN1-CB1-KO mice, leading us to propose that CB1 plays an important role in the physiological functions of mesDA neurons. In particular, our data suggest that CB1 directly modifies the mesocorticolimbic pathway implicated in depressive-like/despair behavior and motivation. In contrast, the nigrostriatal pathway controlling voluntary movement seems to be unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Baddenhausen
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany
| | - Clementine Hofmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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8
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Xue X, Kim YS, Ponce-Arias AI, O'Laughlin R, Yan RZ, Kobayashi N, Tshuva RY, Tsai YH, Sun S, Zheng Y, Liu Y, Wong FCK, Surani A, Spence JR, Song H, Ming GL, Reiner O, Fu J. A patterned human neural tube model using microfluidic gradients. Nature 2024; 628:391-399. [PMID: 38408487 PMCID: PMC11006583 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The human nervous system is a highly complex but organized organ. The foundation of its complexity and organization is laid down during regional patterning of the neural tube, the embryonic precursor to the human nervous system. Historically, studies of neural tube patterning have relied on animal models to uncover underlying principles. Recently, models of neurodevelopment based on human pluripotent stem cells, including neural organoids1-5 and bioengineered neural tube development models6-10, have emerged. However, such models fail to recapitulate neural patterning along both rostral-caudal and dorsal-ventral axes in a three-dimensional tubular geometry, a hallmark of neural tube development. Here we report a human pluripotent stem cell-based, microfluidic neural tube-like structure, the development of which recapitulates several crucial aspects of neural patterning in brain and spinal cord regions and along rostral-caudal and dorsal-ventral axes. This structure was utilized for studying neuronal lineage development, which revealed pre-patterning of axial identities of neural crest progenitors and functional roles of neuromesodermal progenitors and the caudal gene CDX2 in spinal cord and trunk neural crest development. We further developed dorsal-ventral patterned microfluidic forebrain-like structures with spatially segregated dorsal and ventral regions and layered apicobasal cellular organizations that mimic development of the human forebrain pallium and subpallium, respectively. Together, these microfluidics-based neurodevelopment models provide three-dimensional lumenal tissue architectures with in vivo-like spatiotemporal cell differentiation and organization, which will facilitate the study of human neurodevelopment and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yung Su Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alfredo-Isaac Ponce-Arias
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Richard O'Laughlin
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Robin Zhexuan Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Norio Kobayashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rami Yair Tshuva
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shiyu Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Frederick C K Wong
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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9
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Ma X, Zhao LL, Yu YC, Cheng Y. Engrailed: Pathological and physiological effects of a multifunctional developmental gene. Genesis 2024; 62:e23557. [PMID: 37830136 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Engrailed-1 (EN1) is a developmental gene that encodes En1, a highly conserved transcription factor involved in regionalization during early embryogenesis and in the later maintenance of normal neurons. After birth, EN1 still plays a role in the development and physiology of the body; for example, it exerts a protective effect on midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons, and loss of EN1 causes mDA neurons in the ventral midbrain to gradually die approximately 6 weeks after birth, resulting in motor and nonmotor symptoms similar to those observed in Parkinson's disease. Notably, EN1 has been identified as a possible susceptibility gene for idiopathic Parkinson's disease in humans. EN1 is involved in the processes of wound-healing scar production and tissue and organ fibrosis. Additionally, EN1 can lead to tumorigenesis and thus provides a target for the treatment of some tumors. In this review, we summarize the effects of EN1 on embryonic organ development, describe the consequences of the deletion or overexpression of the EN1 gene, and discuss the pathways in which EN1 is involved. We hope to clarify the role of EN1 as a developmental gene and present potential therapeutic targets for diseases involving the EN1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Liang-Liang Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Chun Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
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10
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Shi X, Yang Y, Ma X, Zhou Y, Guo Z, Wang C, Liu J. Probabilistic cell/domain-type assignment of spatial transcriptomics data with SpatialAnno. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:e115. [PMID: 37941153 PMCID: PMC10711557 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the analysis of both single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and spatially resolved transcriptomics (SRT) data, classifying cells/spots into cell/domain types is an essential analytic step for many secondary analyses. Most of the existing annotation methods have been developed for scRNA-seq datasets without any consideration of spatial information. Here, we present SpatialAnno, an efficient and accurate annotation method for spatial transcriptomics datasets, with the capability to effectively leverage a large number of non-marker genes as well as 'qualitative' information about marker genes without using a reference dataset. Uniquely, SpatialAnno estimates low-dimensional embeddings for a large number of non-marker genes via a factor model while promoting spatial smoothness among neighboring spots via a Potts model. Using both simulated and four real spatial transcriptomics datasets from the 10x Visium, ST, Slide-seqV1/2, and seqFISH platforms, we showcase the method's improved spatial annotation accuracy, including its robustness to the inclusion of marker genes for irrelevant cell/domain types and to various degrees of marker gene misspecification. SpatialAnno is computationally scalable and applicable to SRT datasets from different platforms. Furthermore, the estimated embeddings for cellular biological effects facilitate many downstream analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Shi
- KLATASDS-MOE, Academy of Statistics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, School of Statistics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Yi Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210018, China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210033, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- KLATASDS-MOE, Academy of Statistics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, School of Statistics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zhenxing Guo
- School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Chaolong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jin Liu
- School of Data Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China
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11
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Kilpinen S, Heliölä H, Achim K. Range of chromatin accessibility configurations are permissive of GABAergic fate acquisition in developing mouse brain. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:725. [PMID: 38036964 PMCID: PMC10691053 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent single-cell -omics studies, both the differential activity of transcription factors regulating cell fate determination and differential genome activation have been tested for utility as descriptors of cell types. Naturally, genome accessibility and gene expression are interlinked. To understand the variability in genomic feature activation in the GABAergic neurons of different spatial origins, we have mapped accessible chromatin regions and mRNA expression in single cells derived from the developing mouse central nervous system (CNS). We first defined a reference set of open chromatin regions for scATAC-seq read quantitation across samples, allowing comparison of chromatin accessibility between brain regions and cell types directly. Second, we integrated the scATAC-seq and scRNA-seq data to form a unified resource of transcriptome and chromatin accessibility landscape for the cell types in di- and telencephalon, midbrain and anterior hindbrain of E14.5 mouse embryo. Importantly, we implemented resolution optimization at the clustering, and automatized the cell typing step. We show high level of concordance between the cell clustering based on the chromatin accessibility and the transcriptome in analyzed neuronal lineages, indicating that both genome and transcriptome features can be used for cell type definition. Hierarchical clustering by the similarity in accessible chromatin reveals that the genomic feature activation correlates with neurotransmitter phenotype, selector gene expression, cell differentiation stage and neuromere origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Kilpinen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Heidi Heliölä
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaia Achim
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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12
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Offen N, Filatova A, Nuber UA. Enrichment of FGF8-expressing cells from neurally induced human pluripotent stem cell cultures. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:2240-2253. [PMID: 37922914 PMCID: PMC10679777 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In early vertebrate development, organizer regions-groups of cells that signal to and thereby influence neighboring cells by secreted morphogens-play pivotal roles in the establishment and maintenance of cell identities within defined tissue territories. The midbrain-hindbrain organizer drives regionalization of neural tissue into midbrain and hindbrain territories with fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) acting as a key morphogen. This organizer has been extensively studied in chicken, mouse, and zebrafish. Here, we demonstrate the enrichment of FGF8-expressing cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), cultured as attached embryoid bodies using antibodies that recognize "Similar Expression to Fgf" (SEF) and Frizzled proteins. The arrangement of cells in embryoid body subsets of these cultures and the gene expression profile of the FGF8-expressing population show certain similarities to the midbrain-hindbrain organizer in animal models. In the embryonic chick brain, the enriched cell population induces formation of midbrain structures, consistent with FGF8-organizing capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Offen
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alina Filatova
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ulrike A Nuber
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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13
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Formery L, Peluso P, Kohnle I, Malnick J, Thompson JR, Pitel M, Uhlinger KR, Rokhsar DS, Rank DR, Lowe CJ. Molecular evidence of anteroposterior patterning in adult echinoderms. Nature 2023; 623:555-561. [PMID: 37914929 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the pentaradial body plan of echinoderms from a bilateral ancestor is one of the most enduring zoological puzzles1,2. Because echinoderms are defined by morphological novelty, even the most basic axial comparisons with their bilaterian relatives are problematic. To revisit this classical question, we used conserved anteroposterior axial molecular markers to determine whether the highly derived adult body plan of echinoderms masks underlying patterning similarities with other deuterostomes. We investigated the expression of a suite of conserved transcription factors with well-established roles in the establishment of anteroposterior polarity in deuterostomes3-5 and other bilaterians6-8 using RNA tomography and in situ hybridization in the sea star Patiria miniata. The relative spatial expression of these markers in P. miniata ambulacral ectoderm shows similarity with other deuterostomes, with the midline of each ray representing the most anterior territory and the most lateral parts exhibiting a more posterior identity. Strikingly, there is no ectodermal territory in the sea star that expresses the characteristic bilaterian trunk genetic patterning programme. This finding suggests that from the perspective of ectoderm patterning, echinoderms are mostly head-like animals and provides a developmental rationale for the re-evaluation of the events that led to the evolution of the derived adult body plan of echinoderms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Formery
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - P Peluso
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - I Kohnle
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - J Malnick
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - J R Thompson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M Pitel
- Columbia Equine Hospital, Gresham, OR, USA
| | - K R Uhlinger
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
| | - D S Rokhsar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg BioHub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Okinawa, Japan
| | - D R Rank
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - C J Lowe
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg BioHub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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14
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Toh HSY, Choo XY, Sun AX. Midbrain organoids-development and applications in Parkinson's disease. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 2:kvad009. [PMID: 38596240 PMCID: PMC10913847 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Human brain development is spatially and temporally complex. Insufficient access to human brain tissue and inadequacy of animal models has limited the study of brain development and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advancements of brain organoid technology have created novel opportunities to model human-specific neurodevelopment and brain diseases. In this review, we discuss the use of brain organoids to model the midbrain and Parkinson's disease. We critically evaluate the extent of recapitulation of PD pathology by organoids and discuss areas of future development that may lead to the model to become a next-generation, personalized therapeutic strategy for PD and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary S Y Toh
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore
| | - Xin Yi Choo
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore
| | - Alfred Xuyang Sun
- Neuroscience & Behavioural Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore
- National Neuroscience Institute, 11 Jln Tan Tock Seng, Singapore
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15
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Pose-Méndez S, Schramm P, Valishetti K, Köster RW. Development, circuitry, and function of the zebrafish cerebellum. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:227. [PMID: 37490159 PMCID: PMC10368569 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04879-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum represents a brain compartment that first appeared in gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates). Besides the addition of cell numbers, its development, cytoarchitecture, circuitry, physiology, and function have been highly conserved throughout avian and mammalian species. While cerebellar research in avian and mammals is extensive, systematic investigations on this brain compartment in zebrafish as a teleostian model organism started only about two decades ago, but has provided considerable insight into cerebellar development, physiology, and function since then. Zebrafish are genetically tractable with nearly transparent small-sized embryos, in which cerebellar development occurs within a few days. Therefore, genetic investigations accompanied with non-invasive high-resolution in vivo time-lapse imaging represents a powerful combination for interrogating the behavior and function of cerebellar cells in their complex native environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Pose-Méndez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Paul Schramm
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Komali Valishetti
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Reinhard W Köster
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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16
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Maunsell HR, Ellis K, Kelley MW, Driver EC. Lrrn1 Regulates Medial Boundary Formation in the Developing Mouse Organ of Corti. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5305-5318. [PMID: 37369584 PMCID: PMC10359035 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2141-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most striking aspects of the sensory epithelium of the mammalian cochlea, the organ of Corti (OC), is the presence of precise boundaries between sensory and nonsensory cells at its medial and lateral edges. A particular example of this precision is the single row of inner hair cells (IHCs) and associated supporting cells along the medial (neural) boundary. Despite the regularity of this boundary, the developmental processes and genetic factors that contribute to its specification are poorly understood. In this study we demonstrate that Leucine Rich Repeat Neuronal 1 (Lrrn1), which codes for a single-pass, transmembrane protein, is expressed before the development of the mouse organ of Corti in the row of cells that will form its medial border. Deletion of Lrrn1 in mice of mixed sex leads to disruptions in boundary formation that manifest as ectopic inner hair cells and supporting cells. Genetic and pharmacological manipulations demonstrate that Lrrn1 interacts with the Notch signaling pathway and strongly suggest that Lrrn1 normally acts to enhance Notch signaling across the medial boundary. This interaction is required to promote formation of the row of inner hair cells and suppress the conversion of adjacent nonsensory cells into hair cells and supporting cells. These results identify Lrrn1 as an important regulator of boundary formation and cellular patterning during development of the organ of Corti.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Patterning of the developing mammalian cochlea into distinct sensory and nonsensory regions and the specification of multiple different cell fates within those regions are critical for proper auditory function. Here, we report that the transmembrane protein Leucine Rich Repeat Neuronal 1 (LRRN1) is expressed along the sharp medial boundary between the single row of mechanosensory inner hair cells (IHCs) and adjacent nonsensory cells. Formation of this boundary is mediated in part by Notch signaling, and loss of Lrrn1 leads to disruptions in boundary formation similar to those caused by a reduction in Notch activity, suggesting that LRRN1 likely acts to enhance Notch signaling. Greater understanding of sensory/nonsensory cell fate decisions in the cochlea will help inform the development of regenerative strategies aimed at restoring auditory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Maunsell
- Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Laboratory of Cochlear Development, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kathryn Ellis
- Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Laboratory of Cochlear Development, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Matthew W Kelley
- Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Laboratory of Cochlear Development, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Elizabeth Carroll Driver
- Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Laboratory of Cochlear Development, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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17
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Sampath Kumar A, Tian L, Bolondi A, Hernández AA, Stickels R, Kretzmer H, Murray E, Wittler L, Walther M, Barakat G, Haut L, Elkabetz Y, Macosko EZ, Guignard L, Chen F, Meissner A. Spatiotemporal transcriptomic maps of whole mouse embryos at the onset of organogenesis. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1176-1185. [PMID: 37414952 PMCID: PMC10335937 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal orchestration of gene expression is required for proper embryonic development. The use of single-cell technologies has begun to provide improved resolution of early regulatory dynamics, including detailed molecular definitions of most cell states during mouse embryogenesis. Here we used Slide-seq to build spatial transcriptomic maps of complete embryonic day (E) 8.5 and E9.0, and partial E9.5 embryos. To support their utility, we developed sc3D, a tool for reconstructing and exploring three-dimensional 'virtual embryos', which enables the quantitative investigation of regionalized gene expression patterns. Our measurements along the main embryonic axes of the developing neural tube revealed several previously unannotated genes with distinct spatial patterns. We also characterized the conflicting transcriptional identity of 'ectopic' neural tubes that emerge in Tbx6 mutant embryos. Taken together, we present an experimental and computational framework for the spatiotemporal investigation of whole embryonic structures and mutant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sampath Kumar
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luyi Tian
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adriano Bolondi
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amèlia Aragonés Hernández
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Stickels
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Helene Kretzmer
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Evan Murray
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lars Wittler
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Walther
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriel Barakat
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leah Haut
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yechiel Elkabetz
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Evan Z Macosko
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Léo Guignard
- Aix Marseille University, Toulon University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire d'Informatique et Systèmes 7020, Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Fei Chen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Meissner
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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18
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Lowenstein ED, Cui K, Hernandez-Miranda LR. Regulation of early cerebellar development. FEBS J 2023; 290:2786-2804. [PMID: 35262281 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The study of cerebellar development has been at the forefront of neuroscience since the pioneering work of Wilhelm His Sr., Santiago Ramón y Cajal and many others since the 19th century. They laid the foundation to identify the circuitry of the cerebellum, already revealing its stereotypic three-layered cortex and discerning several of its neuronal components. Their work was fundamental in the acceptance of the neuron doctrine, which acknowledges the key role of individual neurons in forming the basic units of the nervous system. Increasing evidence shows that the cerebellum performs a variety of homeostatic and higher order neuronal functions beyond the mere control of motor behaviour. Over the last three decades, many studies have revealed the molecular machinery that regulates distinct aspects of cerebellar development, from the establishment of a cerebellar anlage in the posterior brain to the identification of cerebellar neuron diversity at the single cell level. In this review, we focus on summarizing our current knowledge on early cerebellar development with a particular emphasis on the molecular determinants that secure neuron specification and contribute to the diversity of cerebellar neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Cui
- Institut für Zell- and Neurobiologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis Rodrigo Hernandez-Miranda
- Institut für Zell- and Neurobiologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
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19
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Amin ND, Kelley KW, Hao J, Miura Y, Narazaki G, Li T, McQueen P, Kulkarni S, Pavlov S, Paşca SP. Generating human neural diversity with a multiplexed morphogen screen in organoids. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.31.541819. [PMID: 37398073 PMCID: PMC10312596 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.31.541819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Morphogens choreograph the generation of remarkable cellular diversity in the developing nervous system. Differentiation of stem cells toward particular neural cell fates in vitro often relies upon combinatorial modulation of these signaling pathways. However, the lack of a systematic approach to understand morphogen-directed differentiation has precluded the generation of many neural cell populations, and knowledge of the general principles of regional specification remain in-complete. Here, we developed an arrayed screen of 14 morphogen modulators in human neural organoids cultured for over 70 days. Leveraging advances in multiplexed RNA sequencing technology and annotated single cell references of the human fetal brain we discovered that this screening approach generated considerable regional and cell type diversity across the neural axis. By deconvoluting morphogen-cell type relationships, we extracted design principles of brain region specification, including critical morphogen timing windows and combinatorics yielding an array of neurons with distinct neuro-transmitter identities. Tuning GABAergic neural subtype diversity unexpectedly led to the derivation of primate-specific interneurons. Taken together, this serves as a platform towards an in vitro morphogen atlas of human neural cell differentiation that will bring insights into human development, evolution, and disease.
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20
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Tran HN, Nguyen QH, Jeong JE, Loi DL, Nam YH, Kang TH, Yoon J, Baek K, Jeong Y. The embryonic patterning gene Dbx1 governs the survival of the auditory midbrain via Tcf7l2-Ap2δ transcriptional cascade. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1563-1574. [PMID: 37081114 PMCID: PMC10244374 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
At the top of the midbrain is the inferior colliculus (IC), which functions as the major hub for processing auditory information. Despite the functional significance of neurons in the IC, our understanding of their formation is limited. In this study, we identify the embryonic patterning gene Dbx1 as a key molecular player that governs genetic programs for IC survival. We find that Dbx1 plays a critical role in preventing apoptotic cell death in postnatal IC by transcriptionally repressing c-Jun and pro-apoptotic BH3 only factors. Furthermore, by employing combined approaches, we uncover that Tcf7l2 functions downstream of Dbx1. Loss of Tcf7l2 function causes IC phenotypes with striking similarity to those of Dbx1 mutant mice, which include defective embryonic maturation and postnatal deletion of the IC. Finally, we demonstrate that the Dbx1-Tcf7l2 cascade functions upstream of Ap-2δ, which is essential for IC development and survival. Together, these results unravel a novel molecular mechanism for IC maintenance, which is indispensable for normal brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Nhung Tran
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Quy-Hoai Nguyen
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Jeong
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Duc-Linh Loi
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Hee Nam
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Tong Ho Kang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseung Yoon
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanghee Baek
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsu Jeong
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Lebedeva OS, Sharova EI, Grekhnev DA, Skorodumova LO, Kopylova IV, Vassina EM, Oshkolova A, Novikova IV, Krisanova AV, Olekhnovich EI, Vigont VA, Kaznacheyeva EV, Bogomazova AN, Lagarkova MA. An Efficient 2D Protocol for Differentiation of iPSCs into Mature Postmitotic Dopaminergic Neurons: Application for Modeling Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7297. [PMID: 37108456 PMCID: PMC10139404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
About 15% of patients with parkinsonism have a hereditary form of Parkinson's disease (PD). Studies on the early stages of PD pathogenesis are challenging due to the lack of relevant models. The most promising ones are models based on dopaminergic neurons (DAns) differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of patients with hereditary forms of PD. This work describes a highly efficient 2D protocol for obtaining DAns from iPSCs. The protocol is rather simple, comparable in efficiency with previously published protocols, and does not require viral vectors. The resulting neurons have a similar transcriptome profile to previously published data for neurons, and have a high level of maturity marker expression. The proportion of sensitive (SOX6+) DAns in the population calculated from the level of gene expression is higher than resistant (CALB+) DAns. Electrophysiological studies of the DAns confirmed their voltage sensitivity and showed that a mutation in the PARK8 gene is associated with enhanced store-operated calcium entry. The study of high-purity DAns differentiated from the iPSCs of patients with hereditary PD using this differentiation protocol will allow for investigators to combine various research methods, from patch clamp to omics technologies, and maximize information about cell function in normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S. Lebedeva
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, St. Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena I. Sharova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, St. Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy A. Grekhnev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Liubov O. Skorodumova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, St. Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V. Kopylova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, St. Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina M. Vassina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, GSP-1, Gubkina St., 3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Arina Oshkolova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Iuliia V. Novikova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alena V. Krisanova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgenii I. Olekhnovich
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, St. Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Vigont
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena V. Kaznacheyeva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave 4, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra N. Bogomazova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, St. Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A. Lagarkova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, St. Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Malaya Pirogovskaya, 1a, 119435 Moscow, Russia
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22
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Cardon S, Hervis YP, Bolbach G, Lopin-Bon C, Jacquinet JC, Illien F, Walrant A, Ravault D, He B, Molina L, Burlina F, Lequin O, Joliot A, Carlier L, Sagan S. A cationic motif upstream Engrailed2 homeodomain controls cell internalization through selective interaction with heparan sulfates. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1998. [PMID: 37032404 PMCID: PMC10083169 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Engrailed2 (En2) is a transcription factor that transfers from cell to cell through unconventional pathways. The poorly understood internalization mechanism of this cationic protein is proposed to require an initial interaction with cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). To decipher the role of GAGs in En2 internalization, we have quantified the entry of its homeodomain region in model cells that differ in their content in cell-surface GAGs. The binding specificity to GAGs and the influence of this interaction on the structure and dynamics of En2 was also investigated at the amino acid level. Our results show that a high-affinity GAG-binding sequence (RKPKKKNPNKEDKRPR), upstream of the homeodomain, controls En2 internalization through selective interactions with highly-sulfated heparan sulfate GAGs. Our data underline the functional importance of the intrinsically disordered basic region upstream of En2 internalization domain, and demonstrate the critical role of GAGs as an entry gate, finely tuning homeoprotein capacity to internalize into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Cardon
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Yadira P Hervis
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Bolbach
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Mass Spectrometry Sciences Sorbonne University, MS3U platform, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Françoise Illien
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Astrid Walrant
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Ravault
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Bingwei He
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Laura Molina
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Burlina
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lequin
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Alain Joliot
- INSERM U932, Institut Curie Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Carlier
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Sandrine Sagan
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), 75005, Paris, France.
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23
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Sekulovski S, Trowitzsch S. What connects splicing of transfer RNA precursor molecules with pontocerebellar hypoplasia? Bioessays 2023; 45:e2200130. [PMID: 36517085 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) represent the most abundant class of RNA molecules in the cell and are key players during protein synthesis and cellular homeostasis. Aberrations in the extensive tRNA biogenesis pathways lead to severe neurological disorders in humans. Mutations in the tRNA splicing endonuclease (TSEN) and its associated RNA kinase cleavage factor polyribonucleotide kinase subunit 1 (CLP1) cause pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH), a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders, that manifest as underdevelopment of specific brain regions typically accompanied by microcephaly, profound motor impairments, and child mortality. Recently, we demonstrated that mutations leading to specific PCH subtypes destabilize TSEN in vitro and cause imbalances of immature to mature tRNA ratios in patient-derived cells. However, how tRNA processing defects translate to disease on a systems level has not been understood. Recent findings suggested that other cellular processes may be affected by mutations in TSEN/CLP1 and obscure the molecular mechanisms of PCH emergence. Here, we review PCH disease models linked to the TSEN/CLP1 machinery and discuss future directions to study neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samoil Sekulovski
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Simon Trowitzsch
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biocenter, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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24
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Regionalization of the Early Nervous System. Neurogenetics 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07793-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Zhou J, Yang YJ, Gan RH, Wang Y, Li Z, Zhang XJ, Gui JF, Zhou L. Foxl2a and Foxl2b are involved in midbrain-hindbrain boundary development in zebrafish. Gene Expr Patterns 2022; 46:119286. [PMID: 36341978 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2022.119286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Foxl2 plays conserved central function in ovarian differentiation and maintenance in several fish species. However, its expression pattern and function in fish embryogenesis are still largely unknown. In this study, we first presented a sequential expression pattern of zebrafish foxl2a and foxl2b during embryo development. They were predominantly expressed in the cranial paraxial mesoderm (CPM) and cranial venous vasculature (CVV) during somitogenesis and subsequently expressed in the pharyngeal arches after 48 h post-fertilization (hpf). Then, we compared the brain structures among zebrafish wildtype (WT) and three homozygous foxl2 mutants (foxl2a-/-, foxl2b-/- and foxl2a-/-;foxl2b-/-) and found the reduction of the fourth ventricle in the three foxl2 mutants, especially in foxl2a-/-;foxl2b-/- mutant. Finally, we detected several key transcription factors involved in the gene regulatory network of midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) patterning, such as wnt1, en1b and pax2a. Their expression levels were obviously downregulated in MHB of foxl2a-/- and foxl2a-/-;foxl2b-/- mutants. Thus, we suggest that Foxl2a and Foxl2b are involved in MHB and the fourth ventricle development in zebrafish. The current study provides insights into the molecular mechanism underlying development of brain ventricular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Jing Yang
- College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, China
| | - Rui-Hai Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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26
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Xia Y, Cui K, Alonso A, Lowenstein ED, Hernandez-Miranda LR. Transcription factors regulating the specification of brainstem respiratory neurons. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1072475. [PMID: 36523603 PMCID: PMC9745097 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1072475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Breathing (or respiration) is an unconscious and complex motor behavior which neuronal drive emerges from the brainstem. In simplistic terms, respiratory motor activity comprises two phases, inspiration (uptake of oxygen, O2) and expiration (release of carbon dioxide, CO2). Breathing is not rigid, but instead highly adaptable to external and internal physiological demands of the organism. The neurons that generate, monitor, and adjust breathing patterns locate to two major brainstem structures, the pons and medulla oblongata. Extensive research over the last three decades has begun to identify the developmental origins of most brainstem neurons that control different aspects of breathing. This research has also elucidated the transcriptional control that secures the specification of brainstem respiratory neurons. In this review, we aim to summarize our current knowledge on the transcriptional regulation that operates during the specification of respiratory neurons, and we will highlight the cell lineages that contribute to the central respiratory circuit. Lastly, we will discuss on genetic disturbances altering transcription factor regulation and their impact in hypoventilation disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Xia
- The Brainstem Group, Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ke Cui
- The Brainstem Group, Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia Alonso
- Functional Genoarchitecture and Neurobiology Groups, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elijah D. Lowenstein
- Developmental Biology/Signal Transduction, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis R. Hernandez-Miranda
- The Brainstem Group, Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Nishimura K, Yang S, Lee KW, Ásgrímsdóttir ES, Nikouei K, Paslawski W, Gnodde S, Lyu G, Hu L, Saltó C, Svenningsson P, Hjerling-Leffler J, Linnarsson S, Arenas E. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals correct developmental dynamics and high-quality midbrain cell types by improved hESC differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 18:337-353. [PMID: 36400027 PMCID: PMC9860082 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell technologies provide new opportunities for modeling cells in health and disease and for regenerative medicine. In both cases, developmental knowledge and defining the molecular properties and quality of the cell types is essential. In this study, we identify developmental factors important for the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into functional midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. We found that laminin-511, and dual canonical and non-canonical WNT activation followed by GSK3β inhibition plus FGF8b, improved midbrain patterning. In addition, neurogenesis and differentiation were enhanced by activation of liver X receptors and inhibition of fibroblast growth factor signaling. Moreover, single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis revealed a developmental dynamics similar to that of the endogenous human ventral midbrain and the emergence of high-quality molecularly defined midbrain cell types, including mDA neurons. Our study identifies novel factors important for human midbrain development and opens the door for a future application of molecularly defined hESC-derived cell types in Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaneyasu Nishimura
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shanzheng Yang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ka Wai Lee
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emilía Sif Ásgrímsdóttir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kasra Nikouei
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wojciech Paslawski
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabine Gnodde
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guochang Lyu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lijuan Hu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmen Saltó
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Hjerling-Leffler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Linnarsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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28
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Diacou R, Nandigrami P, Fiser A, Liu W, Ashery-Padan R, Cvekl A. Cell fate decisions, transcription factors and signaling during early retinal development. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101093. [PMID: 35817658 PMCID: PMC9669153 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate eyes is a complex process starting from anterior-posterior and dorso-ventral patterning of the anterior neural tube, resulting in the formation of the eye field. Symmetrical separation of the eye field at the anterior neural plate is followed by two symmetrical evaginations to generate a pair of optic vesicles. Next, reciprocal invagination of the optic vesicles with surface ectoderm-derived lens placodes generates double-layered optic cups. The inner and outer layers of the optic cups develop into the neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), respectively. In vitro produced retinal tissues, called retinal organoids, are formed from human pluripotent stem cells, mimicking major steps of retinal differentiation in vivo. This review article summarizes recent progress in our understanding of early eye development, focusing on the formation the eye field, optic vesicles, and early optic cups. Recent single-cell transcriptomic studies are integrated with classical in vivo genetic and functional studies to uncover a range of cellular mechanisms underlying early eye development. The functions of signal transduction pathways and lineage-specific DNA-binding transcription factors are dissected to explain cell-specific regulatory mechanisms underlying cell fate determination during early eye development. The functions of homeodomain (HD) transcription factors Otx2, Pax6, Lhx2, Six3 and Six6, which are required for early eye development, are discussed in detail. Comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of early eye development provides insight into the molecular and cellular basis of developmental ocular anomalies, such as optic cup coloboma. Lastly, modeling human development and inherited retinal diseases using stem cell-derived retinal organoids generates opportunities to discover novel therapies for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raven Diacou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Prithviraj Nandigrami
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Andras Fiser
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ales Cvekl
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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29
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Partanen J, Achim K. Neurons gating behavior—developmental, molecular and functional features of neurons in the Substantia Nigra pars reticulata. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:976209. [PMID: 36148148 PMCID: PMC9485944 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.976209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Substantia Nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) is the major information output site of the basal ganglia network and instrumental for the activation and adjustment of movement, regulation of the behavioral state and response to reward. Due to both overlapping and unique input and output connections, the SNpr might also have signal integration capacity and contribute to action selection. How the SNpr regulates these multiple functions remains incompletely understood. The SNpr is located in the ventral midbrain and is composed primarily of inhibitory GABAergic projection neurons that are heterogeneous in their properties. In addition, the SNpr contains smaller populations of other neurons, including glutamatergic neurons. Here, we discuss regionalization of the SNpr, in particular the division of the SNpr neurons to anterior (aSNpr) and posterior (pSNpr) subtypes, which display differences in many of their features. We hypothesize that unique developmental and molecular characteristics of the SNpr neuron subtypes correlate with both region-specific connections and notable functional specializations of the SNpr. Variation in both the genetic control of the SNpr neuron development as well as signals regulating cell migration and axon guidance may contribute to the functional diversity of the SNpr neurons. Therefore, insights into the various aspects of differentiation of the SNpr neurons can increase our understanding of fundamental brain functions and their defects in neurological and psychiatric disorders, including movement and mood disorders, as well as epilepsy.
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30
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Zhang Z, O'Laughlin R, Song H, Ming GL. Patterning of brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 74:102536. [PMID: 35405627 PMCID: PMC9167774 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The emerging technology of brain organoids deriving from human pluripotent stem cells provides unprecedented opportunities to study human brain development and associated disorders. Various brain organoid protocols have been developed that can recapitulate some key features of cell type diversity, cytoarchitectural organization, developmental processes, functions, and pathologies of the developing human brain. In this review, we focus on patterning of human stem cell-derived brain organoids. We start with an overview of general procedures to generate brain organoids. We then highlight some recently developed brain organoid protocols and chemical cues involved in modeling development of specific human brain regions, subregions, and multiple regions together. We also discuss limitations and potential future improvements of human brain organoid technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Richard O'Laughlin
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Epigenetics Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. https://twitter.com/UPenn_SongMing
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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31
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Xi J, Xu Y, Guo Z, Li J, Wu Y, Sun Q, Wang Y, Chen M, Zhu S, Bian S, Kang J. LncRNA SOX1-OT V1 acts as a decoy of HDAC10 to promote SOX1-dependent hESC neuronal differentiation. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53015. [PMID: 34927789 PMCID: PMC8811645 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are abundantly expressed in the nervous system, but their regulatory roles in neuronal differentiation are poorly understood. Using a human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-based 2D neural differentiation approach and a 3D cerebral organoid system, we show that SOX1-OT variant 1 (SOX1-OT V1), a SOX1 overlapping noncoding RNA, plays essential roles in both dorsal cortical neuron differentiation and ventral GABAergic neuron differentiation by facilitating SOX1 expression. SOX1-OT V1 physically interacts with HDAC10 through its 5' region, acts as a decoy to block HDAC10 binding to the SOX1 promoter, and thus maintains histone acetylation levels at the SOX1 promoter. SOX1 in turn activates ASCL1 expression and promotes neuronal differentiation. Taken together, we identify a SOX1-OT V1/HDAC10-SOX1-ASCL1 axis, which promotes neurogenesis, highlighting a role for lncRNAs in hESC neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Xi
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanxin Xu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhenming Guo
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jianguo Li
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yukang Wu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qiaoyi Sun
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Mengxia Chen
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Songcheng Zhu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shan Bian
- Institute for Regenerative MedicineShanghai East HospitalSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiuhong Kang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant HospitalShanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal MedicineShanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease ResearchFrontier Science Center for Stem Cell ResearchNational Stem Cell Translational Resource CenterSchool of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
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32
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Novak G, Kyriakis D, Grzyb K, Bernini M, Rodius S, Dittmar G, Finkbeiner S, Skupin A. Single-cell transcriptomics of human iPSC differentiation dynamics reveal a core molecular network of Parkinson's disease. Commun Biol 2022; 5:49. [PMID: 35027645 PMCID: PMC8758783 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02973-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons (mDA) in the midbrain. The underlying mechanisms are only partly understood and there is no treatment to reverse PD progression. Here, we investigated the disease mechanism using mDA neurons differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) carrying the ILE368ASN mutation within the PINK1 gene, which is strongly associated with PD. Single-cell RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and gene expression analysis of a PINK1-ILE368ASN and a control cell line identified genes differentially expressed during mDA neuron differentiation. Network analysis revealed that these genes form a core network, members of which interact with all known 19 protein-coding Parkinson's disease-associated genes. This core network encompasses key PD-associated pathways, including ubiquitination, mitochondrial function, protein processing, RNA metabolism, and vesicular transport. Proteomics analysis showed a consistent alteration in proteins of dopamine metabolism, indicating a defect of dopaminergic metabolism in PINK1-ILE368ASN neurons. Our findings suggest the existence of a network onto which pathways associated with PD pathology converge, and offers an inclusive interpretation of the phenotypic heterogeneity of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Novak
- The Integrative Cell Signalling Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, the Gladstone Institutes and Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Dimitrios Kyriakis
- The Integrative Cell Signalling Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Kamil Grzyb
- The Integrative Cell Signalling Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Michela Bernini
- The Integrative Cell Signalling Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sophie Rodius
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics, the Gladstone Institutes and Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Alexander Skupin
- The Integrative Cell Signalling Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Breathing (or respiration) is a complex motor behavior that originates in the brainstem. In minimalistic terms, breathing can be divided into two phases: inspiration (uptake of oxygen, O2) and expiration (release of carbon dioxide, CO2). The neurons that discharge in synchrony with these phases are arranged in three major groups along the brainstem: (i) pontine, (ii) dorsal medullary, and (iii) ventral medullary. These groups are formed by diverse neuron types that coalesce into heterogeneous nuclei or complexes, among which the preBötzinger complex in the ventral medullary group contains cells that generate the respiratory rhythm (Chapter 1). The respiratory rhythm is not rigid, but instead highly adaptable to the physic demands of the organism. In order to generate the appropriate respiratory rhythm, the preBötzinger complex receives direct and indirect chemosensory information from other brainstem respiratory nuclei (Chapter 2) and peripheral organs (Chapter 3). Even though breathing is a hard-wired unconscious behavior, it can be temporarily altered at will by other higher-order brain structures (Chapter 6), and by emotional states (Chapter 7). In this chapter, we focus on the development of brainstem respiratory groups and highlight the cell lineages that contribute to central and peripheral chemoreflexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eser Göksu Isik
- Brainstem Group, Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis R Hernandez-Miranda
- Brainstem Group, Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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34
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Lohoff T, Ghazanfar S, Missarova A, Koulena N, Pierson N, Griffiths JA, Bardot ES, Eng CHL, Tyser RCV, Argelaguet R, Guibentif C, Srinivas S, Briscoe J, Simons BD, Hadjantonakis AK, Göttgens B, Reik W, Nichols J, Cai L, Marioni JC. Integration of spatial and single-cell transcriptomic data elucidates mouse organogenesis. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:74-85. [PMID: 34489600 PMCID: PMC8763645 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-01006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular profiling of single cells has advanced our knowledge of the molecular basis of development. However, current approaches mostly rely on dissociating cells from tissues, thereby losing the crucial spatial context of regulatory processes. Here, we apply an image-based single-cell transcriptomics method, sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization (seqFISH), to detect mRNAs for 387 target genes in tissue sections of mouse embryos at the 8-12 somite stage. By integrating spatial context and multiplexed transcriptional measurements with two single-cell transcriptome atlases, we characterize cell types across the embryo and demonstrate that spatially resolved expression of genes not profiled by seqFISH can be imputed. We use this high-resolution spatial map to characterize fundamental steps in the patterning of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) and the developing gut tube. We uncover axes of cell differentiation that are not apparent from single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data, such as early dorsal-ventral separation of esophageal and tracheal progenitor populations in the gut tube. Our method provides an approach for studying cell fate decisions in complex tissues and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lohoff
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Ghazanfar
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Missarova
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - N Koulena
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - N Pierson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J A Griffiths
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Genomics Plc, Cambridge, UK
| | - E S Bardot
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - C-H L Eng
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - R C V Tyser
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R Argelaguet
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - C Guibentif
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Srinivas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - B D Simons
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- The Wellcome/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A-K Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Göttgens
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - W Reik
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - J Nichols
- Wellcome-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - L Cai
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - J C Marioni
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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35
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Gabriel E, Albanna W, Pasquini G, Ramani A, Josipovic N, Mariappan A, Schinzel F, Karch CM, Bao G, Gottardo M, Suren AA, Hescheler J, Nagel-Wolfrum K, Persico V, Rizzoli SO, Altmüller J, Riparbelli MG, Callaini G, Goureau O, Papantonis A, Busskamp V, Schneider T, Gopalakrishnan J. Human brain organoids assemble functionally integrated bilateral optic vesicles. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1740-1757.e8. [PMID: 34407456 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, optic vesicles develop from the diencephalon via a multistep process of organogenesis. Using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human brain organoids, we attempted to simplify the complexities and demonstrate formation of forebrain-associated bilateral optic vesicles, cellular diversity, and functionality. Around day 30, brain organoids attempt to assemble optic vesicles, which develop progressively as visible structures within 60 days. These optic vesicle-containing brain organoids (OVB-organoids) constitute a developing optic vesicle's cellular components, including primitive corneal epithelial and lens-like cells, retinal pigment epithelia, retinal progenitor cells, axon-like projections, and electrically active neuronal networks. OVB-organoids also display synapsin-1, CTIP-positive myelinated cortical neurons, and microglia. Interestingly, various light intensities could trigger photosensitive activity of OVB-organoids, and light sensitivities could be reset after transient photobleaching. Thus, brain organoids have the intrinsic ability to self-organize forebrain-associated primitive sensory structures in a topographically restricted manner and can allow interorgan interaction studies within a single organoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Gabriel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Walid Albanna
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Giovanni Pasquini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anand Ramani
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Natasa Josipovic
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Center for molecular medicine, Cologne, Universität zu Köln, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Aruljothi Mariappan
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Friedrich Schinzel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63116, USA
| | - Guobin Bao
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University Medicine Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marco Gottardo
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ata Alp Suren
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kerstin Nagel-Wolfrum
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Veronica Persico
- Department of Life Sciences and Medical Biotechnology University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Silvio O Rizzoli
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Cellular Biophysics, University Medicine Göttingen, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany; Center for molecular medicine, Cologne, Universität zu Köln, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | | | - Giuliano Callaini
- Department of Life Sciences and Medical Biotechnology University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Olivier Goureau
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Argyris Papantonis
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Volker Busskamp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Toni Schneider
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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36
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Roffers-Agarwal J, Lidberg KA, Gammill LS. The lysine methyltransferase SETD2 is a dynamically expressed regulator of early neural crest development. Genesis 2021; 59:e23448. [PMID: 34498354 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SETD2 is a histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36) tri-methylase that is upregulated in response to neural crest induction. Because the H3K36 di-methylase NSD3 and cytoplasmic non-histone protein methylation are necessary for neural crest development, we investigated the expression and requirement for SETD2 in the neural crest. SetD2 is expressed throughout the chick blastoderm beginning at gastrulation. Subsequently, SetD2 mRNA becomes restricted to the neural plate, where it is strongly and dynamically expressed as neural tissue is regionalized and cell fate decisions are made. This includes expression in premigratory neural crest cells, which is downregulated prior to migration. Likely due to the early onset of its expression, SETD2 morpholino knockdown does not significantly alter premigratory Sox10 expression or neural crest migration; however, both are disrupted by a methyltransferase mutant SETD2 construct. These results suggest that SETD2 activity is essential for early neural crest development, further demonstrating that lysine methylation is an important mechanism regulating the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julaine Roffers-Agarwal
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kevin A Lidberg
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Laura S Gammill
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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37
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Chang-Gonzalez AC, Gibbs HC, Lekven AC, Yeh AT, Hwang W. Building a three-dimensional model of early-stage zebrafish embryo brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 1. [PMID: 34693392 PMCID: PMC8535780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpr.2021.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a computational approach to build three-dimensional (3D) surface mesh models of the early-stage zebrafish brain primordia from time-series microscopy images. The complexity of the early-stage brain primordia and lack of recognizable landmarks pose a distinct challenge for feature segmentation and 3D modeling. Additional difficulty arises because of noise and variations in pixel intensity. We overcome these by using a hierarchical approach in which simple geometric elements, such as "beads" and "bonds," are assigned to represent local features and their connectivity is used to smoothen the surface while retaining high-curvature regions. We apply our method to build models of two zebrafish embryo phenotypes at discrete time points between 19 and 28 h post-fertilization and collect measurements to quantify development. Our approach is fast and applicable to building models of other biological systems, as demonstrated by models from magnetic resonance images of the human fetal brain. The source code, input scripts, sample image files, and generated outputs are publicly available on GitHub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Chang-Gonzalez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Holly C Gibbs
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.,Microscopy and Imaging Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Arne C Lekven
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Alvin T Yeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Wonmuk Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.,School of Computational Sciences, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul, Korea
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38
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Hua T(T, Bejoy J, Song L, Wang Z, Zeng Z, Zhou Y, Li Y, Sang QXA. Cerebellar Differentiation from Human Stem Cells Through Retinoid, Wnt, and Sonic Hedgehog Pathways. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 27:881-893. [PMID: 32873223 PMCID: PMC8336229 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiating cerebellar organoids can be challenging due to complex cell organization and structure in the cerebellum. Different approaches were investigated to recapitulate differentiation process of the cerebellum from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) without high efficiency. This study was carried out to test the hypothesis that the combination of different signaling factors including retinoic acid (RA), Wnt activator, and sonic hedgehog (SHH) activator promotes the cerebellar differentiation of hiPSCs. Wnt, RA, and SHH pathways were activated by CHIR99021 (CHIR), RA, and purmorphamine (PMR), respectively. Different combinations of the morphogens (RA/CHIR, RA/PMR, CHIR/PMR, and RA/CHIR/PMR) were utilized, and the spheroids (day 35) were characterized for the markers of three cerebellum layers (the molecular layer, the Purkinje cell layer, and the granule cell layer). Of all the combinations tested, RA/CHIR/PMR promoted both the Purkinje cell layer and the granule cell layer differentiation. The cells also exhibited electrophysiological characteristics using whole-cell patch clamp recording, especially demonstrating Purkinje cell electrophysiology. This study should advance the understanding of different signaling pathways during cerebellar development to engineer cerebellum organoids for drug screening and disease modeling. Impact statement This study investigated the synergistic effects of retinoic acid, Wnt activator, and sonic hedgehog activator on cerebellar patterning of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) spheroids and organoids. The results indicate that the combination promotes the differentiation of the Purkinje cell layer and the granule cell layer. The cells also exhibit electrophysiological characteristics using whole-cell patch clamp recording, especially demonstrating Purkinje cell electrophysiology. The findings are significant for understanding the biochemical signaling of three-dimensional microenvironment on neural patterning of hiPSCs for applications in organoid engineering, disease modeling, and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thien (Timothy) Hua
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Julie Bejoy
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Liqing Song
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Ziwei Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Qing-Xiang Amy Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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39
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Sharma Y, Shobha K, Sundeep M, Pinnelli VB, Parveen S, Dhanushkodi A. Neural Basis of Dental Pulp Stem Cells and its Potential Application in Parkinson's disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:62-76. [PMID: 33719979 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210311122921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. Though significant insights into the molecular-biochemical-cellular-behavioral basis of PD have been understood, there is no appreciable treatment available till date. Current therapies provide symptomatic relief without any influence on the progression of the disease. Stem cell therapy has been vigorously explored to treat PD. In this comprehensive review, we analyze various stem cell candidates for treating PD and discuss the possible mechanisms. We advocate the advantage of using neural crest originated dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) due to their predisposition towards neural differentiation and their potential to regenerate neurons far better than commonly used bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). Eventually, we highlight the current challenges in the field and the strategies which may be used for overcoming the impediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Sharma
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, Karnataka. India
| | - Shobha K
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, Karnataka. India
| | - Mata Sundeep
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, Karnataka. India
| | | | - Shagufta Parveen
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, Karnataka. India
| | - Anandh Dhanushkodi
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Bangalore, Karnataka. India
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40
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Xu Y, Xi J, Wang G, Guo Z, Sun Q, Lu C, Ma L, Wu Y, Jia W, Zhu S, Guo X, Bian S, Kang J. PAUPAR and PAX6 sequentially regulate human embryonic stem cell cortical differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:1935-1950. [PMID: 33544864 PMCID: PMC7913681 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a wide range of roles in the epigenetic regulation of crucial biological processes, but the functions of lncRNAs in cortical development are poorly understood. Using human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-based 2D neural differentiation approach and 3D cerebral organoid system, we identified that the lncRNA PAUPAR, which is adjacent to PAX6, plays essential roles in cortical differentiation by interacting with PAX6 to regulate the expression of a large number of neural genes. Mechanistic studies showed that PAUPAR confers PAX6 proper binding sites on the target neural genes by directly binding the genomic regions of these genes. Moreover, PAX6 recruits the histone methyltransferase NSD1 through its C-terminal PST enrichment domain, then regulate H3K36 methylation and the expression of target genes. Collectively, our data reveal that the PAUPAR/PAX6/NSD1 complex plays a critical role in the epigenetic regulation of hESC cortical differentiation and highlight the importance of PAUPAR as an intrinsic regulator of cortical differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Xu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajie Xi
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guiying Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenming Guo
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Bio-X Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoyi Sun
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenqi Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ma
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yukang Wu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwen Jia
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songcheng Zhu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Guo
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Bian
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiuhong Kang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, National Stem Cell Translational Resource Center, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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41
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Comparative Proteome Research in a Zebrafish Model for Vanishing White Matter Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052707. [PMID: 33800130 PMCID: PMC7962458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vanishing white matter (VWM) disease is a genetic leukodystrophy leading to severe neurological disease and early death. VWM is caused by bi-allelic mutations in any of the five genes encoding the subunits of the eukaryotic translation factor 2B (EIF2B). Previous studies have attempted to investigate the molecular mechanism of VWN by constructing models for each subunit of EIF2B that causes VWM disease. The underlying molecular mechanisms of the way in which mutations in EIF2B3 result in VWM are largely unknown. Based on our recent results, we generated an eif2b3 knockout (eif2b3-/-) zebrafish model and performed quantitative proteomic analysis between the wild-type (WT) and eif2b3-/- zebrafish, and identified 25 differentially expressed proteins. Four proteins were significantly upregulated, and 21 proteins were significantly downregulated in eif2b3-/- zebrafish compared to WT. Lon protease and the neutral amino acid transporter SLC1A4 were significantly increased in eif2b3-/- zebrafish, and crystallin proteins were significantly decreased. The differential expression of proteins was confirmed by the evaluation of mRNA levels in eif2b3-/- zebrafish, using whole-mount in situ hybridization analysis. This study identified proteins which candidates as key regulators of the progression of VWN disease, using quantitative proteomic analysis in the first EIF2B3 animal model of VWN disease.
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42
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Zalc A, Sinha R, Gulati GS, Wesche DJ, Daszczuk P, Swigut T, Weissman IL, Wysocka J. Reactivation of the pluripotency program precedes formation of the cranial neural crest. Science 2021; 371:371/6529/eabb4776. [PMID: 33542111 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb4776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During development, cells progress from a pluripotent state to a more restricted fate within a particular germ layer. However, cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs), a transient cell population that generates most of the craniofacial skeleton, have much broader differentiation potential than their ectodermal lineage of origin. Here, we identify a neuroepithelial precursor population characterized by expression of canonical pluripotency transcription factors that gives rise to CNCCs and is essential for craniofacial development. Pluripotency factor Oct4 is transiently reactivated in CNCCs and is required for the subsequent formation of ectomesenchyme. Furthermore, open chromatin landscapes of Oct4+ CNCC precursors resemble those of epiblast stem cells, with additional features suggestive of priming for mesenchymal programs. We propose that CNCCs expand their developmental potential through a transient reacquisition of molecular signatures of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Zalc
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gunsagar S Gulati
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel J Wesche
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Patrycja Daszczuk
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tomek Swigut
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joanna Wysocka
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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43
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Alwin Prem Anand A, Alvarez-Bolado G, Wizenmann A. MiR-9 and the Midbrain-Hindbrain Boundary: A Showcase for the Limited Functional Conservation and Regulatory Complexity of MicroRNAs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:586158. [PMID: 33330463 PMCID: PMC7719755 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.586158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional levels. Some of them appear to regulate brain development and are involved in neurodevelopmental disorders. This has led to the suggestion that the role of microRNAs in neuronal development and function may be more central than previously appreciated. Here, we review the data about miR-9 function to depict the subtlety, complexity, flexibility and limited functional conservation of this essential developmental regulatory system. On this basis we propose that species-specific actions of miR-9 could underlie to a large degree species differences in brain size, shape and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alwin Prem Anand
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Wizenmann
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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44
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Ben-Reuven L, Reiner O. Toward Spatial Identities in Human Brain Organoids-on-Chip Induced by Morphogen-Soaked Beads. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:E164. [PMID: 33352983 PMCID: PMC7766968 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7040164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in stem-cell technologies include the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into organ-like structures (organoids). These organoids exhibit remarkable self-organization that resembles key aspects of in vivo organ development. However, organoids have an unpredictable anatomy, and poorly reflect the topography of the dorsoventral, mediolateral, and anteroposterior axes. In vivo the temporal and the spatial patterning of the developing tissue is orchestrated by signaling molecules called morphogens. Here, we used morphogen-soaked beads to influence the spatial identities within hESC-derived brain organoids. The morphogen- and synthetic molecules-soaked beads were interpreted as local organizers, and key transcription factor expression levels within the organoids were affected as a function of the distance from the bead. We used an on-chip imaging device that we have developed, that allows live imaging of the developing hESC-derived organoids. This platform enabled studying the effect of changes in WNT/BMP gradients on the expression of key landmark genes in the on-chip human brain organoids. Titration of CHIR99201 (WNT agonist) and BMP4 directed the expression of telencephalon and medial pallium genes; dorsal and ventral midbrain markers; and isthmus-related genes. Overall, our protocol provides an opportunity to study phenotypes of altered regional specification and defected connectivity, which are found in neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orly Reiner
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
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45
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Thawani A, Groves AK. Building the Border: Development of the Chordate Neural Plate Border Region and Its Derivatives. Front Physiol 2020; 11:608880. [PMID: 33364980 PMCID: PMC7750469 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.608880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The paired cranial sensory organs and peripheral nervous system of vertebrates arise from a thin strip of cells immediately adjacent to the developing neural plate. The neural plate border region comprises progenitors for four key populations of cells: neural plate cells, neural crest cells, the cranial placodes, and epidermis. Putative homologues of these neural plate border derivatives can be found in protochordates such as amphioxus and tunicates. In this review, we summarize key signaling pathways and transcription factors that regulate the inductive and patterning events at the neural plate border region that give rise to the neural crest and placodal lineages. Gene regulatory networks driven by signals from WNT, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling primarily dictate the formation of the crest and placodal lineages. We review these studies and discuss the potential of recent advances in spatio-temporal transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses that would allow a mechanistic understanding of how these signaling pathways and their downstream transcriptional cascades regulate the formation of the neural plate border region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Thawani
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Andrew K Groves
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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46
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Messina A, Boiti A, Vallortigara G. Asymmetric distribution of pallial‐expressed genes in zebrafish (
Danio rerio
). Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:362-375. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Messina
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences University of Trento Rovereto Italy
| | - Alessandra Boiti
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences University of Trento Rovereto Italy
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47
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Veerapathiran S, Teh C, Zhu S, Kartigayen I, Korzh V, Matsudaira PT, Wohland T. Wnt3 distribution in the zebrafish brain is determined by expression, diffusion and multiple molecular interactions. eLife 2020; 9:e59489. [PMID: 33236989 PMCID: PMC7725503 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt3 proteins are lipidated and glycosylated signaling molecules that play an important role in zebrafish neural patterning and brain development. However, the transport mechanism of lipid-modified Wnts through the hydrophilic extracellular environment for long-range action remains unresolved. Here we determine how Wnt3 accomplishes long-range distribution in the zebrafish brain. First, we characterize the Wnt3-producing source and Wnt3-receiving target regions. Subsequently, we analyze Wnt3 mobility at different length scales by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. We demonstrate that Wnt3 spreads extracellularly and interacts with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). We then determine the binding affinity of Wnt3 to its receptor, Frizzled1 (Fzd1), using fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy and show that the co-receptor, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (Lrp5), is required for Wnt3-Fzd1 interaction. Our results are consistent with the extracellular distribution of Wnt3 by a diffusive mechanism that is modified by tissue morphology, interactions with HSPG, and Lrp5-mediated receptor binding, to regulate zebrafish brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapthaswaran Veerapathiran
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Cathleen Teh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Shiwen Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Indira Kartigayen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Vladimir Korzh
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Paul T Matsudaira
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Thorsten Wohland
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Center for BioImaging Sciences, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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48
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Macrì S, Di-Poï N. Heterochronic Developmental Shifts Underlying Squamate Cerebellar Diversity Unveil the Key Features of Amniote Cerebellogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:593377. [PMID: 33195265 PMCID: PMC7642464 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.593377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a remarkable conservation of architecture and function, the cerebellum of vertebrates shows extensive variation in morphology, size, and foliation pattern. These features make this brain subdivision a powerful model to investigate the evolutionary developmental mechanisms underlying neuroanatomical complexity both within and between anamniote and amniote species. Here, we fill a major evolutionary gap by characterizing the developing cerebellum in two non-avian reptile species-bearded dragon lizard and African house snake-representative of extreme cerebellar morphologies and neuronal arrangement patterns found in squamates. Our data suggest that developmental strategies regarded as exclusive hallmark of birds and mammals, including transit amplification in an external granule layer (EGL) and Sonic hedgehog expression by underlying Purkinje cells (PCs), contribute to squamate cerebellogenesis independently from foliation pattern. Furthermore, direct comparison of our models suggests the key importance of spatiotemporal patterning and dynamic interaction between granule cells and PCs in defining cortical organization. Especially, the observed heterochronic shifts in early cerebellogenesis events, including upper rhombic lip progenitor activity and EGL maintenance, are strongly expected to affect the dynamics of molecular interaction between neuronal cell types in snakes. Altogether, these findings help clarifying some of the morphogenetic and molecular underpinnings of amniote cerebellar corticogenesis, but also suggest new potential molecular mechanisms underlying cerebellar complexity in squamates. Furthermore, squamate models analyzed here are revealed as key animal models to further understand mechanisms of brain organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Macrì
- Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nicolas Di-Poï
- Program in Developmental Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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49
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Di Nardo AA, Joliot A, Prochiantz A. Homeoprotein transduction in neurodevelopment and physiopathology. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/44/eabc6374. [PMID: 33115744 PMCID: PMC7608782 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc6374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Homeoproteins were originally identified for embryonic cell-autonomous transcription activity, but they also have non-cell-autonomous activity owing to transfer between cells. This Review discusses transfer mechanisms and focuses on some established functions, such as neurodevelopmental regulation of axon guidance, and postnatal critical periods of brain plasticity that affect sensory processing and cognition. Homeoproteins are present across all eukaryotes, and intercellular transfer occurs in plants and animals. Proposed functions have evolutionary relevance, such as morphogenetic activity and sexual exchange during the mating of unicellular eukaryotes, while others have physiopathological relevance, such as regulation of mood and cognition by influencing brain compartmentalization, connectivity, and plasticity. There are more than 250 known homeoproteins with conserved transfer domains, suggesting that this is a common mode of signal transduction but with many undiscovered functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel A Di Nardo
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, PSL University, Labex MemoLife, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Alain Joliot
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, PSL University, Labex MemoLife, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alain Prochiantz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, PSL University, Labex MemoLife, 75005 Paris, France.
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50
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Ancestral regulatory mechanisms specify conserved midbrain circuitry in arthropods and vertebrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:19544-19555. [PMID: 32747566 PMCID: PMC7431035 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918797117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative developmental genetics indicate insect and mammalian forebrains form and function in comparable ways. However, these data are open to opposing interpretations that advocate either a single origin of the brain and its adaptive modification during animal evolution; or multiple, independent origins of the many different brains present in extant Bilateria. Here, we describe conserved regulatory elements that mediate the spatiotemporal expression of developmental control genes directing the formation and function of midbrain circuits in flies, mice, and humans. These circuits develop from corresponding midbrain-hindbrain boundary regions and regulate comparable behaviors for balance and motor control. Our findings suggest that conserved regulatory mechanisms specify cephalic circuits for sensory integration and coordinated behavior common to all animals that possess a brain. Corresponding attributes of neural development and function suggest arthropod and vertebrate brains may have an evolutionarily conserved organization. However, the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive. Here, we identify a gene regulatory and character identity network defining the deutocerebral–tritocerebral boundary (DTB) in Drosophila. This network comprises genes homologous to those directing midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB) formation in vertebrates and their closest chordate relatives. Genetic tracing reveals that the embryonic DTB gives rise to adult midbrain circuits that in flies control auditory and vestibular information processing and motor coordination, as do MHB-derived circuits in vertebrates. DTB-specific gene expression and function are directed by cis-regulatory elements of developmental control genes that include homologs of mammalian Zinc finger of the cerebellum and Purkinje cell protein 4. Drosophila DTB-specific cis-regulatory elements correspond to regulatory sequences of human ENGRAILED-2, PAX-2, and DACHSHUND-1 that direct MHB-specific expression in the embryonic mouse brain. We show that cis-regulatory elements and the gene networks they regulate direct the formation and function of midbrain circuits for balance and motor coordination in insects and mammals. Regulatory mechanisms mediating the genetic specification of cephalic neural circuits in arthropods correspond to those in chordates, thereby implying their origin before the divergence of deuterostomes and ecdysozoans.
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