1
|
Wang Q, Shan L. Role of the CARD8 inflammasome in HIV pathogenesis. CELL INSIGHT 2024; 3:100193. [PMID: 39183739 PMCID: PMC11342869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2024.100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to be a significant global health challenge despite decades of research and advances in treatment. Substantial gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis and the host immune responses still exist. The interaction between HIV and these immune responses is pivotal in the disease progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Recently, the caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8 (CARD8) inflammasome has emerged as a crucial factor in orchestrating innate immune responses to HIV infection and exerting a substantial impact on viral pathogenesis. CARD8 restricts viral replication by detecting the activity of HIV protease. Conversely, it also contributes to the depletion of CD4+ T cells, a key feature of disease progression towards AIDS. The purpose of this review is to summarize the role of the CARD8 inflammasome in HIV pathogenesis, delving into its mechanisms of action and potential implications for the development of therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Liang Shan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ostermann PN, Evering TH. The Impact of Aging on HIV-1-related Neurocognitive Impairment. Ageing Res Rev 2024:102513. [PMID: 39307316 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Depending on the population studied, HIV-1-related neurocognitive impairment is estimated to impact up to half the population of people living with HIV (PLWH) despite the availability of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Various factors contribute to this neurocognitive impairment, which complicates our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved. Biological aging has been implicated as one factor possibly impacting the development and progression of HIV-1-related neurocognitive impairment. This is increasingly important as the life expectancy of PLWH with virologic suppression on cART is currently projected to be similar to that of individuals not living with HIV. Based on our increasing understanding of the biological aging process on a cellular level, we aim to dissect possible interactions of aging- and HIV-1 infection-induced effects and their role in neurocognitive decline. Thus, we begin by providing a brief overview of the clinical aspects of HIV-1-related neurocognitive impairment and review the accumulating evidence implicating aging in its development (Part I). We then discuss potential interactions between aging-associated pathways and HIV-1-induced effects at the molecular level (Part II).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Niklas Ostermann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 10065 New York, NY, USA
| | - Teresa Hope Evering
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 10065 New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leuthner M, Reisbeck M, Helou M, Hayden O. Towards a Point-of-Care Test of CD4 + T Lymphocyte Concentrations for Immune Status Monitoring with Magnetic Flow Cytometry. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:520. [PMID: 38675331 PMCID: PMC11051966 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
For the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, the regular assessment of the immune status is indispensable. The quantification of CD4+ T lymphocytes in blood by gold standard optical flow cytometry is not point-of-care testing (POCT) compatible. This incompatibility is due to unavoidable pre-analytics, expensive and bulky optics with limited portability, and complex workflow integration. Here, we propose a non-optical, magnetic flow cytometry (MFC) workflow that offers effortless integration opportunities, including minimal user interaction, integrated sample preparation and up-concentration, and miniaturization. Furthermore, we demonstrate immunomagnetic CD4+ T lymphocyte labeling in whole blood with subsequent quantification using sheath-less MFC. Showing linearity over two log scales and being largely unimpaired by hematocrit, evidence is provided for POCT capabilities of HIV patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Leuthner
- Heinz-Nixdorf-Chair of Biomedical Electronics, School of Computation, Information and Technology & Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, TranslaTUM, Einsteinstraße 25, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Reisbeck
- Heinz-Nixdorf-Chair of Biomedical Electronics, School of Computation, Information and Technology & Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, TranslaTUM, Einsteinstraße 25, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Helou
- EarlyBio GmbH, Bottroper Weg 2, 13507 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Hayden
- Heinz-Nixdorf-Chair of Biomedical Electronics, School of Computation, Information and Technology & Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, TranslaTUM, Einsteinstraße 25, 81675 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou Y, Huang Y, Chen X, Chen T, Hu W, Hou W, Zhang Q, Xiong Y. Transcriptomic study reveals changes of lncRNAs in PBMCs from HIV-1 patients before and after ART. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22493. [PMID: 38110484 PMCID: PMC10728114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in regulating HIV-1 infection and virus-host interactions. However, it is unclear whether and how ART alters lncRNAs in HIV-infected patients. In the present study, we investigated changes of lncRNAs in PBMCs from HIV-1 patients pre- and post-ART. We identified a total of 974 lncRNAs whose expression was restored to normal levels after ART. Cis-acting analysis showed that six lncRNAs have cis-regulated target genes, among which RP11-290F5.1 and interferon regulatory factor 2 (IRF2) were reported to promote HIV replication. Furthermore, we found that lncRNA CTB-119C2.1, which regulates most mRNAs with differential expression in PBMCs from HIV-1 infected patients after ART, was significantly upregulated by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR assays. KEGG analysis of CTB-119C2.1-associated genes revealed that most of the genes are involved in the p53 signaling pathway and pathways related to cell cycle and DNA replication. Our findings thus reveal the dynamic change of lncRNAs in people living with HIV-1 pre- and post-ART and warrant further investigation of the role of lncRNAs in HIV-1 pathogenesis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Tielong Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wenjia Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology/Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169, Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu H, Jian Y, Hou J, Zeng C, Zhao Y. RNet: a network strategy to predict RNA binding preferences. Brief Bioinform 2023; 25:bbad482. [PMID: 38145947 PMCID: PMC10749790 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbad482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the RNA binding preferences remains challenging because of the bottleneck of the binding interactions accompanied by subtle RNA flexibility. Typically, designing RNA inhibitors involves screening thousands of potential candidates for binding. Accurate binding site information can increase the number of successful hits even with few candidates. There are two main issues regarding RNA binding preference: binding site prediction and binding dynamical behavior prediction. Here, we propose one interpretable network-based approach, RNet, to acquire precise binding site and binding dynamical behavior information. RNetsite employs a machine learning-based network decomposition algorithm to predict RNA binding sites by analyzing the local and global network properties. Our research focuses on large RNAs with 3D structures without considering smaller regulatory RNAs, which are too small and dynamic. Our study shows that RNetsite outperforms existing methods, achieving precision values as high as 0.701 on TE18 and 0.788 on RB9 tests. In addition, RNetsite demonstrates remarkable robustness regarding perturbations in RNA structures. We also developed RNetdyn, a distance-based dynamical graph algorithm, to characterize the interface dynamical behavior consequences upon inhibitor binding. The simulation testing of competitive inhibitors indicates that RNetdyn outperforms the traditional method by 30%. The benchmark testing results demonstrate that RNet is highly accurate and robust. Our interpretable network algorithms can assist in predicting RNA binding preferences and accelerating RNA inhibitor design, providing valuable insights to the RNA research community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoquan Liu
- Institute of Biophysics and Department of Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yiren Jian
- Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Jinxuan Hou
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chen Zeng
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Yunjie Zhao
- Institute of Biophysics and Department of Physics, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zaongo SD, Chen Y. PSGL-1, a Strategic Biomarker for Pathological Conditions in HIV Infection: A Hypothesis Review. Viruses 2023; 15:2197. [PMID: 38005875 PMCID: PMC10674231 DOI: 10.3390/v15112197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) has been established to be a cell adhesion molecule that is involved in the cellular rolling mechanism and the extravasation cascade, enabling the recruitment of immune cells to sites of inflammation. In recent years, researchers have established that PSGL-1 also functions as an HIV restriction factor. PSGL-1 has been shown to inhibit the HIV reverse transcription process and inhibit the infectivity of HIV virions produced by cells expressing PSGL-1. Cumulative evidence gleaned from contemporary literature suggests that PSGL-1 expression negatively affects the functions of immune cells, particularly T-cells, which are critical participants in the defense against HIV infection. Indeed, some researchers have observed that PSGL-1 expression and signaling provokes T-cell exhaustion. Additionally, it has been established that PSGL-1 may also mediate virus capture and subsequent transfer to permissive cells. We therefore believe that, in addition to its beneficial roles, such as its function as a proinflammatory molecule and an HIV restriction factor, PSGL-1 expression during HIV infection may be disadvantageous and may potentially predict HIV disease progression. In this hypothesis review, we provide substantial discussions with respect to the possibility of using PSGL-1 to predict the potential development of particular pathological conditions commonly seen during HIV infection. Specifically, we speculate that PSGL-1 may possibly be a reliable biomarker for immunological status, inflammation/translocation, cell exhaustion, and the development of HIV-related cancers. Future investigations directed towards our hypotheses may help to evolve innovative strategies for the monitoring and/or treatment of HIV-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing 400036, China;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yao X, Xu Z, Duan C, Zhang Y, Wu X, Wu H, Liu K, Mao X, Li B, Gao Y, Xu H, Wang X. Role of human papillomavirus and associated viruses in bladder cancer: An updated review. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29088. [PMID: 37706751 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a complex disease affecting the urinary system and is regulated by several carcinogenic factors. Viral infection is one such factor that has attracted extensive attention in BC. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection, and although multiple researchers have explored the role of HPV in BC, a consensus has not yet been reached. In addition, HPV-associated viruses (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus, herpes simplex virus, BK virus, and JC virus) appear to be responsible for the occurrence and progression of BC. This study systematically reviews the relationship between HPV-associated viruses and BC to elucidate the role of these viruses in the onset and progression of BC. In addition, the study aims to provide a greater insight into the biology of HPV-associated viruses, and assess potential strategies for treating virus-induced BC. The study additionally focuses on the rapid development of oncolytic viruses that provide a potentially novel option for the treatment of BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Yao
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Duan
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangjun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huahui Wu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiongmin Mao
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment and Translational Medicine Hubei Engineering Research Center, Wuhan, China
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment and Translational Medicine Hubei Engineering Research Center, Wuhan, China
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carmona-Pérez L, Dagenais-Lussier X, Mai LT, Stögerer T, Swaminathan S, Isnard S, Rice MR, Barnes BJ, Routy JP, van Grevenynghe J, Stäger S. The TLR7/IRF-5 axis sensitizes memory CD4+ T cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis during HIV-1 infection. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e167329. [PMID: 37227774 PMCID: PMC10371351 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.167329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is characterized by inflammation and a progressive decline in CD4+ T cell count. Despite treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART), the majority of people living with HIV (PLWH) maintain residual levels of inflammation, a low degree of immune activation, and higher sensitivity to cell death in their memory CD4+ T cell compartment. To date, the mechanisms responsible for this high sensitivity remain elusive. We have identified the transcription factor IRF-5 to be involved in impairing the maintenance of murine CD4+ T cells during chronic infection. Here, we investigate whether IRF-5 also contributes to memory CD4+ T cell loss during HIV-1 infection. We show that TLR7 and IRF-5 were upregulated in memory CD4+ T cells from PLWH, when compared with naturally protected elite controllers and HIVfree participants. TLR7 was upstream of IRF-5, promoting Caspase 8 expression in CD4+ T cells from ART HIV-1+ but not from HIVfree donors. Interestingly, the TLR7/IRF-5 axis acted synergistically with the Fas/FasL pathway, suggesting that TLR7 and IRF-5 expression in ART HIV-1+ memory CD4+ T cells represents an imprint that predisposes cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis. This predisposition could be blocked using IRF-5 inhibitory peptides, suggesting IRF-5 blockade as a possible therapy to prevent memory CD4+ T cell loss in PLWH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liseth Carmona-Pérez
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xavier Dagenais-Lussier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Linh T. Mai
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tanja Stögerer
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sharada Swaminathan
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthew R. Rice
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Betsy J. Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simona Stäger
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, and Infectiopôle-INRS, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baldari CT, Onnis A, Andreano E, Del Giudice G, Rappuoli R. Emerging roles of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-ACE2 in immune evasion and pathogenesis. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:424-434. [PMID: 37137805 PMCID: PMC10076505 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has caused an estimated 5 billion infections and 20 million deaths by respiratory failure. In addition to the respiratory disease, SARS-CoV-2 infection has been associated with many extrapulmonary complications not easily explainable by the respiratory infection. A recent study showed that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which mediates cell entry by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, signals through ACE2 to change host cell behavior. In CD8+ T cells, spike-dependent ACE2-mediated signaling suppresses immunological synapse (IS) formation and impairs their killing ability, leading to immune escape of virus-infected cells. In this opinion article, we discuss the consequences of ACE2 signaling on the immune response and propose that it contributes to the extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Onnis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Andreano
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Rino Rappuoli
- Fondazione Biotecnopolo di Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Azevedo-Pereira JM, Pires D, Calado M, Mandal M, Santos-Costa Q, Anes E. HIV/Mtb Co-Infection: From the Amplification of Disease Pathogenesis to an “Emerging Syndemic”. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040853. [PMID: 37110276 PMCID: PMC10142195 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are pathogens responsible for millions of new infections each year; together, they cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition, late-stage HIV infection increases the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) by a factor of 20 in latently infected people, and even patients with controlled HIV infection on antiretroviral therapy (ART) have a fourfold increased risk of developing TB. Conversely, Mtb infection exacerbates HIV pathogenesis and increases the rate of AIDS progression. In this review, we discuss this reciprocal amplification of HIV/Mtb coinfection and how they influence each other’s pathogenesis. Elucidating the infectious cofactors that impact on pathogenesis may open doors for the design of new potential therapeutic strategies to control disease progression, especially in contexts where vaccines or the sterile clearance of pathogens are not effectively available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.M.A.-P.); (E.A.)
| | - David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Octávio Pato, 2635-631 Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Marta Calado
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manoj Mandal
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Quirina Santos-Costa
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.M.A.-P.); (E.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Y, Liu J, Zhang X, Heffernan JM. An HIV stochastic model with cell-to-cell infection, B-cell immune response and distributed delay. J Math Biol 2023; 86:35. [PMID: 36695912 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-022-01863-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a delayed HIV stochastic model with virus-to-cell infection, cell-to-cell transmission and B-cell immune response is proposed. We first transform the stochastic differential equation with distributed delay into a high-dimensional degenerate stochastic differential equation, and then theoretically analyze the dynamic behaviour of the degenerate model. The unique global solution of the model is given by rigorous analysis. By formulating suitable Lyapunov functions, the existence of the stationary Markov process is obtained if the stochastic B-cell-activated reproduction number is greater than one. We also use the law of large numbers theorem and the spectral radius analysis method to deduce that the virus can be cleared if the stochastic B-cell-inactivated reproduction number is less than one. Through uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, we obtain key parameters that determine the value of the stochastic B-cell-activated reproduction number. Numerically, we examine that low level noise can maintain the number of the virus and B-cell populations at a certain range, while high level noise is helpful for the elimination of the virus. Furthermore, the effect of the cell-to-cell infection on model behaviour, and the influence of the key parameters on the size of the stochastic B-cell-activated reproduction number are also investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, Shandong, China
| | - Xinhong Zhang
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, Shandong, China
| | - Jane M Heffernan
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Centre for Disease Modelling, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
A Retrospective Study of the Safety and Immunogenicity of MVC-COV1901 Vaccine for People Living with HIV. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010018. [PMID: 36679862 PMCID: PMC9863561 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of MVC-COV1901, a recombinant COVID-19 protein vaccine, containing S-2P protein adjuvanted with CpG 1018 and aluminum hydroxide, for people living with HIV (PWH). METHODS A total of 57 PWH of ≥20 years of age who are on stable antiretroviral therapy were compared with 882 HIV-negative participants. Participants received two doses of MVC-COV1901 28 days apart. RESULTS No vaccine-related serious adverse events (SAEs) were recorded. Seroconversion rates (SCRs) of 100% and 99.8% were achieved in PWH and comparators, respectively, 28 days after the second dose. After adjusting for sex, age, BMI category, and comorbidity, the adjusted GMT ratio of comparator/PWH was 3.2 (95% CI 2.5-4). A higher CD4/CD8 ratio was associated with a higher GMT (R = 0.27, p = 0.039). MVC-COV1901 has shown robust safety but elicited weaker immune responses in PWH. CONCLUSIONS Further investigations may be needed to determine whether PWH require distinct immunization strategies with improved immunogenicity. The main study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04695652).
Collapse
|
13
|
Nagornykh AM, Tyumentseva MA, Tyumentsev AI, Akimkin VG. Anatomical and physiological aspects of the HIV infection pathogenesis in animal models. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND IMMUNOBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.36233/0372-9311-307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the entire pathogenesis of HIV infection, from penetration at the gates of infection to the induction of severe immunodeficiency, is an essential tool for the development of new treatment methods. Less than 40 years of research into the mechanisms of HIV infection that lead to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome have accumulated a huge amount of information, but HIV's own unique variability identifies new whitespaces.
Despite the constant improvement of the protocols of antiretroviral therapy and the success of its use, it has not yet been possible to stop the spread of HIV infection. The development of new protocols and the testing of new groups of antiretroviral drugs is possible, first of all, due to the improvement of animal models of the HIV infection pathogenesis. Their relevance, undoubtedly increases, but still depends on specific research tasks, since none of the in vivo models can comprehensively simulate the mechanism of the infection pathology in humans which leads to multi-organ damage.
The aim of the review was to provide up-to-date information on known animal models of HIV infection, focusing on the method of their infection and anatomical, physiological and pathological features.
Collapse
|
14
|
Inflammasomes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection. INFECTIOUS DISEASES & IMMUNITY 2022; 2:248-252. [PMID: 36798147 PMCID: PMC9923888 DOI: 10.1097/id9.0000000000000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune responses are the host's first line of defense against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, with pattern recognition receptors detecting viral specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns and initiating antiviral responses. In response to HIV-1 nucleic acids or proteins, some pattern recognition receptors have the ability to assemble a large multiprotein complex called the inflammasome, which triggers pro-inflammatory cytokine release and a form of lytic programmed cell death called pyroptosis. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanism of the inflammasome in sensing HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, we discuss the contribution of inflammasome activation in HIV-1 pathogenesis as well as potential strategies of targeting inflammasome activation for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
|
15
|
Contribution of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein to AIDS Pathogenesis and Clinical Progression. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092172. [PMID: 36140273 PMCID: PMC9495913 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of antiviral therapy, HIV-1 infection progresses to a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that are the result of an entangled contribution of host, immune and viral factors. The contribution of these factors is not completely established. Several investigations have described the involvement of the immune system in the viral control. In addition, distinct HLA-B alleles, HLA-B27, -B57-58, were associated with infection control. The combination of these elements and antiviral host restriction factors results in different clinical outcomes. The role of the viral proteins in HIV-1 infection has been, however, less investigated. We will review contributions dedicated to the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection focusing on studies identifying the function of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) in the clinical progression because of its essential role in the initial events of the virus life-cycle. Some analysis showed that inefficient viral Envs were dominant in non-progressor individuals. These poorly-functional viral proteins resulted in lower cellular activation, viral replication and minor viral loads. This limited viral antigenic production allows a better immune response and a lower immune exhaustion. Thus, the properties of HIV-1 Env are significant in the clinical outcome of the HIV-1 infection and AIDS pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Merlano MC, Denaro N, Galizia D, Ruatta F, Occelli M, Minei S, Abbona A, Paccagnella M, Ghidini M, Garrone O. How Chemotherapy Affects the Tumor Immune Microenvironment: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081822. [PMID: 36009369 PMCID: PMC9405073 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is much more effective in immunocompetent mice than in immunodeficient ones, and it is now acknowledged that an efficient immune system is necessary to optimize chemotherapy activity and efficacy. Furthermore, chemotherapy itself may reinvigorate immune response in different ways: by targeting cancer cells through the induction of cell stress, the release of damage signals and the induction of immunogenic cell death, by targeting immune cells, inhibiting immune suppressive cells and/or activating immune effector cells; and by targeting the host physiology through changes in the balance of gut microbiome. All these effects acting on immune and non-immune components interfere with the tumor microenvironment, leading to the different activity and efficacy of treatments. This article describes the correlation between chemotherapy and the immune changes induced in the tumor microenvironment. Our ultimate aim is to pave the way for the identification of the best drugs or combinations, the doses, the schedules and the right sequences to use when chemotherapy is combined with immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Carlo Merlano
- Scientific Direction, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS Candiolo, 10060 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Nerina Denaro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Danilo Galizia
- Multidisciplinary Oncology Outpatient Clinic, Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy;
| | - Fiorella Ruatta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Marcella Occelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, S. Croce e Carle Teaching Hospital, 12100 Cuneo, Italy;
| | - Silvia Minei
- Post-Graduate School of Specialization Medical Oncology, University of Bari “A.Moro”, 70120 Bari, Italy;
- Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70120 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Abbona
- Translational Oncology ARCO Foundation, 12100 Cuneo, Italy; (A.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Matteo Paccagnella
- Translational Oncology ARCO Foundation, 12100 Cuneo, Italy; (A.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Michele Ghidini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (O.G.)
| | - Ornella Garrone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy; (N.D.); (F.R.); (M.G.); (O.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Luo X, Frouard J, Zhang G, Neidleman J, Xie G, Sheedy E, Roan NR, Greene WC. Subsets of Tissue CD4 T Cells Display Different Susceptibilities to HIV Infection and Death: Analysis by CyTOF and Single Cell RNA-seq. Front Immunol 2022; 13:883420. [PMID: 35784348 PMCID: PMC9245423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T lymphocytes belong to diverse cellular subsets whose sensitivity or resistance to HIV-associated killing remains to be defined. Working with lymphoid cells from human tonsils, we characterized the HIV-associated depletion of various CD4 T cell subsets using mass cytometry and single-cell RNA-seq. CD4 T cell subsets preferentially killed by HIV are phenotypically distinct from those resistant to HIV-associated cell death, in a manner not fully accounted for by their susceptibility to productive infection. Preferentially-killed subsets express CXCR5 and CXCR4 while preferentially-infected subsets exhibit an activated and exhausted effector memory cell phenotype. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis reveals that the subsets of preferentially-killed cells express genes favoring abortive infection and pyroptosis. These studies emphasize a complex interplay between HIV and distinct tissue-based CD4 T cell subsets, and the important contribution of abortive infection and inflammatory programmed cell death to the overall depletion of CD4 T cells that accompanies untreated HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Luo
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Julie Frouard
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Gang Zhang
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jason Neidleman
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Guorui Xie
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Emma Sheedy
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nadia R. Roan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Warner C. Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Warner C. Greene,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Functional foods with antiviral activity. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:527-538. [PMID: 35437360 PMCID: PMC9007579 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are known to cause a variety of diseases, ranging from mild respiratory diseases, such as the common cold, to fatal illnesses. Although the development of vaccines and targeted drugs have significantly improved the mortality rate and disease severity against a number of viral infections, there are still many viruses without proper treatment/prevention options and newly emerging viruses can pose serious health threats. For instance, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is producing significant healthcare and socio-economic burden worldwide, which may jeopardize the lives and livelihoods for years to come. Studies have identified functional foods with antiviral activity. Certain foods may target the viral life cycle or modulate the host immune system to enhance defense against viral infections. In this review, we will discuss some of the food products reported to display protective effects against viruses including the influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
Collapse
|
19
|
Fuseini H, Smith R, Nochowicz CH, Simmons JD, Hannah L, Wanjalla CN, Gabriel CL, Mashayekhi M, Bailin SS, Castilho JL, Hasty AH, Koethe JR, Kalams SA. Leptin Promotes Greater Ki67 Expression in CD4 + T Cells From Obese Compared to Lean Persons Living With HIV. Front Immunol 2022; 12:796898. [PMID: 35111163 PMCID: PMC8801429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.796898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While antiretroviral therapy (ART) has proven effective in suppressing viremia and disease progression among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH), suboptimal CD4+ T cell reconstitution remains a major obstacle in nearly 30% of ART-treated individuals. Epidemiological studies demonstrate that obesity, or a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, is positively correlated with greater CD4+ T cell recovery in PLWH on ART. Leptin is a known immunomodulator that is produced in proportion to fat mass and is increased in obese individuals, including PLWH. We hypothesized that CD4+ T cells from obese PLWH have increased cell proliferation and cytokine production compared to cells from lean PLWH, potentially modulated by differential effects of leptin signaling. To test this hypothesis, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from obese and lean PLWH with long-term virologic suppression on the same ART regimen were pretreated with recombinant leptin and then stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 or PMA/ionomycin to measure Ki67 expression, leptin receptor (LepR) surface expression and cytokine production. In the absence of leptin, Ki67 expression and IL-17A production were significantly higher in CD4+ T cells from obese compared to lean PLWH. However, LepR expression was significantly lower on CD4+ T cells from obese compared to lean PLWH. After leptin treatment, Ki67 expression was significantly increased in CD4+ T cells from obese PLWH compared to the lean participants. Leptin also increased IL-17A production in CD4+ T cells from obese healthy controls. In contrast, leptin decreased IL-17A production in CD4+ T cells from both obese and lean PLWH. Combined, these results demonstrate that obesity is associated with greater CD4+ T cell proliferation among PLWH, and that higher circulating leptin levels in obesity may contribute to improved CD4+ T reconstitution in PLWH initiating ART.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hubaida Fuseini
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Rita Smith
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Cindy H. Nochowicz
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Joshua D. Simmons
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - LaToya Hannah
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Celestine N. Wanjalla
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Curtis L. Gabriel
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Mona Mashayekhi
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Samuel S. Bailin
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jessica L. Castilho
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Alyssa H. Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- The Veterans Affairs Tennessee Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - John R. Koethe
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- The Veterans Affairs Tennessee Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Spyros A. Kalams
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
An HIV-1 Positive Woman Without Usual Immunodeficiency. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.119029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) inflicts severe damage to the immune system. It transmits from one person to another through blood transfusions and vertical and sexual transmission. It should be noted that almost all papers reporting AIDS emphasized that HIV led to immune deficiency. However, this study reported the first HIV-1 seropositive woman who had an active viral load of HIV-1 without any signs or CD4 lymphocyte count depletion. Case Presentation: This study, for the first time, reported a 46-year-old HIV-1 seropositive woman without any signs and symptoms diagnosed 31 years ago by laboratory tests. Also, it is noteworthy that the patient had not received regular therapeutics during the infection period. Our serologic tests showed an active seropositive patient without any CD4 depletion. The viral load of HIV-1 was 132967.2 u/L, which was quantified by a real-time PCR assay. Also, a CBC test was performed and showed no abnormal results. Conclusions: An untreated HIV-1 positive patient without immunodeficiency is a rare condition, and we found no report of it in the literature. This article reported an HIV-1 positive patient in whom the infection was confirmed several times using the real-time PCR method.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wong CS, Buckner CM, Lage SL, Pei L, Assis FL, Dahlstrom EW, Anzick SL, Virtaneva K, Rupert A, Davis JL, Zhou T, Laidlaw E, Manion M, Galindo F, Anderson M, Seamon CA, Sneller MC, Lisco A, Deleage C, Pittaluga S, Moir S, Sereti I. Rapid Emergence of T Follicular Helper and Germinal Center B Cells Following Antiretroviral Therapy in Advanced HIV Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752782. [PMID: 34938286 PMCID: PMC8686113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Low nadir CD4 T-cell counts in HIV+ patients are associated with high morbidity and mortality and lasting immune dysfunction, even after antiretroviral therapy (ART). The early events of immune recovery of T cells and B cells in severely lymphopenic HIV+ patients have not been fully characterized. In a cohort of lymphopenic (CD4 T-cell count < 100/µL) HIV+ patients, we studied mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood (PB) and lymph nodes (LN) pre-ART (n = 40) and 6-8 weeks post-ART (n = 30) with evaluation of cellular immunophenotypes; histology on LN sections; functionality of circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) cells; transcriptional and B-cell receptor profile on unfractionated LN and PB samples; and plasma biomarker measurements. A group of 19 healthy controls (HC, n = 19) was used as a comparator. T-cell and B-cell lymphopenia was present in PB pre-ART in HIV+ patients. CD4:CD8 and CD4 T- and B-cell PB subsets partly normalized compared to HC post-ART as viral load decreased. Strikingly in LN, ART led to a rapid decrease in interferon signaling pathways and an increase in Tfh, germinal center and IgD-CD27- B cells, consistent with histological findings of post-ART follicular hyperplasia. However, there was evidence of cTfh cells with decreased helper capacity and of limited B-cell receptor diversification post-ART. In conclusion, we found early signs of immune reconstitution, evidenced by a surge in LN germinal center cells, albeit limited in functionality, in HIV+ patients who initiate ART late in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Shu Wong
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clarisa M. Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Silvia Lucena Lage
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Luxin Pei
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Felipe L. Assis
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eric W. Dahlstrom
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Sarah L. Anzick
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Kimmo Virtaneva
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Adam Rupert
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jeremy L. Davis
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ting Zhou
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth Laidlaw
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maura Manion
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Frances Galindo
- Intramural Clinical Management and Operations Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Megan Anderson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Catherine A. Seamon
- Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael C. Sneller
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrea Lisco
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Irini Sereti
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bhaskaran N, Schneider E, Faddoul F, Paes da Silva A, Asaad R, Talla A, Greenspan N, Levine AD, McDonald D, Karn J, Lederman MM, Pandiyan P. Oral immune dysfunction is associated with the expansion of FOXP3 +PD-1 +Amphiregulin + T cells during HIV infection. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5143. [PMID: 34446704 PMCID: PMC8390677 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25340-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Residual systemic inflammation and mucosal immune dysfunction persist in people living with HIV, despite treatment with combined anti-retroviral therapy, but the underlying immune mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we report that the altered immune landscape of the oral mucosa of HIV-positive patients on therapy involves increased TLR and inflammasome signaling, localized CD4+ T cell hyperactivation, and, counterintuitively, enrichment of FOXP3+ T cells. HIV infection of oral tonsil cultures in vitro causes an increase in FOXP3+ T cells expressing PD-1, IFN-γ, Amphiregulin and IL-10. These cells persist even in the presence of anti-retroviral drugs, and further expand when stimulated by TLR2 ligands and IL-1β. Mechanistically, IL-1β upregulates PD-1 expression via AKT signaling, and PD-1 stabilizes FOXP3 and Amphiregulin through a mechanism involving asparaginyl endopeptidase, resulting in FOXP3+ cells that are incapable of suppressing CD4+ T cells in vitro. The FOXP3+ T cells that are abundant in HIV-positive patients are phenotypically similar to the in vitro cultured, HIV-responsive FOXP3+ T cells, and their presence strongly correlates with CD4+ T cell hyper-activation. This suggests that FOXP3+ T cell dysregulation might play a role in the mucosal immune dysfunction of HIV patients on therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Bhaskaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - E Schneider
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - F Faddoul
- Advanced Education in General Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A Paes da Silva
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - R Asaad
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center AIDS Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A Talla
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - N Greenspan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - A D Levine
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - D McDonald
- Division of AIDS, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Karn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M M Lederman
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center AIDS Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - P Pandiyan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Center for AIDS Research, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bystander CD4 T-cell death is inhibited by broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies only at levels blocking cell-to-cell viral transmission. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101098. [PMID: 34418431 PMCID: PMC8446805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The progressive loss of CD4+ T cells during HIV infection of lymphoid tissues involves both the apoptotic death of activated and productively infected CD4 T cells and the pyroptotic death of large numbers of resting and abortively infected bystander CD4 T cells. HIV spreads both through cellular release of virions and cell-to-cell transmission involving the formation of virological synapses. Cell-to-cell transmission results in high-level transfer of large quantities of virions to the target cell exceeding that achieved with cell-free virions. Broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies (bNAbs) binding to HIV envelope protein capably block cell-free virus spread, and when added at higher concentrations can also interdict cell-to-cell transmission. Exploiting these distinct dose–response differences, we now show that four different bNAbs block the pyroptotic death of bystander cells, but only when added at concentrations sufficient to block cell-to-cell transmission. These findings further support the conclusion that HIV killing of abortively infected bystander CD4 T cells requires cell-to-cell transfer of virions. As bNAbs attract more interest as potential therapeutics, it will be important to consider the higher concentrations of these antibodies required to block the inflammatory death of bystander CD4 T cells.
Collapse
|
24
|
Onabajo OO, Lewis MG, Mattapallil JJ. GALT CD4 +PD-1 hi T follicular helper (Tfh) cells repopulate after anti-retroviral therapy. Cell Immunol 2021; 366:104396. [PMID: 34157462 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections are characterized by dramatic alterations in the mucosal CD4 T cell compartment. Though viremia is effectively suppressed, and peripheral CD4 T cell numbers recover to near healthy levels after highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), some of the dysfunctional consequences of HIV infection continue to persist during therapy. We hypothesized that CD4 T follicular helper (Tfh) cell deficiencies may play a role in this process. Using the macaque model we show that SIV infection was associated with a significant loss of Tfh cells in the GALT that drain the mesentery lining the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Loss of Tfh cells significantly correlated with the depletion of the overall memory CD4 T cell compartment; most Tfh cells in the GALT expressed a CD95+CD28+ memory phenotype suggesting that infection of the memory compartment likely drives the loss of GALT Tfh cells during infection. Continuous anti-retroviral therapy (cART) was accompanied by a significant repopulation of Tfh cells in the GALT to levels similar to those of uninfected animals. Repopulating Tfh cells displayed significantly higher capacity to produce IL-21 as compared to SIV infected animals suggesting that cART fully restores Tfh cells that are functionally capable of supporting GC reactions in the GALT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun O Onabajo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | | | - Joseph J Mattapallil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lu L, Wang J, Yang Q, Xie X, Huang Y. The role of CD38 in HIV infection. AIDS Res Ther 2021; 18:11. [PMID: 33820568 PMCID: PMC8021004 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-021-00330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely-expressed molecule CD38 is a single-stranded type II transmembrane glycoprotein that is mainly involved in regulating the differentiation and activation state of the cell. CD38 has broad and complex functions, including enzymatic activity, intercellular signal transduction, cell activation, cytokine production, receptor function and adhesion activity, and it plays an important role in the physiological and pathological processes of many diseases. Many studies have shown that CD38 is related to the occurrence and development of HIV infection, and CD38 may regulate its progression through different mechanisms. Therefore, investigating the role of CD38 in HIV infection and the potential signaling pathways that are involved may provide a new perspective on potential treatments for HIV infection. In the present review, the current understanding of the roles CD38 plays in HIV infection are summarized. In addition, the specific role of CD38 in the process of HIV infection of human CD4+ T lymphocytes is also discussed.
Collapse
|
26
|
Fuseini H, Gyan BA, Kyei GB, Heimburger DC, Koethe JR. Undernutrition and HIV Infection in Sub-Saharan Africa: Health Outcomes and Therapeutic Interventions. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2021; 18:87-97. [PMID: 33606196 PMCID: PMC8404370 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-021-00541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is disproportionately burdened by the twin epidemics of food insecurity and HIV infection, and protein-calorie undernutrition is common among persons with HIV (PWH) initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the region. In this review, we discuss the intersection of HIV infection and undernutrition, health outcomes among undernourished PWH starting ART, and the demonstrated and potential benefits of therapeutic interventions such as micro/macronutrient supplementation and pharmacological agents. RECENT FINDINGS A low body mass index (BMI), used as a general indicator of poor nutrition in most studies, is associated with impaired immune recovery and increased mortality in the early ART period. The increased risk of mortality is multifactorial, and contributors include undernutrition-related immune system dysfunction, increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections, and metabolic and cardiovascular dysregulation. Clinical trials of micro/macronutrient supplementary feeding, appetite stimulants (hormones and anabolic agents), and recombinant adipokines have shown a benefit for weight gain and metabolic health, but there are few data on mortality or immune recovery. A substantial proportion of PWH in SSA are undernourished, and undernutrition contributes to an increased risk of mortality and other adverse health outcomes. To date, there have been few prospective trials of nutritional supplementation and/or pharmacologic therapy among undernourished PWH in SSA, though findings from other settings suggest a potential benefit in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hubaida Fuseini
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana.
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana.
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232-2582, USA.
| | - Ben A Gyan
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana
| | - George B Kyei
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Ghana
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - John R Koethe
- Divison of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232-2582, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Guo H, Wang Q, Ghneim K, Wang L, Rampanelli E, Holley-Guthrie E, Cheng L, Garrido C, Margolis DM, Eller LA, Robb ML, Sekaly RP, Chen X, Su L, Ting JPY. Multi-omics analyses reveal that HIV-1 alters CD4 + T cell immunometabolism to fuel virus replication. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:423-433. [PMID: 33767427 PMCID: PMC8087183 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) show metabolic alterations of CD4+ T cells through unclear mechanisms with undefined consequences. We analyzed the transcriptome of CD4+ T cells from patients with HIV-1 and revealed that the elevated oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway is associated with poor outcomes. Inhibition of OXPHOS by the US Food and Drug Administration-approved drug metformin, which targets mitochondrial respiratory chain complex-I, suppresses HIV-1 replication in human CD4+ T cells and humanized mice. In patients, HIV-1 peak viremia positively correlates with the expression of NLRX1, a mitochondrial innate immune receptor. Quantitative proteomics and metabolic analyses reveal that NLRX1 enhances OXPHOS and glycolysis during HIV-1-infection of CD4+ T cells to promote viral replication. At the mechanistic level, HIV infection induces the association of NLRX1 with the mitochondrial protein FASTKD5 to promote expression of mitochondrial respiratory complex components. This study uncovers the OXPHOS pathway in CD4+ T cells as a target for HIV-1 therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Guo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Khader Ghneim
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elena Rampanelli
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Holley-Guthrie
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Liang Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carolina Garrido
- HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - David M Margolis
- HIV Cure Center and Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Leigh A Eller
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Merlin L Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Xian Chen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lishan Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jiménez M, Pastor L, Urrea V, Rodríguez de la Concepción ML, Parker E, Fuente-Soro L, Jairoce C, Mandomando I, Carrillo J, Naniche D, Blanco J. A Longitudinal Analysis Reveals Early Activation and Late Alterations in B Cells During Primary HIV Infection in Mozambican Adults. Front Immunol 2021; 11:614319. [PMID: 33519823 PMCID: PMC7844141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.614319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary HIV infection (PHI) and subsequent chronic infection alter B-cell compartment. However, longitudinal analysis defining the dynamics of B-cell alterations are still limited. We longitudinally studied B-cell subsets in individuals followed for 1 year after PHI (n = 40). Treated and untreated chronic HIV infected (n = 56) and HIV-uninfected individuals (n = 58) were recruited as reference groups at the Manhiça District in Mozambique. B cells were analyzed by multicolor flow-cytometry. Anti-HIV humoral response and plasma cytokines were assessed by ELISA or Luminex-based technology. A generalized activation of B cells induced by HIV occurs early after infection and is characterized by increases in Activated and Tissue-like memory cells, decreases in IgM-IgD- (switched) and IgM-only B cells. These alterations remain mostly stable until chronic infection and are reverted in part by ART. In contrast, other parameters followed particular dynamics: PD-1 expression in memory cells decreases progressively during the first year of infection, Transitional B cells expand at month 3-4 after infection, and Marginal zone-like B cells show a late depletion. Plasmablasts expand 2 months after infection linked to plasma viral load and anti-p24 IgG3 responses. Most of well-defined changes induced by HIV in B-cell activation and memory subsets are readily observed after PHI, lasting until ART initiation. However, subsequent changes occur after sustained viral infection. These data indicate that HIV infection impacts B cells in several waves over time, and highlight that early treatment would result in beneficial effects on the B-cell compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Montse Jiménez
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Lucía Pastor
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Victor Urrea
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - María Luisa Rodríguez de la Concepción
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Erica Parker
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Laura Fuente-Soro
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Chenjerai Jairoce
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Inacio Mandomando
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Denise Naniche
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Julià Blanco
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVIC-UCC), Vic, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Peng X, Ouyang J, Isnard S, Lin J, Fombuena B, Zhu B, Routy JP. Sharing CD4+ T Cell Loss: When COVID-19 and HIV Collide on Immune System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:596631. [PMID: 33384690 PMCID: PMC7770166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.596631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a distinctive infection characterized by elevated inter-human transmission and presenting from absence of symptoms to severe cytokine storm that can lead to dismal prognosis. Like for HIV, lymphopenia and drastic reduction of CD4+ T cell counts in COVID-19 patients have been linked with poor clinical outcome. As CD4+ T cells play a critical role in orchestrating responses against viral infections, important lessons can be drawn by comparing T cell response in COVID-19 and in HIV infection and by studying HIV-infected patients who became infected by SARS-CoV-2. We critically reviewed host characteristics and hyper-inflammatory response in these two viral infections to have a better insight on the large difference in clinical outcome in persons being infected by SARS-CoV-2. The better understanding of mechanism of T cell dysfunction will contribute to the development of targeted therapy against severe COVID-19 and will help to rationally design vaccine involving T cell response for the long-term control of viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Peng
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John Lin
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brandon Fombuena
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Biao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gartner MJ, Gorry PR, Tumpach C, Zhou J, Dantanarayana A, Chang JJ, Angelovich TA, Ellenberg P, Laumaea AE, Nonyane M, Moore PL, Lewin SR, Churchill MJ, Flynn JK, Roche M. Longitudinal analysis of subtype C envelope tropism for memory CD4 + T cell subsets over the first 3 years of untreated HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology 2020; 17:24. [PMID: 32762760 PMCID: PMC7409430 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 infects a wide range of CD4+ T cells with different phenotypic properties and differing expression levels of entry coreceptors. We sought to determine the viral tropism of subtype C (C-HIV) Envelope (Env) clones for different CD4+ T cell subsets and whether tropism changes during acute to chronic disease progression. HIV-1 envs were amplified from the plasma of five C-HIV infected women from three untreated time points; less than 2 months, 1-year and 3-years post-infection. Pseudoviruses were generated from Env clones, phenotyped for coreceptor usage and CD4+ T cell subset tropism was measured by flow cytometry. Results A total of 50 C-HIV envs were cloned and screened for functionality in pseudovirus infection assays. Phylogenetic and variable region characteristic analysis demonstrated evolution in envs between time points. We found 45 pseudoviruses were functional and all used CCR5 to mediate entry into NP2/CD4/CCR5 cells. In vitro infection assays showed transitional memory (TM) and effector memory (EM) CD4+ T cells were more frequently infected (median: 46% and 25% of total infected CD4+ T cells respectively) than naïve, stem cell memory, central memory and terminally differentiated cells. This was not due to these subsets contributing a higher proportion of the CD4+ T cell pool, rather these subsets were more susceptible to infection (median: 5.38% EM and 2.15% TM cells infected), consistent with heightened CCR5 expression on EM and TM cells. No inter- or intra-participant changes in CD4+ T cell subset tropism were observed across the three-time points. Conclusions CD4+ T cell subsets that express more CCR5 were more susceptible to infection with C-HIV Envs, suggesting that these may be the major cellular targets during the first 3 years of infection. Moreover, we found that viral tropism for different CD4+ T cell subsets in vitro did not change between Envs cloned from acute to chronic disease stages. Finally, central memory, naïve and stem cell memory CD4+ T cell subsets were susceptible to infection, albeit inefficiently by Envs from all time-points, suggesting that direct infection of these cells may help establish the latent reservoir early in infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Gartner
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul R Gorry
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carolin Tumpach
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jingling Zhou
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashanti Dantanarayana
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - J Judy Chang
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas A Angelovich
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Life Sciences, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paula Ellenberg
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Annemarie E Laumaea
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Molati Nonyane
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Churchill
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jacqueline K Flynn
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Michael Roche
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ssenyondwa J, George PE, Carlos Bazo-Alvarez J, Mercedes R, Kanywa JB, Naturinda E, Wasswa PLM, Lubega J. Impact of sickle cell disease on presentation and progression of paediatric HIV: a retrospective cohort study. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 25:897-904. [PMID: 32329120 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV and sickle cell disease (SCD) are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Given their separate roles in immune dysregulation, our objective was to characterise the impact that SCD has on the presentation and progression of paediatric HIV. METHODS The study was a retrospective cohort study (study period 2004-2018). Cases of HIV + and SCD-afflicted patients (HIV+/SCD+) were obtained via electronic chart review from a paediatric HIV clinic in Kampala, Uganda and matched 1:3 with HIV + controls without SCD (HIV+/SCD-). RESULTS Thirty-five HIV+/SCD + subjects and 95 HIV+/SCD- controls were analysed (39% female (51/130), age 3.6 years (SD3.9)). At baseline, WHO clinical stage (64% total cohort Stage III/IV) and nutritional status (9.4% severe acute malnutrition) were similar for both groups, whereas HIV+/SCD + had higher though non-significant baseline CD4 count (1036 (SD713) vs 849 (SD638) cells/microlitre, P = 0.20, two-tailed t-test). There were 19 deaths, 6 (17%) HIV+/SCD + and 13 (14%) HIV+/SCD-, with unadjusted/adjusted models showing no significant difference. Nutritional progression and clinical stage progression showed no significant differences between groups. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a slower rate of treatment failures in the HIV+/SCD + cohort (P = 0.11, log-rank survival test). Trajectory analysis showed that in the time period analysed, the HIV+/SCD + cohort showed a more rapid rise and higher total CD4 count (P = 0.012, regression analysis). CONCLUSION The study suggests that SCD does not adversely affect the progression of HIV in patients on ART. Further, HIV+/SCD + achieved higher CD4 counts and fewer HIV treatment failures, suggesting physiological effects due to SCD might mitigate HIV progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ssenyondwa
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation, Kampala, Uganda.,Texas Children's Hospital - Global HOPE Program, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul E George
- Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Mercedes
- Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Ernest Naturinda
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation, Kampala, Uganda.,Texas Children's Hospital - Global HOPE Program, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter L M Wasswa
- Texas Children's Hospital - Global HOPE Program, Kampala, Uganda.,Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Lubega
- Texas Children's Hospital - Global HOPE Program, Kampala, Uganda.,Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Enriched LPS Staining within the Germinal Center of a Lymph Node from an HIV-Infected Long-Term Nonprogressor but Not from Progressors. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:7471380. [PMID: 32455142 PMCID: PMC7225845 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7471380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An increased level of microbial translocation has been observed in HIV-infected individuals. The host response to microbial translocation is compromised in HIV-infected progressors but remains unknown in HIV-infected long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs). To evaluate microbial translocation in HIV, we assessed lipopolysaccharide (LPS) immunohistochemistry staining in lymph nodes. We found enriched bacterial LPS immunohistochemistry staining in the germinal center of a lymph node from an HIV-infected LTNP, evenly distributed from three progressors with impaired germinal center structures and rarely detected from two HIV-negative individuals. The impaired germinal center structures were consistent with collagen deposition in lymph nodes using immunohistochemistry staining. These results suggest greater immune responses against bacterial LPS translocation in LTNPs, which may reveal an important mechanism in controlling microbial translocation and disease progression in HIV LTNPs.
Collapse
|
33
|
Petravic J, Wilson DP. Simulating the entire natural course of HIV infection by extending the basic viral dynamics equations to include declining viral clearance. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5545593. [PMID: 31397848 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic model of viral dynamics is a relatively simple set of equations describing the most essential features of the host-pathogen interactions. Coupled with data, it has been used extensively and successfully to reproduce and explain the features of the early acute phase of HIV infection and the effects of antiretroviral treatment, as well as to estimate the lifespan of infected cells, viral growth and clearance rates and predict early outcomes under different circumstances. However, it cannot reproduce the entire natural course of untreated HIV infection consistently with constant parameters. Here we show that it is possible to qualitatively reproduce the whole course of untreated HIV infection within the general framework of the basic model by assuming progressively declining viral clearance coupled with viral load. We discuss the interpretation of this model as proof-of-concept that may inspire further research into the role of viral clearance in HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janka Petravic
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - David P Wilson
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Mehtani NJ, Rosman L, Moss WJ. Immunogenicity and Safety of the Measles Vaccine in HIV-Infected Children: An Updated Systematic Review. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:2240-2251. [PMID: 31210268 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwz144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Children infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at increased risk of measles morbidity and mortality. We searched abstracts from the PubMed, Embase, and Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information databases for articles published from the earliest date available through September 26, 2017. The primary outcome of interest was serological responses to measles vaccine, stratified by HIV infection status. A total of 2,858 potentially eligible articles were identified, and the final review included 12 studies published between 1992 and 2013, 9 of which reported data on vaccine safety. The studies we included represented 3,573 children, of whom at least 335 were infected with HIV, 788 were HIV-exposed but not infected, and 1,478 were unexposed to HIV. Four of the 12 studies found statistically significant reductions in seropositivity among HIV-infected children compared with HIV-uninfected children within 4 months of vaccination (prevalence ratio range, 0.44-0.70), and forest plots provided visual trends of decreasing immunity over time among HIV-infected children in 2 additional studies. No vaccine-related deaths or serious adverse events were reported. This updated review demonstrated limitations of the existing published literature but supported evidence of reduced immunogenicity of measles vaccine among HIV-infected children, supporting the World Health Organization recommendation to revaccinate HIV-infected children against measles following immune reconstitution with combination antiretroviral therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicky J Mehtani
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lori Rosman
- Welch Medical Library, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William J Moss
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
HIV-2 Depletes CD4 T Cells through Pyroptosis despite Vpx-Dependent Degradation of SAMHD1. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00666-19. [PMID: 31578293 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00666-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection results in a milder course of disease and slower progression to AIDS than does HIV-1. We hypothesized that this difference may be due to degradation of the sterile alpha motif and HD domain 1 (SAMHD1) host restriction factor by the HIV-2 Vpx gene product, thereby diminishing abortive infection and pyroptotic cell death within bystander CD4 T cells. We have compared CD4 T cell death in tonsil-derived human lymphoid aggregate cultures (HLACs) infected with wild-type HIV-2, HIV-2 ΔVpx, or HIV-1. In contrast to our hypothesis, HIV-2, HIV-2 ΔVpx, and HIV-1 induced similar levels of bystander CD4 T cell death. In all cases, cell death was blocked by AMD3100, a CXCR4 entry inhibitor, but not by raltegravir, an integrase, indicating that only early life cycle events were required. Cell death was also blocked by a caspase-1 inhibitor, a key enzyme promoting pyroptosis, but not by a caspase-3 inhibitor, an important enzyme in apoptosis. HIV-1-induced abortive infection and pyroptotic cell death were also not reduced by forced encapsidation of HIV-2 Vpx into HIV-1 virions. Together, these findings indicate that HIV-2 and HIV-1 support similar levels of CD4 T cell depletion in vitro despite HIV-2 Vpx-mediated degradation of the SAMHD1 transcription factor. The milder disease course observed with HIV-2 infection likely stems from factors other than abortive infection and caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis in bystander CD4 T cells.IMPORTANCE CD4 T cell depletion during HIV-1 infection involves the demise of bystander CD4 T cells due to abortive infection, viral DNA sensing, inflammasome assembly, and death by caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis. HIV-2 infection is associated with milder disease and lower rates of CD4 T cell loss. We hypothesized that HIV-2 infection produces lower levels of pyroptosis due to the action of its Vpx gene product. Vpx degrades the SAMHD1 restriction factor, potentially reducing abortive forms of infection. However, in tonsil cell cultures, HIV-2, HIV-2 ΔVpx, and HIV-1 induced indistinguishable levels of pyroptosis. Forced encapsidation of Vpx into HIV-1 virions also did not reduce pyroptosis. Thus, SAMHD1 does not appear to play a key role in the induction of bystander cell pyroptosis. Additionally, the milder clinical course of HIV-2-induced disease is apparently not explained by a decrease in this inflammatory form of programmed cell death.
Collapse
|
36
|
Claiborne DT, Scully EP, Palmer CD, Prince JL, Macharia GN, Kopycinski J, Michelo CM, Wiener HW, Parker R, Nganou-Makamdop K, Douek D, Altfeld M, Gilmour J, Price MA, Tang J, Kilembe W, Allen SA, Hunter E. Protective HLA alleles are associated with reduced LPS levels in acute HIV infection with implications for immune activation and pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007981. [PMID: 31449552 PMCID: PMC6730937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research on the mechanisms of HLA-mediated immune control of HIV-1 pathogenesis, it is clear that much remains to be discovered, as exemplified by protective HLA alleles like HLA-B*81 which are associated with profound protection from CD4+ T cell decline without robust control of early plasma viremia. Here, we report on additional HLA class I (B*1401, B*57, B*5801, as well as B*81), and HLA class II (DQB1*02 and DRB1*15) alleles that display discordant virological and immunological phenotypes in a Zambian early infection cohort. HLA class I alleles of this nature were also associated with enhanced immune responses to conserved epitopes in Gag. Furthermore, these HLA class I alleles were associated with reduced levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the plasma during acute infection. Elevated LPS levels measured early in infection predicted accelerated CD4+ T cell decline, as well as immune activation and exhaustion. Taken together, these data suggest novel mechanisms for HLA-mediated immune control of HIV-1 pathogenesis that do not necessarily involve significant control of early viremia and point to microbial translocation as a direct driver of HIV-1 pathogenesis rather than simply a consequence. During acute HIV infection, there exists a complex interplay between the host immune response and the virus, and the balance of these interactions dramatically affects disease trajectory in infected individuals. Variations in Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) alleles dictate the potency of the cellular immune response to HIV, and certain well-studied alleles (HLA-B*57, B*27) are associated with control of HIV viremia. However, though plasma viral load is indicative of disease progression, the number of CD4+ T cells in the blood is a better measurement of disease severity. Through analysis of a large Zambian acute infection cohort, we identified HLA alleles that were associated with protection for CD4+ T cell loss, without dramatic affect on early plasma viremia. We further link these favorable HLA alleles to reduction in a well-known contributor to HIV pathogenesis, the presence of microbial products in the blood, which is indicative of damage to the gastrointestinal tract, a process which accelerates disease progression in HIV infected individuals. Ultimately, these results suggest a new mechanism by which the cellular immune response can combat HIV-associated pathogenesis, and further highlight the contribution of gut damage and microbial translocation to accelerating disease progression, even at early stages in HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Claiborne
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eileen P. Scully
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christine D. Palmer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Prince
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gladys N. Macharia
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jakub Kopycinski
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Howard W. Wiener
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Rachel Parker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Krystelle Nganou-Makamdop
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Virus Immunology Unit, Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jill Gilmour
- Human Immunology Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matt A. Price
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | | | - Susan A. Allen
- Zambia-Emory HIV Research Project, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Swainson LA, Ahn H, Pajanirassa P, Khetarpal V, Deleage C, Estes JD, Hunt PW, Munoz-Sanjuan I, McCune JM. Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase Inhibition during Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Lowers PD-1 Expression and Improves Post-Combination Antiretroviral Therapy CD4 + T Cell Counts and Body Weight. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:899-910. [PMID: 31285277 PMCID: PMC6684450 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is a key regulator of many important physiological processes and plays a harmful role in cancer, many neurologic conditions, and chronic viral infections. In HIV infection, KP activity is consistently associated with reduced CD4 T cell counts and elevated levels of T cell activation and viral load; it also independently predicts mortality and morbidity from non-AIDS events. Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) is a therapeutically important target in the KP. Using the nonhuman primate model of SIV infection in rhesus macaques, we investigated whether KMO inhibition could slow the course of disease progression. We used a KMO inhibitor, CHDI-340246, to perturb the KP during early acute infection and followed the animals for 1 y to assess clinical outcomes and immune phenotype and function during pre-combination antiretroviral therapy acute infection and combination antiretroviral therapy-treated chronic infection. Inhibition of KMO in acute SIV infection disrupted the KP and prevented SIV-induced increases in downstream metabolites, improving clinical outcome as measured by both increased CD4+ T cell counts and body weight. KMO inhibition increased naive T cell frequency and lowered PD-1 expression in naive and memory T cell subsets. Importantly, early PD-1 expression during acute SIV infection predicted clinical outcomes of body weight and CD4+ T cell counts. Our data indicate that KMO inhibition in early acute SIV infection provides clinical benefit and suggest a rationale for testing KMO inhibition as an adjunctive treatment in SIV/HIV infection to slow the progression of the disease and improve immune reconstitution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Swainson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110;
| | - Haelee Ahn
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Priya Pajanirassa
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | | | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Peter W Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | | | - Joseph M McCune
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zifodya JS, Crothers K. Treating bacterial pneumonia in people living with HIV. Expert Rev Respir Med 2019; 13:771-786. [PMID: 31241378 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2019.1634546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Bacterial pneumonia remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in people living with HIV (PLWH) in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. In addition to being immunocompromised, as reflected by low CD4 cell counts and elevated HIV viral loads, PLWH often have other behaviors associated with an increased risk of pneumonia including smoking and injected drug use. As PLWH are aging, comorbid conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cancers, and cardiovascular, renal and liver diseases are emerging as additional risk factors for pneumonia. Pathogens are often similar to those in HIV-uninfected individuals; however, PLWH are at risk for unusual and/or multi-drug resistant organisms causing bacterial pneumonia based, in part, on their CD4 cell counts and other exposures. Areas covered: In this review, we focus on the recognition and management of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in PLWH. Along with antimicrobial treatment, we discuss prevention strategies such as vaccination and smoking cessation. Expert opinion: Early initiation of ART after HIV infection can decrease the risk of pneumonia. Improved efforts at vaccination, smoking cessation, and reduction of other substance use are urgently needed in PLWH to decrease the risk for bacterial pneumonia. As PLWH are aging, comorbidities are additional risk factors for bacterial CAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry S Zifodya
- a Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle , Washington , USA
| | - Kristina Crothers
- a Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle , Washington , USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Teslya A, Qesmi R, Wu J, Heffernan JM. A threshold delay model of HIV infection of newborn infants through breastfeeding. Infect Dis Model 2019; 4:188-214. [PMID: 31194190 PMCID: PMC6554533 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The breast milk of HIV infected women contains HIV virus particles, therefore children can become infected through breastfeeding. We develop a mathematical epidemiological model of HIV infection in infants, infected children and infected women that represents infection of an infant/child as a series of exposures, by incorporating within-host virus dynamics in the individuals exposed to the virus through breastfeeding. We show that repeated exposures of the infant/child via breastfeeding can cause bi-stability dynamics and, subsequently, infection persistence even when the epidemiological basic reproduction number R0 is less than unity. This feature of the model, due to a backward bifurcation, gives new insight into the control mechanisms of HIV disease through breastfeeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Teslya
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics & Statistics, York University, M3J 1P3, Toronto, Canada
| | - Redouane Qesmi
- Superior School of Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Jianhong Wu
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Centre for Disease Modelling (CDM), Advanced Disaster, Emergency and Rapid Simulation (ADERSIM), Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jane M Heffernan
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics & Statistics, York University, M3J 1P3, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins isolated from Viremic Non-Progressor individuals are fully functional and cytopathic. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5544. [PMID: 30944395 PMCID: PMC6447548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In untreated HIV-1-infected individuals, viremia is positively associated with disease progression. However, some viremic non progressors (VNPs) individuals show paradoxical high CD4+ T cell counts. HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein complex (Env) is a major cytopathic determinant in viral replication; therefore, we have deeply characterized Env function in this rare clinical phenotype. Full-length Env clones isolated from individuals with Viral Load (VL) > 10,000 copies/mL classified as VNPs (n = 15) or rapid progressors (RPs, n = 17) were geno- and phenotypically analyzed by determining diversity, expression, CD4 binding/signaling, fusogenicity, infectivity and autophagy induction. Selected Env clones from VNPs and RPs (n = 32) showed similar expression, fusion and infection abilities. Env clones from both groups showed similar affinity for CD4 during cell-to-cell transmission and consistently induced similar levels of CD4 signaling, measured by α-tubulin acetylation. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that primary Env clones from VNP and RP induce autophagy in uninfected cells and that this feature correlated with fusogenic capacity but was unrelated to disease progression. In conclusion, our data suggest that Env clones from VNP individuals are fully functional. Therefore, the paradoxical CD4+ T cell count stability coexisting with high levels of viral replication is unrelated to Env function.
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There has been substantial research and public interest in mindfulness interventions, biological pathways, and health for the past two decades. This article reviews recent developments in understanding relationships between mindfulness interventions and physical health. METHODS A selective review was conducted with the goal of synthesizing conceptual and empirical relationships between mindfulness interventions and physical health outcomes. RESULTS Initial randomized controlled trials in this area suggest that mindfulness interventions can improve pain management outcomes among chronic pain populations, and there is preliminary evidence for mindfulness interventions improving specific stress-related disease outcomes in some patient populations (i.e., clinical colds, psoriasis, irritable bowel syndrome, posttraumatic stress disorder, diabetes, HIV). We offer a stress-buffering framework for the observed beneficial effects of mindfulness interventions and summarize supporting biobehavioral and neuroimaging studies that provide plausible mechanistic pathways linking mindfulness interventions with positive physical health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS We conclude with new opportunities for research and clinical implementations to consider in the next two decades.
Collapse
|
42
|
da Silva CM, de Peder LD, Guelere AM, Horvath JD, Silva ES, Teixeira JJV, Bertolini DA. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in an HBV endemic area in Brazil. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203272. [PMID: 30192795 PMCID: PMC6128547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are a common cause of complications in liver disease and immunological impairment among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. The aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV and their correlation with CD4+ T-cells among HIV-infected patients in an HBV endemic area. Methods A cross-sectional observational and retrospective study was carried out in a reference center in Southern Brazil between January 2005 and December 2016. Socio-demographic data were collected by using a structured questionnaire. Serological tests and analysis of CD4+ T-cell count levels were performed using standard procedures. Results The seroprevalence of HIV-HBV, HIV-HCV, and HIV-HBV-HCV coinfections was 3.10%, 3.10%, and 0.16%, respectively. At baseline, anti-hepatitis B surface and anti-hepatitis B core antigens were detected in 46.27% and 16.74% of HIV-monoinfected patients and in 31.25% and 21.86% of the HIV-HCV coinfected patients, respectively. The median CD4+ T-cell count at baseline in the HIV-monoinfected group was higher than that in the HIV-coinfected groups, but without statistical significance. The median CD4+ T-cell count and the CD4/CD8 ratio were significantly higher in HIV-HBV and HIV-HCV groups after 24 months of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) compared to the pre-cART values. When comparing patients with HIV-HBV and HIV-HCV on cART, CD4+ T-cell recovery was more rapid for HIV-HBV patients. Conclusion Although the analyzed region was endemic for HBV, the prevalence of HIV-HBV and HIV-HCV coinfection was lower than the rate found in the general population of Brazil. HBV and HCV had no significant impact on CD4+ T-cell counts among HIV-infected patients at baseline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leyde Daiane de Peder
- Post-graduate Program in Bioscience and Physiopathology, Maringá State University, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Dennis Armando Bertolini
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringá State University, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hu Z. Temporal trends of biomarkers and between‐biomarker associations. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rssc.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zonghui Hu
- National Institutes of Health Rockville USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Huang L, Deng J, Xu W, Wang H, Shi L, Wu F, Wu D, Nei W, Zhao M, Mao P, Zhou X. CD8+ T cells with high TGF‑β1 expression cause lymph node fibrosis following HIV infection. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:77-86. [PMID: 29749506 PMCID: PMC6059705 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node (LN) fibrosis resulting in cluster of differentiation (CD) 4+ T cell reduction following human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is an important step in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The mechanisms mediating LN fibrosis following HIV infection have not been completely elucidated. In order to investigate the mechanism of LN fibrosis, the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β1 was determined in the LNs of HIV‑infected individuals by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence‑based flow cytometry. The effect of stimulated CD8+ T cells on collagen secretion by fibroblasts was detected using immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that the LNs of HIV‑infected individuals exhibited a significantly increased proportion of CD8+ T cells with high TGF‑β1 expression. These CD8+ T cells demonstrated increased CD38 and programmed cell death protein 1 expression and decreased CD127 expression compared with the controls. CD8+ T cells from the LNs of non‑HIV infected individuals expressed a high TGF‑β1 level following stimulation with phorbol‑12‑myristate 13‑acetate. These CD8+T cells subsequently induced the secretion of a large amount of type I collagen in human lymphatic fibroblasts. The results of the present study indicated that CD8+ T cells with high TGF‑β1 expression served an important role in LN fibrosis following HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Jianning Deng
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Center, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
| | - Wen Xu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- The Second Center of Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Lei Shi
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Fengyao Wu
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Center, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
| | - Dan Wu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Nei
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhao
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Panyong Mao
- Research Clinical Center for Translational Medicine, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Xianzhi Zhou
- The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Applications of the FIV Model to Study HIV Pathogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040206. [PMID: 29677122 PMCID: PMC5923500 DOI: 10.3390/v10040206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a naturally-occurring retrovirus that infects domestic and non-domestic feline species, producing progressive immune depletion that results in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Much has been learned about FIV since it was first described in 1987, particularly in regard to its application as a model to study the closely related lentivirus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In particular, FIV and HIV share remarkable structure and sequence organization, utilize parallel modes of receptor-mediated entry, and result in a similar spectrum of immunodeficiency-related diseases due to analogous modes of immune dysfunction. This review summarizes current knowledge of FIV infection kinetics and the mechanisms of immune dysfunction in relation to opportunistic disease, specifically in regard to studying HIV pathogenesis. Furthermore, we present data that highlight changes in the oral microbiota and oral immune system during FIV infection, and outline the potential for the feline model of oral AIDS manifestations to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms of HIV-induced oral disease. Finally, we discuss advances in molecular biology, vaccine development, neurologic dysfunction, and the ability to apply pharmacologic interventions and sophisticated imaging technologies to study experimental and naturally occurring FIV, which provide an excellent, but often overlooked, resource for advancing therapies and the management of HIV/AIDS.
Collapse
|
46
|
Farhadian S, Jalbert E, Deng Y, Goetz MB, Park LS, Justice AC, Dubrow R, Emu B. HIV and Age Do Not Synergistically Affect Age-Related T-Cell Markers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2018; 77:337-344. [PMID: 29140874 PMCID: PMC5807137 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite major progress in controlling HIV disease through antiretroviral therapy, changes in immune phenotype and function persist in individuals with chronic HIV, raising questions about accelerated aging of the immune system. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study (2005-2007) of HIV-infected (n = 111) and uninfected (n = 114) men from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study. All HIV-infected subjects were on antiretroviral therapy with VL <400 copies/mL for at least 3 years. T-cell markers were examined using flow cytometry. We evaluated the impact of HIV serostatus and age on T-cell phenotypes (expressed as percentages of the total CD4 and CD8 T-cell population) using multivariate linear regression, adjusted for smoking, alcohol, and race/ethnicity. We tested for interactions between HIV and age by including interaction terms. RESULTS Among both HIV-infected and uninfected subjects, increasing age was associated with a decreased proportion of naive CD4 T cells (P = 0.014) and CD8 T cells (P < 0.0001). Both HIV infection and increasing age were associated with higher proportions of effector memory CD4 T cells (P < 0.0001 for HIV; P = 0.04 for age) and CD8 T cells (P = 0.0001 for HIV; P = 0.0004 for age). HIV infection, but not age, was associated with a higher proportion of activated CD8 T cells (P < 0.0001). For all T-cell subsets tested, there were no significant interactions between HIV infection and age. CONCLUSIONS Age and HIV status independently altered the immune system, but we found no conclusive evidence that HIV infection and advancing age synergistically result in accelerated changes in age-associated T-cell markers among virally suppressed individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelli Farhadian
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Emilie Jalbert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
- Currently, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Yanhong Deng
- Center for Analytical Sciences, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Matthew B Goetz
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lesley S Park
- Center for Population Health Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Amy C Justice
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Robert Dubrow
- Currently, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
- Currently, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Brinda Emu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Nkambule BB, Mkandla Z, Mutize T, Dludla PV. Platelet function and cardiovascular risk in adult HIV-infected patients on HAART: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e019468. [PMID: 29259066 PMCID: PMC5778303 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is now at least threefold higher in HIV-infected patients as compared with the general population. Although platelet activation and reactivity are implicated in the development of CVDs in HIV-infected patients, its precise role remains inconclusive. We aim to assess the association between platelet activation and selected cardiovascular risk factors in HIV-1-infected individuals on highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). METHODS This will be a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies evaluating the association between platelet activation and CVD risk factors in HAART-treated adults. The search strategy will include medical subject headings words for MEDLINE, and this will be adapted to Embase search headings (Emtree) terms for the EMBASE database. The search will cover literature published between 1 January 1996 to 30 April 2017. Studies will be independently screened by two reviewers using predefined criteria. Relevant eligible full texts will be screened; data will be extracted, and a qualitative synthesis will be conducted. Data extraction will be performed using Review Manager V.5.3. To assess the quality and strengths of evidence across selected studies, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation approach will be used. The Cochran's Q statistic and the I2 statistics will be used to analyse statistical heterogeneity between studies. If included studies show high levels of homogeneity, a random effects meta-analysis will be performed using R statistical software. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This will be a review of existing studies and will not require ethical approval. The findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication and presented at local and international conferences. An emerging patient management dilemma is that of the increased incidence of CVD in people living with HIV on HAART. This review may inform treatment and cardiovascular risk stratification of HIV-infected patients at increased risk of developing CVD. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42017062393.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bongani Brian Nkambule
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Zibusiso Mkandla
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tinashe Mutize
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
HIV-1 genetic diversity, geographical linkages and antiretroviral drug resistance among individuals from Pakistan. Arch Virol 2017; 163:33-40. [PMID: 28942522 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced the mortality and morbidity rates in individuals with HIV infection. However, the increasing occurrence of drug resistance is limiting treatment options. In recent years, Pakistan has witnessed a concentrated epidemic of HIV. It is very important to identify geographical linkages and mutations that generate selective pressure and drive resistance of HIV in our population. The aim of this work was to identify genetic diversity and drug resistance patterns of HIV in Pakistan, using available sequences and bioinformatics tools, which may help in selecting effective combination of available drugs. A total of 755 Pakistani HIV gag, pol and env sequences were retrieved from the Los Alamos HIV database. Sequences were aligned with reference sequences of different subtypes. For geographical linkages, sequences of predominant subtypes were aligned with sequences of the same subtypes from different countries. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the maximum-likelihood method in MEGA 7 software. For drug resistance analysis, sequences were entered into the Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database. Phylogenetic trees for studying genetic diversity showed that 82% of the sequences were of subtype A, while the rest of the sequences were of subtypes B (9.5%), K (2%), D (2%) and AE (1%). Moreover, trees that were constructed to examine geographical linkages showed close clustering of strains with those of the neighboring countries Afghanistan and India, as well as some African countries. A search for drug resistance mutations showed that 93% of the sequences had no major or minor mutations. The remaining 7% of the sequences contained a major mutation, Y115F, which causes the virus to exhibit low to intermediate resistance against lamivudine and emtricitabine. Our data indicate that HIV subtype A is the major subtype, while subtypes K, D and AE are also present in our country, suggesting gradual viral evolution and possible entry of different subtypes from neighboring countries. These data suggest that HIV is still sensitive to most of the antiretroviral drugs used in Pakistan.
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang Y, Mu W, Wang H. Gene editing in T cell therapy. J Genet Genomics 2017; 44:415-422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
50
|
Vidya Vijayan KK, Karthigeyan KP, Tripathi SP, Hanna LE. Pathophysiology of CD4+ T-Cell Depletion in HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:580. [PMID: 28588579 PMCID: PMC5440548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hall mark of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a gradual loss of CD4+ T-cells and imbalance in CD4+ T-cell homeostasis, with progressive impairment of immunity that leads ultimately to death. HIV infection in humans is caused by two related yet distinct viruses: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-2 is typically less virulent than HIV-1 and permits the host to mount a more effective and sustained T-cell immunity. Although both infections manifest the same clinical spectrum, the much lower rate of CD4+ T-cell decline and slower progression of disease in HIV-2 infected individuals have grabbed the attention of several researchers. Here, we review the most recent findings on the differential rate of decline of CD4+ T-cell in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections and provide plausible reasons for the observed differences between the two groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K K Vidya Vijayan
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | | | - Srikanth P Tripathi
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|