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Bettin L, Darbellay J, van Kessel J, Dhar N, Gerdts V. Porcine γδ T cells express cytotoxic cell-associated markers and display killing activity but are not selectively cytotoxic against PRRSV- or swIAV-infected macrophages. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1434011. [PMID: 39144143 PMCID: PMC11321972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1434011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are a major immune cell subset in pigs. Approximately 50% of circulating T cells are γδ T cells in young pigs and up to 30% in adult sows. Despite this abundance, the functions of porcine γδ T cells are mostly unidentified. In humans and mice, activated γδ T cells exhibit broad innate cytotoxic activity against a wide variety of stressed, infected, and cancerous cells through death receptor/ligand-dependent and perforin/granzyme-dependent pathways. However, so far, it is unknown whether porcine γδ T cells have the ability to perform cytotoxic functions. Methods In this study, we conducted a comprehensive phenotypic characterization of porcine γδ T cells isolated from blood, lung, and nasal mucosa. To further analyze the cytolytic potential of γδ T cells, in vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed using purified γδ T cells as effector cells and virus-exposed or mock-treated primary porcine alveolar macrophages as target cells. Results Our results show that only CD2+ γδ T cells express cytotoxic markers (CD16, NKp46, perforin) with higher perforin and NKp46 expression in γδ T cells isolated from lung and nasal mucosa. Moreover, we found that γδ T cells can exhibit cytotoxic functions in a cell-cell contact and degranulation-dependent manner. However, porcine γδ T cells did not seem to specifically target Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus or swine Influenza A Virus-infected macrophages, which may be due to viral escape mechanisms. Conclusion Porcine γδ T cells express cytotoxic markers and can exhibit cytotoxic activity in vitro. The specific mechanisms by which porcine γδ T cells recognize target cells are not fully understood but may involve the detection of cellular stress signals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Swine
- Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/immunology
- Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/physiology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/virology
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Biomarkers
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Perforin/metabolism
- Perforin/immunology
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Bettin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Joseph Darbellay
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jill van Kessel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Neeraj Dhar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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2
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Wang D, Dou L, Sui L, Xue Y, Xu S. Natural killer cells in cancer immunotherapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e626. [PMID: 38882209 PMCID: PMC11179524 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, as innate lymphocytes, possess cytotoxic capabilities and engage target cells through a repertoire of activating and inhibitory receptors. Particularly, natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) receptor on NK cells recognizes stress-induced ligands-the MHC class I chain-related molecules A and B (MICA/B) presented on tumor cells and is key to trigger the cytolytic response of NK cells. However, tumors have developed sophisticated strategies to evade NK cell surveillance, which lead to failure of tumor immunotherapy. In this paper, we summarized these immune escaping strategies, including the downregulation of ligands for activating receptors, upregulation of ligands for inhibitory receptors, secretion of immunosuppressive compounds, and the development of apoptosis resistance. Then, we focus on recent advancements in NK cell immune therapies, which include engaging activating NK cell receptors, upregulating NKG2D ligand MICA/B expression, blocking inhibitory NK cell receptors, adoptive NK cell therapy, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered NK cells (CAR-NK), and NKG2D CAR-T cells, especially several vaccines targeting MICA/B. This review will inspire the research in NK cell biology in tumor and provide significant hope for improving cancer treatment outcomes by harnessing the potent cytotoxic activity of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- DanRu Wang
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology Naval Medical University Shanghai China
| | - LingYun Dou
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology Naval Medical University Shanghai China
| | - LiHao Sui
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology Naval Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Yiquan Xue
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology Naval Medical University Shanghai China
| | - Sheng Xu
- National Key Lab of Immunity and Inflammation and Institute of Immunology Naval Medical University Shanghai China
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation Dongfang Hospital Shanghai China
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3
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Reider IE, Lin E, Krouse TE, Parekh NJ, Nelson AM, Norbury CC. γδ T Cells Mediate a Requisite Portion of a Wound Healing Response Triggered by Cutaneous Poxvirus Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:425. [PMID: 38543790 PMCID: PMC10975054 DOI: 10.3390/v16030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection at barrier sites, e.g., skin, activates local immune defenses that limit pathogen spread, while preserving tissue integrity. Phenotypically distinct γδ T cell populations reside in skin, where they shape immunity to cutaneous infection prior to onset of an adaptive immune response by conventional αβ CD4+ (TCD4+) and CD8+ (TCD8+) T cells. To examine the mechanisms used by γδ T cells to control cutaneous virus replication and tissue pathology, we examined γδ T cells after infection with vaccinia virus (VACV). Resident γδ T cells expanded and combined with recruited γδ T cells to control pathology after VACV infection. However, γδ T cells did not play a role in control of local virus replication or blockade of systemic virus spread. We identified a unique wound healing signature that has features common to, but also features that antagonize, the sterile cutaneous wound healing response. Tissue repair generally occurs after clearance of a pathogen, but viral wound healing started prior to the peak of virus replication in the skin. γδ T cells contributed to wound healing through induction of multiple cytokines/growth factors required for efficient wound closure. Therefore, γδ T cells modulate the wound healing response following cutaneous virus infection, maintaining skin barrier function to prevent secondary bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene E. Reider
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Eugene Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Tracy E. Krouse
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nikhil J. Parekh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Amanda M. Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Christopher C. Norbury
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Kang I, Kim Y, Lee HK. Double-edged sword: γδ T cells in mucosal homeostasis and disease. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1895-1904. [PMID: 37696894 PMCID: PMC10545763 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosa is a tissue that covers numerous body surfaces, including the respiratory tract, digestive tract, eye, and urogenital tract. Mucosa is in direct contact with pathogens, and γδ T cells perform various roles in the tissue. γδ T cells efficiently defend the mucosa from various pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. In addition, γδ T cells are necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis because they select specific organisms in the microbiota and perform immunoregulatory functions. Furthermore, γδ T cells directly facilitate pregnancy by producing growth factors. However, γδ T cells can also play detrimental roles in mucosal health by amplifying inflammation, thereby worsening allergic responses. Moreover, these cells can act as major players in autoimmune diseases. Despite their robust roles in the mucosa, the application of γδ T cells in clinical practice is lacking because of factors such as gaps between mice and human cells, insufficient knowledge of the target of γδ T cells, and the small population of γδ T cells. However, γδ T cells may be attractive targets for clinical use due to their effector functions and low risk of inducing graft-versus-host disease. Therefore, robust research on γδ T cells is required to understand the crucial features of these cells and apply these knowledges to clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kang
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Kurioka A, Klenerman P. Aging unconventionally: γδ T cells, iNKT cells, and MAIT cells in aging. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101816. [PMID: 37536148 PMCID: PMC10804939 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Unconventional T cells include γδ T cells, invariant Natural Killer T cells (iNKT) cells and Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are distinguished from conventional T cells by their recognition of non-peptide ligands presented by non-polymorphic antigen presenting molecules and rapid effector functions that are pre-programmed during their development. Here we review current knowledge of the effect of age on unconventional T cells, from early life to old age, in both mice and humans. We then discuss the role of unconventional T cells in age-associated diseases and infections, highlighting the similarities between members of the unconventional T cell family in the context of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kurioka
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Fakharian F, Thirugnanam S, Welsh DA, Kim WK, Rappaport J, Bittinger K, Rout N. The Role of Gut Dysbiosis in the Loss of Intestinal Immune Cell Functions and Viral Pathogenesis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1849. [PMID: 37513022 PMCID: PMC10384393 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and immune function. However, dysbiosis, an imbalance in microbiome composition, can have profound effects on various aspects of human health, including susceptibility to viral infections. Despite numerous studies investigating the influence of viral infections on gut microbiome, the impact of gut dysbiosis on viral infection and pathogenesis remains relatively understudied. The clinical variability observed in SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal influenza infections, and the presence of natural HIV suppressors, suggests that host-intrinsic factors, including the gut microbiome, may contribute to viral pathogenesis. The gut microbiome has been shown to influence the host immune system by regulating intestinal homeostasis through interactions with immune cells. This review aims to enhance our understanding of how viral infections perturb the gut microbiome and mucosal immune cells, affecting host susceptibility and response to viral infections. Specifically, we focus on exploring the interactions between gamma delta (γδ) T cells and gut microbes in the context of inflammatory viral pathogenesis and examine studies highlighting the role of the gut microbiome in viral disease outcomes. Furthermore, we discuss emerging evidence and potential future directions for microbiome modulation therapy in the context of viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Fakharian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Siva Thirugnanam
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - David A. Welsh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70806, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Namita Rout
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Yin N, Zhang Z, Ge Y, Zhao Y, Gu Z, Yang Y, Mao L, Wei Z, Liu J, Shi J, Wang Z. Polydopamine-based nanomedicines for efficient antiviral and secondary injury protection therapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf4098. [PMID: 37315148 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf4098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections continue to threaten human health. It remains a major challenge to efficiently inhibit viral infection while avoiding secondary injury. Here, we designed a multifunctional nanoplatform (termed as ODCM), prepared by oseltamivir phosphate (OP)-loaded polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles camouflaged by the macrophage cell membrane (CM). OP can be efficiently loaded onto the PDA nanoparticles through the π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions with a high drug-loading rate of 37.6%. In particular, the biomimetic nanoparticles can accumulate actively in the damaged lung model of viral infection. At the infection site, PDA nanoparticles can consume excess reactive oxygen species and be simultaneously oxidized and degraded to achieve controlled release of OP. This system exhibits enhanced delivery efficiency, inflammatory storm suppression, and viral replication inhibition. Therefore, the system exerts outstanding therapeutic effects while improving pulmonary edema and protecting lung injury in a mouse model of influenza A virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Key Drug Preparation Technology Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhongmou Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yongzhuang Ge
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Key Drug Preparation Technology Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zichen Gu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Key Drug Preparation Technology Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lu Mao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhanyong Wei
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Key Drug Preparation Technology Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jinjin Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Key Drug Preparation Technology Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhenya Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of "Runliang" Antiviral Medicines Research and Development, Institute of Drug Discovery and Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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8
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Lewis ED, Crowley DC, Guthrie N, Evans M. Healthy adults supplemented with a nutraceutical formulation containing Aloe vera gel, rosemary and Poria cocos enhances the effect of influenza vaccination in a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1116634. [PMID: 37168053 PMCID: PMC10165552 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1116634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to examine the role of a formulation, UP360, containing rosemary and Poria cocos extracts and Aloe vera gel powder, in healthy adults on supporting immune function with influenza vaccination. A 56-day randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study consisted of a 28-day pre-vaccination period, an influenza vaccination on Day 28 and a 28-day post-vaccination period. Men and women ages 40-80 who had not yet been vaccinated for the flu were randomized to UP360 or Placebo (n = 25/group). At baseline, Days 28 and 56, blood lymphocyte populations, immunoglobulins (Ig), and cytokines were measured, and quality of life (QoL) questionnaires administered. The Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS)-24 was completed daily by participants to measure incidence of upper respiratory tract infection (URTIs). In the post-vaccination period, TCR gamma-delta (γδ+) cells, known as γδ T cells, increased with UP360 supplementation compared to Placebo (p < 0.001). The UP360 group had a 15.6% increase in influenza B-specific IgG levels in the post-vaccination period (p = 0.0006). UP360 significantly increased the amount of circulating glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) from baseline at Day 28 (p = 0.0214), an enzyme that is important for neutralizing free radicals. While UP360 supplementation initially decreased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1RA in the pre-vaccination period, IL-1RA levels were increased in the post-vaccination period (p ≤ 0.0482). Levels of IL-7 increased from baseline at Day 56 with UP360 supplementation (p = 0.0458). Despite these changes in immune markers, there were no differences in URTI symptoms or QoL between UP360 and Placebo. These results suggest UP360 supplementation was beneficial in eliciting a healthy, robust immune response in the context of vaccination. No changes in subjective measures of URTI illness or QoL demonstrated that participants' QoL was not negatively impacted by UP360 supplementation. There were no differences in clinical chemistry, vitals or adverse events confirming the good safety profile of UP360. The trial was registered on the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ISRCTN15838713).
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Gene expression pattern in severely progressing covid-19 patients is related to diabetes mellitus type 1: A functional annotation analysis. HUMAN GENE 2022. [PMID: 37520164 PMCID: PMC9217787 DOI: 10.1016/j.humgen.2022.201039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aims The aim of this study was to extract the signaling mediators or biological pathways that link covid-19 to other diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Methods Microarray data of covid-19 (GSE164805) was extracted from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and analyses were performed by R package and GEO2R. Functional enrichment analysis was done to extract enriched molecular pathways (MP), biological process (BP) and molecular function (MF). Then commonly up- and down-regulated genes in covid-19 and T1DM were extracted by comparing deferentially expressed genes (DEGs) of GSE164805 and GSE9006. Results Down-regulated DEGs in the severely progressing covid-19 patients (SPCP) had a link to T1DM. Major histocompatibility system (MHC) class II, gamma interferon (IFNγ), and IL-1B were enriched in extracted pathway that leads to T1DM. In addition, comparing extracted DEGs from GSE164805 and GSE9006 indicated that MTUS1, EGR1 and EGR3 are the genes that are up-regulated in both SPCP and T1DM. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that coincidence of SARS-COV-2 infection and T1DM may increase the severity of both diseases. Although covid-19 reduced the T cell mediated immune response, but increased mediators of T-cell signaling pathway such as IL-1 in both diseases. This could potentiate the inflammation response and worsens the severity of covid-19 cytokine storm or increase the resistance to insulin.
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Gay L, Mezouar S, Cano C, Frohna P, Madakamutil L, Mège JL, Olive D. Role of Vγ9vδ2 T lymphocytes in infectious diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928441. [PMID: 35924233 PMCID: PMC9340263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor Vγ9Vδ2 T cells bridge innate and adaptive antimicrobial immunity in primates. These Vγ9Vδ2 T cells respond to phosphoantigens (pAgs) present in microbial or eukaryotic cells in a butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3) and butyrophilin 2A1 (BTN2A1) dependent manner. In humans, the rapid expansion of circulating Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes during several infections as well as their localization at the site of active disease demonstrates their important role in the immune response to infection. However, Vγ9Vδ2 T cell deficiencies have been observed in some infectious diseases such as active tuberculosis and chronic viral infections. In this review, we are providing an overview of the mechanisms of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-mediated antimicrobial immunity. These cells kill infected cells mainly by releasing lytic mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducing target cell apoptosis. In addition, the release of chemokines and cytokines allows the recruitment and activation of immune cells, promoting the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Finaly, we also describe potential new therapeutic tools of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-based immunotherapy that could be applied to emerging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Gay
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- ImCheck Therapeutics, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, APHM, Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm UMR1068, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
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11
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Cervantes O, Talavera IC, Every E, Coler B, Li M, Li A, Li H, Adams Waldorf K. Role of hormones in the pregnancy and sex-specific outcomes to infections with respiratory viruses. Immunol Rev 2022; 308:123-148. [PMID: 35373371 PMCID: PMC9189035 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women infected with pathogenic respiratory viruses, such as influenza A viruses (IAV) and coronaviruses, are at higher risk for mortality, hospitalization, preterm birth, and stillbirth. Several factors are likely to contribute to the susceptibility of pregnant individuals to severe lung disease including changes in pulmonary physiology, immune defenses, and effector functions of some immune cells. Pregnancy is also a physiologic state characterized by higher levels of multiple hormones that may impact the effector functions of immune cells, such as progesterone, estrogen, human chorionic gonadotropin, prolactin, and relaxin. Each of these hormones acts to support a tolerogenic immune state of pregnancy, which helps prevent fetal rejection, but may also contribute to an impaired antiviral response. In this review, we address the unique role of adaptive and innate immune cells in the control of pathogenic respiratory viruses and how pregnancy and specific hormones can impact their effector actions. We highlight viruses with sex-specific differences in infection outcomes and why pregnancy hormones may contribute to fetal protection but aid the virus at the expense of the mother's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Cervantes
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Irene Cruz Talavera
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Emma Every
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brahm Coler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
| | - Miranda Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Amanda Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hanning Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kristina Adams Waldorf
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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12
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Abstract
Tissue-resident immune cells span both myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages, have been found in multiple human tissues, and play integral roles at all stages of the immune response, from maintaining homeostasis to responding to infectious challenges to resolution of inflammation to tissue repair. In humans, studying immune cells and responses in tissues is challenging, although recent advances in sampling and high-dimensional profiling have provided new insights into the ontogeny, maintenance, and functional role of tissue-resident immune cells. Each tissue contains a specific complement of resident immune cells. Moreover, resident immune cells for each lineage share core properties, along with tissue-specific adaptations. Here we propose a five-point checklist for defining resident immune cell types in humans and describe the currently known features of resident immune cells, their mechanisms of development, and their putative functional roles within various human organs. We also consider these aspects of resident immune cells in the context of future studies and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Gray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA;
| | - Donna L Farber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA;
- Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
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13
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Wang Y, Guan Y, Hu Y, Li Y, Lu N, Zhang C. Murine CXCR3+CXCR6+γδT Cells Reside in the Liver and Provide Protection Against HBV Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 12:757379. [PMID: 35126348 PMCID: PMC8814360 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.757379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells play a key role in the innate immune response and serve as the first line of defense against infection and tumors. These cells are defined as tissue-resident lymphocytes in skin, lung, and intestinal mucosa. They are also relatively abundant in the liver; however, little is known about the residency of hepatic γδT cells. By comparing the phenotype of murine γδT cells in liver, spleen, thymus, and small intestine, a CXCR3+CXCR6+ γδT-cell subset with tissue-resident characteristics was found in liver tissue from embryos through adults. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells mediated retention of CXCR3+CXCR6+ γδT cells through the interactions between CXCR3 and CXCR6 and their chemokines. During acute HBV infection, CXCR3+CXCR6+ γδT cells produced high levels of IFN-γ and adoptive transfer of CXCR3+CXCR6+ γδT cells into acute HBV-infected TCRδ−/− mice leading to lower HBsAg and HBeAg expression. It is suggested that liver resident CXCR3+CXCR6+ γδT cells play a protective role during acute HBV infection. Strategies aimed at expanding and activating liver resident CXCR3+CXCR6+ γδT cells both in vivo or in vitro have great prospects for use in immunotherapy that specifically targets acute HBV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer/methods
- Animals
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Hepatitis B/metabolism
- Hepatitis B virus/pathogenicity
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/virology
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/virology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/virology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR3/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR6/metabolism
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/virology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yun Guan
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Yuan Hu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Nan Lu
- Institute of Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Cai Zhang, ; Nan Lu,
| | - Cai Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Cai Zhang, ; Nan Lu,
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14
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The Role of γδ T Cells as a Line of Defense in Viral Infections after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation: Opportunities and Challenges. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010117. [PMID: 35062321 PMCID: PMC8779492 DOI: 10.3390/v14010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the complex interplay between inflammation and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), viral reactivations are often observed and cause substantial morbidity and mortality. As toxicity after allo-HSCT within the context of viral reactivations is mainly driven by αβ T cells, we describe that by delaying αβ T cell reconstitution through defined transplantation techniques, we can harvest the full potential of early reconstituting γδ T cells to control viral reactivations. We summarize evidence of how the γδ T cell repertoire is shaped by CMV and EBV reactivations after allo-HSCT, and their potential role in controlling the most important, but not all, viral reactivations. As most γδ T cells recognize their targets in an MHC-independent manner, γδ T cells not only have the potential to control viral reactivations but also to impact the underlying hematological malignancies. We also highlight the recently re-discovered ability to recognize classical HLA-molecules through a γδ T cell receptor, which also surprisingly do not associate with GVHD. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of γδ T cells and their receptors within and outside the context of allo-HSCT, as well as the opportunities and challenges for developers and for payers.
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15
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Tissue-resident immunity in the lung: a first-line defense at the environmental interface. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:827-854. [PMID: 36305904 PMCID: PMC9614767 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The lung is a vital organ that incessantly faces external environmental challenges. Its homeostasis and unimpeded vital function are ensured by the respiratory epithelium working hand in hand with an intricate fine-tuned tissue-resident immune cell network. Lung tissue-resident immune cells span across the innate and adaptive immunity and protect from infectious agents but can also prove to be pathogenic if dysregulated. Here, we review the innate and adaptive immune cell subtypes comprising lung-resident immunity and discuss their ontogeny and role in distinct respiratory diseases. An improved understanding of the role of lung-resident immunity and how its function is dysregulated under pathological conditions can shed light on the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases.
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16
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von Massow G, Oh S, Lam A, Gustafsson K. Gamma Delta T Cells and Their Involvement in COVID-19 Virus Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:741218. [PMID: 34777353 PMCID: PMC8586491 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.741218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The global outbreak of the SARS-Cov-2 virus in 2020 has killed millions of people worldwide and forced large parts of the world into lockdowns. While multiple vaccine programs are starting to immunize the global population, there is no direct cure for COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-Cov-2 infection. A common symptom in patients is a decrease in T cells, called lymphopenia. It is as of yet unclear what the exact role of T cells are in the immune response to COVID-19. The research so far has mainly focused on the involvement of classical αβ T cells. However, another subset of T cells called γδ T cells could have an important role to play. As part of the innate immune system, γδ T cells respond to inflammation and stressed or infected cells. The γδ T cell subset appears to be particularly affected by lymphopenia in COVID-19 patients and commonly express activation and exhaustion markers. Particularly in children, this subset of T cells seems to be most affected. This is interesting and relevant because γδ T cells are more prominent and active in early life. Their specific involvement in this group of patients could indicate a significant role for γδ T cells in this disease. Furthermore, they seem to be involved in other viral infections and were able to kill SARS infected cells in vitro. γδ T cells can take up, process and present antigens from microbes and human cells. As e.g. tumour-associated antigens are presented by MHC on γδ T cells to classical T-cells, we argue here that it stands to reason that also viral antigens, such as SARS-Cov-2-derived peptides, can be presented in the same way. γδ T cells are already used for medical purposes in oncology and have potential in cancer therapy. As γδ T cells are not necessarily able to distinguish between a transformed and a virally infected cell it could therefore be of great interest to investigate further the relationship between COVID-19 and γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg von Massow
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Oh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alan Lam
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenth Gustafsson
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Yu L, Zhang Y, Xiong J, Liu J, Zha Y, Kang Q, Zhi P, Wang Q, Wang H, Zeng W, Huang Y. Activated γδ T Cells With Higher CD107a Expression and Inflammatory Potential During Early Pregnancy in Patients With Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion. Front Immunol 2021; 12:724662. [PMID: 34484234 PMCID: PMC8416064 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.724662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported the involvement of γδ T cells in recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA); however, both pathogenic and protective effects were suggested. To interrogate the role of γδ T cells in RSA, peripheral blood from RSA patients and healthy women with or without pregnancy were analyzed for γδ T cells by flow cytometry (n = 9–11 for each group). Moreover, the decidua from pregnant RSA patients and healthy controls (RSA-P and HC-P group, respectively) was simultaneously stained for γδ T cells by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and bulk sequenced for gene expression. Our results demonstrated that the frequencies of peripheral γδ T cells and their subpopulations in RSA patients were comparable to that in healthy subjects, but the PD1 expression on Vδ2+ cells was increased in pregnant patients. Furthermore, peripheral Vδ2+ cells in RSA-P patients demonstrated significantly increased expression of CD107a, as compared to that in pregnant healthy controls. In addition, RSA-P patients had higher proportion of IL-17A-secreting but not IL-4-secreting Vδ2+ cells compared to the control groups. In decidua, an inflammatory microenvironment was also evident in RSA-P patients, in which CCL8 expression and the infiltration of certain immune cells were higher than that in the HC-P group, as revealed by transcriptional analysis. Finally, although the presence of γδ T cells in decidua could be detected during pregnancy in both RSA patients and healthy subjects by multicolor IHC analysis, the expression of CD107a on γδ T cells was markedly higher in the RSA-P group. Collectively, our results indicated that the increased activation, cytotoxicity, and inflammatory potential of peripheral and/or local γδ T cells might be responsible for the pathogenesis of RSA. These findings could provide a better understanding of the role of γδ T cells in RSA and shed light on novel treatment strategies by targeting γδ T cells for RSA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yu
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Chaoyang City, Chaoyang, China
| | - Jinfeng Xiong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Zhi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanjiang Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yafei Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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18
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Wang X, Xiang Z, Liu Y, Huang C, Pei Y, Wang X, Zhi H, Wong WHS, Wei H, Ng IOL, Lee PPW, Chan GCF, Lau YL, Tu W. Exosomes derived from Vδ2-T cells control Epstein-Barr virus-associated tumors and induce T cell antitumor immunity. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/563/eaaz3426. [PMID: 32998970 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz3426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of life-threatening Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated tumors remains a great challenge, especially for patients with relapsed or refractory disease. Here, we found that exosomes derived from phosphoantigen-expanded Vδ2-T cells (Vδ2-T-Exos) contained death-inducing ligands (FasL and TRAIL), an activating receptor for natural killer (NK) cells (NKG2D), immunostimulatory ligands (CD80 and CD86), and antigen-presenting molecules (MHC class I and II). Vδ2-T-Exos targeted and efficiently killed EBV-associated tumor cells through FasL and TRAIL pathways and promoted EBV antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell expansion. Administration of Vδ2-T-Exos effectively controlled EBV-associated tumors in Rag2-/-γc-/- and humanized mice. Because expanding Vδ2-T cells and preparing autologous Vδ2-T-Exos from cancer patients ex vivo in large scale is challenging, we explored the antitumor activity of allogeneic Vδ2-T-Exos in humanized mouse cancer models. Here, we found that allogeneic Vδ2-T-Exos had more effective antitumor activity than autologous Vδ2-T-Exos in humanized mice; the allogeneic Vδ2-T-Exos increased the infiltration of T cells into tumor tissues and induced more robust CD4 and CD8 T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Compared with exosomes derived from NK cells (NK-Exos) with direct cytotoxic antitumor activity or dendritic cells (DC-Exos) that induced T cell antitumor responses, Vδ2-T-Exos directly killed tumor cells and induced T cell-mediated antitumor response, thus resulting in more effective control of EBV-associated tumors. This study provided proof of concept for the strategy of using Vδ2-T-Exos, especially allogeneic Vδ2-T-Exos, to treat EBV-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Wang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yinping Liu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chunyu Huang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yujun Pei
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hui Zhi
- Biostatistics and Clinical Research Methodology Unit, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wilfred Hing-Sang Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Pamela Pui-Wah Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Godfrey Chi-Fung Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yu-Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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19
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McCarthy NE, Stagg AJ, Price CL, Mann ER, Gellatly NL, Al-Hassi HO, Knight SC, Panoskaltsis N. Patients with gastrointestinal irritability after TGN1412-induced cytokine storm displayed selective expansion of gut-homing αβ and γδT cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:1143-1153. [PMID: 33048222 PMCID: PMC7552579 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Following infusion of the anti-CD28 superagonist monoclonal antibody TGN1412, three of six previously healthy, young male recipients developed gastrointestinal irritability associated with increased expression of 'gut-homing' integrin β7 on peripheral blood αβT cells. This subset of patients with intestinal symptoms also displayed a striking and persistent expansion of putative Vδ2+ γδT cells in the circulation which declined over a 2-year period following drug infusion, concordant with subsiding gut symptoms. These data demonstrate that TGN1412-induced gastrointestinal symptoms were associated with dysregulation of the 'gut-homing' pool of blood αβ and γδT cells, induced directly by the antibody and/or arising from the subsequent cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E McCarthy
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK.
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Andrew J Stagg
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
- Centre for Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Bart's and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Claire L Price
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
- Lucid Group Communications, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Mann
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Nichola L Gellatly
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
| | - Hafid O Al-Hassi
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
- Research Institute in Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Stella C Knight
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK
| | - Nicki Panoskaltsis
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK.
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College London, Northwick Park and St. Mark's Campus, London, UK.
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- BioMedical Systems Engineering Laboratory, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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20
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Caron J, Ridgley LA, Bodman-Smith M. How to Train Your Dragon: Harnessing Gamma Delta T Cells Antiviral Functions and Trained Immunity in a Pandemic Era. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666983. [PMID: 33854516 PMCID: PMC8039298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of viruses with pandemic potential such as the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus causing COVID-19 poses a global health challenge. There is remarkable progress in vaccine technology in response to this threat, but their design often overlooks the innate arm of immunity. Gamma Delta (γδ) T cells are a subset of T cells with unique features that gives them a key role in the innate immune response to a variety of homeostatic alterations, from cancer to microbial infections. In the context of viral infection, a growing body of evidence shows that γδ T cells are particularly equipped for early virus detection, which triggers their subsequent activation, expansion and the fast deployment of antiviral functions such as direct cytotoxic pathways, secretion of cytokines, recruitment and activation of other immune cells and mobilization of a trained immunity memory program. As such, γδ T cells represent an attractive target to stimulate for a rapid and effective resolution of viral infections. Here, we review the known aspects of γδ T cells that make them crucial component of the immune response to viruses, and the ways that their antiviral potential can be harnessed to prevent or treat viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Caron
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Alice Ridgley
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bodman-Smith
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Huang C, Xiang Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xu J, Zhang H, Zeng Y, Tu W. NKG2D as a Cell Surface Marker on γδ-T Cells for Predicting Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients With Unexplained Repeated Implantation Failure. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631077. [PMID: 33777016 PMCID: PMC7988228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune tolerance to semi-allogeneic fetus is essential for a successful implantation and pregnancy. Growing evidence indicated that low cytotoxic activity of γδ-T cells, which is mediated by activation and inhibitory receptors, is important for establishment of maternal immune tolerant microenvironment. However, the correlation between receptors on peripheral blood γδ-T cells, such as NKG2D, CD158a, and CD158b, and pregnancy outcome in patients with unexplained repeated implantation failure (uRIF) remains unclear. In this study, the association between the expression level of these receptors and pregnancy outcome in patients with uRIF was investigated. Thirty-eight women with uRIF were enrolled and divided into two groups: successful group and failed group, according to the pregnancy outcome on different gestational periods. The percentage of NKG2D+ γδ-T cells in lymphocytes was significantly higher in uRIF patients who had failed clinical pregnancy in subsequent cycle, compared with those who had successful clinical pregnancy. However, there were no differences about the frequencies of CD158a+ and CD158b+ γδ-T cells between the successful and failed groups. The receiver operating characteristic curve exhibited that the optimal cut-off value of NKG2D+ γδ-T cells was 3.24%, with 92.3% sensitivity and 66.7% specificity in predicting clinical pregnancy failure in uRIF patients. The patients with uRIF were further divided into two groups, group 1 (NKG2D+ γδ-T cells <3.24%) and group 2 (NKG2D+ γδ-T cells ≥3.24%), based on the cut-off value. The live birth rate of patients in the group 1 and group 2 were 61.5 and 28.0%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival curve further suggested that the frequency of NKG2D+ γδ-T cells in lymphocytes negatively correlated with live birth rate in patients with uRIF. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the frequency of peripheral blood NKG2D+ γδ-T cells among lymphocytes is a potential predictor for pregnancy outcome in uRIF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Huang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongnu Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuye Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongzhan Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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22
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Edmans M, McNee A, Porter E, Vatzia E, Paudyal B, Martini V, Gubbins S, Francis O, Harley R, Thomas A, Burt R, Morgan S, Fuller A, Sewell A, Charleston B, Bailey M, Tchilian E. Magnitude and Kinetics of T Cell and Antibody Responses During H1N1pdm09 Infection in Inbred Babraham Pigs and Outbred Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 11:604913. [PMID: 33603740 PMCID: PMC7884753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used the pig, a large natural host animal for influenza with many physiological similarities to humans, to characterize αβ, γδ T cell and antibody (Ab) immune responses to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus infection. We evaluated the kinetic of virus infection and associated response in inbred Babraham pigs with identical MHC (Swine Leucocyte Antigen) and compared them to commercial outbred animals. High level of nasal virus shedding continued up to days 4 to 5 post infection followed by a steep decline and clearance of virus by day 9. Adaptive T cell and Ab responses were detectable from days 5 to 6 post infection reaching a peak at 9 to 14 days. γδ T cells produced cytokines ex vivo at day 2 post infection, while virus reactive IFNγ producing γδ T cells were detected from day 7 post infection. Analysis of NP tetramer specific and virus specific CD8 and CD4 T cells in blood, lung, lung draining lymph nodes, and broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) showed clear differences in cytokine production between these tissues. BAL contained the most highly activated CD8, CD4, and γδ T cells producing large amounts of cytokines, which likely contribute to elimination of virus. The weak response in blood did not reflect the powerful local lung immune responses. The immune response in the Babraham pig following H1N1pdm09 influenza infection was comparable to that of outbred animals. The ability to utilize these two swine models together will provide unparalleled power to analyze immune responses to influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Edmans
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Adam McNee
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Porter
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Vatzia
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Basu Paudyal
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Martini
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Ore Francis
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Harley
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Thomas
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Burt
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Morgan
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Fuller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Charleston
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Mick Bailey
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Elma Tchilian
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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23
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Clohosey ML, Mann BT, Ryan PL, Apanasovich TV, Maggirwar SB, Pennington DJ, Soriano-Sarabia N. Comparable Vδ2 Cell Functional Characteristics in Virally Suppressed People Living with HIV and Uninfected Individuals. Cells 2020; 9:E2568. [PMID: 33271808 PMCID: PMC7760715 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between innate and adaptive pathways is a critical component to developing an effective, lasting immune response. Among natural effector cells, innate-like γδ T cells promote immunity by facilitating communication between the two compartments and exerting cytotoxic effector functions. Dysregulation of γδ T cell populations is a byproduct of primary Humanimmunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This is most pronounced in the depletion and loss of function within cells expressing a Vγ9Vδ2 TCR (Vδ2 cells). Whether or not prolonged viral suppression mediated by antiretroviral therapy (ART) can reverse these effects has yet to be determined. In this study, we present evidence of similar Vδ2 cell functional responses within a cohort of people living with HIV (PLWH) that has been stably suppressed for >1 year and uninfected donors. Through the use of aminobisphosphonate drugs, we were able to generate a comprehensive comparison between ex vivo and expanded Vδ2 cells within each group. Both groups had largely similar compositions of memory and effector phenotypes, post-expansion TCR repertoire diversity, and cytotoxic capabilities. Our findings support the notion that ART promotes the recovery of Vδ2 polyfunctionality and provides insight for strategies aiming to reconstitute the full immune response after infection with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Clohosey
- UNC-HIV Cure Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27009, USA;
| | - Brendan T. Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 98092, USA; (B.T.M.); (S.B.M.)
| | - Paul L. Ryan
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK;
| | | | - Sanjay B. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 98092, USA; (B.T.M.); (S.B.M.)
| | - Daniel J. Pennington
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK;
| | - Natalia Soriano-Sarabia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 98092, USA; (B.T.M.); (S.B.M.)
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24
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Zizzo G, Cohen PL. Imperfect storm: is interleukin-33 the Achilles heel of COVID-19? THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY 2020; 2:e779-e790. [PMID: 33073244 PMCID: PMC7546716 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unique cytokine signature of COVID-19 might provide clues to disease mechanisms and possible future therapies. Here, we propose a pathogenic model in which the alarmin cytokine, interleukin (IL)-33, is a key player in driving all stages of COVID-19 disease (ie, asymptomatic, mild-moderate, severe-critical, and chronic-fibrotic). In susceptible individuals, IL-33 release by damaged lower respiratory cells might induce dysregulated GATA-binding factor 3-expressing regulatory T cells, thereby breaking immune tolerance and eliciting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-induced autoinflammatory lung disease. Such disease might be initially sustained by IL-33-differentiated type-2 innate lymphoid cells and locally expanded γδ T cells. In severe COVID-19 cases, the IL-33-ST2 axis might act to expand the number of pathogenic granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-expressing T cells, dampen antiviral interferon responses, elicit hyperinflammation, and favour thromboses. In patients who survive severe COVID-19, IL-33 might drive pulmonary fibrosis by inducing myofibroblasts and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We discuss the therapeutic implications of these hypothetical pathways, including use of therapies that target IL-33 (eg, anti-ST2), T helper 17-like γδ T cells, immune cell homing, and cytokine balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Zizzo
- Temple Autoimmunity Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, ASST Ovest Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Philip L Cohen
- Temple Autoimmunity Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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25
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Clark BL, Thomas PG. A Cell for the Ages: Human γδ T Cells across the Lifespan. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8903. [PMID: 33255339 PMCID: PMC7727649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the human immune system is exacerbated by age-related changes to immune cell functionality. Many of these age-related effects remain undescribed or driven by mechanisms that are poorly understood. γδ T cells, while considered an adaptive subset based on immunological ontogeny, retain both innate-like and adaptive-like characteristics. This T cell population is small but mighty, and has been implicated in both homeostatic and disease-induced immunity within tissues and throughout the periphery. In this review, we outline what is known about the effect of age on human peripheral γδ T cells, and call attention to areas of the field where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi L. Clark
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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26
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Paoli A, Gorini S, Caprio M. The dark side of the spoon - glucose, ketones and COVID-19: a possible role for ketogenic diet? J Transl Med 2020; 18:441. [PMID: 33218357 PMCID: PMC7677746 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is posing a serious challenge to the health-care systems worldwide, with an enormous impact on health conditions and loss of lives. Notably, obesity and its related comorbidities are strictly related with worse clinical outcomes of COVID-19 disease. Recently, there is a growing interest in the clinical use of ketogenic diets (KDs), particularly in the context of severe obesity with related metabolic complications. KDs have been proven effective for a rapid reduction of fat mass, preserving lean mass and providing an adequate nutritional status. In particular, the physiological increase in plasma levels of ketone bodies exerts important anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects, which may reveal as precious tools to prevent infection and potential adverse outcomes of COVID-19 disease. We discuss here the importance of KDs for a rapid reduction of several critical risk factors for COVID-19, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and hypertension, based on the known effects of ketone bodies on inflammation, immunity, metabolic profile and cardiovascular function. We do believe that a rapid reduction of all modifiable risk factors, especially obesity with its metabolic complications, should be a pillar of public health policies and interventions, in view of future waves of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefania Gorini
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Via di Val Cannuta, 247, 00166, Rome, Italy.
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27
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Sabbaghi A, Miri SM, Keshavarz M, Mahooti M, Zebardast A, Ghaemi A. Role of γδ T cells in controlling viral infections with a focus on influenza virus: implications for designing novel therapeutic approaches. Virol J 2020; 17:174. [PMID: 33183352 PMCID: PMC7659406 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza virus infection is among the most detrimental threats to the health of humans and some animals, infecting millions of people annually all around the world and in many thousands of cases giving rise to pneumonia and death. All those health crises happen despite previous and recent developments in anti-influenza vaccination, suggesting the need for employing more sophisticated methods to control this malign infection. Main body The innate immunity modules are at the forefront of combating against influenza infection in the respiratory tract, among which, innate T cells, particularly gamma-delta (γδ) T cells, play a critical role in filling the gap needed for adaptive immune cells maturation, linking the innate and adaptive immunity together. Upon infection with influenza virus, production of cytokines and chemokines including CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 from respiratory epithelium recruits γδ T cells at the site of infection in a CCR5 receptor-dependent fashion. Next, γδ T cells become activated in response to influenza virus infection and produce large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, especially IL-17A. Regardless of γδ T cells' roles in triggering the adaptive arm of the immune system, they also protect the respiratory epithelium by cytolytic and non-cytolytic antiviral mechanisms, as well as by enhancing neutrophils and natural killer cells recruitment to the infection site. CONCLUSION In this review, we explored varied strategies of γδ T cells in defense to influenza virus infection and how they can potentially provide balanced protective immune responses against infected cells. The results may provide a potential window for the incorporation of intact or engineered γδ T cells for developing novel antiviral approaches or for immunotherapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailar Sabbaghi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Miri
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Keshavarz
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mehran Mahooti
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arghavan Zebardast
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
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28
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Uldrich AP, Rigau M, Godfrey DI. Immune recognition of phosphoantigen-butyrophilin molecular complexes by γδ T cells. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:74-83. [PMID: 33017054 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are an important component of the immune system. They are often enriched in non-lymphoid tissues and exhibit diverse functional attributes including rapid activation, cytokine production, proliferation, and acquisition of cytotoxicity following both TCR-dependent and TCR-independent stimulation, but poor capacity for immunological memory. They can detect a broad range of antigens, although typically not peptide-MHC complexes in contrast to alpha-beta (αβ) T cells. In humans, a prominent population of γδ T cells, defined as Vγ9Vδ2+ cells, reacts to small phosphorylated non-peptide "phosphoantigens" (pAgs). The molecular mechanism underpinning this recognition is poorly defined, but is known to involve butyrophilin family members and appears to involve indirect pAg recognition via alterations to butyrophilin molecular complexes. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of pAg recognition by γδ T cells including the role of butyrophilins and in particular, a newly described role for butyrophilin 2A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Marc Rigau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Institute of Experimental Immunology at the University Clinic of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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29
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Lei L, Qian H, Yang X, Zhang X, Zhang D, Dai T, Guo R, Shi L, Cheng Y, Zhang B, Zhou X, Hu J, Guo Y. The phenotypic changes of γδ T cells in COVID-19 patients. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:11603-11606. [PMID: 32864865 PMCID: PMC7576249 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel pneumonia-associated respiratory syndrome named coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), which was caused by SARS-CoV-2,broke out in Wuhan, China, in the end of 2019. Unfortunately, there is no specific antiviral agent or vaccine available to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections. The information regarding the immunological characteristics in COVID-19 patients remains limited. Here, we collected the blood samples from 18 healthy donors (HD) and 38 COVID-19 patients to analyze changes on γδ T cell population. In comparison with HD, the γδ T cell percentage decreased, while the activation marker CD25 expression increased in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Interestingly, the CD4 expression was upregulated in γδ T cells reflecting the occurrence of a specific effector cell population, which may serve as a biomarker for the assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongbo Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 8th hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingzhe Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Tongxin Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 8th hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 8th hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanbin Cheng
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinsong Hu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yaling Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 8th hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
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30
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CD137 costimulation enhances the antiviral activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells against influenza virus. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:74. [PMID: 32488072 PMCID: PMC7266814 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza epidemics and pandemics are constant threats to global public health. Although strategies including vaccines and antiviral drugs have achieved great advances in controlling influenza virus infection, the efficacy of these strategies is limited by the highly frequent mutations in the viral genome and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Our previous study indicated that boosting the immunity of human Vγ9Vδ2-T cells with the phosphoantigen pamidronate could be a therapeutic strategy to treat seasonal and avian influenza virus infections. However, one notable drawback of γδ-T cell-based immunotherapy is the rapid exhaustion of proliferation and effector responses due to repeated treatments with phosphoantigens. Here, we found that the expression of CD137 was inducible in Vγ9Vδ2-T cells following antigenic stimulation. CD137+ Vγ9Vδ2-T cells displayed more potent antiviral activity against influenza virus than their CD137− counterparts in vitro and in Rag2-/- γc-/- mice. We further demonstrated that CD137 costimulation was essential for Vγ9Vδ2-T cell activation, proliferation, survival and effector functions. In humanized mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, CD137 costimulation with a recombinant human CD137L protein boosted the therapeutic effects of pamidronate against influenza virus. Our study provides a novel strategy of targeting CD137 to improve the efficacy of Vγ9Vδ2-T cell-based immunotherapy.
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31
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Xu W, Lau ZWX, Fulop T, Larbi A. The Aging of γδ T Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E1181. [PMID: 32397491 PMCID: PMC7290956 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the coming decades, many developed countries in the world are expecting the "greying" of their populations. This phenomenon poses unprecedented challenges to healthcare systems. Aging is one of the most important risk factors for infections and a myriad of diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. A common denominator that is implicated in these diseases is the immune system. The immune system consists of the innate and adaptive arms that complement each other to provide the host with a holistic defense system. While the diverse interactions between multiple arms of the immune system are necessary for its function, this complexity is amplified in the aging immune system as each immune cell type is affected differently-resulting in a conundrum that is especially difficult to target. Furthermore, certain cell types, such as γδ T cells, do not fit categorically into the arms of innate or adaptive immunity. In this review, we will first introduce the human γδ T cell family and its ligands before discussing parallels in mice. By covering the ontogeny and homeostasis of γδ T cells during their lifespan, we will better capture their evolution and responses to age-related stressors. Finally, we will identify knowledge gaps within these topics that can advance our understanding of the relationship between γδ T cells and aging, as well as age-related diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Xu
- Biology of Aging Program and Immunomonitoring Platform, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (W.X.); (Z.W.X.L.)
| | - Zandrea Wan Xuan Lau
- Biology of Aging Program and Immunomonitoring Platform, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (W.X.); (Z.W.X.L.)
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
| | - Anis Larbi
- Biology of Aging Program and Immunomonitoring Platform, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; (W.X.); (Z.W.X.L.)
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada;
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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32
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Goldberg EL, Molony RD, Kudo E, Sidorov S, Kong Y, Dixit VD, Iwasaki A. Ketogenic diet activates protective γδ T cell responses against influenza virus infection. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:eaav2026. [PMID: 31732517 PMCID: PMC7189564 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aav2026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection-associated morbidity and mortality are a key global health care concern, necessitating the identification of new therapies capable of reducing the severity of IAV infections. In this study, we show that the consumption of a low-carbohydrate, high-fat ketogenic diet (KD) protects mice from lethal IAV infection and disease. KD feeding resulted in an expansion of γδ T cells in the lung that improved barrier functions, thereby enhancing antiviral resistance. Expansion of these protective γδ T cells required metabolic adaptation to a ketogenic diet because neither feeding mice a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet nor providing chemical ketone body substrate that bypasses hepatic ketogenesis protected against infection. Therefore, KD-mediated immune-metabolic integration represents a viable avenue toward preventing or alleviating influenza disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Goldberg
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Ryan D Molony
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eriko Kudo
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Sviatoslav Sidorov
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Yong Kong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, W.M. Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Vishwa Deep Dixit
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Yale Center for Research on Aging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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33
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Sant S, Jenkins MR, Dash P, Watson KA, Wang Z, Pizzolla A, Koutsakos M, Nguyen TH, Lappas M, Crowe J, Loudovaris T, Mannering SI, Westall GP, Kotsimbos TC, Cheng AC, Wakim L, Doherty PC, Thomas PG, Loh L, Kedzierska K. Human γδ T-cell receptor repertoire is shaped by influenza viruses, age and tissue compartmentalisation. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1079. [PMID: 31559018 PMCID: PMC6756999 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although γδ T cells comprise up to 10% of human peripheral blood T cells, questions remain regarding their role in disease states and T‐cell receptor (TCR) clonal expansions. We dissected anti‐viral functions of human γδ T cells towards influenza viruses and defined influenza‐reactive γδ TCRs in the context of γδ‐TCRs across the human lifespan. Methods We performed 51Cr‐killing assay and single‐cell time‐lapse live video microscopy to define mechanisms underlying γδ T‐cell‐mediated killing of influenza‐infected targets. We assessed cytotoxic profiles of γδ T cells in influenza‐infected patients and IFN‐γ production towards influenza‐infected lung epithelial cells. Using single‐cell RT‐PCR, we characterised paired TCRγδ clonotypes for influenza‐reactive γδ T cells in comparison with TCRs from healthy neonates, adults, elderly donors and tissues. Results We provide the first visual evidence of γδ T‐cell‐mediated killing of influenza‐infected targets and show distinct features to those reported for CD8+ T cells. γδ T cells displayed poly‐cytotoxic profiles in influenza‐infected patients and produced IFN‐γ towards influenza‐infected cells. These IFN‐γ‐producing γδ T cells were skewed towards the γ9δ2 TCRs, particularly expressing the public GV9‐TCRγ, capable of pairing with numerous TCR‐δ chains, suggesting their significant role in γδ T‐cell immunity. Neonatal γδ T cells displayed extensive non‐overlapping TCRγδ repertoires, while adults had enriched γ9δ2‐pairings with diverse CDR3γδ regions. Conversely, the elderly showed distinct γδ‐pairings characterised by large clonal expansions, a profile also prominent in adult tissues. Conclusion Human TCRγδ repertoire is shaped by age, tissue compartmentalisation and the individual's history of infection, suggesting that these somewhat enigmatic γδ T cells indeed respond to antigen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Misty R Jenkins
- Immunology Division Walter and Eliza Hall Institute Melbourne VIC Australia.,LaTrobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne VIC Australia.,Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Pradyot Dash
- Department of Immunology St Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis TN USA
| | - Katherine A Watson
- Immunology Division Walter and Eliza Hall Institute Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Angela Pizzolla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Thi Ho Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Martha Lappas
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Mercy Hospital for Women University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | | | - Tom Loudovaris
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research Fitzroy VIC Australia
| | - Stuart I Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research Fitzroy VIC Australia
| | - Glen P Westall
- Lung Transplant Unit Alfred Hospital Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Tom C Kotsimbos
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine The Alfred Hospital Melbourne VIC Australia.,Department of Medicine Central Clinical School The Alfred Hospital Melbourne Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Allen C Cheng
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia.,Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology Unit Alfred Health Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Linda Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Peter C Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia.,Immunology Division Walter and Eliza Hall Institute Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology St Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis TN USA
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
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The Role of Innate Leukocytes during Influenza Virus Infection. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:8028725. [PMID: 31612153 PMCID: PMC6757286 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8028725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is a serious threat to humans and animals, with the potential to cause severe pneumonia and death. Annual vaccination strategies are a mainstay to prevent complications related to influenza. However, protection from the emerging subtypes of influenza A viruses (IAV) even in vaccinated individuals is challenging. Innate immune cells are the first cells to respond to IAV infection in the respiratory tract. Virus replication-induced production of cytokines from airway epithelium recruits innate immune cells to the site of infection. These leukocytes, namely, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and γδ T cells, become activated in response to IAV, to contain the virus and protect the airway epithelium while triggering the adaptive arm of the immune system. This review addresses different anti-influenza virus schemes of innate immune cells and how these cells fine-tune the balance between immunoprotection and immunopathology during IAV infection. Detailed understanding on how these innate responders execute anti-influenza activity will help to identify novel therapeutic targets to halt IAV replication and associated immunopathology.
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35
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Dantzler KW, de la Parte L, Jagannathan P. Emerging role of γδ T cells in vaccine-mediated protection from infectious diseases. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1072. [PMID: 31485329 PMCID: PMC6712516 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are fascinating cells that bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems. They have long been known to proliferate rapidly following infection; however, the identity of the specific γδ T cell subsets proliferating and the role of this expansion in protection from disease have only been explored more recently. Several recent studies have investigated γδ T‐cell responses to vaccines targeting infections such as Mycobacterium, Plasmodium and influenza, and studies in animal models have provided further insight into the association of these responses with improved clinical outcomes. In this review, we examine the evidence for a role for γδ T cells in vaccine‐induced protection against various bacterial, protozoan and viral infections. We further discuss results suggesting potential mechanisms for protection, including cytokine‐mediated direct and indirect killing of infected cells, and highlight remaining open questions in the field. Finally, building on current efforts to integrate strategies targeting γδ T cells into immunotherapies for cancer, we discuss potential approaches to improve vaccines for infectious diseases by inducing γδ T‐cell activation and cytotoxicity.
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36
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Changes of γδT cell subtypes during pregnancy and their influences in spontaneous abortion. J Reprod Immunol 2019; 131:57-62. [PMID: 30710888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A successful pregnancy is a complicated process that involves the precisely timed regulation of endocrine as well as immune system. Despite increasing knowledge about immunology in gestation, the studies of immune cells in endometrium and decidua are still fragmented. Dynamic data is lacking on the transition of pre-pregnancy endometrial lymphocytes to initial pregnancy states as well as to second/third-trimester status. Here, we determined the composition of Gamma delta (γδ) T cells in endometrium and decidua from women with normal pregnancy and unexplained spontaneous abortion. We found that the frequency of γδT cells is fluctuating over the course of pregnancy, and these changes were regulated by progesterone. Different from peripheral blood, Vδ1+ γδT cells accounted for the majority in endometrium and early-pregnancy decidua of healthy women, and endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) may involve in Vδ1/ Vδ2 shift directly. Moreover, an increase in the percentage of γδT cells with Vδ2 subset predominant in early-pregnancy decidua was associated with unexplained spontaneous abortion. Our results unraveled the precise timing of γδT cells occurring during pregnancy and the close relationship among endocrine, immune cells and pregnancy, which can further help understand and solve the problem of infertility and unexplained spontaneous abortion.
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37
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Palomino-Segura M, Virgilio T, Morone D, Pizzagalli DU, Gonzalez SF. Imaging Cell Interaction in Tracheal Mucosa During Influenza Virus Infection Using Two-photon Intravital Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2018:58355. [PMID: 30176018 PMCID: PMC6128112 DOI: 10.3791/58355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of cell-cell or cell-pathogen interaction in vivo is an important tool to understand the dynamics of the immune response to infection. Two-photon intravital microscopy (2P-IVM) allows the observation of cell interactions in deep tissue in living animals, while minimizing the photobleaching generated during image acquisition. To date, different models for 2P-IVM of lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs have been described. However, imaging of respiratory organs remains a challenge due to the movement associated with the breathing cycle of the animal. Here, we describe a protocol to visualize in vivo immune cell interactions in the trachea of mice infected with influenza virus using 2P-IVM. To this purpose, we developed a custom imaging platform, which included the surgical exposure and intubation of the trachea, followed by the acquisition of dynamic images of neutrophils and dendritic cells (DC) in the mucosal epithelium. Additionally, we detailed the steps needed to perform influenza intranasal infection and flow cytometric analysis of immune cells in the trachea. Finally, we analyzed neutrophil and DC motility as well as their interactions during the course of a movie. This protocol allows for the generation of stable and bright 4D images necessary for the assessment of cell-cell interactions in the trachea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Palomino-Segura
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI); Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern
| | - Tommaso Virgilio
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI); Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern
| | - Diego Morone
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI)
| | - Diego U Pizzagalli
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI); Institute of Computational Science, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI)
| | - Santiago F Gonzalez
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI);
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies demonstrated the significant loss of gamma delta T (γδ T) cells in patients with sepsis. Given the distinct functions of γδ T cells in human anti-infection immunity, we are interested in evaluating the phenotype and function of peripheral γδ T cells in septic patients and determining their prognostic implication. METHOD This prospective study has been conducted in three intensive care units of a university hospital. During the period from October 2014 to June 2015, we enrolled 107 patients who were consecutively admitted and diagnosed with severe sepsis or septic shock (excluding previous immunosuppression) and 45 healthy controls. Using flow cytometry, we analyzed the in vivo percentage of γδ T cells in cluster of differentiation (CD)3 cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as their expression of surface markers (CD69, natural-killer group 2 member D [NKG2D], programmed death receptor 1 [PD-1]) and intracellular cytokines (interferon-γ [IFN-γ], interleukin [IL]-17, IL-10, transforming growth factor-β [TGF-β]). Then we further evaluated the different responses of γδ T cells after the antigen stimulation ex vivo by measuring CD69 and IFN-γ expression. Lastly, we conducted the multiple logistic regressions to analyze the risk factor for prognosis. RESULTS Compared with control group, γδ T cells in septic patients displayed a decrease in percentage, increase in CD69, decrease in NKG2D, and increase in cytokine expression (pro-inflammatory IFN-γ, IL-17, anti-inflammatory IL-10, TGF-β) in vivo. After the antigen stimulation ex vivo, both CD69 and IFN-γ expression in γδ T cells were significantly lower in septic patients than control group. Importantly, the decrease in CD69 and IFN-γ expression was more pronounced in non-survivors than survivors. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that lower expression of IFN-γ after stimulation is a dependent risk factor that associated with patient 28-day death in septic patients (OR: 0.908 [95% CI: 0.853-0.966]). CONCLUSION Septic patients showed altered phenotype and function of γδ T cells. The impaired IFN-γ expression by γδ T cells after the antigen stimulation is associated with mortality in septic patients.
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Simões AE, Di Lorenzo B, Silva-Santos B. Molecular Determinants of Target Cell Recognition by Human γδ T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:929. [PMID: 29755480 PMCID: PMC5934422 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique capabilities of gamma-delta (γδ) T cells to recognize cells under stressed conditions, particularly infected or transformed cells, and killing them or regulating the immune response against them, paved the way to the development of promising therapeutic strategies for cancer and infectious diseases. From a mechanistic standpoint, numerous studies have unveiled a remarkable flexibility of γδ T cells in employing their T cell receptor and/or NK cell receptors for target cell recognition, even if the relevant ligands often remain uncertain. Here, we review the accumulated knowledge on the diverse mechanisms of target cell recognition by γδ T cells, focusing on human γδ T cells, to provide an integrated perspective of their therapeutic potential in cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André E Simões
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Biagio Di Lorenzo
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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40
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Innate and adaptive T cells in influenza disease. Front Med 2018; 12:34-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-017-0606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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41
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Jin Q, Jiang L, Chen Q, Li X, Xu Y, Sun X, Zhao Z, Wei L. Rapid flow cytometry-based assay for the evaluation of γδ T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3555-3562. [PMID: 29257316 PMCID: PMC5802153 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The effector function of natural killer, lymphokine-activated killer cells and T lymphocytes is commonly evaluated by radioactive chromium-release cytotoxicity assays. In addition to this indirect method, fluorescence assays have been described for the assessment of in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In the present study, target cells were stained with 5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE), which is a stable integrated fluorescent probe that allows target and effector cells to be distinguished from one another. Staining of target THP-1 cells with 8 µM CFSE revealed high and stable loading of fluorescence and no effect of the viability of cells. After 4 h of in vitro co-culture between γδ T cells and CFSE-labeled infected or uninfected THP-1 cells, staining with propidium iodide (PI) was performed to distinguish between vital and dead cells. During sample acquisition, target cells were gated on the CFSE positivity and examined for cell death based on the uptake of PI. CFSE and PI double positive cells were recognized as the dead target cells. The percentage of cytotoxicity in the CFSE-gated cell population was calculated by subtracting the value obtained for non-specific PI-positive target cells, which was measured in a control group that did not contain effector cells. The present study describes a simple and convenient assay that is based on the direct quantitative and qualitative analysis of cell damage at a single cell level utilizing a two-color flow cytometric assay. In conclusion, the flow cytometric-based assay described in the current study is a simple, sensitive and reliable tool to determine the cytolytic activity of γδ T lymphocytes against mycobacteria. Therefore, the present study may provide valuable information concerning the methods employed to investigate the function of γδ T cells and potentially other lymphocyte subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qili Jin
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Lina Jiang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Qiao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Yinyin Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Xueqian Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Ziyue Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - Li Wei
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
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Xue C, Wen M, Bao L, Li H, Li F, Liu M, Lv Q, An Y, Zhang X, Cao B. Vγ4 +γδT Cells Aggravate Severe H1N1 Influenza Virus Infection-Induced Acute Pulmonary Immunopathological Injury via Secreting Interleukin-17A. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1054. [PMID: 28912779 PMCID: PMC5583159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus remains a critical global health concern and causes high levels of morbidity and mortality. Severe acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are the major outcomes among severely infected patients. Our previous study found that interleukin (IL)-17A production by humans or mice infected with influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 substantially contributes to ALI and subsequent morbidity and mortality. However, the cell types responsible for IL-17A production during the early stage of severe influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 infection remained unknown. In this study, a mouse model of severe influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 infection was established. Our results show that, in the lungs of infected mice, the percentage of γδT cells, but not the percentages of CD4+Th and CD8+Tc cells, gradually increased and peaked at 3 days post-infection (dpi). Further analysis revealed that the Vγ4+γδT subset, but not the Vγ1+γδT subset, was significantly increased among the γδT cells. At 3 dpi, the virus induced significant increases in IL-17A in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum. IL-17A was predominantly secreted by γδT cells (especially the Vγ4+γδT subset), but not CD4+Th and CD8+Tc cells at the early stage of infection, and IL-1β and/or IL-23 were sufficient to induce IL-17A production by γδT cells. In addition to secreting IL-17A, γδT cells secreted interferon (IFN)-γ and expressed both an activation-associated molecule, natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D), and an apoptosis-associated molecule, FasL. Depletion of γδT cells or the Vγ4+γδT subset significantly rescued the virus-induced weight loss and improved the survival rate by decreasing IL-17A secretion and reducing immunopathological injury. This study demonstrated that, by secreting IL-17A, lung Vγ4+γδT cells, at least, in part mediated influenza A (H1N1) pdm09-induced immunopathological injury. This mechanism might serve as a promising new target for the prevention and treatment of ALI induced by influenza A (H1N1) pdm09.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Xue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjie Wen
- Department of Immunology, The Research Centre of Microbiome, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Bao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fengdi Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Lv
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunqing An
- Department of Immunology, The Research Centre of Microbiome, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xulong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Research Centre of Microbiome, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center for Respiratory Diseases, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Xiang Z, Tu W. Dual Face of Vγ9Vδ2-T Cells in Tumor Immunology: Anti- versus Pro-Tumoral Activities. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1041. [PMID: 28894450 PMCID: PMC5581348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2-T cells are considered as potent effector cells for tumor immunotherapy through directly killing tumor cells and indirectly regulating other innate and adaptive immune cells to establish antitumoral immunity. The antitumoral activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells is governed by a complicated set of activating and inhibitory cell receptors. In addition, cytokine milieu in tumor microenvironment can also induce the pro-tumoral activities and functional plasticity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells. Here, we review the anti- versus pro-tumoral activities of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells and discuss the mechanisms underlying the recognition, activation, differentiation and regulation of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in tumor immunosurveillance. The comprehensive understanding of the dual face of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in tumor immunology may improve the therapeutic efficacy and clinical outcomes of Vγ9Vδ2-T cell-based tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiang
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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44
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Cheng M, Hu S. Lung-resident γδ T cells and their roles in lung diseases. Immunology 2017; 151:375-384. [PMID: 28555812 PMCID: PMC5506441 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are greatly enriched in mucosal and epithelial sites, such as the skin, respiratory, digestive and reproductive tracts, and they are defined as tissue-resident immune cells. In these tissues, the characteristics and biological roles of γδ T cells are distinguished from each other. The lungs represent the most challenging immunological dilemma for the host, and they have their own effective immune system. The abundance of γδ T cells, an estimated 8-20% of resident pulmonary lymphocytes in the lung, maintains lung tissue homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the recent research progress regarding lung-resident γδ T cells, including their development, residency and immune characteristics, and discuss the involvement of γδ T cells in infectious diseases of the lung, including bacterial, viral and fungal infections; lung allergic disease; lung inflammation and fibrosis; and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cheng
- Gerontology Institute of Anhui ProvinceAnhui Province HospitalAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunotherapy and Nutrition TherapyHefeiChina
| | - Shilian Hu
- Gerontology Institute of Anhui ProvinceAnhui Province HospitalAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiChina
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumour Immunotherapy and Nutrition TherapyHefeiChina
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45
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Stervbo U, Pohlmann D, Baron U, Bozzetti C, Jürchott K, Mälzer JN, Nienen M, Olek S, Roch T, Schulz AR, Warth S, Neumann A, Thiel A, Grützkau A, Babel N. Age dependent differences in the kinetics of γδ T cells after influenza vaccination. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181161. [PMID: 28700738 PMCID: PMC5507438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence is a hallmark of the aging immune system and is considered the main cause of a reduced vaccine efficacy in the elderly. Although γδ T cells can become activated by recombinant influenza hemagglutinin, their age-related immunocompetence during a virus-induced immune response has so far not been investigated. In this study we evaluate the kinetics of γδ T cells after vaccination with the trivalent 2011/2012 northern hemisphere seasonal influenza vaccine. We applied multi-parametric flow cytometry to a cohort of 21 young (19-30 years) and 23 elderly (53-67 years) healthy individuals. Activated and proliferating γδ T cells, as identified by CD38 and Ki67 expression, were quantified on the days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, and 21. We observed a significantly lower number of activated and proliferating γδ T cells at baseline and following vaccination in elderly as compared to young individuals. The kinetics changes of activated γδ T cells were much stronger in the young, while corresponding changes in the elderly occurred slower. In addition, we observed an association between day 21 HAI titers of influenza A and the frequencies of Ki67+ γδ T cells at day 7 in the young. In conclusion, aging induces alterations of the γδ T cell response that might have negative implications for vaccination efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Stervbo
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Clinic I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, Herne, Germany
| | - Dominika Pohlmann
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Baron
- Epiontis GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cecilia Bozzetti
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Jürchott
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Nora Mälzer
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mikalai Nienen
- Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Clinic I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, Herne, Germany
| | - Sven Olek
- Epiontis GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toralf Roch
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Kantstraße 55, Teltow, Germany
| | - Axel Ronald Schulz
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin–a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Warth
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Avidan Neumann
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Thiel
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Grützkau
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin–a Leibniz Institute, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Translational Medicine, Medical Clinic I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Hölkeskampring 40, Herne, Germany
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46
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Huang C, Zeng Y, Tu W. The role of γδ-T cells during human pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 78. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Huang
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; the University of Hong Kong; HongKong China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation; Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology of Hospital; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation; Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology of Hospital; Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; the University of Hong Kong; HongKong China
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47
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Cimini E, Viola D, Cabeza-Cabrerizo M, Romanelli A, Tumino N, Sacchi A, Bordoni V, Casetti R, Turchi F, Martini F, Bore JA, Koundouno FR, Duraffour S, Michel J, Holm T, Zekeng EG, Cowley L, Garcia Dorival I, Doerrbecker J, Hetzelt N, Baum JHJ, Portmann J, Wölfel R, Gabriel M, Miranda O, Díaz G, Díaz JE, Fleites YA, Piñeiro CA, Castro CM, Koivogui L, Magassouba N, Diallo B, Ruibal P, Oestereich L, Wozniak DM, Lüdtke A, Becker-Ziaja B, Capobianchi MR, Ippolito G, Carroll MW, Günther S, Di Caro A, Muñoz-Fontela C, Agrati C. Different features of Vδ2 T and NK cells in fatal and non-fatal human Ebola infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005645. [PMID: 28558022 PMCID: PMC5472323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human Ebola infection is characterized by a paralysis of the immune system. A signature of αβ T cells in fatal Ebola infection has been recently proposed, while the involvement of innate immune cells in the protection/pathogenesis of Ebola infection is unknown. Aim of this study was to analyze γδ T and NK cells in patients from the Ebola outbreak of 2014–2015 occurred in West Africa, and to assess their association with the clinical outcome. Methodology/Principal findings Nineteen Ebola-infected patients were enrolled at the time of admission to the Ebola Treatment Centre in Guinea. Patients were divided in two groups on the basis of the clinical outcome. The analysis was performed by using multiparametric flow cytometry established by the European Mobile Laboratory in the field. A low frequency of Vδ2 T-cells was observed during Ebola infection, independently from the clinical outcome. Moreover, Vδ2 T-cells from Ebola patients massively expressed CD95 apoptotic marker, suggesting the involvement of apoptotic mechanisms in Vδ2 T-cell loss. Interestingly, Vδ2 T-cells from survivors expressed an effector phenotype and presented a lower expression of the CTLA-4 exhaustion marker than fatalities, suggesting a role of effector Vδ2 T-cells in the protection. Furthermore, patients with fatal Ebola infection were characterized by a lower NK cell frequency than patients with non fatal infection. In particular, both CD56bright and CD56dim NK frequency were very low both in fatal and non fatal infections, while a higher frequency of CD56neg NK cells was associated to non-fatal infections. Finally, NK activation and expression of NKp46 and CD158a were independent from clinical outcome. Conclusions/Significances Altogether, the data suggest that both effector Vδ2 T-cells and NK cells may play a role in the complex network of protective response to EBOV infection. Further studies are required to characterize the protective effector functions of Vδ2 and NK cells. Human Ebola infection presents a high lethality rate and is characterized by a paralysis of the immune response. The definition of the protective immune profile during Ebola infection represents a main challenge useful in vaccine and therapy design. In particular, the protective/pathogenetic involvement of innate immune cells during Ebola infection in humans remains to be clarified. Nineteen Ebola-infected patients were enrolled at the time of admission to the Ebola Treatment Center in Guinea, and the profiling of innate immunity was correlated with the clinical outcome. Our results show that both effector Vδ2 T-cells and NK cells were associated with survival, suggesting their involvement in the complex network of protective response to EBOV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cimini
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Viola
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Mar Cabeza-Cabrerizo
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonella Romanelli
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Tumino
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sacchi
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Bordoni
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Casetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Turchi
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Martini
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Joseph A Bore
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sophie Duraffour
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janine Michel
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Holm
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elsa Gayle Zekeng
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Cowley
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down and Colindale, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Garcia Dorival
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Juliane Doerrbecker
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (TWINCORE), Institute for Experimental Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Hetzelt
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan H J Baum
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jasmine Portmann
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez Laboratory, Switzerland
| | - Roman Wölfel
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Gabriel
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - José E Díaz
- Hospital Militar Central Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yoel A Fleites
- Hospital Militar Central Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | | | - N'Faly Magassouba
- Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Boubacar Diallo
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. (Boubacar is separate: World Health Organization, Conakry, Guinea)
| | - Paula Ruibal
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, Germany.,Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Oestereich
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, Germany
| | - David M Wozniak
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Lüdtke
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, Germany.,Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Beate Becker-Ziaja
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria R Capobianchi
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Miles W Carroll
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down and Colindale, United Kingdom.,University of Southampton, South General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Günther
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonino Di Caro
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy.,European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany
| | - César Muñoz-Fontela
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, Germany.,Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
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Zoledronic acid renders human M1 and M2 macrophages susceptible to Vδ2 + γδ T cell cytotoxicity in a perforin-dependent manner. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1205-1215. [PMID: 28501938 PMCID: PMC5579165 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Vδ2+ T cells are a subpopulation of γδ T cells in humans that are cytotoxic towards cells which accumulate isopentenyl pyrophosphate. The nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid (ZA), can induce tumour cell lines to accumulate isopentenyl pyrophosphate, thus rendering them more susceptible to Vδ2+ T cell cytotoxicity. However, little is known about whether ZA renders other, non-malignant cell types susceptible. In this study we focussed on macrophages (Mϕs), as these cells have been shown to take up ZA. We differentiated peripheral blood monocytes from healthy donors into Mϕs and then treated them with IFN-γ or IL-4 to generate M1 and M2 Mϕs, respectively. We characterised these Mϕs based on their phenotype and cytokine production and then tested whether ZA rendered them susceptible to Vδ2+ T cell cytotoxicity. Consistent with the literature, IFN-γ-treated Mϕs expressed higher levels of the M1 markers CD64 and IL-12p70, whereas IL-4-treated Mϕs expressed higher levels of the M2 markers CD206 and chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 18. When treated with ZA, both M1 and M2 Mϕs became susceptible to Vδ2+ T cell cytotoxicity. Vδ2+ T cells expressed perforin and degranulated in response to ZA-treated Mϕs as shown by mobilisation of CD107a and CD107b to the cell surface. Furthermore, cytotoxicity towards ZA-treated Mϕs was sensitive—at least in part—to the perforin inhibitor concanamycin A. These findings suggest that ZA can render M1 and M2 Mϕs susceptible to Vδ2+ T cell cytotoxicity in a perforin-dependent manner, which has important implications regarding the use of ZA in cancer immunotherapy.
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Kyaw T, Tipping P, Toh BH, Bobik A. Killer cells in atherosclerosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:67-75. [PMID: 28483458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes (killer cells) play a critical role in host defence mechanisms, protecting against infections and in tumour surveillance. They can also exert detrimental effects in chronic inflammatory disorders and in autoimmune diseases. Tissue cell death and necrosis are prominent features of advanced atherosclerotic lesions including vulnerable/unstable lesions which are largely responsible for most heart attacks and strokes. Evidence for accumulation of killer cells in both human and mouse lesions together with their cytotoxic potential strongly suggest that these cells contribute to cell death and necrosis in lesions leading to vulnerable plaque development and potentially plaque rupture. Killer cells can be divided into two groups, adaptive and innate immune cells depending on whether they require antigen presentation for activation. Activated killer cells detect damaged or stressed cells and kill by cytotoxic mechanisms that include perforin, granzymes, TRAIL or FasL and in some cases TNF-α. In this review, we examine current knowledge on killer cells in atherosclerosis, including CD8 T cells, CD28- CD4 T cells, natural killer cells and γδ-T cells, mechanisms responsible for their activation, their migration to developing lesions and effector functions. We also discuss pharmacological strategies to prevent their deleterious vascular effects by preventing/limiting their cytotoxic effects within atherosclerotic lesions as well as potential immunomodulatory therapies that might better target lesion-resident killer cells, to minimise any compromise of the immune system, which could result in increased susceptibility to infections and reductions in tumour surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Kyaw
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Peter Tipping
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alex Bobik
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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50
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Human γδ T cells: From a neglected lymphocyte population to cellular immunotherapy: A personal reflection of 30years of γδ T cell research. Clin Immunol 2016; 172:90-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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