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Liang Q, Liu X, Peng X, Luo T, Su Y, Xu X, Xie H, Gao H, Chen Z, Xie C. Salvianolic acid B in fibrosis treatment: a comprehensive review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1442181. [PMID: 39139645 PMCID: PMC11319160 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1442181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a public health issue of great concern characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, leading to the destruction of parenchymal tissue and organ dysfunction that places a heavy burden on the global healthcare system due to its high incidence, disability, and mortality. Salvianolic acid B (SalB) has positively affected various human diseases, including fibrosis. In this review, we concentrate on the anti-fibrotic effects of SalB from a molecular perspective while providing information on the safety, adverse effects, and drug interactions of SalB. Additionally, we discuss the innovative SalB formulations, which give some references for further investigation and therapeutic use of SalB's anti-fibrotic qualities. Even with the encouraging preclinical data, additional research is required before relevant clinical trials can be conducted. Therefore, we conclude with recommendations for future studies. It is hoped that this review will provide comprehensive new perspectives on future research and product development related to SalB treatment of fibrosis and promote the efficient development of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhi Liang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xi Peng
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Su
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongyan Xie
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengtao Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chunguang Xie
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Souri F, Badavi M, Dianat M, Mard A, Sarkaki A, Razliqi RN. The protective effects of gallic acid and SGK1 inhibitor on cardiac damage and genes involved in Ca2+ homeostasis in an isolated heart model of ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:5207-5217. [PMID: 38252301 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-02949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 (SGK1) is an enzyme that may play a vital role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. This enzyme may affect sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA2), ryanodine receptor (RyR2) and sodium/calcium exchanger (NCX1) during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. The objective of this investigation was to analyze the effects of the combination of GSK650394 (SGK1 inhibitor) and gallic acid on the calcium ions regulation, inflammation, and cardiac dysfunction resulting from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the heart. Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups, pretreated with gallic acid or vehicle for 10 days. Then the heart was isolated and exposed to I/R. In the SGK1 inhibitor groups, GSK650394 was infused 5 min before ischemia induction. After that, Ca2+ homeostasis, inflammatory factors, cardiac function, antioxidant activity, and myocardial damage were evaluated. The findings suggested that the use of two drugs in combination therapy produced more significant improvements in left ventricular end diastolic pressure, left ventricular systolic pressure, RR-interval, ST-elevation, inflammation factors, and antioxidant enzymes activity as compared to the use of each drug. Despite this, there was a significant decrease observed in heart marker enzymes (including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), troponin-I (cTn-I), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) when compared to the ischemic group. Additionally, the expression of RyR2, NCX1, and SERCA2 genes showed a noteworthy increase as compared to the ischemic group. The findings of this study propose that using both of these agents on myocardial I/R injury could have superior advantages compared to using only one of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faramarz Souri
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Badavi
- The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mahin Dianat
- The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Mard
- The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Noei Razliqi
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Nchodu M, Efuntayo A, du Preez R, Ali H, Olateju OI. Simvastatin Significantly Reduced Alcohol-Induced Cardiac Damage in Adolescent Mice. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2024; 24:15-26. [PMID: 38261135 PMCID: PMC10838240 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-023-09821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse by adolescents is becoming a serious health concern as they often progress to becoming alcoholics later in life which may lead to heart problems. Chronic alcohol use alters the cardiac function and structure, such as haemodynamic changes, weakening and loss of cardiomyocytes, myocardial fibrosis, and inflammation. Simvastatin is a commonly used drug for the treatment and management of various cardiovascular problems but information on its protective effects against alcohol-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation is lacking in the literature. Four-week-old male (n = 5) and female (n = 5) C57BL/6 J mice were assigned to each experimental group: (I) NT-no administration of alcohol or Simvastatin; (II) ALC-2.5 g/Kg/day of 20% alcohol via intraperitoneal injection (i.p.); (III) SIM-5 mg/Kg/day of Simvastatin via oral gavage; (iv) ALC + SIM5-5 mg/Kg/day of Simvastatin via oral gavage followed by 2.5 g/Kg/day of 20% alcohol via i.p.; and (v) ALC + SIM15-15 mg/Kg/day Simvastatin via oral gavage followed by 2.5 g/Kg/day of 20% alcohol via i.p. After the 28-day treatment period, the heart was removed and processed for H&E, Masson's trichrome, or TNF-α immunolabelling. The area and diameter of cardiomyocytes were measured on the H&E-stained sections. The distribution of collagen or TNF-α expression was quantified using the deconvolution tool of ImageJ software. The results confirmed alcohol-induced toxicity on the cardiomyocytes and Simvastatin reduced alcohol-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation in both sexes. This study demonstrated that Simvastatin, an FDA approved and easily accessible drug, may be beneficial in lowering the prevalence of alcohol-induced cardiovascular diseases (especially in adolescents) which will have a huge financial implication on health systems worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makgotso Nchodu
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, Republic of South Africa
| | - Alice Efuntayo
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, Republic of South Africa
| | - Robin du Preez
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, Republic of South Africa
| | - Hasiena Ali
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, Republic of South Africa
| | - Oladiran I Olateju
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193, Republic of South Africa.
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Jung I, Cho YJ, Park M, Park K, Lee SH, Kim WH, Jeong H, Lee JE, Kim GY. Proteomic analysis reveals activation of platelet- and fibrosis-related pathways in hearts of ApoE -/- mice exposed to diesel exhaust particles. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22636. [PMID: 38114606 PMCID: PMC10730529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is an environmental risk factor linked to multiple human diseases including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). While particulate matter (PM) emitted by diesel exhaust damages multiple organ systems, heart disease is one of the most severe pathologies affected by PM. However, the in vivo effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on the heart and the molecular mechanisms of DEP-induced heart dysfunction have not been investigated. In the current study, we attempted to identify the proteomic signatures of heart fibrosis caused by diesel exhaust particles (DEP) in CVDs-prone apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice model using tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomic analysis. DEP exposure induced mild heart fibrosis in ApoE-/- mice compared with severe heart fibrosis in ApoE-/- mice that were treated with CVDs-inducing peptide, angiotensin II. TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis of heart tissues between PBS- and DEP-treated ApoE-/- mice revealed significant upregulation of proteins associated with platelet activation and TGFβ-dependent pathways. Our data suggest that DEP exposure could induce heart fibrosis, potentially via platelet-related pathways and TGFβ induction, causing cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkyo Jung
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Department of Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeng2-ro, Osong-eub, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jin Cho
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhan Park
- School of Earth Science and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihong Park
- School of Earth Science and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Lee
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Department of Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeng2-ro, Osong-eub, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ho Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Department of Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeng2-ro, Osong-eub, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Cheongpa-ro 47-gil 100, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Geun-Young Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Department of Chronic Disease Convergence Research, Korea National Institute of Health, 187 Osongsaengmyeng2-ro, Osong-eub, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
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Rana A, Singh TU, Sharma M, Gari M, Kumar T, Parida S, Lingaraju MC, Kumar Mariappan A, Kumar A, Kumar D. Pravastatin attenuates isoprenaline induced cardiac fibrosis in a mouse model. Biotech Histochem 2023; 98:567-577. [PMID: 37814775 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2023.2260303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of pravastatin (PRAVA) on isoprenaline (ISP) induced cardiac fibrosis using four groups of mice: untreated control, PRAVA, ISP, ISP + PRAVA groups. ISP, 20 mg/kg, was administered subcutaneously daily for 14 days. PRAVA, 20 mg/kg, was administered orally daily for 14 days. Mice were sacrificed on day15 and heart and blood samples were collected to investigate cardiac injury markers. The mean body weight for the ISP group on day 15 was decreased significantly compared to day 0; PRAVA increased the mean body weight slightly on day 15 of treatment compared to day 0. The heart:body weight ratio was increased in the ISP group compared to the control group, but the ratio was returned to near control ratio in the PRAVA + ISP group. The serum creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) level was reduced significantly in the PRAVA + ISP group compared to the ISP group. Serum triglyceride level was decreased significantly in ISP + PRAVA group compared to the ISP group. PRAVA administration significantly reduced tissue collagen I and III levels in the ISP + PRAVA group compared to the ISP group. Lipid oxidation was decreased and reduced glutathione activity was increased in the PRAVA + ISP group compared to the ISP group. IL-6, α-SMA, CTGF, TGF-β and SMAD-3 gene expressions were decreased in the PRAVA + ISP group compared to the ISP group. We found fewer inflammatory cells and less fibrosis in heart tissue in the PRAVA + ISP group compared to the ISP group. PRAVA decreased ISP induced cardiac fibrosis by reducing oxidative stress, collagen deposition and inflammation, as well as by decreasing expression of TGF-β, SMAD-3 and CTGF genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Rana
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Thakur Uttam Singh
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Meemansha Sharma
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Manju Gari
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Tarun Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Subhashree Parida
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Asok Kumar Mariappan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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6
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Li D, Cao F, Han J, Wang M, Lai C, Zhang J, Xu T, Bouakaz A, Wan M, Ren P, Zhang S. The sustainable antihypertensive and target organ damage protective effect of transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 2023; 41:852-866. [PMID: 36883470 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to investigate the sustainable antihypertensive effects and protection against target organ damage caused by low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) stimulation and the underlying mechanism in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) model. METHODS AND RESULTS SHRs were treated with ultrasound stimulation of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VlPAG) for 20 min every day for 2 months. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was compared among normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats, SHR control group, SHR Sham group, and SHR LIFU stimulation group. Cardiac ultrasound imaging and hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining of the heart and kidney were performed to assess target organ damage. The c-fos immunofluorescence analysis and plasma levels of angiotensin II, aldosterone, hydrocortisone, and endothelin-1 were measured to investigate the neurohumoral and organ systems involved. We found that SBP was reduced from 172 ± 4.2 mmHg to 141 ± 2.1 mmHg after 1 month of LIFU stimulation, P < 0.01. The next month of treatment can maintain the rat's blood pressure at 146 ± 4.2 mmHg at the end of the experiment. LIFU stimulation reverses left ventricular hypertrophy and improves heart and kidney function. Furthermore, LIFU stimulation enhanced the neural activity from the VLPAG to the caudal ventrolateral medulla and reduced the plasma levels of ANGII and Aldo. CONCLUSION We concluded that LIFU stimulation has a sustainable antihypertensive effect and protects against target organ damage by activating antihypertensive neural pathways from VLPAG to the caudal ventrolateral medulla and further inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity, thereby supporting a novel and noninvasive alternative therapy to treat hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Fangyuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Mengke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Chunhao Lai
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Tianqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | | | - Mingxi Wan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Pengyu Ren
- Institute of Medical Artificial Intelligence
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Sichuan Digital Economy Industry Development Research Institute, China
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Al-U'datt DGF, Tranchant CC, Alu'datt M, Abusara S, Al-Dwairi A, AlQudah M, Al-Shboul O, Hiram R, Altuntas Y, Jaradat S, Alzoubi KH. Inhibition of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) ameliorates ventricular fibrosis in isoproterenol-induced heart failure in rats. Life Sci 2023; 321:121564. [PMID: 36931499 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Transglutaminase (TG) inhibitors represent promising therapeutic interventions in cardiac fibrosis and related dysfunctions. However, it remains unknown how TG inhibition, TG2 in particular, affects the signaling systems that drive pathological fibrosis. This study aimed to examine the effect TG inhibition by cystamine on the progression of isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cardiac fibrosis was established by intraperitoneal injection of ISO to rats (ISO group), followed by 6 weeks of cystamine injection (ISO + Cys group). The control groups were administered normal saline alone or with cystamine. Hemodynamics, lipid profile, liver enzymes, urea, and creatinine were assessed in conjunction with heart failure markers (serum NT-proANP and cTnI). Left ventricular (LV) and atrial (LA) fibrosis, total collagen content, and mRNA expression of profibrotic markers including TG2 were quantified by Masson's trichrome staining, LC-MS/MS and quantitative PCR, respectively. KEY FINDINGS Cystamine administration to ISO rats significantly decreased diastolic and mean arterial pressures, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, liver enzymes, urea, and creatinine levels, while increasing HDL. NT-proANP and cTnI serum levels remained unchanged. In LV tissues, significant reductions in ISO-induced fibrosis and elevated total collagen content were achieved after cystamine treatment, together with a reduction in TG2 concentration. Reduced mRNA expression of several profibrotic genes (COL1A1, FN1, MMP-2, CTGF, periostin, CX43) was also evidenced in LV tissues of ISO rats upon cystamine administration, whereas TGF-β1 expression was depressed in LA tissues. Cystamine decreased TG2 mRNA expression in the LV of control rats, while LV expression of TG2 was relatively low in ISO rats irrespective of cystamine treatment. SIGNIFICANCE TG2 inhibition by cystamine in vivo exerted cardioprotective effects against ISO-induced cardiac fibrosis in rats decreasing the LV abundance of several profibrotic markers and the content of TG2 and collagen, suggesting that TG2 pharmacological inhibition could be beneficial to alleviate cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doa'a G F Al-U'datt
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Carole C Tranchant
- School of Food Science, Nutrition and Family Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences and Community Services, Université de Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Muhammad Alu'datt
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Sara Abusara
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmed Al-Dwairi
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad AlQudah
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; Physiology Department, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Othman Al-Shboul
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Roddy Hiram
- Montreal Heart Institute and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yasemin Altuntas
- Montreal Heart Institute and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Saied Jaradat
- Princess Haya Biotechnology Center, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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8
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Souri F, Badavi M, Dianat M, Mard SA, Sarkaki A. Protective effects of gallic acid and SGK1 inhibitor on oxidative stress and cardiac damage in an isolated heart model of ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 26:308-315. [PMID: 36865044 PMCID: PMC9922370 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.68045.14874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Oxidative stress and serum and glucocorticoid-induced Kinase 1 gene (SGK1) perform a central role in the consequences of ischemia in the heart. This research aimed to investigate the effect of coadministration of gallic acid and the GSK650394 (as SGK1 gene inhibitor) on the ischemic complications of a rat model of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Materials and Methods Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups with or without pretreatment with gallic acid for 10 days. After that, the heart was isolated and perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution. A 30 min of ischemia was performed followed by a 60 min reperfusion. In 2 groups, GSK650394 was infused 5 min before ischemia induction. Ten minutes after reperfusion commencement, cardiac marker enzyme (CK-MB, LDH, and cTn-I) activities were measured in the cardiac perfusate. At the end of reperfusion, the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes (Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, and Glutathione peroxidase), lipid peroxidation (MDA), total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), infarct size, and SGK1 gene expression were measured in the heart tissue. Results The results indicated that dual therapy with both drugs significantly improved endogenous anti-oxidant enzyme activity and TAC more than each drug alone. However, the heart marker enzymes (CK-MB, LDH, and cTn-I), MDA, ROS, infarct size, and SGK1 gene expression were reduced significantly compared with the ischemic group. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that concomitant administration of both drugs in the case of cardiac I/R injury may have a more beneficial effect than each one alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faramarz Souri
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Badavi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Corresponding author: Mohammad Badavi. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; The Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mahin Dianat
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Mard
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, Persian Gulf Physiology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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9
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Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cardioembolic Stroke: From Background to Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043628. [PMID: 36835040 PMCID: PMC9959608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases participating in physiological processes of the brain, maintaining the blood-brain barrier integrity and playing a critical role in cerebral ischemia. In the acute phase of stroke activity, the expression of MMPs increase and is associated with adverse effects, but in the post-stroke phase, MMPs contribute to the process of healing by remodeling tissue lesions. The imbalance between MMPs and their inhibitors results in excessive fibrosis associated with the enhanced risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), which is the main cause of cardioembolic strokes. MMPs activity disturbances were observed in the development of hypertension, diabetes, heart failure and vascular disease enclosed in CHA2DS2VASc score, the scale commonly used to evaluate the risk of thromboembolic complications risk in AF patients. MMPs involved in hemorrhagic complications of stroke and activated by reperfusion therapy may also worsen the stroke outcome. In the present review, we briefly summarize the role of MMPs in the ischemic stroke with particular consideration of the cardioembolic stroke and its complications. Moreover, we discuss the genetic background, regulation pathways, clinical risk factors and impact of MMPs on the clinical outcome.
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Wagner N, Wagner KD. Pharmacological Utility of PPAR Modulation for Angiogenesis in Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032345. [PMID: 36768666 PMCID: PMC9916802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors, including PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. They play important roles in glucose and lipid metabolism and are also supposed to reduce inflammation and atherosclerosis. All PPARs are involved in angiogenesis, a process critically involved in cardiovascular pathology. Synthetic specific agonists exist for all PPARs. PPARα agonists (fibrates) are used to treat dyslipidemia by decreasing triglyceride and increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. PPARγ agonists (thiazolidinediones) are used to treat Type 2 diabetes mellitus by improving insulin sensitivity. PPARα/γ (dual) agonists are supposed to treat both pathological conditions at once. In contrast, PPARβ/δ agonists are not in clinical use. Although activators of PPARs were initially considered to have favorable effects on the risk factors for cardiovascular disease, their cardiovascular safety is controversial. Here, we discuss the implications of PPARs in vascular biology regarding cardiac pathology and focus on the outcomes of clinical studies evaluating their benefits in cardiovascular diseases.
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11
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Yamamoto T, Sano M. Deranged Myocardial Fatty Acid Metabolism in Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:996. [PMID: 35055179 PMCID: PMC8779056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart requires fatty acids to maintain its activity. Various mechanisms regulate myocardial fatty acid metabolism, such as energy production using fatty acids as fuel, for which it is known that coordinated control of fatty acid uptake, β-oxidation, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation steps are important for efficient adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production without unwanted side effects. The fatty acids taken up by cardiomyocytes are not only used as substrates for energy production but also for the synthesis of triglycerides and the replacement reaction of fatty acid chains in cell membrane phospholipids. Alterations in fatty acid metabolism affect the structure and function of the heart. Recently, breakthrough studies have focused on the key transcription factors that regulate fatty acid metabolism in cardiomyocytes and the signaling systems that modify their functions. In this article, we reviewed the latest research on the role of fatty acid metabolism in the pathogenesis of heart failure and provide an outlook on future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
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12
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Wenzel D, Haddadi N, Afshari K, Richmond JM, Rashighi M. Upcoming treatments for morphea. Immun Inflamm Dis 2021; 9:1101-1145. [PMID: 34272836 PMCID: PMC8589364 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphea (localized scleroderma) is a rare autoimmune connective tissue disease with variable clinical presentations, with an annual incidence of 0.4-2.7 cases per 100,000. Morphea occurs most frequently in children aged 2-14 years, and the disease exhibits a female predominance. Insights into morphea pathogenesis are often extrapolated from studies of systemic sclerosis due to their similar skin histopathologic features; however, clinically they are two distinct diseases as evidenced by different demographics, clinical features, disease course and prognosis. An interplay between genetic factors, epigenetic modifications, immune and vascular dysfunction, along with environmental hits are considered as the main contributors to morphea pathogenesis. In this review, we describe potential new therapies for morphea based on both preclinical evidence and ongoing clinical trials. We focus on different classes of therapeutics, including antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, cellular and gene therapy, and antisenolytic approaches, and how these target different aspects of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wenzel
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Nazgol‐Sadat Haddadi
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Khashayar Afshari
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jillian M. Richmond
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
| | - Mehdi Rashighi
- Department of DermatologyUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterMassachusettsUSA
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13
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Effects of Statins on Renin-Angiotensin System. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8070080. [PMID: 34357323 PMCID: PMC8305238 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8070080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, a class of drugs for lowering serum LDL-cholesterol, have attracted attention because of their wide range of pleiotropic effects. An important but often neglected effect of statins is their role in the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) pathway. This pathway plays an integral role in the progression of several diseases including hypertension, heart failure, and renal disease. In this paper, the role of statins in the blockade of different components of this pathway and the underlying mechanisms are reviewed and new therapeutic possibilities of statins are suggested.
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14
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O'Toole D, Zaeri AAI, Nicklin SA, French AT, Loughrey CM, Martin TP. Signalling pathways linking cysteine cathepsins to adverse cardiac remodelling. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109770. [PMID: 32891693 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adverse cardiac remodelling clinically manifests as deleterious changes to heart architecture (size, mass and geometry) and function. These changes, which include alterations to ventricular wall thickness, chamber dilation and poor contractility, are important because they progressively drive patients with cardiac disease towards heart failure and are associated with poor prognosis. Cysteine cathepsins contribute to key signalling pathways involved in adverse cardiac remodelling including synthesis and degradation of the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM), cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, impaired cardiomyocyte contractility and apoptosis. In this review, we highlight the role of cathepsins in these signalling pathways as well as their translational potential as therapeutic targets in cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan O'Toole
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Ali Abdullah I Zaeri
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Stuart A Nicklin
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Anne T French
- Clinical Sciences Department, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Christopher M Loughrey
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
| | - Tamara P Martin
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK.
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15
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Lu Q, Guo P, Guo J, Ares I, Lopez-Torres B, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Wang X, Anadón A, Martínez MA. Targeting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: A new strategy for the treatment of cardiac fibrosis. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 219:107702. [PMID: 33022300 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a pathogenic factor of many cardiovascular diseases (CVD), which seriously affects people's life, and health and causes huge economic losses. Increasing evidence has shown that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) can regulate the progression of cardiac fibrosis. For the first time, this review systematically summarizes the literature on cardiac fibrosis from the perspective of PPARs from 2010 to 2020. Moreover, the role of each PPARs in cardiac fibrosis was clarified in this scientific revision from the perspectives of pharmacologically active substances, known agonists, natural extract compounds, and nucleic-acid-based drugs in different CVD models. Furthermore, the combination of multiple PPARs on the treatment of cardiac fibrosis is discussed. This scientific review provides new ideas for targeting PPARs in the treatment of cardiac fibrosis and provides strategies for the development of new, safe, and effective pharmacological antagonists against cardiac fibrosis based on PPAR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirong Lu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MAO Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Pu Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MAO Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jingchao Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MAO Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Irma Ares
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernardo Lopez-Torres
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain; MAO Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Pang X, Lin X, Du J, Zeng D. LTBP2 knockdown by siRNA reverses myocardial oxidative stress injury, fibrosis and remodelling during dilated cardiomyopathy. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13377. [PMID: 31512380 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterised by left ventricular dilation and associated with systolic dysfunction. Recent evidence has reported the high expression of latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 2 (LTBP2) in heart diseases, which may play a role in regulating multiple biological functions of myocardial cells. Thus, this study set out to investigate the molecular mechanism and effects of LTBP2 in myocardial oxidative stress injury, fibrosis and remodelling in a rat model of DCM, with the involvement of NF-κB signalling pathway. METHODS The rat model of DCM was treated with si-LTBP2 and/or activator of NF-κB signalling pathway to examine the haemodynamic indexes, cardiac functions, oxidative stress injury, fibrosis and remodelling. Moreover, in vitro experiments were conducted to verify the regulatory role of LTBP2 and NF-κB signalling pathway in DCM. RESULTS LTBP2 was up-regulated in DCM rats. After LTBP2 was knocked down, haemodynamic indexes, HW/BW ratio, collagen volume fraction (CVF) level, positive expression of LTBP2, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), tumour necrosis factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were all decreased. Meanwhile, levels of LTBP2, Col-I, Col-III, p65 and p52 were also reduced, while HW, BW and levels of SOD and TAOC were increased. In contrast, activation of NF-κB signalling pathway reversed effects of LTBP2 gene silencing. These findings were confirmed by in vivo experiments. CONCLUSIONS LTBP2 silencing can attenuate myocardial oxidative stress injury, myocardial fibrosis and myocardial remodelling in DCM rats by down-regulating the NF-κB signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐Feng Pang
- Department of Cardiovascular The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China
| | - Xue Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Peking Union Medical College Hospital Beijing China
| | - Jian‐Jun Du
- Department of Cardiovascular The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China
| | - Ding‐Yin Zeng
- Department of Cardiovascular The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China
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Milajerdi A, Sadeghi A, Mousavi SM, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh A. Influence of Statins on Circulating Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients With Abnormal Glucose Homeostasis: A Meta-analysis of Data From Randomized Controlled Trials. Clin Ther 2020; 42:e13-e31. [PMID: 31955966 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic inflammation increases the risks for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. Recently, the antiinflammatory effects of statins, as cholesterol-lowering medications, have been considered. This study systematically reviewed and summarized earlier findings from randomized clinical trials about the effects of statins on serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6 in patients with abnormal glucose homeostasis. METHODS Relevant articles published through October 2019 were searched using suitable key words on the PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases. RCTs were included if they compared the effects of statins on serum concentrations of CRP and IL-6 in adults with abnormal glucose homeostasis. The effect sizes were represented as weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% CI s using a random-effects model. Subgroup analysis was performed to find possible sources of heterogeneity. FINDINGS Overall, 17 publications with 21 effect sizes and which enrolled 3766 subjects (1895 participants in intervention and 1871 in control groups) were included. Combining 13 effect sizes from 10 studies, a significant reduction in serum CRP concentration following the administration of atorvastatin was found (WMD, -0.35; 95% CI, -0.54 to -0.17; I2 = 90.6%). Based on 5 effect sizes from 4 studies, we found a statistically significant reduction in serum IL-6 concentration after atorvastatin therapy (WMD, -0.44; 95% CI, -0.65 to -0.22; I2 = 93.9%). Pooling 6 effect sizes from 5 studies revealed a significantly reduced serum concentration of CRP after simvastatin therapy (WMD, -0.66; 95% CI, -0.79 to -0.54; I2 = 97.6%). IMPLICATIONS The administration of atorvastatin or simvastatin in patients with abnormal glucose hemostasis was associated with a reduced serum CRP concentration. Atorvastatin therapy might also help to decrease serum IL-6 concentration in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Milajerdi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Sadeghi
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran; Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mousavi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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18
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Zou B, Schuster JP, Niu K, Huang Q, Rühle A, Huber PE. Radiotherapy-induced heart disease: a review of the literature. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2019; 2:270-282. [PMID: 35693876 PMCID: PMC8985808 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy as one of the four pillars of cancer therapy plays a critical role in the multimodal treatment of thoracic cancers. Due to significant improvements in overall cancer survival, radiotherapy-induced heart disease (RIHD) has become an increasingly recognized adverse reaction which contributes to major radiation-associated toxicities including non-malignant death. This is especially relevant for patients suffering from diseases with excellent prognosis such as breast cancer or Hodgkin's lymphoma, since RIHD may occur decades after radiotherapy. Preclinical studies have enriched our knowledge of many potential mechanisms by which thoracic radiotherapy induces heart injury. Epidemiological findings in humans reveal that irradiation might increase the risk of cardiac disease at even lower doses than previously assumed. Recent preclinical studies have identified non-invasive methods for evaluation of RIHD. Furthermore, potential options preventing or at least attenuating RIHD have been developed. Ongoing research may enrich our limited knowledge about biological mechanisms of RIHD, identify non-invasive early detection biomarkers and investigate potential treatment options that might attenuate or prevent these unwanted side effects. Here, we present a comprehensive review about the published literature regarding clinical manifestation and pathological alterations in RIHD. Biological mechanisms and treatment options are outlined, and challenges in RIHD treatment are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwen Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department of Molecular Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Julius Philipp Schuster
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department of Molecular Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Kerun Niu
- Department of Molecular Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Qianyi Huang
- Department of Molecular Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Alexander Rühle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department of Molecular Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO) and National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Peter Ernst Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Department of Molecular Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO) and National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Hsieh C, Li C, Hsu C, Chen H, Chen Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, Kuo H, Liu P. Mitochondrial protection by simvastatin against angiotensin II-mediated heart failure. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:3791-3804. [PMID: 31265743 PMCID: PMC6780047 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a role in the progression of cardiovascular diseases including heart failure. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), which inhibit ROS synthesis, show cardioprotective effects in chronic heart failure. However, the beneficial role of statins in mitochondrial protection in heart failure remains unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats were treated with angiotensin II (1.5 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ) or co-administered simvastatin (oral, 10 mg·kg-1 ) for 14 days; and then administration was stopped for the following 14 days. Cardiac structure/function was examined by wheat germ agglutinin staining and echocardiography. Mitochondrial morphology and the numbers of lipid droplets, lysosomes, autophagosomes, and mitophagosomes were determined by transmission electron microscopy. Human cardiomyocytes were stimulated, and intracellular ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ) changes were measured by flow cytometry and JC-1 staining, respectively. Autophagy and mitophagy-related and mitochondria-regulated apoptotic proteins were identified by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. KEY RESULTS Simvastatin significantly reduced ROS production and attenuated the disruption of ΔΨm . Simvastatin induced the accumulation of lipid droplets to provide energy for maintaining mitochondrial function, promoted autophagy and mitophagy, and inhibited mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. These findings suggest that mitochondrial protection mediated by simvastatin plays a therapeutic role in heart failure prevention by modulating antioxidant status and promoting energy supplies for autophagy and mitophagy to inhibit mitochondrial damage and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Mitochondria play a key role in mediating heart failure progression. Simvastatin attenuated heart failure, induced by angiotensin II, via mitochondrial protection and might provide a new therapy to prevent heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong‐Chao Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of SurgeryKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Chia‐Yang Li
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer ResearchKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Hsin Hsu
- Department of Internal MedicineCheng Kung University HospitalTainanTaiwan
| | - Hsiu‐Lin Chen
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Yung‐Hsiang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese MedicineChina Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health ScienceAsia UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Peng Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Ru Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Hsuan‐Fu Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta‐Tung HospitalKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Po‐Len Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research CenterKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
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20
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Milajerdi A, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh A. Statins influence biomarkers of low grade inflammation in apparently healthy people or patients with chronic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Cytokine 2019; 123:154752. [PMID: 31228727 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No earlier study summarized findings on the effect of statins on inflammatory biomarkers in apparently healthy individuals or those with chronic diseases. This study was done to systematically review earlier publications on the effect of statins on serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in apparently healthy individuals or those with chronic diseases. METHODS We searched relevant publications published up to December 2018 in PubMed, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases. For this purpose, suitable MESH and non-MESH keywords were used. Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials that examined the effect of statins on serum concentrations of CRP and IL-6 in apparently healthy adults or those with chronic diseases were included. RESULTS Overall, 18 studies with 23 effect sizes, that enrolled 32,156 individuals (38% female and 62% male; mean age: 44.79 years) were included. When we combined 21 effect sizes from 16 studies, we observed a significant reduction in circulating levels of CRP following administration of statins [Weighted Mean Difference (WMD): -0.80; 95% CI: -1.05, -0.56]. Combining 12 effect sizes from 11 studies, a significant reduction was found in serum CRP concentrations following administration of Atorvastatin (WMD: -0.57; 95% CI: -0.78, -0.35). Pooling 5 effect sizes from 2 studies, we found a significant reduction in serum concentrations of CRP following administration of Simvastatin (WMD: -0.29; 95% CI: -0.49, -0.10; I2 = 88.5%). Combining 6 effect sizes from 5 studies, we found a significant reduction in serum IL-6 concentrations after Atorvastatin therapy (WMD: -2.13; 95% CI: -3.96, -0.30; I2 = 98.6%). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we found that statins administration in apparently healthy people or those with chronic diseases help reducing serum CRP concentrations. In addition, Atorvastatin administration resulted in reduced serum IL-6 concentrations in these people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Milajerdi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Food Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Plasma Cathepsin S is Associated with High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Bilirubin in Patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. J Med Biochem 2019; 38:268-275. [PMID: 31156336 PMCID: PMC6534947 DOI: 10.2478/jomb-2018-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cathepsin S (CTSS) is a cysteine protease involved in atherogenesis. We compared the plasma CTSS as well as other biomarkers of atherosclerosis in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) and aortoiliac occlusive disease (AOD), aiming to identify the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of the disease development. Also, we hypothesised that the level of plasma CTSS simultaneously increases with a decrease of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) values. Methods 33 patients with AAA and 34 patients with AOD were included in this study. Results There was no difference in the level of plasma CTSS between the two analysed groups (p=0.833). In the patients with AAA, the plasma CTSS was correlated with HDL-C (r = -0.377, p = 0.034) and total bilirubin (r =0.500, p = 0.003) while, unexpectedly, it was not correlated with cystatin C (Cys C) (r =0.083, p = 0.652). In the patients with AOD, the plasma CTSS correlated with triglycerides (r = 0.597, p< 0.001), only. When the patients were divided according to HDL-C (with HDL-C ≤0.90 and HDL-C >0.90 mmol/L), the plasma CTSS values differed among these groups (31.27 vs.25.61 μg/L, respectively, p<0.001). Conclusions These results provide the first evidence that CTSS negatively correlated with HDL-C and bilirubin in patients with AAA. It is possible that differences in the association of the CTSS and other markers of atherosclerosis can determine whether atherosclerotic aorta will develop dilatation or stenosis.
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Sfyri P, Matsakas A. Crossroads between peripheral atherosclerosis, western-type diet and skeletal muscle pathophysiology: emphasis on apolipoprotein E deficiency and peripheral arterial disease. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:42. [PMID: 28688452 PMCID: PMC5502081 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process that, in the presence of hyperlipidaemia, promotes the formation of atheromatous plaques in large vessels of the cardiovascular system. It also affects peripheral arteries with major implications for a number of other non-vascular tissues such as the skeletal muscle, the liver and the kidney. The aim of this review is to critically discuss and assimilate current knowledge on the impact of peripheral atherosclerosis and its implications on skeletal muscle homeostasis. Accumulating data suggests that manifestations of peripheral atherosclerosis in skeletal muscle originates in a combination of increased i)-oxidative stress, ii)-inflammation, iii)-mitochondrial deficits, iv)-altered myofibre morphology and fibrosis, v)-chronic ischemia followed by impaired oxygen supply, vi)-reduced capillary density, vii)- proteolysis and viii)-apoptosis. These structural, biochemical and pathophysiological alterations impact on skeletal muscle metabolic and physiologic homeostasis and its capacity to generate force, which further affects the individual's quality of life. Particular emphasis is given on two major areas representing basic and applied science respectively: a)-the abundant evidence from a well-recognised atherogenic model; the Apolipoprotein E deficient mouse and the role of a western-type diet and b)-on skeletal myopathy and oxidative stress-induced myofibre damage from human studies on peripheral arterial disease. A significant source of reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease is the family of NADPH oxidases that contribute to several pathologies. Finally, strategies targeting NADPH oxidases in skeletal muscle in an attempt to attenuate cellular oxidative stress are highlighted, providing a better understanding of the crossroads between peripheral atherosclerosis and skeletal muscle pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Sfyri
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic & Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Antonios Matsakas
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic & Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
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Ji W, Zhao M, Wang M, Yan W, Liu Y, Ren S, Lu J, Wang B, Chen L. Effects of canagliflozin on weight loss in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179960. [PMID: 28665967 PMCID: PMC5493335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Canagliflozin, an inhibitor of sodium glucose co-transporter (SGLT) 2, has been shown to reduce body weight during the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this study, we sought to determine the role of canagliflozin in body weight loss and liver injury in obesity. C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet to simulate diet-induced obesity (DIO). Canagliflozin (15 and 60 mg/kg) was administered to DIO mice for 4 weeks. Orlistat (10 mg/kg) was used as a positive control. The body weight, liver weight, liver morphology, total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels were examined. Signaling molecules, including diacylgycero1 acyltransferase-2 (DGAT2), peroxisome proliferation receptor alpha-1 (PPARα1), PPARγ1, PPARγ2 mRNA levels and the protein expression of SGLT2 were evaluated. Canagliflozin reduced body weight, especially the high-dose canagliflozin, and resulted in increased body weight loss compared with orlistat. Moreover, canagliflozin reduced the liver weight and the ratio of liver weight to body weight, lowered the serum levels of TC and TG, and ameliorated liver steatosis. During the canagliflozin treatment, SGLT2, DGAT2, PPARγ1 and PPARγ2 were inhibited, and PPARα1 was elevated in the liver tissues. This finding may explain why body weight was reduced and secondary liver injury was ameliorated in response to canagliflozin. Together, the results suggest that canagliflozin may be a potential anti-obesity strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou People’s Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Pharmacy, 302 Military Hospital of China, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shijiazhuang Maternity Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wenhui Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuting Ren
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Clinical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lina Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
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Sun R, Wang J, Zheng Y, Li X, Xie T, Li R, Liu M, Cao Y, Lu L, Zhang Q, Zhang P. Traditional Chinese medicine baoxin decoction improves cardiac fibrosis of rats with dilated cardiomyopathy. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1900-1906. [PMID: 28565783 PMCID: PMC5443197 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of baoxin decoction (BXD) on myocardial fibrosis and clarified the possible mechanism of action. Dilated myocardiopathy was induced by doxorubicin injected intraperitoneally for 6 weeks. Rats that demonstrated dilated myocardiopathy were randomly divided into five groups plus a control group. Three groups were treated with BXD (7.5/kg, 15 g/kg and 30 g/kg) daily for 4 weeks. One group was treated with 8.75 g/kg of captopril (positive control), and with physiologic saline (negative control). Cardiac function was evaluated using echocardiography. Hematoxylin and eosin, and Massons trichrome staining were performed, PICP and PIIINP were assessed by ELISA, the expression of galectin-3 and collagen types I and III was evaluated with reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, and interrelated proteins were detected by western blot analysis. BXD downregulated galectin-3, collagen I and III and was correlated with a high expression of fibrosis markers. It also significantly decreased myocardial collagen volume fraction (CVF), together with markedly preventing the upregulation of collagen I and III. In addition, BXD downregulated the expression of TGF-β1 and Smad3 in the myocardial fibrosis rats. Therefore, BXD treatment significantly improved cardiac function and alleviated myocardial fibrosis in a rat model of doxorubicin-induced dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), which is the mechanism that may be associated with inhibiting the TGF-β1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Sun
- Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Xuzhou Central Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Jiangbo Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Xianchi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Hospital of Traditional Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Hospital of Traditional Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Lei Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Hospital of Traditional Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Hospital of Traditional Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Peiying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Xuzhou Central Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical School of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
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Pang X, Si J, Xu S, Li Y, Liu J. Simvastatin inhibits homocysteine-induced CRP generation via interfering with the ROS-p38/ERK1/2 signal pathway in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Vascul Pharmacol 2017; 88:42-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ishaka A, Imam MU, Ismail M, Mahmud R, Abu Bakar ZZ. Nanoemulsified gamma-oryzanol rich fraction blend regulates hepatic cholesterol metabolism and cardiovascular disease risk in hypercholesterolaemic rats. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Liu Q, Lu D, Wang S, Wang K, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Fang P, Li Z, Geng J, Shan Q. Renal denervation significantly attenuates cardiorenal fibrosis in rats with sustained pressure overload. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 10:587-596.e4. [PMID: 27288113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of renal denervation (RDN) on comprehensive cardiac and renal fibrosis in cardiomyopathy. Five weeks after successful transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced cardiomyopathy model building, Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) RDN, (2) sham, and (3) losartan. Sham TAC rats served as control group. Compared with control, TAC groups showed a significant decrease in left ventricle ejection fraction and increase in ventricular septum thickness and left atrium diameter on echocardiography after 5 weeks. At 10 weeks post-TAC, venous blood samples were collected for fibrosis biochemical assay. Heart and kidney samples were also harvested for fibrosis pathophysiological detection. Cardiac and renal fibrosis quantity results showed that, compared with sham group, collagen volume fraction was significantly decreased in RDN group more than in losartan group. Biochemical parameters such as tumor necrosis factor α, aldosterone, and B-type natriuretic peptide levels as well as biomarkers for fibrosis such as procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide and procollagen type III N-terminal propeptide concentrations were significantly decreased in RDN group in comparison with sham. In addition, compared with sham group, left ventricle tissue protein expression of transforming growth factor-β1 and angiotensin II type I receptor was downregulated, and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 was upregulated in RDN but not in losartan group. RDN significantly attenuates cardiac and renal fibrosis in cardiomyopathy. Differing from losartan, which only has angiotensin II type I receptor inhibition effects, RDN comprehensively suppresses cardiac and renal fibrogenesis through multiple pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dasheng Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengchan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Fang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Geng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qijun Shan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Is Critical to Cardiac Fibrosis. PPAR Res 2016; 2016:2198645. [PMID: 27293418 PMCID: PMC4880703 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2198645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily, which plays a central role in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism. However, accumulating evidence demonstrates that PPARγ agonists have potential to reduce inflammation, influence the balance of immune cells, suppress oxidative stress, and improve endothelial function, which are all involved in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cardiac fibrosis. Thus, in this review we discuss the role of PPARγ in various cardiovascular conditions associated with cardiac fibrosis, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, myocardial infarction, heart failure, ischemia/reperfusion injury, atrial fibrillation, and several other cardiovascular disease (CVD) conditions, and summarize the developmental status of PPARγ agonists for the clinical management of CVD.
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Liu X, Zou C, Yu C, Xie R, Sui M, Mu S, Li L, Zhao S. Original Research: Atorvastatin prevents rat cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by parathyroid hormone 1-34 associated with the Ras-ERK signaling. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1745-50. [PMID: 27190264 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216649259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of atorvastatin (Ator) on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy (CMH) induced by rat parathyroid hormone 1-34 (PTH1-34) and Ras-extracellular signal regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling. Rat cardiomyocytes were randomly divided into seven groups: normal controls (NC), PTH1-34 (10(-7) mol/L), Ator (10(-5) mol/L), farnesyl transferase inhibitors-276 (FTI-276, 4 × 10(-5) mol/L), PTH1-34 + Ator, PTH1-34 + FTI-276 and PTH1-34 + Ator + mevalonic acid (MVA, 10(-4) mol/L). After treatment, the hypertrophic responses of cardiomyocytes were assessed by measuring cell diameter, detecting protein synthesis, and single-cell protein content. The concentrations of hypertrophic markers such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured by ELISA. Protein expressions of ERK1/2, p-ERK1/2 and Ras were detected by western blotting. The results showed that compared with the PTH1-34 group, cellular diameter, 3H-leucine incorporation, single-cell protein content, ANP and BNP concentration decreased by 12.07 µm, 1622 cpm/well, 84.34 pg, 7.13 ng/L and 20.04 µg/L, respectively, and the expressions of Ras and p-ERK1/2 were downregulated in PTH1-34 + Ator group (P < 0.05). Compared to the PTH1-34 + Ator group, the corresponding hypertrophic responses and hypertrophic markers increased by 4.95 µm, 750 cpm/well, 49.08 pg, 3.12 ng/L and 9.35 µg/L, respectively, and the expressions of Ras and p-ERK1/2 were upregulated in the PTH1-34 + Ator + MVA group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Ator prevents neonatal rat CMH induced by PTH1-34 and Ras-ERK signaling may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chunbo Zou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chengyuan Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Rujuan Xie
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Manshu Sui
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Suhong Mu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shilei Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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Zhang JS, Hou YL, Lu WW, Ni XQ, Lin F, Yu YR, Tang CS, Qi YF. Intermedin 1-53 Protects Against Myocardial Fibrosis by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Inflammation Induced by Homocysteine in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. J Atheroscler Thromb 2016; 23:1294-1306. [PMID: 27052784 PMCID: PMC5113747 DOI: 10.5551/jat.34082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and inflammation participate in cardiac fibrosis. Importantly, a novel paracrine/autocrine peptide intermedin1-53 (IMD1-53) in the heart inhibits myocardial fibrosis in rats. However, the mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. METHODS Myocardial fibrosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE -/-) mice and neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were induced using homocysteine (Hcy). RESULTS IMD1-53 inhibited myocardial fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. Picrosirius red staining showed that IMD1-53 reduced myocardial interstitial collagen deposition in ApoE-/- mice treated with Hcy and decreased the expression of myocardial collagen I and III, which was further verified in rat CFs. IMD1-53 attenuated myocardial hypertrophy, as shown by cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area, ratio of heart weight to body weight, and mRNA levels of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide. IMD1-53 inhibited the upregulation of ERS hallmarkers such as glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), GRP94, activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), ATF4, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α, spliced-X-box-binding protein-1, protein kinase receptor-like ER kinase, and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α in mouse myocardium and rat CFs treated with Hcy. In addition, IMD1-53 decreased the production of inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β in the mouse myocardium and rat CFs treated with Hcy. Concurrently, IMD1-53 ameliorated the expression of nuclear factor-κB, transforming growth factor-β1, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase in the mouse myocardium and rat CFs treated with Hcy. CONCLUSIONS IMD potentially protects against myocardial fibrosis induced by Hcy in ApoE-/- mice, possibly via attenuating myocardial ERS and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center
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Lalmanach G, Saidi A, Marchand-Adam S, Lecaille F, Kasabova M. Cysteine cathepsins and cystatins: from ancillary tasks to prominent status in lung diseases. Biol Chem 2015; 396:111-30. [PMID: 25178906 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human cysteine cathepsins (family C1, clan CA) have long been regarded as ubiquitous household enzymes, primarily involved in the recycling and degradation of proteins in lysosomes. This opinion has changed considerably during recent decades, however, with the demonstration of their involvement in various physiological processes. A growing body of evidence supports the theory that cathepsins play specific functions in lung homeostasis and pathophysiological events such as asthma, lung fibrosis (including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (embracing emphysema and chronic bronchitis), silicosis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia or tumor invasion. The objective of this review is to provide an update on the current knowledge of the role of these enzymes in the lung. Particular attention has been paid to the understanding of the role of these proteases and their natural inhibitors, cystatins (family I25, clan IH), in TGF-β1-driven fibrotic processes with an emphasis on lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anping Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (A.C., Y.Z., L.L.)
| | - Yingling Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (A.C., Y.Z., L.L.)
| | - Liwen Li
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China (A.C., Y.Z., L.L.)
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Gil-Ramírez A, Caz V, Martin-Hernandez R, Marín FR, Largo C, Rodríguez-Casado A, Tabernero M, Ruiz-Rodríguez A, Reglero G, Soler-Rivas C. Modulation of cholesterol-related gene expression by ergosterol and ergosterol-enriched extracts obtained from Agaricus bisporus. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:1041-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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The Role of PPAR Gamma in Systemic Sclerosis. PPAR Res 2015; 2015:124624. [PMID: 26064084 PMCID: PMC4438188 DOI: 10.1155/2015/124624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is recognized as an important feature of many chronic diseases, such as systemic sclerosis (SSc), an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, characterized by immune dysregulation and vascular injury, followed by progressive fibrosis affecting the skin and multiple internal organs. SSc has a poor prognosis because no therapy has been shown to reverse or arrest the progression of fibrosis, representing a major unmet medical need. Recently, antifibrotic effects of PPARγ ligands have been studied in vitro and in vivo and some theories have emerged leading to new insights. Aberrant PPARγ function seems to be implicated in pathological fibrosis in the skin and lungs. This antifibrotic effect is mainly related to the inhibition of TGF-β/Smad signal transduction but other pathways can be involved. This review focused on recent studies that identified PPARγ as an important novel pathway with critical roles in regulating connective tissue homeostasis, with emphasis on skin and lung fibrosis and its role on systemic sclerosis.
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Suppression of TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway by sesamin contributes to the attenuation of myocardial fibrosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121312. [PMID: 25793583 PMCID: PMC4368740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of sesamin on myocardial fibrosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and the possible mechanisms involved. Twenty-eight male SHRs were randomly allocated to SHR group, Ses160 group (sesamin 160 mg/kg), Ses80 group (sesamin 80 mg/kg) and Cap30 group (captopril 30 mg/kg). Seven male WKY rats were used as control. Sesamin and captopril were administered intragastrically for 12 weeks. Captopril significantly reduced systolic blood pressure and angiotensin II (Ang II) levels in SHRs, accompanied by a marked attenuation of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and collagen deposition (P <0.05 or P <0.01). Though sesamin had no significant influence on Ang II levels, and the hypotensive effect was also significantly inferior to that of captopril (P <0.05 or P <0.01), however, the improvement of LVH and collagen deposition was similar to that in captopril group. Sesamin markedly reduced transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) content in cardiac tissues, with Smad3 phosphorylation decreased and Smad7 protein expression increased notably (P <0.05 or P <0.01). Protein expression of type I collagen and type III collagen, target genes of Smad3, was down-regulated markedly by sesamin (P <0.05 or P <0.01). In addition, sesamin significantly increased total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase protein in cardiac tissues (P <0.05 or P <0.01), while the expression of NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox and malondialdehyde content were reduced markedly (P <0.05 or P <0.01). In vitro studies also demonstrated that sesamin was able to suppress Ang II induced phosphorylation of Smad3 and secretion of TGF-β1 and type I and type III collagen in cultured rat cardiac fibroblasts. These data suggest that sesamin is capable of attenuating hypertensive myocardial fibrosis through, at least partly, suppression of TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway.
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Wang M, Li Z, Zhang X, Xie X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Hou Y. Rosuvastatin attenuates atrial structural remodelling in rats with myocardial infarction through the inhibition of the p38 MAPK signalling pathway. Heart Lung Circ 2014; 24:386-94. [PMID: 25613240 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to verify the hypothesis that rosuvastatin attenuates atrial structural remodelling in rats with myocardial infarction (MI) through the regulation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway. METHODS A total of 66 rats were used in this study to establish a model of MI. The 56 rats that survived the first 24h after surgery were randomly divided into four groups: the control group (C group), the rosuvastatin group (R group), the low-dose torasemide group (T1 group), and the high-dose torasemide group (T2 group). The four groups of rats received daily intragastric administration of normal saline, rosuvastatin, or torasemide (T1: 1mg/kg body weight; T2: 2mg/kg body weight) for a total of four weeks. The rats in the sham-operated group (n=14) also received daily intragastric administration of normal saline for four weeks. After four weeks of intervention, the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was measured in all groups of rats by haemodynamic methods. The rats were then sacrificed, and the left atrial tissues were collected. The collagen volume fractions (CVFs) in the left atrial tissues were determined using Masson's trichrome staining. The expression of phosphorylated p38 (P-p38) MAPK in the left atrial tissues was examined by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. RESULTS The results showed that LVEDP, CVF, and P-p38 MAPK expression were drastically elevated in the four MI groups in comparison to the sham-operated group (p<0.001). Rosuvastatin elevated the left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Both rosuvastatin and torasemide improved the haemodynamic parameters. No significant difference was detected in LVEDP between the R group and the T1 group (p=0.37). In contrast, LVEDP was significantly higher in the R group than in the T2 group (p <0.05). CVF (%) was markedly decreased in the R group compared to the C, T1, and T2 groups (decreased by 47.4%, 28%, and 20.1%, respectively). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the indices of P-p38 MAPK positive cells were significantly decreased in the R group in comparison with the C, T1, and T2 groups (decreased by 44.6%, 36.6%, and 21.4%, respectively). Western blot analysis demonstrated that P-p38 MAPK expression was markedly reduced in the R group compared with the C and T1 groups (reduced by 67% and 40.5%, respectively). The level of P-p38 MAPK in the R group was slightly higher than in the T2 group. However, the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Rosuvastatin attenuates atrial structural remodelling in rats with MI. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon may be associated with the downregulation of P-p38 MAPK by rosuvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China; Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng 252000, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Taishan Hospital, Taian 271000, PR China; Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Department of Echocardiography, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Xinxing Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Ximin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Yinglong Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, PR China.
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D'Amico A, Ragusa R, Caruso R, Prescimone T, Nonini S, Cabiati M, Del Ry S, Trivella MG, Giannessi D, Caselli C. Uncovering the cathepsin system in heart failure patients submitted to Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) implantation. J Transl Med 2014; 12:350. [PMID: 25496327 PMCID: PMC4274696 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In end-stage heart failure (HF), the implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is able to induce reverse remodeling. Cellular proteases, such as cathepsins, are involved in the progression of HF. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of cathepsin system in HF patients supported by LVAD, in order to determine their involvement in cardiac remodeling. Methods The expression of cysteine (CatB, CatK, CatL, CatS) and serine cathepsin (CatG), and relative inhibitors (Cystatin B, C and SerpinA3, respectively) was determined in cardiac biopsies of 22 patients submitted to LVAD (pre-LVAD) and compared with: 1) control stable chronic HF patients on medical therapy at the moment of heart transplantation without prior LVAD (HT, n = 7); 2) patients supported by LVAD at the moment of transplantation (post-LVAD, n = 6). Results The expression of cathepsins and their inhibitors was significantly higher in pre-LVAD compared to the HT group and LVAD induced a further increase in the cathepsin system. Significant positive correlations were observed between cardiac expression of cathepsins and their inhibitors as well as inflammatory cytokines. In the pre-LVAD group, a relationship of cathepsins with dilatative etiology and length of hospitalization was found. Conclusions A parallel activation of cathepsins and their inhibitors was observed after LVAD support. The possible clinical importance of these modifications is confirmed by their relation with patients’ outcome. A better discovery of these pathways could add more insights into the cardiac remodeling during HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D'Amico
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Institute of Life Sciences, 56100, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Rosetta Ragusa
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Area della Ricerca - Via Moruzzi, 1, 56100, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Caruso
- Cardiovascular Department, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Niguarda Cà Granda Hospital, 20162, Milan, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Prescimone
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Area della Ricerca - Via Moruzzi, 1, 56100, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Sandra Nonini
- Cardiovascular Department, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, 20162, Milan, Italy.
| | - Manuela Cabiati
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Area della Ricerca - Via Moruzzi, 1, 56100, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvia Del Ry
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Area della Ricerca - Via Moruzzi, 1, 56100, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Maria Giovanna Trivella
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Area della Ricerca - Via Moruzzi, 1, 56100, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Daniela Giannessi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Area della Ricerca - Via Moruzzi, 1, 56100, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Chiara Caselli
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Biochemistry, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Area della Ricerca - Via Moruzzi, 1, 56100, Pisa, Italy.
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Wang W, Zhang Y, Gao M, Wang J, Hou Y. Effect of rosuvastatin on atrial structural remodeling in rabbits with myocardial infarction. Biomed Rep 2014; 3:78-82. [PMID: 25469252 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of rosuvastatin on atrial structural remodeling in rabbits with myocardial infarction (MI). The rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: The sham operation group (S; n=8), the MI group (MI; n=7), the group with low-dose rosuvastatin [Rs; 2.5 mg/(kg/d), n=7] and the group with high-dose rosuvastatin [Rl, 5 mg/(kg/d), n=8]. A rabbit MI model was established via ligation of the anterior descending coronary artery. After 8 weeks of intervention, the left atrial diameter (LAD), atrial collagen content, expression level of type I collagen and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were measured. LAD in the MI group was significantly larger than the S, Rs and Rl groups after 8 weeks. The left atrial collagen content of the MI group was also significantly greater than those observed in the other 3 groups. The expression of type I collagen in the MI group was significantly increased compared to the other 3 groups. However, LVEF of the MI group was lower compared to the other 3 groups. There were no significant differences between the Rs and Rl groups in the above indexes. In conclusion, rosuvastatin can improve post-MI atrial structural remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China ; Department of ICU, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, Shandong 276826, P.R. China
| | - Yujiao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China ; School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Mei Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Jiangrong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Yinglong Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
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Weng HB, Li S. Early changes of plasma angiopoietin-2 in patients with multiple trauma. World J Emerg Med 2014; 2:287-90. [PMID: 25215025 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was undertaken to investigate the early changes of plasma levels of angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) in patients with multiple trauma and the relations of plasma Ang-2, endothelial injury, and prognosis. METHODS This study comprised 59 patients with multiple trauma who had been treated at the emergency department of Liao Cheng People's Hospital from January 2008 to January 2010. Among them, 36 were male and 23 female. Their average age was 32.3±11.5 years. The 59 patients were divided into a severe trauma group (ISS≥16 points, 29 patients) and a slight trauma group (ISS<16 points, 30 patients) by injury severity score (ISS). Thirty healthy people aged more than 18 years with an average of 33.5±10.6 years served as controls (19 male and 11 female). Peripheral blood (10 mL) was collected within 10 minutes after the patients arrived at the emergency department, and plasma was separated from the blood. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to detect the levels of angiopoietin 2, thrombomodulin (TM), and Von willebrand factor (vWF). RESULTS The level of Ang-2 in the severe trauma group (ISS score≥16 points) was significantly higher than that in the slight trauma group (ISS score<16 points) (P<0.05). The levels in the two groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The levels of angiopoietin-2 in deaths were significantly higher than those in survivors (P<0.05). The levels of angiopoietin-2 were significantly correlated with the levels of vWF and TM (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The plasma levels of Ang-2 are significantly higher after multiple trauma, and correlated with the degree of trauma severity. The levels of angiopoietin-2 are correlated with endothelial injury after multiple trauma, and are important values for the prognosis of patients with multiple trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bin Weng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Liao Cheng People's Hospital, Liao Cheng 252000, China
| | - Sen Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Liao Cheng People's Hospital, Liao Cheng 252000, China
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Imam MU, Ishaka A, Ooi DJ, Zamri NDM, Sarega N, Ismail M, Esa NM. Germinated brown rice regulates hepatic cholesterol metabolism and cardiovascular disease risk in hypercholesterolaemic rats. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Mirjanic-Azaric B, Vekic J, Zeljkovic A, Jelic-Ivanovic Z, Djeric M, Milivojac T, Pecar Fonovic U, Marc J, Kos J, Cerne D. Interrelated Cathepsin S-Lowering and LDL Subclass Profile Improvements Induced by Atorvastatin in the Plasma of Stable Angina Patients. J Atheroscler Thromb 2014; 21:868-77. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.21410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Zhang K, Meng X, Kong J, Liu FF, Yang JM, Gao F, Zhang Y, Zhang C. Simvastatin increases Prolyl-4-Hydroxylase α1 expression in atherosclerotic plaque and ox-LDL-stimulated human aortic smooth muscle cells via p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 65:43-50. [PMID: 24080182 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl-4-Hydroxylase α1 (P4Hα1) is essential for collagen synthesis but the effect of statin on P4Hα1 is unknown. We hypothesize that simvastatin may increase the expression of P4Hα1 in atherosclerotic plaques and ox-LDL-stimulated human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). In HASMCs, ox-LDL suppressed P4Hα1 expression significantly with peak value occurring at 50 ug/ml treated for 8h. Ox-LDL also inhibited the expression of type I and III collagen and increased the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, but blockade or silencing of p38 and ERK1/2 inhibited the suppressive effect of ox-LDL on P4Hα1. Then HASMCs were stimulated with or without ox-LDL (50 ug/ml) for 8h after simvastatin pretreatment for 1h. Simvastatin significantly attenuated the suppressive effect of ox-LDL on P4Hα1 and collagen production by inhibiting ox-LDL uptake and the activation of p38 MAPK and ERK1/2. In apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, simvastatin and the inhibitors of p38 and ERK1/2 significantly increased the stability of the carotid plaques. We also found that simvastatin significantly increased the expression of P4Hα1 and collagen possibly due to decreased ox-LDL content and phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in plaques. Thus, simvastatin increases P4Hα1 and collagen expression in ox-LDL-stimulated HASMCs and atherosclerotic plaques via p38 MAPK and ERK1/2, thereby exerting a plaque stabilizing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Ma KL, Liu J, Ni J, Zhang Y, Lv LL, Tang RN, Ni HF, Ruan XZ, Liu BC. Inflammatory stress exacerbates the progression of cardiac fibrosis in high-fat-fed apolipoprotein E knockout mice via endothelial-mesenchymal transition. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:420-6. [PMID: 23471419 PMCID: PMC3590602 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the progression of cardiac fibrosis. This study investigated whether inflammation exacerbated the progression of cardiac fibrosis in high-fat-fed apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice via endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). Methods Twenty-four male ApoE KO mice were divided into normal chow diet (Control), high-fat diet (HFD), or high-fat diet plus 10% casein injection (inflamed) groups for 8 weeks. The body weight of ApoE KO mice was measured at each week. The lipid profile and serum amyloid A (SAA) levels were examined using clinical biochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. Cardiac lipid and collagen accumulation was visualised with haematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson's trichrome staining. EndMT-related molecule expression was examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Results SAA levels were increased in the inflamed group compared with the HFD and control groups, suggesting that inflammation was successfully induced. There were no differences in body weight among three groups at each week. Interestingly, inflammation significantly reduced serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels compared with the HFD mice. However, both foam cell formation in cardiac blood vessels and cardiac collagen deposition were increased in the inflamed group, as demonstrated by HE and Masson trichrome staining. Furthermore, inflammation reduced protein expression of CD31 and increased protein expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I, which contribute to cardiac EndMT. Conclusions Inflammatory stress exacerbates the progression of cardiac fibrosis in high-fat-fed ApoE KO mice via EndMT, suggesting that hyperlipidaemia and inflammation act synergistically to redistribute plasma lipids to cardiac tissues and accelerate the progression of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ling Ma
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China
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Jeckel KM, Veeramachaneni DNR, Chicco AJ, Chapman PL, Mulligan CM, Hegarty JR, Pagliassotti MJ, Ferguson LA, Bouma GJ, Frye MA. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation does not improve Western diet-induced cardiomyopathy in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51994. [PMID: 23300587 PMCID: PMC3530602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases risk for cardiomyopathy in the absence of hypertension, diabetes or ischemia. The fatty acid milieu, modulated by diet, may modify myocardial structure and function, lending partial explanation for the array of cardiomyopathic phenotypy. We sought to identify gross, cellular and ultrastructural myocardial changes associated with Western diet intake, and subsequent modification with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation. Wistar and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats received 1 of 3 diets: control (CON); Western (WES); Western + DHA (WES+DHA). After 12 weeks of treatment, echocardiography was performed and myocardial adiponectin, fatty acids, collagen, area occupied by lipid and myocytes, and ultrastructure were determined. Strain effects included higher serum adiponectin in Wistar rats, and differences in myocardial fatty acid composition. Diet effects were evident in that both WES and WES+DHA feeding were associated with similarly increased left ventricular (LV) diastolic cranial wall thickness (LVW(cr/d)) and decreased diastolic internal diameter (LVID(d)), compared to CON. Unexpectedly, WES+DHA feeding was associated additionally with increased thickness of the LV cranial wall during systole (LVW(cr/s)) and the caudal wall during diastole (LVW(ca/d)) compared to CON; this was observed concomitantly with increased serum and myocardial adiponectin. Diastolic dysfunction was present in WES+DHA rats compared to both WES and CON. Myocyte cross sectional area (CSA) was greater in WES compared to CON rats. In both fat-fed groups, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed myofibril degeneration, disorganized mitochondrial cristae, lipid inclusions and vacuolation. In the absence of hypertension and whole body insulin resistance, WES+DHA intake was associated with more global LV thickening and with diastolic dysfunction, compared to WES feeding alone. Myocyte hypertrophy, possibly related to subcellular injury, is an early change that may contribute to gross hypertrophy. Strain differences in adipokines and myocardial fatty acid accretion may underlie heterogeneous data from rodent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Jeckel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - D. N. Rao Veeramachaneni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Chicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, College of Applied Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Applied Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Phillip L. Chapman
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Mulligan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Applied Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jennifer R. Hegarty
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Pagliassotti
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Applied Human Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lindsay A. Ferguson
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Gerrit J. Bouma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Melinda A. Frye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Cheng XW, Shi GP, Kuzuya M, Sasaki T, Okumura K, Murohara T. Role for cysteine protease cathepsins in heart disease: focus on biology and mechanisms with clinical implication. Circulation 2012; 125:1551-62. [PMID: 22451605 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.066712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Nagoya, Japan.
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Abstract
Cardiac and renal diseases (CRDs) are characterized by extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture of the cardiorenal system. Among the many extracellular proteolytic enzymes present in cardiorenal cells and involved in ECM remodeling, members of the matrix metalloproteinase family and serine protease family have received the most attention. However, recent findings from laboratory and clinical studies have indicated that cysteine protease cathepsins also participate in pathogenesis of the heart and kidney. Deficiency and pharmacological inhibition of cathepsins have allowed their in vivo evaluation in the setting of pathological conditions. Furthermore, recent studies evaluating the feasibility of cathepsins as a diagnostic tool have suggested that the serum levels of cathepsins L, S and K and their endogenous inhibitor cystatin C have predictive value as biomarkers in patients with coronary artery disease and heart and renal failure. The goal of this review is to highlight recent discoveries regarding the contributions of cathepsins in CRDs, particularly hypertensive heart failure and proteinuric kidney disease.
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Balakumar P, Mahadevan N. Interplay between statins and PPARs in improving cardiovascular outcomes: a double-edged sword? Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:373-9. [PMID: 21790534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are best-selling medications in the management of high cholesterol and associated cardiovascular complications. They inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA)-reductase in order to prevent disproportionate cholesterol synthesis. Statins slow the progression of atherosclerosis, prevent the secondary cardiovascular events and improve the cardiovascular outcomes in patients with elevated cholesterol levels. The underlying mechanisms pertaining to the cardioprotective role of statins are linked with numerous pleiotropic actions including inhibition of inflammatory events and improvement of endothelial function, besides an effective cholesterol-lowering ability. Intriguingly, recent studies suggest possible interplay between statins and nuclear transcription factors like PPARs, which should also be taken into consideration while analysing the potential of statins in the management of cardiovascular complications. It could be suggested that statins have two major roles: (i) a well-established cholesterol-lowering effect through inhibition of HMG-CoA-reductase; (ii) a newly explored PPAR-activating property, which could mediate most of cardiovascular protective pleiotropic effects of statins including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-fibrotic properties. The present review addressed the underlying principles pertaining to the modulatory role of statins on PPARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchai Balakumar
- Cardiovascular Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Rajendra Institute of Technology and Sciences, Sirsa, India.
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Vasquez EC, Peotta VA, Gava AL, Pereira TM, Meyrelles SS. Cardiac and vascular phenotypes in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:22. [PMID: 22330242 PMCID: PMC3306747 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular death is frequently associated with atherosclerosis, a chronic multifactorial disease and a leading cause of death worldwide. Genetically engineered mouse models have proven useful for the study of the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular diseases. The apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse has been the most widely used animal model of atherosclerosis because it rapidly develops severe hypercholesterolemia and spontaneous atherosclerotic lesions similar to those observed in humans. In this review, we provide an overview of the cardiac and vascular phenotypes and discuss the interplay among nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, aging and diet in the impairment of cardiovascular function in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisardo C Vasquez
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.
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Cheng XW, Huang Z, Kuzuya M, Okumura K, Murohara T. Cysteine Protease Cathepsins in Atherosclerosis-Based Vascular Disease and Its Complications. Hypertension 2011; 58:978-86. [PMID: 21986502 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.180935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu Cheng
- From the Departments of Cardiology (X.W.C., K.O., T.M.) and Geriatrics (Z.H., M.K.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Cardiology (X.W.C.), Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin Province, China; Department of Internal Medicine (X.W.C.), Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Zhe Huang
- From the Departments of Cardiology (X.W.C., K.O., T.M.) and Geriatrics (Z.H., M.K.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Cardiology (X.W.C.), Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin Province, China; Department of Internal Medicine (X.W.C.), Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Masafumi Kuzuya
- From the Departments of Cardiology (X.W.C., K.O., T.M.) and Geriatrics (Z.H., M.K.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Cardiology (X.W.C.), Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin Province, China; Department of Internal Medicine (X.W.C.), Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kenji Okumura
- From the Departments of Cardiology (X.W.C., K.O., T.M.) and Geriatrics (Z.H., M.K.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Cardiology (X.W.C.), Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin Province, China; Department of Internal Medicine (X.W.C.), Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- From the Departments of Cardiology (X.W.C., K.O., T.M.) and Geriatrics (Z.H., M.K.), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Cardiology (X.W.C.), Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, Jilin Province, China; Department of Internal Medicine (X.W.C.), Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Differentially expressed genes in human peripheral blood as potential markers for statin response. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 90:201-11. [PMID: 21947165 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a considerable inter-individual variation in response to statin therapy and one third of patients do not meet their treatment goals. We aimed to identify differentially expressed genes that might be involved in the effects of statin treatment and to suggest potential markers to guide statin therapy. Forty-six healthy Korean subjects received atorvastatin; their whole-genome expression profiles in peripheral blood were analyzed before and after atorvastatin administration in relation with changes in lipid profiles. The expression patterns of the differentially expressed genes were also compared with the data of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) patients and controls. Pairwise comparison analyses revealed differentially expressed genes involved in diverse biological processes and molecular functions related with immune responses. Atorvastain mainly affected antigen binding, immune or inflammatory response including interleukin pathways. Similar expression patterns of the genes were observed in patients with FH and controls. The Charcol-Leyden crystal (CLC), CCR2, CX3CR1, LRRN3, FOS, LDLR, HLA-DRB1, ERMN, and TCN1 genes were significantly associated with cholesterol levels or statin response. Interestingly, the CLC gene, which was significantly altered by atorvastatin administration and differentially expressed between FH patients and controls, showed much bigger change in high-responsive group than in low-responsive group. We identified differentially expressed genes that might be involved in mechanisms underlying the known pleiotropic effects of atorvastatin, baseline cholesterol levels, and drug response. Our findings suggest CLC as a new candidate marker for statin response, and further validation is needed.
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