miRNAS in cardiovascular diseases: potential biomarkers, therapeutic targets and challenges

Recent advances in the development and clinical application of miRNAs in infectious diseases

In the search for new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for infectious diseases, several molecules have been investigated. Small RNAs, known as microRNAs (miRs), are important regulators of gene expression, and have emerged as promising candidates for these purposes. MiRs are a class of small, endogenous non-coding RNAs that play critical roles in several human diseases, including host-pathogen interaction mechanisms. Recently, miRs signatures have been reported in different infectious diseases, opening new perspectives for molecular diagnosis and therapy. MiR profiles can discriminate between healthy individuals and patients, as well as distinguish different disease stages. Furthermore, the possibility of assessing miRs in biological fluids, such as serum and whole blood, renders these molecules feasible for the development of new non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic tools. In this manuscript, we will comprehensively describe miRs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in infectious diseases and explore how they can contribute to the advance of existing and new tools. Additionally, we will discuss different miR analysis platforms to understand the obstacles and advances of this molecular approach and propose their potential clinical applications and contributions to public health.

Potential diagnostic value of circulating miRNAs in HFrEF and bioinformatics analysis

Background

Few studies have compared the performances of those reported miRNAs as biomarkers for heart failure with reduced EF (HFrEF) in a population at high risk. The purpose of this study is to investigate comprehensively the performance of those miRNAs as biomarkers for HFrEF.

Methods

By using bioinformatics methods, we also examined these miRNAs' target genes and possible signal transduction pathways. We collected serum samples from patients with HFrEF at Zhongshan Hospital. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the accuracy of those miRNAs as biomarkers for HFrEF. miRWALK2.0, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were performed to predict the target genes and pathways of selected miRNAs.

Results

The study included 48 participants, of whom 30 had HFrEF and 18 had hypertension with normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). MiR-378, miR-195-5p were significantly decreased meanwhile ten miRNAs were remarkably elevated (miR-21-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-106-5p, miR-23a-3p, miR-208a-3p, miR-1-3p, miR-126-5p, miR-133a-3p, miR-133b, miR-223-3p) in the serum of the HFrEF group.

Conclusion

The combination of miR 133a-3p, miR 378, miR 1-3p, miR 106b-5p, and miR 133b has excellent diagnostic performance for HFrEF, and there is a throng of mechanisms and pathways by which regulation of these miRNAs may affect the risk of HFrEF.

Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and alterations in plasma microRNA profiles in children

BACKGROUND

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals that persist in the environment and can accumulate in humans, leading to adverse health effects. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging biomarkers that can advance the understanding of the mechanisms of PFAS effects on human health. However, little is known about the associations between PFAS exposures and miRNA alterations in humans.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate associations between PFAS concentrations and miRNA levels in children.

METHODS

Data from two distinct cohorts were utilized: 176 participants (average age 17.1 years; 75.6% female) from the Teen-Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (Teen-LABS) cohort in the United States, and 64 participants (average age 6.5 years, 39.1% female) from the Rhea study, a mother-child cohort in Greece. PFAS concentrations and miRNA levels were assessed in plasma samples from both studies. Associations between individual PFAS and plasma miRNA levels were examined after adjusting for covariates. Additionally, the cumulative effects of PFAS mixtures were evaluated using an exposure burden score. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis was employed to identify potential disease functions of PFAS-associated miRNAs.

RESULTS

Plasma PFAS concentrations were associated with alterations in 475 miRNAs in the Teen-LABs study and 5 miRNAs in the Rhea study (FDR p < 0.1). Specifically, plasma PFAS concentrations were consistently associated with decreased levels of miR-148b-3p and miR-29a-3p in both cohorts. Pathway analysis indicated that PFAS-related miRNAs were linked to numerous chronic disease pathways, including cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory conditions, and carcinogenesis.

CONCLUSION

Through miRNA screenings in two independent cohorts, this study identified both known and novel miRNAs associated with PFAS exposure in children. Pathway analysis revealed the involvement of these miRNAs in several cancer and inflammation-related pathways. Further studies are warranted to enhance our understanding of the relationships between PFAS exposure and disease risks, with miRNA emerging as potential biomarkers and/or mediators in these complex pathways.

Preliminary evidence supports that long-term consumption of higher-protein breakfast promotes higher expression of select miRNA associated with cardiometabolic health in adolescents

BACKGROUND

Increased dietary protein at breakfast promotes cardiometabolic health; however, whether these improvements occur at the molecular level is unknown.

OBJECTIVE

The objective was to examine whether long-term consumption of breakfast, varying in protein quantity, alters the expression of circulating miRNAs associated with cardiometabolic health in 'breakfast-skipping' adolescents.

METHODS

Thirty adolescents (age: 19±1years; BMI: 25.4±3kg/m2) completed a 6-month tightly-controlled breakfast trial in which participants consumed 350kcal normal-protein (NP, 10g protein) or higher-protein (HP, 30g protein) breakfasts or continued to skip breakfast (BS) for 6-months. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline (PRE) and 6-month (POST) for assessment of 12 a priori circulating plasma miRNA expression levels (RT-qPCR), glucose, insulin, interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein.

RESULTS

No main effects of group were observed for any miRNAs; however, a time-by-group interaction was detected for the expression of miR-126-3p (P = 0.05). HP breakfast tended to increase miR-126-3p expression throughout the study (POST-PRE, P=0.09) leading to greater expression at POST compared to BS (P = 0.03), whereas NP breakfast did not. Additionally, several miRNAs predicted fasting concentrations of IL-6: miR-320a-3p, -146a-5p, -150-5p, -423-5p, -122-5p, glucose: miR-24-3p, -126-3p; insulin: miR-24-3p, -126-3p, -15b-5p; insulin sensitivity: miR-24-3p, -126-3p, -199a-5p, -15b-5p; and β-cell function: miR-15b-5p (R2 between 0.2-0.39; P<0.05) from PRE and POST samples across groups.

CONCLUSIONS

These data support the daily consumption of a HP breakfast to promote cardiometabolic health, potentially through changes in miRNA expression, in a sensitive life-stage where early intervention strategies are critical to reduce the risk of adult-onset chronic disease.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER

NCT03146442.

LncRNA H19/miR-107 regulates endothelial progenitor cell pyroptosis and promotes flow recovery of lower extremity ischemia through targeting FADD

BACKGROUND

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is an ischemic disease with a rising incidence worldwide. The lncRNA H19 (H19) is enriched in endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and transplantation of pyroptosis-resistant H19-overexpressed EPCs (oe-H19-EPCs) may promote vasculogenesis and blood flow recovery in PAD, especially with critical limb ischemia (CLI).

METHODS

EPCs isolated from human peripheral blood was characterized using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Cell proliferation was determined with CCK8 and EdU assays. Cell migration was assessed by Transwell and wound healing assays. The angiogenic potential was evaluated using tube formation assay. The pyroptosis pathway-related protein in EPCs was detected by western blot. The binding sites of H19 and FADD on miR-107 were analyzed using Luciferase assays. In vivo, oe-H19-EPCs were transplanted into a mouse ischemic limb model, and blood flow was detected by laser Doppler imaging. The transcriptional landscape behind the therapeutic effects of oe-H19-EPCs on ischemic limbs were examined with whole transcriptome sequencing.

RESULTS

Overexpression of H19 in EPCs led to an increase in proliferation, migration, and tube formation abilities. These effects were mediated through pyroptosis pathway, which is regulated by the H19/miR-107/FADD axis. Transplantation of oe-H19-EPCs in a mouse ischemic limb model promoted vasculogenesis and blood flow recovery. Whole transcriptome sequencing indicated significant activation of vasculogenesis pathway in the ischemic limbs following treatment with oe-H19-EPCs.

CONCLUSIONS

Overexpression of H19 increases FADD level by competitively binding to miR-107, leading to enhanced proliferation, migration, vasculogenesis, and inhibition of pyroptosis in EPCs. These effects ultimately promote the recovery of blood flow in CLI.

Homocysteine metabolites impair the PHF8/H4K20me1/mTOR/autophagy pathway by upregulating the expression of histone demethylase PHF8-targeting microRNAs in human vascular endothelial cells and mice

The inability to efficiently metabolize homocysteine (Hcy) due to nutritional and genetic deficiencies, leads to hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) and endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of atherosclerosis which underpins cardiovascular disease (CVD). PHF8 is a histone demethylase that demethylates H4K20me1, which affects the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and autophagy, processes that play important roles in CVD. PHF8 is regulated by microRNA (miR) such as miR-22-3p and miR-1229-3p. Biochemically, HHcy is characterized by elevated levels of Hcy, Hcy-thiolactone and N-Hcy-protein. Here, we examined the effects of these metabolites on miR-22-3p, miR-1229-3p, and their target PHF8, as well as on the downstream consequences of these effects on H4K20me1, mTOR-, and autophagy-related proteins and mRNAs expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We found that treatments with N-Hcy-protein, Hcy-thiolactone, or Hcy upregulated miR-22-3p and miR-1229-3p, attenuated PHF8 expression, upregulated H4K20me1, mTOR, and phospho-mTOR. Autophagy-related proteins (BECN1, ATG5, ATG7, lipidated LC3-II, and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio) were significantly downregulated by at least one of these metabolites. We also found similar changes in the expression of miR-22-3p, Phf8, mTOR- and autophagy-related proteins/mRNAs in vivo in hearts of Cbs-/- mice, which show severe HHcy and endothelial dysfunction. Treatments with inhibitors of miR-22-3p or miR-1229-3p abrogated the effects of Hcy-thiolactone, N-Hcy-protein, and Hcy on miR expression and on PHF8, H4K20me1, mTOR-, and autophagy-related proteins/mRNAs in HUVEC. Taken together, these findings show that Hcy metabolites upregulate miR-22-3p and miR-1229-3p expression, which then dysregulate the PHF8/H4K20me1/mTOR/autophagy pathway, important for vascular homeostasis.

miR-874-3p Alleviates Macrophage-Mediated Inflammatory Injury in Intracerebral Hemorrhage by Targeting HIPK2

Macrophages mediate secondary inflammatory injury after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This study aimed to investigate the role and molecular mechanisms of miR-874-3p in macrophage polarization. A mice model of ICH was constructed by autologous blood injection. Macrophages were treated with erythrocyte lysates to construct an ICH cell model. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect miR-874-3p levels. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to detect macrophage polarization markers. Brain tissue water content and neurological deficit scores were used to assess the degree of inflammatory injury in ICH mice. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and Dual-luciferase reporter (DLR) assays were used to analyze the targeting relationship between miR-874-3p and target mRNA. miR-874-3p levels were decreased in ICH mice and erythrocyte lysates-treated macrophages. miR-874-3p mimic alleviated inflammatory injury, decreased the levels of M1 macrophage markers, and increased the levels of M2 macrophage markers, suggesting that miR-874-3p is involved in ICH by regulating macrophage polarization. HIPK2 is the target mRNA of miR-874-3p and has the opposite expression pattern of miR-874-3p. Overexpression of HIPK2 attenuates the effect of elevated miR-874-3p levels on macrophage polarization and inflammatory brain injury in ICH mice. miR-874-3p regulates macrophage polarization in ICH by targeting HIPK2. Therefore, the miR-874-3p/HIPK2 axis may be a promising target for ICH treatment.

Vitamin D as a modulator of molecular pathways involved in CVDs: Evidence from preclinical studies

Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a widespread global health issue, affecting nearly a billion individuals worldwide, and mounting evidence links it to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases like hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. The discovery of vitamin D receptors and metabolizing enzymes in cardiac and vascular cells, coupled with experimental studies, underscores the complex relationship between vitamin D and cardiovascular health. This review aims to synthesize and critically evaluate the preclinical evidence elucidating the role of vitamin D in cardiovascular health. We examined diverse preclinical in vitro (cardiomyocyte cell line) models and in vivo models, including knockout mice, diet-induced deficiency, and disease-specific animal models (hypertension, hypertrophy and myocardial infarction). These studies reveal that vitamin D modulates vascular tone, and prevents fibrosis and hypertrophy through effects on major signal transduction pathways (NF-kB, Nrf2, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Calcineurin/NFAT, TGF-β/Smad, AMPK) and influences epigenetic mechanisms governing inflammation, oxidative stress, and pathological remodeling. In vitro studies elucidate vitamin D's capacity to promote cardiomyocyte differentiation and inhibit pathological remodeling. In vivo studies further uncovered detrimental cardiac effects of VDD, while supplementation with vitamin D in cardiovascular disease (CVD) models demonstrated its protective effects by decreasing inflammation, attenuating hypertrophy, reduction in plaque formation, and improving cardiac function. Hence, this comprehensive review emphasizes the critical role of vitamin D in cardiovascular health and its potential as a preventive/therapeutic strategy in CVDs. However, further research is needed to translate these findings into clinical applications as there are discrepancies between preclinical and clinical studies.

Emerging regulatory roles of noncoding RNAs induced by bisphenol a (BPA) and its alternatives in human diseases

Bisphenols (BPs), including BPA, BPF, BPS, and BPAF, are synthetic phenolic organic compounds and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. These organics have been broadly utilized to produce epoxy resins, polycarbonate plastics, and other products. Mounting evidence has shown that BPs, especially BPA, may enter into the human body and participate in the development of human diseases mediated by nuclear hormone receptors. Moreover, BPA may negatively affect human health at the epigenetic level through processes such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation. Recent studies have demonstrated that, as part of epigenetics, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), have vital impacts on BP-related diseases, such as reproductive system diseases, nervous system diseases, digestive system diseases, endocrine system diseases, and other diseases. Moreover, based on the bioinformatic analysis, changes in ncRNAs may be relevant to normal activities and functions and BP-induced diseases. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to identify more promising ncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for BP exposure and relevant human diseases. In this review, we summarize the regulatory functions of ncRNAs induced by BPs in human diseases and latent molecular mechanisms, as well as identify prospective biomarkers and therapeutic targets for BP exposure and upper diseases.

Sex Differences in Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Markers and miRNAs in a Mouse Model of CVB3 Myocarditis

Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease that may lead to dilated cardiomyopathy. Viral infection of the myocardium triggers immune responses, which involve, among others, macrophage infiltration, oxidative stress, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and microRNAs (miRNAs). The cardioprotective role of estrogen in myocarditis is well documented; however, sex differences in the miRNA expression in chronic myocarditis are still poorly understood, and studying them further was the aim of the present study. Male and female ABY/SnJ mice were infected with CVB3. Twenty-eight days later, cardiac tissue from both infected and control mice was used for real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. NFκB, IL-6, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, c-fos, and osteopontin (OPN) were used to examine the inflammatory state in the heart. Furthermore, the expression of several inflammation- and remodeling-related miRNAs was analyzed. NFκB, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, and MCP-1 were significantly upregulated in male mice with CVB3-induced chronic myocarditis, whereas OPN mRNA expression was increased only in females. Further analysis revealed downregulation of some anti-inflammatory miRNA in male hearts (let7a), with upregulation in female hearts (let7b). In addition, dysregulation of remodeling-related miRNAs (miR27b and mir199a) in a sex-dependent manner was observed. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest a sex-specific expression of pro-inflammatory markers as well as inflammation- and remodeling-related miRNAs, with a higher pro-inflammatory response in male CVB3 myocarditis mice.

Validating the temporal performance of genetic biomarkers in an animal model of recurrence/ non-recurrence myocardial infarction persuades by bioinformatics tools

With a global towering prevalence of index acute myocardial infarction (nonrecurrent MI, NR-MI), a high incidence of recurrent MI (R-MI) has emerged in recent decades. Despite the extensive occurrence, the promising predictors of R-MI have been elusive within the cohort of survivors. This study investigates and validates the involvement of distinct gene expressions in R-MI and NR-MI. Bioinformatics tools were used to identify DEGs from the GEO dataset, functional annotation, pathway enrichment analysis, and the PPI network analysis to find hub genes. The validation of proposed genes was conceded by qRT-PCR and Western Blot analysis in experimentally induced NR-MI and R-MI models on a temporal basis. The temporal findings based on RT-PCR consequences reveal a significant and constant upregulation of the UBE2N in the NR-MI model out of the proposed three DEGs (UBE2N, UBB, and TMEM189), while no expression was reported in the R-MI model. Additionally, the proteomics study proposed five DEGs (IL2RB, NKG7, GZMH, CXCR6, and GZMK) for the R-MI model since IL2RB was spotted for significant and persistent downregulation with different time points. Further, Western Blot analysis validated these target genes' expressions temporally. I/R-induced NR-MI and R-MI models were confirmed by the biochemical parameters (CKMB, LDH, cTnI, serum nitrite/nitrate concentration, and inflammatory cytokines) and histological assessments of myocardial tissue. These results underscore the importance of understanding genetic mechanisms underlying MI and highlight the potential of UBE2N and IL2RB as biomarkers for non-recurrent and recurrent MI, respectively.

miRNAs in radiotherapy resistance of cancer; a comprehensive review

While intensity-modulated radiation therapy-based comprehensive therapy increases outcomes, cancer patients still have a low five-year survival rate and a high recurrence rate. The primary factor contributing to cancer patients' poor prognoses is radiation resistance. A class of endogenous non-coding RNAs, known as microRNAs (miRNAs), controls various biological processes in eukaryotes. These miRNAs influence tumor cell growth, death, migration, invasion, and metastasis, which controls how human carcinoma develops and spreads. The correlation between the unbalanced expression of miRNAs and the prognosis and sensitivity to radiation therapy is well-established. MiRNAs have a significant impact on the regulation of DNA repair, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and stemness in the tumor radiation response. But because radio resistance is a complicated phenomena, further research is required to fully comprehend these mechanisms. Radiation response rates vary depending on the modality used, which includes the method of delivery, radiation dosage, tumor stage and grade, confounding medical co-morbidities, and intrinsic tumor microenvironment. Here, we summarize the possible mechanisms through which miRNAs contribute to human tumors' resistance to radiation.

The interplay of hydrogen sulfide and microRNAs in cardiovascular diseases: insights and future perspectives

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is recognized as the third gasotransmitter, after nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). It is known for its cardioprotective properties, including the relaxation of blood vessels, promotion of angiogenesis, regulation of myocardial cell apoptosis, inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and reduction of inflammation. Additionally, abnormal H2S generation has been linked to the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as pulmonary hypertension, hypertension, atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, and myocardial injury. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding, conserved, and versatile molecules that primarily influence gene expression by repressing translation and have emerged as biomarkers for CVD diagnosis. Studies have demonstrated that H2S can ameliorate cardiac dysfunction by regulating specific miRNAs, and certain miRNAs can also regulate H2S synthesis. The crosstalk between miRNAs and H2S offers a novel perspective for investigating the pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of CVD. The present analysis outlines the interactions between H2S and miRNAs and their influence on CVD, providing insights into their future potential and advancement.

A Higher-Protein, Energy Restriction Diet Containing 4 Servings of Fresh, Lean Beef per Day Does Not Negatively Influence Circulating miRNAs Associated with Cardiometabolic Disease Risk in Women with Overweight

This study examined the acute effects of 7-d energy restriction normal-protein (NP; ∼15% of daily intake as protein) compared with higher-protein (HP; ∼38% of daily intake as protein) diets varying in quantities of fresh, lean beef on circulating miRNA expression associated with cardiometabolic disease in 16 women with overweight (mean ± SD; age: 35 ± 8.7 y; body mass index: 28.5 ± 1.9 kg/m2). Fasting blood samples were collected at the end of each diet for miRNA expression, glucose, insulin, adiponectin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and IL-6. Of the 12 surveyed, 10 miRNAs (miR-320a-3p, miR-146a-5p, miR-150-5p, miR-423-5p, miR-122-5p, miR-223-3p, miR-199a-5p, miR-214-3p, miR-24-3p, and miR-126-3p) were detected. Several miRNAs were associated with fasting CRP (i.e., miR-150-5p, miR-24-3p, miR-423-5p; all P < 0.05). miR-423-5p was also associated with fasting glucose, IL-6, and homeostasis model assessment 2 %β cell function (all, P < 0.05). No differences in miRNA expression were identified between diets. These data suggest that fresh, lean beef in a short-term HP, energy restriction diet does not negatively influence circulating miRNAs associated with cardiometabolic disease in women. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02614729.

A Comprehensive Review of Cardiovascular Disease Management: Cardiac Biomarkers, Imaging Modalities, Pharmacotherapy, Surgical Interventions, and Herbal Remedies

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be a major global health concern, representing a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. This review provides a comprehensive examination of CVDs, encompassing their pathophysiology, diagnostic biomarkers, advanced imaging techniques, pharmacological treatments, surgical interventions, and the emerging role of herbal remedies. The review covers various cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, peripheral artery disease, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, cardiomyopathy, rheumatic heart disease, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, cerebrovascular diseases, and congenital heart defects. The review presents a wide range of cardiac biomarkers such as troponins, C-reactive protein, CKMB, BNP, NT-proBNP, galectin, adiponectin, IL-6, TNF-α, miRNAs, and oxylipins. Advanced molecular imaging techniques, including chest X-ray, ECG, ultrasound, CT, SPECT, PET, and MRI, have significantly enhanced our ability to visualize myocardial perfusion, plaque characterization, and cardiac function. Various synthetic drugs including statins, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, antihypertensives, anticoagulants, and antiarrhythmics are fundamental in managing CVDs. Nonetheless, their side effects such as hepatic dysfunction, renal impairment, and bleeding risks necessitate careful monitoring and personalized treatment strategies. In addition to conventional therapies, herbal remedies have garnered attention for their potential cardiovascular benefits. Plant extracts and their bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, saponins, and alkaloids, offer promising cardioprotective effects and enhanced cardiovascular health. This review underscores the value of combining traditional and modern therapeutic approaches to improve cardiovascular outcomes. This review serves as a vital resource for researchers by integrating a broad spectrum of information on CVDs, diagnostic tools, imaging techniques, pharmacological treatments and their side effects, and the potential of herbal remedies.

Engineering supramolecular dynamics of self-assembly and turnover of oncogenic microRNAs to drive their synergistic destruction in tumor models

Rationally-engineered functional biomaterials offer the opportunity to interface with complex biology in a predictive, precise, yet dynamic way to reprogram their behaviour and correct shortcomings. Success here may lead to a desired therapeutic effect against life-threatening diseases, such as cancer. Here, we engineered "Crab"-like artificial ribonucleases through coupling of peptide and nucleic acid building blocks, capable of operating alongside and synergistically with intracellular enzymes (RNase H and AGO2) for potent destruction of oncogenic microRNAs. "Crab"-like configuration of two catalytic peptides ("pincers") flanking the recognition oligonucleotide was instrumental here in providing increased catalytic turnover, leading to ≈30-fold decrease in miRNA half-life as compared with that for "single-pincer" conjugates. Dynamic modeling of miRNA cleavage illustrated how such design enabled "Crabs" to drive catalytic turnover through simultaneous attacks at different locations of the RNA-DNA heteroduplex, presumably by producing smaller cleavage products and by providing toeholds for competitive displacement by intact miRNA strands. miRNA cleavage at the 5'-site, spreading further into double-stranded region, likely provided a synergy for RNase H1 through demolition of its loading region, thus facilitating enzyme turnover. Such synergy was critical for sustaining persistent disposal of continually-emerging oncogenic miRNAs. A single exposure to the best structural variant (Crab-p-21) prior to transplantation into mice suppressed their malignant properties and reduced primary tumor volume (by 85 %) in MCF-7 murine xenograft models.

MicroRNA expression profiling of ovine epithelial cells stimulated with the Staphylococcus aureus in vitro

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) act as key gene expression regulators, influencing intracellular biological and pathological processes. They are of significant interest in animal genetics as potential biomarkers for animal selection and health. This study aimed to unravel the complex miRNA signature involved in mastitis in in vitro cell culture. For this purpose, we constructed a control and treatment model in ovarian mammary epithelial cells to analyze miRNA responses upon Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) stimulation. The high-throughput Illumina Small RNA protocol was employed, generating an average of 7.75 million single-end reads per sample, totaling 46.54 million reads. Standard bioinformatics analysis, including cleaning, filtering, miRNA quantification, and differential expression was performed using the miRbase database as a reference for ovine miRNAs. The results indicated differential expression of 63 miRNAs, including 33 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated compared to the control group. Notably, miR-10a, miR-10b, miR-21, and miR-99a displayed a significant differential expression (p ≤ 0.05) associated to signal transduction, transcriptional pathways, diseases of signal transduction by growth factor receptors and second messengers, MAPK signaling pathway, NF-κB pathway, TNFα, Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) cascade, and breast cancer. This study contributes expanding miRNA databases, especially for sheep miRNAs, and identifies potential miRNA candidates for further study in biomarker identification for mastitis resistance and diagnosis.

High circulating microRNA-197 levels are associated with an increased risk of incident stroke among elderly survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake

BACKGROUND

Incidence of ischemic stroke increased after natural disasters. Therefore, it is important to establish a means of identifying high-risk populations for incident stroke. We performed a prospective cohort study to examine whether these three cardiovascular disease-related miRNAs (miR-126, miR-197, and miR-223) are associated with incident stroke among elderly survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake.

METHOD

This cohort study was conducted using the data of 1192 survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake over 60-years old who underwent a health check-up in December 2011. We followed up participants to record stroke cases until the end of 2016. We measured serum miRNAs by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. HRs for incident stroke were estimated by Cox proportional hazard regression analyses.

RESULT

The serum miR-197 level was significantly associated with the incident stroke; the HR per one standard deviation change in the miR-197 level was 1.65 (95% confidence interval: 1.19 - 2.30). In contrast, the levels of miR-126 and miR-223 were not associated with the incident stroke.

CONCLUSION

We found that a higher miR-197 level is associated with an increased risk of incident stroke; thus, miR-197 is expected to be useful as a predictive biomarker.

DNA methylation in cardiovascular disease and heart failure: novel prediction models?

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) affect over half a billion people worldwide and are the leading cause of global deaths. In particular, due to population aging and worldwide spreading of risk factors, the prevalence of heart failure (HF) is also increasing. HF accounts for approximately 36% of all CVD-related deaths and stands as the foremost cause of hospitalization. Patients affected by CVD or HF experience a substantial decrease in health-related quality of life compared to healthy subjects or affected by other diffused chronic diseases.

MAIN BODY

For both CVD and HF, prediction models have been developed, which utilize patient data, routine laboratory and further diagnostic tests. While some of these scores are currently used in clinical practice, there still is a need for innovative approaches to optimize CVD and HF prediction and to reduce the impact of these conditions on the global population. Epigenetic biomarkers, particularly DNA methylation (DNAm) changes, offer valuable insight for predicting risk, disease diagnosis and prognosis, and for monitoring treatment. The present work reviews current information relating DNAm, CVD and HF and discusses the use of DNAm in improving clinical risk prediction of CVD and HF as well as that of DNAm age as a proxy for cardiac aging.

CONCLUSION

DNAm biomarkers offer a valuable contribution to improving the accuracy of CV risk models. Many CpG sites have been adopted to develop specific prediction scores for CVD and HF with similar or enhanced performance on the top of existing risk measures. In the near future, integrating data from DNA methylome and other sources and advancements in new machine learning algorithms will help develop more precise and personalized risk prediction methods for CVD and HF.

Natriuretic peptide system in hypertension: Current understandings of its regulation, targeted therapies and future challenges

The natriuretic peptide system (NPS) is the key driving force of the heart's endocrine function. Recent developments in NPS-targeted therapies have been found promising and effective against cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension. Notably, after discovering crosstalk between NPS and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), various combinations such as neprilysin/angiotensin II receptor type 1 AT1 receptor inhibitors and neprilysin/renin inhibitors have been preclinically and clinically tested against various cardiac complications. However, the therapeutic effects of such combinations on the pathophysiology of hypertension are poorly understood. Furthermore, the complicated phenomena underlying NPS regulation and function, particularly in hypertension, are still unexplored. Mounting evidence suggests that numerous regulatory mechanisms modulate the expression of NPS, which can be used as potential targets against hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, this review will specifically focus on epigenetic and other regulators of NPS, identifying prospective regulators that might serve as new therapeutic targets for hypertension. More importantly, it will shed light on recent developments in NPS-targeted therapies, such as M-atrial peptides, and their latest combinations with RAAS modulators, such as S086 and sacubitril-aliskiren. These insights will aid in the development of effective therapies to break the vicious cycle of high blood pressure during hypertension, ultimately addressing the expanding global heart failure pandemic.

MicroRNA delivery based on nanoparticles of cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular disease, especially myocardial infarction, is a serious threat to human health. Many drugs currently used cannot achieve the desired therapeutic effect due to the lack of selectivity. With the in-depth understanding of the role of microRNA (miRNA) in cardiovascular disease and the wide application of nanotechnology, loading drugs into nanoparticles with the help of nano-delivery system may have a better effect in the treatment of cardiomyopathy. In this review, we highlight the latest research on miRNAs in the treatment of cardiovascular disease in recent years and discuss the possibilities and challenges of using miRNA to treat cardiomyopathy. Secondly, we discuss the delivery of miRNA through different nano-carriers, especially inorganic, polymer and liposome nano-carriers. The preparation of miRNA nano-drugs by encapsulating miRNA in these nano-materials will provide a new treatment option. In addition, the research status of miRNA in the treatment of cardiomyopathy based on nano-carriers is summarized. The use of this delivery tool cannot only realize therapeutic potential, but also greatly improve drug targeting and reduce side effects.

Research Progress of miRNA in Heart Failure: Prediction and Treatment

ABSTRACT

This review summarizes the multiple roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the prediction and treatment of heart failure (HF), including the molecular mechanisms regulating cell apoptosis, myocardial fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and ventricular remodeling, and highlights the importance of miRNAs in the prognosis of HF. In addition, the strategies for alleviating HF with miRNA intervention are discussed. On the basis of the challenges and emerging directions in the research and clinical practice of HF miRNAs, it is proposed that miRNA-based therapy could be a new approach for prevention and treatment of HF.

Illuminating the pathogenic role of SARS-CoV-2: Insights into competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) regulatory networks

The appearance of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 triggered a significant economic and health crisis worldwide, with heterogeneous molecular mechanisms that contribute to its development are not yet fully understood. Although substantial progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms behind SARS-CoV-2 infection and therapy, it continues to rank among the top three global causes of mortality due to infectious illnesses. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), being integral components across nearly all biological processes, demonstrate effective importance in viral pathogenesis. Regarding viral infections, ncRNAs have demonstrated their ability to modulate host reactions, viral replication, and host-pathogen interactions. However, the complex interactions of different types of ncRNAs in the progression of COVID-19 remains understudied. In recent years, a novel mechanism of post-transcriptional gene regulation known as "competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA)" has been proposed. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and viral ncRNAs function as ceRNAs, influencing the expression of associated genes by sequestering shared microRNAs. Recent research on SARS-CoV-2 has revealed that disruptions in specific ceRNA regulatory networks (ceRNETs) contribute to the abnormal expression of key infection-related genes and the establishment of distinctive infection characteristics. These findings present new opportunities to delve deeper into the underlying mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, offering potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This progress paves the way for a more comprehensive understanding of ceRNETs, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms involved. Further exploration of these mechanisms holds promise for enhancing our ability to prevent viral infections and develop effective antiviral treatments.

The Interplay Between Cytokines and MicroRNAs to Regulate Metabolic Disorders

Metabolic disorders represent significant public health challenges worldwide. Emerging evidence suggests that cytokines and microRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders by regulating various metabolic processes, including insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the intricate interplay between cytokines and miRNAs in the context of metabolic disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. We discuss how dysregulation of cytokine-miRNA networks contributes to the development and progression of metabolic disorders and explore the therapeutic potential of targeting these interactions for disease management.

Non-Coding RNA-Mediated Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Disorders: Current Insights and Future Directions

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) pose a significant burden on global health. Developing effective diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic indicators for CVDs is critical. This narrative review explores the role of select non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and provides an in-depth exploration of the roles of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in different aspects of CVDs, offering insights into their mechanisms and potential clinical implications. The review also sheds light on the diverse functions of ncRNAs, including their modulation of gene expression, epigenetic modifications, and signaling pathways. It comprehensively analyzes the interplay between ncRNAs and cardiovascular health, paving the way for potential novel interventions. Finally, the review provides insights into the methodologies used to investigate ncRNA-mediated gene regulation in CVDs, as well as the implications and challenges associated with translating ncRNA research into clinical applications. Considering the broader implications, this research opens avenues for interdisciplinary collaborations, enhancing our understanding of CVDs across scientific disciplines.

Peripheral whole blood microRNA expression in relation to vascular function: a population-based study

BACKGROUND

As key regulators of gene expression, microRNAs affect many cardiovascular mechanisms and have been associated with several cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relation of whole blood microRNAs with several quantitative measurements of vascular function, and explore their biological role through an integrative microRNA-gene expression analysis.

METHODS

Peripheral whole blood microRNA expression was assessed through RNA-Seq in 2606 participants (45.8% men, mean age: 53.93, age range: 30 to 95 years) from the Rhineland Study, an ongoing population-based cohort study in Bonn, Germany. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis was used to cluster microRNAs with highly correlated expression levels into 14 modules. Through linear regression models, we investigated the association between each module's expression and quantitative markers of vascular health, including pulse wave velocity, total arterial compliance index, cardiac index, stroke index, systemic vascular resistance index, reactive skin hyperemia and white matter hyperintensity burden. For each module associated with at least one trait, one or more hub-microRNAs driving the association were defined. Hub-microRNAs were further characterized through mapping to putative target genes followed by gene ontology pathway analysis.

RESULTS

Four modules, represented by hub-microRNAs miR-320 family, miR-378 family, miR-3605-3p, miR-6747-3p, miR-6786-3p, and miR-330-5p, were associated with total arterial compliance index. Importantly, the miR-320 family module was also associated with white matter hyperintensity burden, an effect partially mediated through arterial compliance. Furthermore, hub-microRNA miR-192-5p was related to cardiac index. Functional analysis corroborated the relevance of the identified microRNAs for vascular function by revealing, among others, enrichment for pathways involved in blood vessel morphogenesis and development, angiogenesis, telomere organization and maintenance, and insulin secretion.

CONCLUSIONS

We identified several microRNAs robustly associated with cardiovascular function, especially arterial compliance and cardiac output. Moreover, our results highlight miR-320 as a regulator of cerebrovascular damage, partly through modulation of vascular function. As many of these microRNAs were involved in biological processes related to vasculature development and aging, our results contribute to the understanding of vascular physiology and provide putative targets for cardiovascular disease prevention.

Unraveling the MicroRNA tapestry: exploring the molecular dynamics of locoregional recurrent rectal cancer

Introduction

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third most prevalent malignancy globally, with a concerning rise in incidence among young adults. Despite progress in understanding genetic predispositions and lifestyle risk factors, the intricate molecular mechanisms of CRC demand exploration. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) emerge as key regulators of gene expression and their deregulation in tumor cells play pivotal roles in cancer progression.

Methods

NanoString's nCounter technology was utilized to measure the expression of 827 cancer-related miRNAs in tumor tissue and adjacent non-involved normal colon tissue from five patients with locoregional CRC progression. These expression profiles were then compared to those from the primary colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) cohort in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).

Results and discussion

Intriguingly, 156 miRNAs showed a contrasting dysregulation pattern in reccurent tumor compared to their expression in the TCGA COAD cohort. This observation implies dynamic alterations in miRNA expression patterns throughout disease progression. Our exploratory study contributes to understanding the regulatory landscape of recurrent CRC, emphasizing the role of miRNAs in disease relapse. Notable findings include the prominence of let-7 miRNA family, dysregulation of key target genes, and dynamic changes in miRNA expression patterns during progression. Univariate Cox proportional hazard models highlighted miRNAs associated with adverse outcomes and potential protective factors. The study underscores the need for more extensive investigations into miRNA dynamics during tumor progression and the value of stage specific biomarkers for prognosis.

HGTMDA: A Hypergraph Learning Approach with Improved GCN-Transformer for miRNA-Disease Association Prediction

Accumulating scientific evidence highlights the pivotal role of miRNA-disease association research in elucidating disease pathogenesis and developing innovative diagnostics. Consequently, accurately identifying disease-associated miRNAs has emerged as a prominent research topic in bioinformatics. Advances in graph neural networks (GNNs) have catalyzed methodological breakthroughs in this field. However, existing methods are often plagued by data noise and struggle to effectively integrate local and global information, which hinders their predictive performance. To address this, we introduce HGTMDA, an innovative hypergraph learning framework that incorporates random walk with restart-based association masking and an enhanced GCN-Transformer model to infer miRNA-disease associations. HGTMDA starts by constructing multiple homogeneous similarity networks. A novel enhancement of our approach is the introduction of a restart-based random walk association masking strategy. By stochastically masking a subset of association data and integrating it with a GCN enhanced by an attention mechanism, this strategy enables better capture of key information, leading to improved information utilization and reduced impact of noisy data. Next, we build an miRNA-disease heterogeneous hypergraph and adopt an improved GCN-Transformer encoder to effectively solve the effective extraction of local and global information. Lastly, we utilize a combined Dice cross-entropy (DCE) loss function to guide the model training and optimize its performance. To evaluate the performance of HGTMDA, comprehensive comparisons were conducted with state-of-the-art methods. Additionally, in-depth case studies on lung cancer and colorectal cancer were performed. The results demonstrate HGTMDA's outstanding performance across various metrics and its exceptional effectiveness in real-world application scenarios, highlighting the advantages and value of this method.

ncRNAs and their impact on dopaminergic neurons: Autophagy pathways in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a complex neurological illness that causes severe motor and non-motor symptoms due to a gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The aetiology of PD is influenced by a variety of genetic, environmental, and cellular variables. One important aspect of this pathophysiology is autophagy, a crucial cellular homeostasis process that breaks down and recycles cytoplasmic components. Recent advances in genomic technologies have unravelled a significant impact of ncRNAs on the regulation of autophagy pathways, thereby implicating their roles in PD onset and progression. They are members of a family of RNAs that include miRNAs, circRNA and lncRNAs that have been shown to play novel pleiotropic functions in the pathogenesis of PD by modulating the expression of genes linked to autophagic activities and dopaminergic neuron survival. This review aims to integrate the current genetic paradigms with the therapeutic prospect of autophagy-associated ncRNAs in PD. By synthesizing the findings of recent genetic studies, we underscore the importance of ncRNAs in the regulation of autophagy, how they are dysregulated in PD, and how they represent novel dimensions for therapeutic intervention. The therapeutic promise of targeting ncRNAs in PD is discussed, including the barriers that need to be overcome and future directions that must be embraced to funnel these ncRNA molecules for the treatment and management of PD.

Exosomal miRNA-21-5p and miRNA-21-3p as key biomarkers of myocardial infarction

Objective

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a debilitating condition that can lead to myocardial infarction (MI). Exosomal miRNAs (exo-miRNA) can be diagnostic biomarkers for detecting MI. Here, we conduct a study to evaluate the efficacy of exo-miRNA-21-5p/3p for early detection of MI.

Methods

A total of 135 CAD patients and 150 healthy subjects participated in this study. Additionally, we randomly divided 26 male Wistar rats (12 weeks old) into two groups: control and induced MI. Angiographic images were used to identify patients and healthy individuals of all genders. In the following, serum exosomes were obtained, and exo-miRNA-21-5p/3p was measured by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.

Results

We observed an upregulation of exo-miRNA-21-5p/3p in CAD patient and MI-induced animal groups compared to controls. Analysis of the ROC curves defined 82% and 88% of the participants' exo-miRNA-21-5p and exo-miRNA-21-3p diagnostic power, respectively, which in the animal model was 92 and 82.

Conclusion

This study revealed that the mean expression levels of exo-miRNA-21-5p/3p were significantly increased in CAD patients and animal models of induced MI. Also, these results are associated with the atherogenic lipid profile of CAD patients, which may play an important role in the progression of the disease. Therefore, they can be considered as novel biomarkers.

RNA in cardiovascular disease: A new frontier of personalized medicine

Personalized medicine has witnessed remarkable progress with the emergence of RNA therapy, offering new possibilities for the treatment of various diseases, and in particular in the context of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The ability to target the human genome through RNA manipulation offers great potential not only in the treatment of cardiac pathologies but also in their diagnosis and prevention, notably in cases of hyperlipidemia and myocardial infarctions. While only a few RNA-based treatments have entered clinical trials or obtained approval from the US Food and Drug Administration, the growing body of research on this subject is promising. However, the development of RNA therapies faces several challenges that must be overcome. These include the efficient delivery of drugs into cells, the potential for immunogenic responses, and safety. Resolving these obstacles is crucial to advance the development of RNA therapies. This review explores the newest developments in medical studies, treatment plans, and results related to RNA therapies for heart disease. Furthermore, it discusses the exciting possibilities and difficulties in this innovative area of research.

Artificial intelligence for cardiovascular disease risk assessment in personalised framework: a scoping review

Background

The field of precision medicine endeavors to transform the healthcare industry by advancing individualised strategies for diagnosis, treatment modalities, and predictive assessments. This is achieved by utilizing extensive multidimensional biological datasets encompassing diverse components, such as an individual's genetic makeup, functional attributes, and environmental influences. Artificial intelligence (AI) systems, namely machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), have exhibited remarkable efficacy in predicting the potential occurrence of specific cancers and cardiovascular diseases (CVD).

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive scoping review guided by the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework. Our search strategy involved combining key terms related to CVD and AI using the Boolean operator AND. In August 2023, we conducted an extensive search across reputable scholarly databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and arXiv to gather relevant academic literature on personalised medicine for CVD. Subsequently, in January 2024, we extended our search to include internet search engines such as Google and various CVD websites. These searches were further updated in March 2024. Additionally, we reviewed the reference lists of the final selected research articles to identify any additional relevant literature.

Findings

A total of 2307 records were identified during the process of conducting the study, consisting of 564 entries from external sites like arXiv and 1743 records found through database searching. After 430 duplicate articles were eliminated, 1877 items that remained were screened for relevancy. In this stage, 1241 articles remained for additional review after 158 irrelevant articles and 478 articles with insufficient data were removed. 355 articles were eliminated for being inaccessible, 726 for being written in a language other than English, and 281 for not having undergone peer review. Consequently, 121 studies were deemed suitable for inclusion in the qualitative synthesis. At the intersection of CVD, AI, and precision medicine, we found important scientific findings in our scoping review. Intricate pattern extraction from large, complicated genetic datasets is a skill that AI algorithms excel at, allowing for accurate disease diagnosis and CVD risk prediction. Furthermore, these investigations have uncovered unique genetic biomarkers linked to CVD, providing insight into the workings of the disease and possible treatment avenues. The construction of more precise predictive models and personalised treatment plans based on the genetic profiles of individual patients has been made possible by the revolutionary advancement of CVD risk assessment through the integration of AI and genomics.

Interpretation

The systematic methodology employed ensured the thorough examination of available literature and the inclusion of relevant studies, contributing to the robustness and reliability of the study's findings. Our analysis stresses a crucial point in terms of the adaptability and versatility of AI solutions. AI algorithms designed in non-CVD domains such as in oncology, often include ideas and tactics that might be modified to address cardiovascular problems.

Funding

No funding received.

Plasma Extracellular MicroRNAs Associated With Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Middle-Aged and Older Adults

BACKGROUND

Extracellular microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNAs that remain stable in the extracellular milieu, where they contribute to various physiological and pathological processes by facilitating intercellular signaling. Previous studies have reported associations between miRNAs and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs); however, the plasma miRNA signatures of CVD and its risk factors have not been fully elucidated at the population level.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Plasma miRNA levels were measured in 4440 FHS (Framingham Heart Study) participants. Linear regression analyses were conducted to test the cross-sectional associations of each miRNA with 8 CVD risk factors. Prospective analyses of the associations of miRNAs with new-onset obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, CVD, and all-cause mortality were conducted using proportional hazards regression. Replication was carried out in 1999 RS (Rotterdam Study) participants. Pathway enrichment analyses were conducted and target genes were predicted for miRNAs associated with ≥5 risk factors in the FHS. In the FHS, 6 miRNAs (miR-193b-3p, miR-122-5p, miR-365a-3p, miR-194-5p, miR-192-5p, and miR-193a-5p) were associated with ≥5 risk factors. This miRNA signature was enriched for pathways associated with CVD and several genes annotated to these pathways were predicted targets of the identified miRNAs. Furthermore, miR-193b-3p, miR-194-5p, and miR-193a-5p were each associated with ≥2 risk factors in the RS. Prospective analysis revealed 8 miRNAs associated with all-cause mortality in the FHS.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings highlight associations between miRNAs and CVD risk factors that may provide valuable insights into the underlying pathogenesis of CVD.

Mitochondrial microRNAs: New Emerging Players in Vascular Senescence and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that play an important role by controlling gene expression in the cytoplasm in almost all biological pathways. Recently, scientists discovered that miRNAs are also found within mitochondria, the energy-producing organelles of cells. These mitochondrial miRNAs, known as mitomiRs, can originate from the nuclear or mitochondrial genome, and they are pivotal in controlling mitochondrial function and metabolism. New insights indicate that mitomiRs may influence key aspects of the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease, especially concerning mitochondrial function and metabolic regulation. While the importance of mitochondria in cardiovascular health and disease is well-established, our understanding of mitomiRs' specific functions in crucial biological pathways, including energy metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death, is still in its early stages. Through this review, we aimed to delve into the mechanisms of mitomiR generation and their impacts on mitochondrial metabolic pathways within the context of vascular cell aging and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The relatively unexplored field of mitomiR biology holds promise for future research investigations, with the potential to yield novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions.

piRNAs as emerging biomarkers and physiological regulatory molecules in cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent one of the most considerable global health threats, owing to their high incidence and mortality rates. Despite the ongoing advancements in detection, prevention, treatment, and prognosis of CVD, which have resulted in a decline in both incidence and mortality rates, CVD remains a major public health concern. Therefore, novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic interventions are imperative to minimise the risk of CVD. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have recently gained increasing attention, with PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) emerging as a class of small ncRNAs traditionally recognised for their role in silencing transposons within cells. Although the functional roles of PIWI proteins and piRNAs in human cells remain unclear, growing evidence suggests that these molecules are gradually becoming valuable biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of CVD. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest studies on piRNAs in CVD. This review discusses the roles of piRNAs in various cardiovascular subtypes, including myocardial hypertrophy, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and cardiac regeneration. The perceived insights may contribute novel perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of CVD.

Predicting miRNA-Disease Associations by Combining Graph and Hypergraph Convolutional Network

miRNAs are important regulators for many crucial biological processes. Many recent studies have shown that miRNAs are closely related to various human diseases and can be potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for some diseases, such as cancers. Therefore, accurately predicting miRNA-disease associations is of great importance for understanding and curing diseases. However, how to efficiently utilize the characteristics of miRNAs and diseases and the information on known miRNA-disease associations for prediction is still not fully explored. In this study, we propose a novel computational method for predicting miRNA-disease associations. The proposed method combines the graph convolutional network and the hypergraph convolutional network. The graph convolutional network is utilized to extract the information from miRNA-similarity data as well as disease-similarity data. Based on the representations of miRNAs and diseases learned by the graph convolutional network, we further use the hypergraph convolutional network to capture the complex high-order interactions in the known miRNA-disease associations. We conduct comprehensive experiments with different datasets and predictive tasks. The results show that the proposed method consistently outperforms several other state-of-the-art methods. We also discuss the influence of hyper-parameters and model structures on the performance of our method. Some case studies also demonstrate that the predictive results of the method can be verified by independent experiments.

Higher Expression of miR-15b-5p with Inclusion of Fresh, Lean Beef as Part of a Healthy Dietary Pattern Is Inversely Associated with Markers of Cardiometabolic Disease Risk

BACKGROUND

Considerable controversy exists surrounding the consumption of red meat and its impacts on cardiometabolic health and if it may further impact risk factors at the molecular level.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of dietary patterns, varying in red meat quantity, on the expression of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs), which are emerging biomarkers of metabolic dysfunction and chronic disease severity.

METHODS

Secondary analyses were performed on plasma samples collected within a randomized, crossover design study in 16 women with overweight (mean ± standard deviation, age = 33 ± 9.89 y; body mass index = 27.9 ± 1.66 kg/m2). Participants were provided with eucaloric, isonitrogenous diets (15% of daily intake as protein) containing either 2 servings of fresh, lean beef/day (BEEF) or 0 servings of fresh, lean beef/day (PLANT) for 7 d/pattern. Fasting blood samples were collected at the end of each dietary pattern for the assessment of 12 circulating metabolic miRNA expression levels (determined a priori by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction), plasma glucose, insulin, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein (CRP), adiponectin, glucagon-like peptide-1, and branched-chain amino acids.

RESULTS

Of the 12 miRNAs, miR-15b-5p expression was higher following BEEF versus PLANT (P = 0.024). Increased miR-15b-5p expression correlated with decreased fasting CRP (r = -0.494; P = 0.086) and insulin concentrations (r = -0.670; P = 0.017). miR-15b-5p was inversely correlated with insulin resistance (r = -0.642; P = 0.024) and β cell function (r = -0.646; P = 0.023) and positively correlated with markers of insulin sensitivity (r = 0.520; P = 0.083). However, the correlations were only observed following BEEF, not PLANT.

CONCLUSIONS

These data indicate that the short-term intake of fresh, lean beef as part of a healthy dietary pattern impacts potential biomarkers of cardiometabolic health that are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in women with overweight. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02614729.

Comprehensive review for non-coding RNAs: From mechanisms to therapeutic applications

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are an assorted collection of transcripts that are not translated into proteins. Since their discovery, ncRNAs have gained prominence as crucial regulators of various biological functions across diverse cell types and tissues, and their abnormal functioning has been implicated in disease. Notably, extensive research has focused on the relationship between microRNAs (miRNAs) and human cancers, although other types of ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are also emerging as significant contributors to human disease. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of our current knowledge regarding the roles of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in cancer and other major human diseases, particularly cancer, cardiovascular, neurological, and infectious diseases. Moreover, we discuss the potential utilization of ncRNAs as disease biomarkers and as targets for therapeutic interventions.

Non-Coding Ribonucleic Acids as Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets in Cardiac Fibrosis

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Cardiac fibrosis is a crucial juncture following cardiac injury and a precursor for many clinical heart disease manifestations. Epigenetic modulators, particularly non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), are gaining prominence as diagnostic and therapeutic tools.

RECENT FINDINGS

miRNAs are short linear RNA molecules involved in post-transcriptional regulation; lncRNAs and circRNAs are RNA sequences greater than 200 nucleotides that also play roles in regulating gene expression through a variety of mechanisms including miRNA sponging, direct interaction with mRNA, providing protein scaffolding, and encoding their own products. NcRNAs have the capacity to regulate one another and form sophisticated regulatory networks. The individual roles and disease relevance of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs to cardiac fibrosis have been increasingly well described, though the complexity of their interrelationships, regulatory dynamics, and context-specific roles needs further elucidation. This review provides an overview of select ncRNAs relevant in cardiac fibrosis as a surrogate for many cardiac disease states with a focus on crosstalk and regulatory networks, variable actions among different disease states, and the clinical implications thereof. Further, the clinical feasibility of diagnostic and therapeutic applications as well as the strategies underway to advance ncRNA theranostics is explored.

Metal-organic framework (MOF)-based biosensors for miRNA detection

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play several crucial roles in the physiological and pathological processes of the human body. They are considered as important biomarkers for the diagnosis of various disorders. Thus, rapid, sensitive, selective, and affordable detection of miRNAs is of great importance. However, the small size, low abundance, and highly similar sequences of miRNAs impose major challenges to their accurate detection in biological samples. In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been applied as promising sensing materials for the fabrication of different biosensors due to their distinctive characteristics, such as high porosity and surface area, tunable pores, outstanding adsorption affinities, and ease of functionalization. In this review, the applications of MOFs and MOF-derived materials in the fabrication of fluorescence, electrochemical, chemiluminescence, electrochemiluminescent, and photoelectrochemical biosensors for the detection of miRNAs and their detection principle and analytical performance are discussed. This paper attempts to provide readers with a comprehensive knowledge of the fabrication and sensing mechanisms of miRNA detection platforms.

microRNA-125b-1-3p mediates autophagy via the RRAGD/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway and mitigates atherosclerosis progression

Atherosclerosis is characterised by lipid accumulation and formation of foam cells in arterial walls. Dysregulated autophagy is a crucial factor in atherosclerosis development. The significance of microRNA (miR)-125b-1-3p in cardiovascular disease is well-established; however, its precise role in regulating autophagy and impact on atherosclerosis in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) remain unclear. Here, we observed reduced autophagic activity and decreased miR-125b expression during atherosclerosis progression. miR-125b-1-3p overexpression significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque development in mice; it also led to decreased lipid uptake and deposition in VSMCs, enhanced autophagy, and suppression of smooth muscle cell phenotypic changes in-vitro. An interaction between miR-125b-1-3p and the RRAGD/mTOR/ULK1 pathway was revealed, elucidating its role in promoting autophagy. Therefore, miR-125b-1-3p plays a pivotal role in enhancing autophagic processes, inhibiting foam cell formation in VSMCs and mitigating atherosclerosis progression, partly through RRAGD/mTOR/ULK1 signaling axis modulation. Thus, miR-125b-1-3p is a promising target for preventive and therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis.

Phthalate Exposure and Coronary Heart Disease: Possible Implications of Oxidative Stress and Altered miRNA Expression

The relationship between phthalate exposure and coronary heart disease (CHD) is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between phthalate exposure and CHD and determine the possible atherogenic mechanisms of phthalates by assessing oxidative stress and altering miRNA expression. This case-control study included 110 participants (55 CHD patients and 55 healthy controls). The levels of oxidative stress markers, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the expression of miRNA-155 (miR-155) and miRNA-208a (miR-208a), were measured and correlated with the urinary mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP). Highly significant differences were detected between the CHD cases and the control group regarding MEHP, MDA, SOD, miR-155, and miR-208a (p-value < 0.001). Spearman correlations revealed a significant positive correlation between MDA and MEHP in urine (P = 0.001 and rs = 0.316) and a significant negative correlation between SOD and MEHP in urine (P < 0.001 and rs = -0.345). Furthermore, significant positive correlations were observed between miR-155 and urinary MEHP (P = 0.001 and rs = 0.318) and miR-208a and urinary MEHP (P < 0.001 and rs = -0.352). This study revealed an association between phthalate exposure, as indicated by urinary MEHP and CHD; altered expression of miR-155 and miR-208a and oxidative stress could be the fundamental mechanisms.

MicroRNA-181 in cardiovascular disease: Emerging biomarkers and therapeutic targets

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) have attracted considerable attention for their roles in several cardiovascular disease states, including both the physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we will briefly describe microRNA-181 (miR-181) transcription and regulation and summarize recent findings on the roles of miR-181 family members as biomarkers or therapeutic targets in different cardiovascular-related conditions, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, hypertension, and heart failure. Lessons learned from these studies may provide new theoretical foundations for CVD.

A dual-signal amplification strategy based on rolling circle amplification and APE1-assisted amplification for highly sensitive and specific miRNA analysis for early diagnosis of alzheimer's disease

MicroRNA (miRNA) is involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and emerges as a promising AD biomarker and therapeutic target. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop convenient and precise miRNA detection methods for AD diagnosis. Herein, a dual-signal amplification strategy based on rolling circle amplification and APE1-assisted amplification for miRNA analysis for early diagnosis of AD was proposed. The strategy consisted of dumbbell-shaped probe (DP) as amplification template and a reporter probe (RP) with an AP site modification. In the presence of the target miRNA, the miRNAs bound to the toehold domain of DP and DP was activated into a circular template. Then, RCA reaction was triggered, producing a large number of long-stranded products containing repeated sequences. After RCA, APE1 enzyme recognized and removed AP site in the complex of RCA/RP products. By coupling RCA with APE1-assisted amplification, this method has high sensitivity with the limit of detection (LOD) of 1.82 fM. Moreover, by using DP as template for RCA reaction, high specificity can be achieved. By detecting miR-206 in serum using this method, the expression of miR-206 can be accurately distinguished between AD patients and healthy individuals, indicating that this method has broad application prospects in clinical diagnosis.

A study protocol to characterise pathophysiological and molecular markers of rheumatic heart disease and degenerative aortic stenosis using multiparametric cardiovascular imaging and multiomics techniques

INTRODUCTION

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD), degenerative aortic stenosis (AS), and congenital valve diseases are prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. Many knowledge gaps remain in understanding disease mechanisms, stratifying phenotypes, and prognostication. Therefore, we aimed to characterise patients through clinical profiling, imaging, histology, and molecular biomarkers to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prognosis of RHD and AS.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional, case-controlled study, we plan to recruit RHD and AS patients and compare them to matched controls. Living participants will undergo clinical assessment, echocardiography, CMR and blood sampling for circulatory biomarker analyses. Tissue samples will be obtained from patients undergoing valve replacement, while healthy tissues will be obtained from cadavers. Immunohistology, proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptome analyses will be used to analyse circulatory- and tissue-specific biomarkers. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses will be used for hypothesis testing and identification of important biomarkers. In summary, this study aims to delineate the pathophysiology of RHD and degenerative AS using multiparametric CMR imaging. In addition to discover novel biomarkers and explore the pathomechanisms associated with RHD and AS through high-throughput profiling of the tissue and blood proteome and metabolome and provide a proof of concept of the suitability of using cadaveric tissues as controls for cardiovascular disease studies.

Epigenetic determinants and non-myocardial signaling pathways contributing to heart growth and regeneration

Congenital heart disease is the most common birth defect worldwide. Defective cardiac myogenesis is either a major presentation or associated with many types of congenital heart disease. Non-myocardial tissues, including endocardium and epicardium, function as a supporting hub for myocardial growth and maturation during heart development. Recent research findings suggest an emerging role of epigenetics in nonmyocytes supporting myocardial development. Understanding how growth signaling pathways in non-myocardial tissues are regulated by epigenetic factors will likely identify new disease mechanisms for congenital heart diseases and shed lights for novel therapeutic strategies for heart regeneration.

Ddx5 Targeted Epigenetic Modification of Pericytes in Pulmonary Hypertension After Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Newborns with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have a higher likelihood of developing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in adulthood. Although there is increasing evidence suggesting that pericytes play a role in regulating myofibroblast transdifferentiation and angiogenesis in malignant and cardiovascular diseases, their involvement in the pathogenesis of IUGR-related pulmonary hypertension and the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. To address this issue, a study was conducted using a Sprague-Dawley rat model of IUGR-related pulmonary hypertension. Our investigation revealed increased proliferation and migration of pulmonary microvascular pericytes in IUGR-related pulmonary hypertension, accompanied by weakened endothelial-pericyte interactions. Through whole-transcriptome sequencing, Ddx5 (DEAD-box protein 5) was identified as one of the hub genes in pericytes. DDX5, a member of the RNA helicase family, plays a role in the regulation of ATP-dependent RNA helicase activities and cellular function. MicroRNAs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PAH, and microRNA-205 (miR-205) regulates cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. The results of dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed the specific binding of miR-205 to Ddx5. Mechanistically, miR-205 negatively regulates Ddx5, leading to the degradation of β-catenin by inhibiting the phosphorylation of Gsk3β at serine 9. In vitro experiments showed the addition of miR-205 effectively ameliorated pericyte dysfunction. Furthermore, in vivo experiments demonstrated that miR-205 agomir could ameliorate pulmonary hypertension. Our findings indicated that the downregulation of miR-205 expression mediates pericyte dysfunction through the activation of Ddx5. Therefore, targeting the miR-205/Ddx5/p-Gsk3β/β-catenin axis could be a promising therapeutic approach for IUGR-related pulmonary hypertension.

Homocysteine metabolites inhibit autophagy by upregulating miR-21-5p, miR-155-5p, miR-216-5p, and miR-320c-3p in human vascular endothelial cells

Nutritional and genetic deficiencies in homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism lead to hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) and cause endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of atherosclerosis, which is a major cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Impaired autophagy causes the accumulation of damaged proteins and organelles and is associated with CVD. Biochemically, HHcy is characterized by elevated levels of Hcy and its metabolites, Hcy-thiolactone and N-Hcy-protein. However, whether these metabolites can dysregulate mTOR signaling and autophagy in endothelial cells is not known. Here, we examined the influence of Hcy-thiolactone, N-Hcy-protein, and Hcy on autophagy human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We found that treatments with Hcy-thiolactone, N-Hcy-protein, or Hcy significantly downregulated beclin 1 (BECN1), autophagy-related 5 (ATG5), autophagy-related 7 (ATG7), and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) mRNA and protein levels. We also found that these changes were mediated by upregulation by Hcy-thiolactone, N-Hcy-protein, and Hcy of autophagy-targeting microRNA (miR): miR-21, miR-155, miR-216, and miR-320c. The effects of these metabolites on levels of miR targeting autophagy as well as on the levels of BECN1, ATG5, ATG7, and LC3 mRNA and protein were abrogated by treatments with inhibitors of miR-21, miR-155, miR-216, and mir320c. Taken together, our findings show that Hcy metabolites can upregulate miR-21, miR-155, miR-216, and mir320c, which then downregulate autophagy in human endothelial cells, important for vascular homeostasis.

The Senescent Heart-"Age Doth Wither Its Infinite Variety"

Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality world-wide. While many factors like smoking, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, a sedentary lifestyle, and genetic factors can predispose to cardiovascular diseases, the natural process of aging is by itself a major determinant of the risk. Cardiac aging is marked by a conglomerate of cellular and molecular changes, exacerbated by age-driven decline in cardiac regeneration capacity. Although the phenotypes of cardiac aging are well characterised, the underlying molecular mechanisms are far less explored. Recent advances unequivocally link cardiovascular aging to the dysregulation of critical signalling pathways in cardiac fibroblasts, which compromises the critical role of these cells in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the myocardium. Clearly, the identification of cardiac fibroblast-specific factors and mechanisms that regulate cardiac fibroblast function in the senescent myocardium is of immense importance. In this regard, recent studies show that Discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2), a collagen-activated receptor tyrosine kinase predominantly located in cardiac fibroblasts, has an obligate role in cardiac fibroblast function and cardiovascular fibrosis. Incisive studies on the molecular basis of cardiovascular aging and dysregulated fibroblast function in the senescent heart would pave the way for effective strategies to mitigate cardiovascular diseases in a rapidly growing elderly population.

Increased miR-6132 promotes deep vein thrombosis formation by downregulating FOXP3 expression

Background

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is associated with aberrant gene expression that is a common peripheral vascular disease. Here, we aimed to elucidate that the epigenetic modification of forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) at the post-transcriptional level, which might be the key trigger leading to the down-regulation of FOXP3 expression in DVT.

Methods

In order to explore the relationship between microRNAs (miRNAs) and FOXP3, mRNA and microRNA microarray analysis were performed. Dual luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the upstream miRNAs of FOXP3. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry and Western blot were used to detect the relative expression of miR-6132 and FOXP3. Additionally, DVT models were established to investigate the role of miR-6132 by Murine Doppler Ultrasound and Hematoxylin-Eosin staining.

Results

Microarray and flow cytometry results showed that the FOXP3 expression was decreased while miR-6132 level was increased substantially in DVT, and there was significant negative correlation between miR-6132 and FOXP3. Moreover, we discovered that overexpressed miR-6132 reduced FOXP3 expression and aggravated DVT formation, while miR-6132 knockdown increased FOXP3 expression and alleviated DVT formation. Dual luciferase reporter assay validated the direct binding of miR-6132 to FOXP3.

Conclusion

Collectively, our data elucidate a new avenue through which up-regulated miR-6132 contributes to the formation and progression of DVT by inhibiting FOXP3 expression.