1
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Lu J, Cheng Y, Qi X, Chen H, Lin X. Rethinking urban wilderness: Status, hotspots, and prospects of ecosystem services. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 364:121366. [PMID: 38870786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
An urban wilderness (UW) portrays a coupled relationship between natural dominance and human management in urban spaces. Superior ecosystem services support sustainable urban development. Systematic assessments of the status, changes, and trends of urban wilderness ecosystem services (UWESs) are a debated and complex issue in the field of ecology despite their importance as key components for ensuring the sustainable development of human society. We aimed to analyze the scientific literature on UWESs published between 2000 and 2022. Hence, we used bibliometric methods to comprehensively understand the research lineages, hotspots, and trends in UWESs. We found that the research has roughly encompassed two phases: initial exploration (2000-2011)and rapid growth (2012-2022). The number of publications has shown a continuous growth trend; the research hotspots include UWs compared with urban greenfield ecosystems, the spatio-temporal dynamics of UWs, ecosystem services and value assessments, and the coupling and linkage between ecosystem maintenance and human health. We summarized relevant trends for the concept of harmonious coexistence between human beings and nature, focusing on spatio-temporal dynamics and multidisciplinary integration as well as reinforcing the link with human health. This study can serve as a reference for demonstrating the value of UWESs and their practical application in a UW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Lu
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China; School of Geographical Sciences, School of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Yu Cheng
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China; School of Geographical Sciences, School of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Xinhua Qi
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China; School of Geographical Sciences, School of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Huayang Chen
- Fujian Institute of Education, Fuzhou 350025, China.
| | - Xijie Lin
- Institute of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China; School of Geographical Sciences, School of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
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2
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Lee JR, Shaw JD, Ropert-Coudert Y, Terauds A, Chown SL. Conservation features of the terrestrial Antarctic Peninsula. AMBIO 2024; 53:1037-1049. [PMID: 38589654 PMCID: PMC11101391 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-024-02009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Conserving landscapes used by multiple stakeholder groups requires understanding of what each stakeholder values. Here we employed a semi-structured, participatory approach to identify features of value in the terrestrial Antarctic Peninsula related to biodiversity, science and tourism. Stakeholders identified 115 features, ranging from Adélie penguin colonies to sites suitable for snowshoeing tourists. We split the features into seven broad categories: science, tourism, historic, biodiversity, geographic, habitat, and intrinsic features, finding that the biodiversity category contained the most features of any one category, while science stakeholders identified the most features of any stakeholder group. Stakeholders have overlapping interests in some features, particularly for seals and seabirds, indicating that thoughtful consideration of their inclusion in future management is required. Acknowledging the importance of tourism and other social features in Antarctica and ensuring their integration into conservation planning and assessment will increase the likelihood of implementing successful environmental management strategies into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine R Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UK.
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia.
| | - Justine D Shaw
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Yan Ropert-Coudert
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, UMR 7372, La Rochelle Université - CNRS, 79360, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Aleks Terauds
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
- Integrated Digital East Antarctic Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Climate Change, the Environment, Energy and Water, Kingston, TAS, 7050, Australia
| | - Steven L Chown
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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3
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Levis C, Flores BM, Campos-Silva JV, Peroni N, Staal A, Padgurschi MCG, Dorshow W, Moraes B, Schmidt M, Kuikuro TW, Kuikuro H, Wauja K, Kuikuro K, Kuikuro A, Fausto C, Franchetto B, Watling J, Lima H, Heckenberger M, Clement CR. Contributions of human cultures to biodiversity and ecosystem conservation. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:866-879. [PMID: 38503867 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The expansion of globalized industrial societies is causing global warming, ecosystem degradation, and species and language extinctions worldwide. Mainstream conservation efforts still focus on nature protection strategies to revert this crisis, often overlooking the essential roles of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IP&LC) in protecting biodiversity and ecosystems globally. Here we assess the scientific literature to identify relationships between biodiversity (including ecosystem diversity) and cultural diversity, and investigate how these connections may affect conservation outcomes in tropical lowland South America. Our assessment reveals a network of interactions and feedbacks between biodiversity and diverse IP&LC, suggesting interconnectedness and interdependencies from which multiple benefits to nature and societies emerge. We illustrate our findings with five case studies of successful conservation models, described as consolidated or promising 'social-ecological hope spots', that show how engagement with IP&LC of various cultures may be the best hope for biodiversity and ecosystem conservation, particularly when aligned with science and technology. In light of these five inspiring cases, we argue that conservation science and policies need to recognize that protecting and promoting both biological and cultural diversities can provide additional co-benefits and solutions to maintain ecosystems resilient in the face of global changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Levis
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
- Affiliated scholar, Brazil LAB, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Bernardo M Flores
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - João Vitor Campos-Silva
- Instituto Juruá, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Nivaldo Peroni
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Arie Staal
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maíra C G Padgurschi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Meteorológicas e Climáticas aplicadas à Agricultura, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Wetherbee Dorshow
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
- Earth Analytic, Puente Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Bruno Moraes
- Earth Analytic, Puente Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil
| | - Morgan Schmidt
- Laboratório de Estudos Interdisciplinares em Arqueologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Taku Wate Kuikuro
- Associação Indígena Kuikuro do Alto Xingu, Aldeia Ipatse, Território Indígena do Alto Xingu, Canarana and Gaúcha do Norte, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Huke Kuikuro
- Associação Indígena Kuikuro do Alto Xingu, Aldeia Ipatse, Território Indígena do Alto Xingu, Canarana and Gaúcha do Norte, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Kumessi Wauja
- Associação Indígena Kuikuro do Alto Xingu, Aldeia Ipatse, Território Indígena do Alto Xingu, Canarana and Gaúcha do Norte, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Kalutata Kuikuro
- Associação Indígena Kuikuro do Alto Xingu, Aldeia Ipatse, Território Indígena do Alto Xingu, Canarana and Gaúcha do Norte, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Afukaka Kuikuro
- Associação Indígena Kuikuro do Alto Xingu, Aldeia Ipatse, Território Indígena do Alto Xingu, Canarana and Gaúcha do Norte, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Carlos Fausto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Visiting Research Scholar, Princeton Institute for International and Regional Studies, Brazil LAB, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Bruna Franchetto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Watling
- Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Charles R Clement
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
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Mohammed G, Boutkhil M, Ayoub B. Assessing the impact of anthropogenic activities on land use and land cover changes in the semi-arid and arid regions of Algeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:383. [PMID: 38502244 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12524-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Land use and land cover are critical factors that influence the environment and human societies. The dynamics of LULC have been constantly changing over the years, and these changes can be analyzed at different spatial and temporal scales to evaluate their impact on the natural environment. This study employs multitemporal satellite data to investigate the spatial and temporal transformations that occurred in Sidi Bel Abbes province, situated in the northwestern region of Algeria, spanning from the early 1990s to 2020. Notably, this province is marked by semi-arid and arid climates and hosts a wide range of areas susceptible to gravitational hazards, especially concerning alterations in land use and forest fires. The interactive supervised classification tool utilized multiple machine learning algorithms including Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Classification and Regression Tree, and Naïve Bayes to produce land cover maps with six main classes: forest, shrub, agricultural, pasture, water, and built-up. The findings showed that the LULC in the research area is undergoing continuous change, particularly in the forest and agricultural lands. The forest area has decreased significantly from 10.80% in 1990 to 5.25% in 2020, mainly due to repeated fires. Agricultural land has also undergone fluctuations, with a decrease between 1990 and 2000, followed by a fast increase and near stabilization in 2020. At the same time, pasture lands and built-up areas grew steadily, increasing by 11% and 13% respectively. This research highlights the significant impact of anthropogenic activities on LULC changes in the study area and can provide valuable insights for promoting sustainable land use policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghefar Mohammed
- National Institute of Forestry Research (INRF), Sidi Bel Abbes 07, 22000, Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria.
| | - Morsli Boutkhil
- National Institute of Forestry Research (INRF), 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Bouazzaoui Ayoub
- Research Laboratory N ° 31, Conservatory Management of Water, Soil and Forests, Department of Forest Resources, University of Tlemcen, 13000, Tlemcen, Algeria
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5
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Venier-Cambron C, Malek Ž, Verburg PH. Avoiding an unjust transition to sustainability: An equity metric for spatial conservation planning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216693120. [PMID: 37844239 PMCID: PMC10614950 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216693120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The need for rapid and ambitious conservation and restoration is widely acknowledged, yet concern exists that the widespread reallocation of land to nature would disproportionately affect the world's poor. Conservation and restoration may limit nutrition and livelihood options and thus negatively affect social development objectives. Although much research looks into global-scale scenarios and planning of conservation and restoration, spatial evaluations of these trade-offs in terms of equity remain limited. We fill this gap by identifying areas where conservation or restoration under different future scenarios and prioritization maps expand nature into landscapes that likely support land-dependent communities in their local food security. By contrasting the expansion of nature into areas supporting land-dependent communities vs. places where the food system is supported by regional to global markets, we highlight the need for disaggregated indicators that reflect the diversity of human land-use needs in order to identify more equitable pathways. Conservation prioritizations were found to result in more equitable land-use outcomes than the land-use outcomes of widely used socioeconomic scenarios. Accounting for differentiated social impacts in model-based conservation and restoration planning and global scale scenario assessment can help achieve a more inclusive transition to sustainability as well as reduce barriers to meaningful change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Venier-Cambron
- Department of Environmental Geography, Instituut voor Milieuvraagstukken, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HVAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Žiga Malek
- Department of Environmental Geography, Instituut voor Milieuvraagstukken, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HVAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H. Verburg
- Department of Environmental Geography, Instituut voor Milieuvraagstukken, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HVAmsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Mokotjomela TM, Vukeya LR, Pamla L, Scott Z. The critical role of coastal protected areas in buffering impacts of extreme climatic conditions on bird diversity and their ecosystem services' provisioning in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10452. [PMID: 37869441 PMCID: PMC10587736 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we documented the diversity of bird species in the Eastern Cape coastal nature reserves (i.e., Hluleka, Dwesa, Silaka and Mkhambati nature reserves), and determined the potential role of each bird species in habitat maintenance using two functional traits (i.e., body mass and feeding mode) as the function's proxy. We applied the timed species count approach during bird observations, coupled with drive-by surveys to maximise spatial coverage of each nature reserve over four years. To evaluate functional diversity, bird species were classified based on functional traits such as the adult body, and their potential ecological role derived from their feeding mode and habitat associations. Over 864 h, we accumulated 818 bird records containing 178 different bird species that were classified into 58 families with 32 species occurring in all nature reserves. Shannon-Wiener Diversity Indices showed very high overall species diversity across the nature reserves (H > 3.5) with no differences detected across sites. Although no significant correlations between vegetation changes measured through Normalised Difference vegetation Index (NDVI) in each nature reserve and the number of bird records, forest bird species were dominant (42.1%; N = 178) throughout years of observation and diversity remained high (H > 3.5). Bird species abundance only increased significantly across all nature reserves during 2018-2019. All four nature reserves had a similar distribution of bird functional traits with both high functional richness (FRic = 1), and divergence (FDiv = 0.8) and moderate evenness (FEve = 0.4). Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) demonstrated a positive correlation between bird sizes and functions with large birds mainly associated with predators and carrion. Small birds and medium birds had a similar composition of species in terms of functionality being seed dispersers across the nature reserves. A significant effect that insectivores and carrions displayed in MCA plots, suggest the availability of indirect pollination services. Despite extreme drought conditions across the country in 2019, NDVI levels remained largely consistent over time in these four reserves; and thus, they offer important refuge for birds during extreme climatic conditions such as drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabiso Michael Mokotjomela
- South Africa National Biodiversity InstituteFree State National Botanical GardenBloemfonteinSouth Africa
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalPietermaritzburgSouth Africa
| | | | - Lwandiso Pamla
- Scientific Services UnitEastern Cape Parks and Tourism AgencyEast LondonSouth Africa
| | - Zimbini Scott
- South Africa National Biodiversity InstituteFree State National Botanical GardenBloemfonteinSouth Africa
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7
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Bosson JB, Huss M, Cauvy-Fraunié S, Clément JC, Costes G, Fischer M, Poulenard J, Arthaud F. Future emergence of new ecosystems caused by glacial retreat. Nature 2023; 620:562-569. [PMID: 37587299 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Glacier shrinkage and the development of post-glacial ecosystems related to anthropogenic climate change are some of the fastest ongoing ecosystem shifts, with marked ecological and societal cascading consequences1-6. Yet, no complete spatial analysis exists, to our knowledge, to quantify or anticipate this important changeover7,8. Here we show that by 2100, the decline of all glaciers outside the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets may produce new terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystems over an area ranging from the size of Nepal (149,000 ± 55,000 km2) to that of Finland (339,000 ± 99,000 km2). Our analysis shows that the loss of glacier area will range from 22 ± 8% to 51 ± 15%, depending on the climate scenario. In deglaciated areas, the emerging ecosystems will be characterized by extreme to mild ecological conditions, offering refuge for cold-adapted species or favouring primary productivity and generalist species. Exploring the future of glacierized areas highlights the importance of glaciers and emerging post-glacial ecosystems in the face of climate change, biodiversity loss and freshwater scarcity. We find that less than half of glacial areas are located in protected areas. Echoing the recent United Nations resolution declaring 2025 as the International Year of Glaciers' Preservation9 and the Global Biodiversity Framework10, we emphasize the need to urgently and simultaneously enhance climate-change mitigation and the in situ protection of these ecosystems to secure their existence, functioning and values.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Bosson
- Asters, Conservatory of Natural Areas of Haute-Savoie, Annecy, France.
| | - M Huss
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and Glaciology (VAW), ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - S Cauvy-Fraunié
- INRAE, UR RIVERLY, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, Villeurbanne, France
| | - J C Clément
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, CARRTEL, Thonon-les-Bains, France
| | - G Costes
- Asters, Conservatory of Natural Areas of Haute-Savoie, Annecy, France
| | - M Fischer
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J Poulenard
- Laboratory Environnement Dynamique et Territoire de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France
| | - F Arthaud
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, CARRTEL, Thonon-les-Bains, France
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8
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Pörtner HO, Scholes RJ, Arneth A, Barnes DKA, Burrows MT, Diamond SE, Duarte CM, Kiessling W, Leadley P, Managi S, McElwee P, Midgley G, Ngo HT, Obura D, Pascual U, Sankaran M, Shin YJ, Val AL. Overcoming the coupled climate and biodiversity crises and their societal impacts. Science 2023; 380:eabl4881. [PMID: 37079687 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl4881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Earth's biodiversity and human societies face pollution, overconsumption of natural resources, urbanization, demographic shifts, social and economic inequalities, and habitat loss, many of which are exacerbated by climate change. Here, we review links among climate, biodiversity, and society and develop a roadmap toward sustainability. These include limiting warming to 1.5°C and effectively conserving and restoring functional ecosystems on 30 to 50% of land, freshwater, and ocean "scapes." We envision a mosaic of interconnected protected and shared spaces, including intensively used spaces, to strengthen self-sustaining biodiversity, the capacity of people and nature to adapt to and mitigate climate change, and nature's contributions to people. Fostering interlinked human, ecosystem, and planetary health for a livable future urgently requires bold implementation of transformative policy interventions through interconnected institutions, governance, and social systems from local to global levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-O Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - R J Scholes
- Global Change Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - A Arneth
- Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - D K A Barnes
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK
| | - M T Burrows
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll, UK
| | - S E Diamond
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - C M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Computational Bioscience Research Centre (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - W Kiessling
- Geozentrum Nordbayern, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Leadley
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - S Managi
- Urban Institute, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - P McElwee
- Department of Human Ecology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - G Midgley
- Global Change Biology Group, Botany and Zoology Department, University of Stellenbosch, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - H T Ngo
- Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), Bonn, Germany
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy
| | - D Obura
- Coastal Oceans Research and Development-Indian Ocean (CORDIO) East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya
- Global Climate Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - U Pascual
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science (Ikerbasque), Bilbao, Spain
- Centre for Development and Environment, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Sankaran
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Y J Shin
- Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Montpellier, Insititut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), CNRS, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - A L Val
- Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon, 69080-971 Manaus, Brazil
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9
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Forister ML, Black SH, Elphick CS, Grames EM, Halsch CA, Schultz CB, Wagner DL. Missing the bigger picture: Why insect monitoring programs are limited in their ability to document the effects of habitat loss. Conserv Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. H. Black
- The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation Portland Oregon
| | - C. S. Elphick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut
| | - E. M. Grames
- Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada
| | - C. A. Halsch
- Department of Biology University of Nevada Reno Nevada
| | - C. B. Schultz
- School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Vancouver Washington
| | - D. L. Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut
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10
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Currie J, Merritt W, Liang C, Sothe C, Beatty CR, Shackelford N, Hirsh‐Pearson K, Gonsamo A, Snider J. Prioritizing ecological restoration of converted lands in Canada by spatially integrating organic carbon storage and biodiversity benefits. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Currie
- World Wildlife Fund Canada 410 Adelaide Street West Toronto Ontario M5V 1S8 Canada
| | - Will Merritt
- World Wildlife Fund Canada 410 Adelaide Street West Toronto Ontario M5V 1S8 Canada
| | - Chris Liang
- World Wildlife Fund Canada 410 Adelaide Street West Toronto Ontario M5V 1S8 Canada
| | - Camile Sothe
- School of Earth, Environment and Society McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L8 Canada
| | - Craig R. Beatty
- World Wildlife Fund United States 1250 NW 24th Street Washington DC 20037 USA
| | - Nancy Shackelford
- School of Environmental Studies University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd Victoria British Columbia V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Kristen Hirsh‐Pearson
- Conservation Solutions Lab University of Northern British Columbia 3333 University Way Prince George British Columbia V2N 4Z9 Canada
| | - Alemu Gonsamo
- School of Earth, Environment and Society McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4L8 Canada
| | - James Snider
- World Wildlife Fund Canada 410 Adelaide Street West Toronto Ontario M5V 1S8 Canada
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11
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Weerasena L, Shier D, Tonkyn D, McFeaters M, Collins C. A sequential approach to reserve design with compactness and contiguity considerations. Ecol Modell 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2023.110281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Gallo-Cajiao E, Dolšak N, Prakash A, Mundkur T, Harris PG, Mitchell RB, Davidson N, Hansen B, Woodworth BK, Fuller RA, Price M, Petkov N, Mauerhofer V, Morrison TH, Watson JEM, Chowdhury SU, Zöckler C, Widerberg O, Yong DL, Klich D, Smagol V, Piccolo J, Biggs D. Implications of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine for the governance of biodiversity conservation. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2023.989019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining peace and conserving biodiversity hinge on an international system of cooperation codified in institutions, but Russia’s invasion of Ukraine brings recent progress to a crossroads. Against this backdrop, we address some implications of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine for the governance of biodiversity conservation both within and beyond Russia. The Russian invasion of Ukraine threatens the governance system for biodiversity conservation, as it pertains to Russia and beyond, due to three interacting factors: (i) isolation of Russia from the international system, (ii) halt and delay of international cooperation, and (iii) changes in international and domestic policy priorities. We recommend making the existing international system of governance for conserving biodiversity more resilient and adaptable, while aligning security agendas with biodiversity conservation goals.
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13
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Vilela T, Harb AM, Vergara CM. The impact of protected areas on poverty: evidence from Chile. REVISTA CHILENA DE HISTORIA NATURAL 2022. [PMCID: PMC9243912 DOI: 10.1186/s40693-022-00110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we estimate the causal relationship between protected areas and poverty in Chile from 1982 to 2002. Chile is part of the coalition of countries committed to protecting 30% of the planet by 2030; a decision that implies increasing the number of protected areas in the country. As a result of this decision, grows the national debate about the potential impacts of protected areas on the economy and society. By estimating the causal effect of protected areas on poverty, we aim to contribute to this debate in Chile. We use panel data and a quasi-experimental approach to estimate the causal effect. We find that establishing a protected area covering at least 17% of a unit’s terrestrial area causes a reduction of 0.216 standard deviations in the poverty index. This result is not sensitive to arbitrary implementation choices. Additionally, we show that the effect is driven by the Patagonia region, the part of Chile with the largest amount of new protected areas during the time frame of this study. Besides showing the benefits of protected areas to society, we hope the findings presented here might also be used to attract new investments and financial support to protected areas currently underfunded in Chile.
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14
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Asamoah EF, Di Marco M, Watson JEM, Beaumont LJ, Venter O, Maina JM. Land-use and climate risk assessment for Earth's remaining wilderness. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4890-4899.e4. [PMID: 36323323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Earth's wilderness areas are reservoirs of genetic information and carbon storage systems, and are vital to reducing extinction risks. Retaining the conservation value of these areas is fundamental to achieving global biodiversity conservation goals; however, climate and land-use risk can undermine their ability to provide these functions. The extent to which wilderness areas are likely to be impacted by these drivers has not previously been quantified. Using climate and land-use change during baseline (1971-2005) and future (2016-2050) periods, we estimate that these stressors within wilderness areas will increase by ca. 60% and 39%, respectively, under a scenario of high emission and land-use change (SSP5-RCP8.5). Nearly half (49%) of all wilderness areas could experience substantial climate change by 2050 under this scenario, potentially limiting their capacity to shelter biodiversity. Notable climate (>5 km year-1) and land-use (>0.25 km year-1) changes are expected to occur more rapidly in the unprotected wilderness, including the edges of the Amazonian wilderness, Northern Russia, and Central Africa, which support unique assemblages of species and are critical for the preservation of biodiversity. However, an alternative scenario of sustainable development (SSP1-RCP2.6) would attenuate the projected climate velocity and land-use instability by 54% and 6%, respectively. Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and preserving the remaining intact natural ecosystems can help fortify these bastions of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest F Asamoah
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, 2109 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - James E M Watson
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia; Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Linda J Beaumont
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, 2109 Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Oscar Venter
- Natural Resource and Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Joseph M Maina
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, 2109 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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15
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Tong S, Beggs PJ, Davies JM, Jiang F, Kinney PL, Liu S, Yin Y, Ebi KL. Compound impacts of climate change, urbanization and biodiversity loss on allergic disease. Int J Epidemiol 2022:6760684. [PMID: 36228124 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyac197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shilu Tong
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Public Health, Institute of Environment and Population Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul J Beggs
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Janet M Davies
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Centre Immunology and Infection Control, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Child Health, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Patrick L Kinney
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Shijian Liu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Yin
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kristie L Ebi
- Center for Health and the Global Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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16
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Sánchez de Miguel A, Bennie J, Rosenfeld E, Dzurjak S, Gaston KJ. Environmental risks from artificial nighttime lighting widespread and increasing across Europe. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl6891. [PMID: 36103525 PMCID: PMC9473566 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl6891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The nighttime environment of much of Earth is being changed rapidly by the introduction of artificial lighting. While data on spatial and temporal variation in the intensity of artificial lighting have been available at a regional and global scale, data on variation in its spectral composition have only been collected for a few locations, preventing variation in associated environmental and human health risks from being mapped. Here, we use imagery obtained using digital cameras by astronauts on the International Space Station to map variation in the spectral composition of lighting across Europe for 2012-2013 and 2014-2020. These show a regionally widespread spectral shift, from that associated principally with high-pressure sodium lighting to that associated with broad white light-emitting diodes and with greater blue emissions. Reexpressing the color maps in terms of spectral indicators of environmental pressures, we find that this trend is widely increasing the risk of harmful effects to ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sánchez de Miguel
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
- Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Instituto de Física de Particulas y del Cosmos (IPARCOS), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonathan Bennie
- Centre for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Emma Rosenfeld
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Simon Dzurjak
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Kevin J. Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
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17
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Giergiczny M, Swenson JE, Zedrosser A, Selva N. Large carnivores and naturalness affect forest recreational value. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13692. [PMID: 35953627 PMCID: PMC9372138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recreation is a crucial contribution of nature to people, relevant for forest ecosystems. Large carnivores (LCs) are important components of forests, however, their contribution to forest recreational value has not yet been evaluated. Given the current expansion of LC populations, the ongoing forest conservation debate, and the increasing use of nature for recreational purposes, this is a timely study. We used discrete choice experiments and willingness-to-travel to determine people’ preferences for both forest structural characteristics and presence of four LC species in Poland (N = 1097 respondents) and Norway (N = 1005). In both countries, two-thirds of the respondents (termed ‘wildness-positive’) perceived LCs as contributing positively to forest recreational value and preferred to visit old forests with trees of different species and ages and presence of dead wood (i.e. natural forests). Respondents with negative preferences towards LCs preferred more intensively managed forest (‘wildness-negative’); their preferences were stronger than in wildness-positive respondents and in Norway. Preferences towards wild nature were highly polarized and there were hardly neutral people. Our results showed a strong link between preferences for LC presence and forest structure, and reflected the dualism of human-nature relationships. This study highlights the need to consider the contribution of forests and LCs to human recreation services in ecosystem management policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Giergiczny
- Faculty of Economic Science, University of Warsaw, ul Długa 44/50 00-241, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jon E Swenson
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South-Eastern Norway, 3800, Bø, Telemark, Norway.,Institute for Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nuria Selva
- Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-120, Kraków, Poland.
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18
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Li X, Wang Y, Song Y. Unraveling land system vulnerability to rapid urbanization: An indicator-based vulnerability assessment for Wuhan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:112981. [PMID: 35231459 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization induced by land use change poses a great threat to the structure and function of land system. There is an urgent need to profile the components underlying the vulnerability of land system and the areas that are most vulnerable to land use change. In this study, we attempt to integrate indices associated with land system vulnerability and assess the influence of urbanization on the urban environment for the case study area of Wuhan city in China. The paper aims to (1) establish a conceptual model to explore the formation mechanism of the vulnerability coupling source-pathway-receptor-consequence (SPRC) model and IPCC vulnerability definition; (2) provide an indicator system of land system vulnerability assessment based on ecological and socioeconomic dimensions; (3) analyze the spatio-temporal variations of exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity and vulnerability. Results shed light on the spatio-temporal dynamics of components and vulnerability in rapid urbanization areas as follows: (1) land use intensity, ecological land area, three key ecosystem services (including haze regulation, flood regulation, biodiversity) and economical capacity constitute the indicator system of land system vulnerability assessment, (2) seven central districts are more exposed and sensitive to rapid urbanization than other districts and the areas of the lowest adaptive capacity are mainly located in the urban-rural fringe regions with lower ecological function and moderate economic development, (3) the most vulnerable areas mainly concentrate in central areas, while the slightly vulnerable areas are in the suburban areas. Meanwhile, the vulnerability of the urban-rural fringe region shows the fastest growing tendency, (4) the spatial-temporal distributions of vulnerability display certain relevance with that of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. This study not only contributes to promoting a general methodology to assess vulnerability in rapid urbanization area but also provides information for land use planning and policy formulation that can be used by cities in order to mitigate the vulnerability of urban ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Li
- Department of Resource and Environmental Economics, Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan, Hubei, 430205, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Yan Song
- Program on Chinese Cities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3140, United States.
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19
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Abstract
Protected areas (PAs) play a vital role in environmental conservation, particularly in Asian countries. Numerous studies were conducted on PAs in Nepal. We analyzed 864 papers from the Web of Science database using two visualization tools: VOSviewer and CiteSpace. This study identified the most influential journals, institutions, countries, and regions. In addition, we investigated the changing trend of research hotspots on PAs in Nepal. Keyword mapping was conducted for each type of PA and their differences were compared. We found that the research hotspots are changing with the shifting of conservation policies in Nepal. We suggest conducting more predictive studies on the future development of PAs. Currently, PA research is mainly conducted in traditional disciplines, but with the impact of climate change and the consequent increase in its negative impacts, academic contributions from other disciplines are expected to increase much more. We found that there was a shift in research power in countries and regions. We also detected an imbalanced distribution in which “protected areas” and “national parks” have been studied the most. Only 12 publications were about the hunting reserve, despite its importance to snow leopard conservation and economic significance to the buffer zone communities.
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20
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National scale habitat suitability analysis to evaluate and improve conservation areas for a mature forest specialist species. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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21
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Hansen AJ, Mullan K, Theobald DM, Robinson N, East A, Powell S. Informing conservation decisions to target private lands of highest ecological value and risk of loss. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2612. [PMID: 35366043 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural habitats on private lands are potentially important components of national biodiversity conservation strategies, yet they are being rapidly lost to development. Conservation easements and other means of protecting these habitats have expanded in use and will be most effective if they target private lands of highest biodiversity value and risk of loss. We developed a Biodiversity Conservation Priority Index (BCPI) based on ecological value and risk of habitat loss for remaining areas of natural vegetation cover (NVC) in the northwestern United States and addressed two questions: (1) Which remaining NVC on private lands is the highest priority for biodiversity conservation based on ecological value and risk of development? And (2) are conservation easements in NVC placed preferentially in locations of high biodiversity conservation priority? Drawing on the concept of ecological integrity, we integrated five metrics of ecological structure, function, and composition to quantify ecological value of NVC. These included net primary productivity, species richness, ecosystem type representation, imperiled species range rarity, and connectivity among "Greater Wildland Ecosystems." Risk of habitat loss was derived from analysis of biophysical and sociodemographic predictors of NVC loss. Ecological value and risk of loss were combined into the BCPI. We then analyzed spatial patterns of BCPI to identify the NVC highest in biodiversity conservation priority and examined the relationship between BCPI and conservation easement status. We found that BCPI varied spatially across the study area and was highest in western and southern portions of the study area. High BCPI was associated with suburban and rural development, roads, urban proximity, valley bottom landforms, and low intensity of current development. Existing conservation easements were distributed more towards lower BCPI values than unprotected NVC at both the study area and region scales. The BCPI can be used to better inform land use decision making at local, regional, and potentially national scales in order to better achieve biodiversity goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Hansen
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Katrina Mullan
- Department of Economics, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | | | | | - Alyson East
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Scott Powell
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
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22
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Allan JR, Possingham HP, Atkinson SC, Waldron A, Di Marco M, Butchart SHM, Adams VM, Kissling WD, Worsdell T, Sandbrook C, Gibbon G, Kumar K, Mehta P, Maron M, Williams BA, Jones KR, Wintle BA, Reside AE, Watson JEM. The minimum land area requiring conservation attention to safeguard biodiversity. Science 2022; 376:1094-1101. [PMID: 35653463 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl9127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ambitious conservation efforts are needed to stop the global biodiversity crisis. In this study, we estimate the minimum land area to secure important biodiversity areas, ecologically intact areas, and optimal locations for representation of species ranges and ecoregions. We discover that at least 64 million square kilometers (44% of terrestrial area) would require conservation attention (ranging from protected areas to land-use policies) to meet this goal. More than 1.8 billion people live on these lands, so responses that promote autonomy, self-determination, equity, and sustainable management for safeguarding biodiversity are essential. Spatially explicit land-use scenarios suggest that 1.3 million square kilometers of this land is at risk of being converted for intensive human land uses by 2030, which requires immediate attention. However, a sevenfold difference exists between the amount of habitat converted in optimistic and pessimistic land-use scenarios, highlighting an opportunity to avert this crisis. Appropriate targets in the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework to encourage conservation of the identified land would contribute substantially to safeguarding biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Allan
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hugh P Possingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Scott C Atkinson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony Waldron
- Cambridge Conservation Initiative, Department of Zoology, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK.,Faculty of Science and Engineering ARU, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Rome, Italy.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Stuart H M Butchart
- BirdLife International, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Vanessa M Adams
- School of Geography, Planning, and Spatial Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - W Daniel Kissling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Chris Sandbrook
- Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Gwili Gibbon
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK
| | - Kundan Kumar
- Rights and Resources Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Piyush Mehta
- Department of Geography and Spatial Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Martine Maron
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Brooke A Williams
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Brendan A Wintle
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - April E Reside
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - James E M Watson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.,School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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23
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Edwards M, Lisgo K, Leroux S, Krawchuk M, Cumming S, Schmiegelow F. Conservation planning integrating natural disturbances: Estimating minimum reserve sizes for an insect disturbance in the boreal forest of eastern Canada. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268236. [PMID: 35533149 PMCID: PMC9084528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Large natural disturbances such as insect outbreaks and fire are important processes for biodiversity in forest landscapes. However, few methods exist for incorporating natural disturbances into conservation planning. Intact forest landscapes, such as in the North American boreal forest, can produce large natural disturbance footprints. They also have the potential to support large reserves but size estimates based on natural disturbance are needed to guide reserve design. Historical fire data have been used to estimate minimum dynamic reserves, reserve size estimates based on maintaining natural disturbance dynamics and ensuring resilience to large natural disturbance events. While this has been a significant step towards incorporating natural disturbance into reserve design, managers currently lack guidance on how to apply these concepts in areas where fire is not the dominant natural disturbance. We generalize the minimum dynamic reserve framework to accommodate insect outbreaks and demonstrate the framework in a case study for eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) in the Canadian boreal forest. Our methods use geospatial analysis to identify minimum dynamic reserves based on a set of spatially explicit initial conditions, and simulation models to test for the maintenance of a set of dynamic conditions over time. We found considerable variability in minimum dynamic reserve size depending on the size of historic budworm disturbance events and the spatial patterns of disturbance-prone vegetation types. The minimum dynamic reserve framework provides an approach for incorporating wide-ranging natural disturbances into biodiversity conservation plans for both pro-active planning in intact landscapes, and reactive planning in more developed regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Edwards
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Kim Lisgo
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shawn Leroux
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Meg Krawchuk
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Steve Cumming
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Fiona Schmiegelow
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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24
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Large-Scale Quantification and Correlates of Ungulate Carrion Production in the Anthropocene. Ecosystems 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-022-00763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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25
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Biber MF, Voskamp A, Hof C. Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13822. [PMID: 34490662 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias F Biber
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Alke Voskamp
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Hof
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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26
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Pipoly I, Preiszner B, Sándor K, Sinkovics C, Seress G, Vincze E, Bókony V, Liker A. Extreme Hot Weather Has Stronger Impacts on Avian Reproduction in Forests Than in Cities. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.825410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change and urbanisation are among the most salient human-induced changes affecting Earth’s biota. Extreme weather events can have high biological impacts and are becoming more frequent recently. In cities, the urban heat island can amplify the intensity and frequency of hot weather events. However, the joint effects of heat events and urban microclimate on wildlife are unclear, as urban populations may either suffer more from increased heat stress or may adapt to tolerate warmer temperatures. Here, we test whether the effects of hot weather on reproductive success of great tits (Parus major) are exacerbated or dampened in urban environments compared to forest habitats. By studying 760 broods from two urban and two forest populations over 6 years, we show that 14–16 days-old nestlings have smaller body mass and tarsus length, and suffer increased mortality when they experience a higher number of hot days during the nestling period. The negative effects of hot weather on body mass and survival are significantly stronger in forests than in urban areas, where these effects are dampened or even reversed. These results suggest that urban nestlings are less vulnerable to extreme hot weather conditions than their non-urban conspecifics. This difference might be the result of adaptations that facilitate heat dissipation, including smaller body size, altered plumage and reduced brood size. Alternatively or additionally, parental provisioning and food availability may be less affected by heat in urban areas. Our findings suggest that adaptation to heat stress may help birds cope with the joint challenges of climate change and urbanisation.
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27
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Chowdhury S, Alam S, Labi MM, Khan N, Rokonuzzaman M, Biswas D, Tahea T, Mukul SA, Fuller RA. Protected areas in South Asia: Status and prospects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152316. [PMID: 34915005 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Natural ecosystems globally have been disrupted by anthropogenic activities, and the current biodiversity extinction rate exceeds the natural extinction rate by 1,000-fold. Protected areas (PAs) help insulate samples of biodiversity from these human-induced threats; however, assessments of the factors threatening biodiversity in PAs are scarce in South Asia - one of the key global epicentres of human population growth. Here, by synthesizing published literature and analysing the current configuration of the PA estate, we discuss the trends and biases in existing knowledge, identify research gaps, measure the level of PA coverage and growth patterns, and discuss the threats to South Asian biodiversity inside PAs. We showed that published studies focused mainly on documenting species distributions in PAs, were heavily biased toward vertebrates, and had been mostly conducted in India. Nearly 70% of studies focused on the distribution of organisms, while only 9% performed conservation assessments or devised strategies to manage PAs; 70% of studies cover vertebrates, while only two studies focused on marine fauna; 50% of studies focused on India, with only a handful from Afghanistan. Only three (Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka) of the eight countries already meet a terrestrial PA representation target of 17%, while no country meets a marine representation target of 10%. Most PAs were very small, with nearly 80% below 100 km2, and 22% below 1 km2. We identified that South Asian PAs are facing a broad range of anthropogenic threats - about three in five studies reported threats inside protected areas. Due to extensive anthropogenic pressures, biodiversity in South Asia is facing an existential crisis, and society-wide collaborative efforts are needed to arrest and reverse the declines. We hope this review will stimulate efforts to capitalise on the opportunity for efficient PA growth in the region on the eve of the post-2020 global biodiversity targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawan Chowdhury
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4072, Australia.
| | - Shofiul Alam
- Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | | | - Nahla Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rokonuzzaman
- Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Dipto Biswas
- Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Tasmia Tahea
- Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Sharif A Mukul
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, QLD 4556, Australia
| | - Richard A Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Kukka PM, Jung TS, Schmiegelow FKA. Spatiotemporal patterns of wolverine (Gulo gulo) harvest: the potential role of refugia in a quota-free system. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-022-01566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Poley LG, Schuster R, Smith W, Ray JC. Identifying differences in roadless areas in Canada based on global, national, and regional road datasets. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy G. Poley
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Richard Schuster
- Nature Conservancy of Canada Toronto Ontario Canada
- Carleton University Department of Biology Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Wynet Smith
- Independent Researcher Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Justina C. Ray
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada Toronto Ontario Canada
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Hayward MW, Meyer NFV, Balkenhol N, Beranek CT, Bugir CK, Bushell KV, Callen A, Dickman AJ, Griffin AS, Haswell PM, Howell LG, Jordan CA, Klop-Toker K, Moll RJ, Montgomery RA, Mudumba T, Osipova L, Périquet S, Reyna-Hurtado R, Ripple WJ, Sales LP, Weise FJ, Witt RR, Lindsey PA. Intergenerational Inequity: Stealing the Joy and Benefits of Nature From Our Children. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.830830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Aycrigg JL, Mccarley TR, Belote RT, Martinuzzi S. Wilderness areas in a changing landscape: changes in land use, land cover, and climate. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e02471. [PMID: 34626517 PMCID: PMC9285566 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wilderness areas are not immune to changes in land use, land cover, and/or climate. Future changes will intensify the balancing act of maintaining ecological conditions and untrammeled character within wilderness areas. We assessed the quantitative and spatial changes in land use, land cover, and climate predicted to occur in and around wilderness areas by (1) quantifying projected changes in land use and land cover around wilderness areas; (2) evaluating if public lands surrounding wilderness areas can buffer future land-use change; (3) quantifying future climate conditions in and around wilderness areas; and (4) identifying wilderness areas expected to experience the most change in land use, land cover, and climate. We used projections of land use (four variables), land cover (five variables), and climate (nine variables) to assess changes for 707 wilderness areas in the contiguous United States by mid-21st century under two scenarios (medium-low and high). We ranked all wilderness areas relative to each other by summing and ranking decile values for each land use, land cover, and climate variable and calculating a multivariate metric of future change. All wilderness areas were projected to experience some level of change by mid-century. The greatest land-use changes were associated with increases in agriculture, clear cutting, and developed land, while the greatest land cover changes were observed for grassland, forest, and shrubland. In 51.6% and 73.8% of wilderness areas, core area of natural vegetation surrounding wilderness was projected to decrease for the medium-low and high scenarios, respectfully. Presence of public land did not mitigate the influence of land-use change around wilderness areas. Geographically, projected changes occurred throughout the contiguous U.S., with areas in the northeast and upper Midwest projected to have the greatest land-use and climate change and the southwestern U.S. projected to undergo the greatest land cover and climate change. Our results provide insights into potential future threats to wilderness areas and the challenges associated with wilderness stewardship and climate adaptation. Despite the high degree of protection and remoteness of wilderness areas, effective management and preservation of these lands must consider future changes in land use, land cover, and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn L. Aycrigg
- Department of Fish and Wildlife SciencesCollege of Natural ResourcesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdaho83844USA
| | - T. Ryan Mccarley
- Department of Fish and Wildlife SciencesCollege of Natural ResourcesUniversity of IdahoMoscowIdaho83844USA
| | | | - Sebastian Martinuzzi
- SILVIS LaboratoryDepartment of Forest and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWisconsin53706USA
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Bergman JN, Buxton RT, Lin HY, Lenda M, Attinello K, Hajdasz AC, Rivest SA, Tran Nguyen T, Cooke SJ, Bennett JR. Evaluating the benefits and risks of social media for wildlife conservation. Facets (Ott) 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2021-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Given its extensive volume and reach, social media has the potential to widely spread conservation messaging and be a powerful tool to mobilize social change for conserving biodiversity. We synthesized gray and primary academic literature to investigate the effects of social media on wildlife conservation, revealing several overarching benefits and risks. We found that social media can increase pro-conservation behaviours among the public, increase conservation funding, and incite policy changes. Conversely, social media can contribute to species exploitation and illegal trade, cause unprecedented increases in tourism in protected areas, and perpetuate anti-conservation behaviours via misinformation. In most cases, we found that content sharing on social media did not result in a detectable impact on conservation; in this paper, however, we focus on providing examples where conservation impact was achieved. We relate these positive and negative outcomes of social media to psychological phenomena that may influence conservation efforts and discuss limitations of our findings. We conclude with recommendations of best practices to social media administrators, public social media users, nongovernmental organizations, and governing agencies to minimize conservation risks while maximizing beneficial outcomes. By improving messaging, policing online misconduct, and providing guidance for action, social media can help achieve wildlife conservation goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordanna N. Bergman
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Rachel T. Buxton
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Hsien-Yung Lin
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Magdalena Lenda
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, Kraków, 31–120, Poland
| | - Kayla Attinello
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Adrianne C. Hajdasz
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Stephanie A. Rivest
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 75 Laurier Avenue E, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Thuong Tran Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Joseph R. Bennett
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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Lemieux CJ, Beazley KF, MacKinnon D, Wright P, Kraus D, Pither R, Crawford L, Jacob AL, Hilty J. Transformational changes for achieving the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework ecological connectivity goals. Facets (Ott) 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2022-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The first draft of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) includes an unprecedented call for states that have ratified the treaty (Parties) to implement measures to maintain and enhance ecological connectivity as urgent actions to abate further biodiversity loss and ecosystem decline. Considering the challenges that lie ahead for Parties to the CBD, we highlight the ways in which effective and equitable connectivity conservation can be achieved through four transformative changes, including: (1) mainstreaming connectivity retention and restoration within biodiversity conservation sector and influencing sectors (e.g., transportation, energy, agriculture, forestry); (2) mainstreaming financial resources and incentives to support effective implementation; (3) fostering collaboration with a focus on cross-sector collective action; and (4) investing in diverse forms of knowledge (co-)production and management in support of adaptive governance. We detail 15 key actions that can be used to support the implementation of these transformative changes. While ambitious, the transformative changes and associated key actions recommended in this perspective will need to be put in place with unprecedented urgency, coherency, and coordination if Parties to the CBD truly aspire to achieve the goals and targets of the forthcoming Post-2020 GBF in this new decade of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Lemieux
- Canadian Council on Ecological Areas (CCEA)/Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Karen F. Beazley
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - David MacKinnon
- Protected Areas and Ecosystems Branch, Nova Scotia Environment, Halifax, NS B3J 2P8, Canada
| | - Pamela Wright
- Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Daniel Kraus
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada, Toronto, ON M5S 3A7, Canada
| | - Richard Pither
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, QC K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Lindsay Crawford
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, QC K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Aerin L. Jacob
- Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada
- Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative, Canmore, AB T1W 1P6, Canada
| | - Jodi Hilty
- Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative, Canmore, AB T1W 1P6, Canada
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The importance of U.S. national forest roadless areas for vulnerable wildlife species. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Angelstam P, Albulescu AC, Andrianambinina ODF, Aszalós R, Borovichev E, Cardona WC, Dobrynin D, Fedoriak M, Firm D, Hunter ML, de Jong W, Lindenmayer D, Manton M, Monge JJ, Mezei P, Michailova G, Brenes CLM, Pastur GM, Petrova OV, Petrov V, Pokorny B, Rafanoharana SC, Rosas YM, Seymour BR, Waeber PO, Wilmé L, Yamelynets T, Zlatanov T. Frontiers of protected areas versus forest exploitation: Assessing habitat network functionality in 16 case study regions globally. AMBIO 2021; 50:2286-2310. [PMID: 34657275 PMCID: PMC8563882 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Exploitation of natural forests forms expanding frontiers. Simultaneously, protected area frontiers aim at maintaining functional habitat networks. To assess net effects of these frontiers, we examined 16 case study areas on five continents. We (1) mapped protected area instruments, (2) assessed their effectiveness, (3) mapped policy implementation tools, and (4) effects on protected areas originating from their surroundings. Results are given as follows: (1) conservation instruments covered 3-77%, (2) effectiveness of habitat networks depended on representativeness, habitat quality, functional connectivity, resource extraction in protected areas, time for landscape restoration, "paper parks", "fortress conservation", and data access, (3) regulatory policy instruments dominated over economic and informational, (4) negative matrix effects dominated over positive ones (protective forests, buffer zones, inaccessibility), which were restricted to former USSR and Costa Rica. Despite evidence-based knowledge about conservation targets, the importance of spatial segregation of conservation and use, and traditional knowledge, the trajectories for biodiversity conservation were generally negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Angelstam
- School for Forest Management, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 43, 73921 Skinnskatteberg, Sweden
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, 2480 Koppang, Norway
| | - Andra-Cosmina Albulescu
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and Geology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iaşi, Carol I Boulevard No. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Réka Aszalós
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Alkotmány u. 2-4, Vácrátót, 2163 Hungary
| | - Eugene Borovichev
- Institute of the Industrial Ecology Problems of the North of the Kola Science Center of RAS, Akademgorodok Street 14a, Apatity, Murmansk, Russia
| | - Walter Cano Cardona
- International Union for Conservation of Nature-Project Integration of Protected Areas from Amazon Biome, República del Salvador Av. N 34-127 and Suiza, PO Box 170515, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Denis Dobrynin
- Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Mariia Fedoriak
- Department of Ecology and Biomonitoring, Institute of Biology, Chemistry and Bioresources, Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, 2 Kotsyubynskyi Street, Chernivtsi, 58012 Ukraine
| | - Dejan Firm
- New Zealand Forest Research Institute-Scion, 49 Sala Street, Rotorua, 3010 New Zealand
| | - Malcolm L. Hunter
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Room 226, Orono, ME 04469-5775 USA
| | - Wil de Jong
- Kyoto University, 46 Shimoadachichou, Sakyoku, Kyoto, 606‐8501 Japan
| | - David Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Michael Manton
- Faculty of Forest Science and Ecology, Vytautas Magnus University, Studentu˛ g. 13, Akademija, Kauno r., 53362 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Juan J. Monge
- Market Economics Ltd, Digital Basecamp, 1132 Hinemoa Street, Rotorua, 3010 New Zealand
| | - Pavel Mezei
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Ľ. Štúra 2, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovakia
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovakia
| | - Galina Michailova
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Science (FCIArctic RAS), 23 Northern Dvina Embankment, Arkhangel’sk, Russia 163000
| | - Carlos L. Muñoz Brenes
- Social Science, Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22202 USA
| | - Guillermo Martínez Pastur
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Houssay, 200 (9410) Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego Argentina
| | - Olga V. Petrova
- Institute of the Industrial Ecology Problems of the North of the Kola Science Center of RAS, Akademgorodok Street 14a, Apatity, Murmansk, Russia
| | - Victor Petrov
- Kola Biodiversity Conservation Center, Lenina st. 6-29, Apatity, Murmansk, Russia 184209
| | - Benny Pokorny
- Waldbau-Institut, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstr. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Serge C. Rafanoharana
- World Resources Institute Africa, Madagascar Program, Hôtel Colbert, Business Center Area, 29 Lalana Printsy Ratsimamanga, BP 3884, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Yamina Micaela Rosas
- Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Houssay, 200 (9410) Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego Argentina
| | - Bob Robert Seymour
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Room 226, Orono, ME 04469-5775 USA
| | - Patrick O. Waeber
- Forest Management and Development, Department of Environmental Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucienne Wilmé
- World Resources Institute Africa, Madagascar Program, Hôtel Colbert, Business Center Area, 29 Lalana Printsy Ratsimamanga, BP 3884, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Madagascar Research & Conservation Program, BP 3391, 101 Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Taras Yamelynets
- Faculty of Geography, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Doroshenko Street 41, L’viv, 79000 Ukraine
| | - Tzvetan Zlatanov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Brito JC, Del Barrio G, Stellmes M, Pleguezuelos JM, Saarinen J. Drivers of change and conservation needs for vertebrates in drylands: an assessment from global scale to Sahara-Sahel wetlands. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2021.1991496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Brito
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências da, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - G. Del Barrio
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (CSIC), Ctra. Sacramento sn, La Cañada, Spain
| | - M. Stellmes
- Institute of Geographical Sciences, Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - J. M. Pleguezuelos
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | - J. Saarinen
- Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland
- School of Tourism and Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
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Fletcher MS, Hamilton R, Dressler W, Palmer L. Indigenous knowledge and the shackles of wilderness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022218118. [PMID: 34580210 PMCID: PMC8501882 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022218118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental crises currently gripping the Earth have been codified in a new proposed geological epoch: the Anthropocene. This epoch, according to the Anthropocene Working Group, began in the mid-20th century and reflects the "great acceleration" that began with industrialization in Europe [J. Zalasiewicz et al., Anthropocene 19, 55-60 (2017)]. Ironically, European ideals of protecting a pristine "wilderness," free from the damaging role of humans, is still often heralded as the antidote to this human-induced crisis [J. E. M. Watson et al., Nature, 563, 27-30 (2018)]. Despite decades of critical engagement by Indigenous and non-Indigenous observers, large international nongovernmental organizations, philanthropists, global institutions, and nation-states continue to uphold the notion of pristine landscapes as wilderness in conservation ideals and practices. In doing so, dominant global conservation policy and public perceptions still fail to recognize that Indigenous and local peoples have long valued, used, and shaped "high-value" biodiverse landscapes. Moreover, the exclusion of people from many of these places under the guise of wilderness protection has degraded their ecological condition and is hastening the demise of a number of highly valued systems. Rather than denying Indigenous and local peoples' agency, access rights, and knowledge in conserving their territories, we draw upon a series of case studies to argue that wilderness is an inappropriate and dehumanizing construct, and that Indigenous and community conservation areas must be legally recognized and supported to enable socially just, empowering, and sustainable conservation across scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael-Shawn Fletcher
- School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
- Indigenous Knowledge Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Rebecca Hamilton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfram Dressler
- School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lisa Palmer
- School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Buzdin AV, Patrushev MV, Sverdlov ED. Will Plant Genome Editing Play a Decisive Role in "Quantum-Leap" Improvements in Crop Yield to Feed an Increasing Global Human Population? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1667. [PMID: 34451712 PMCID: PMC8398637 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Growing scientific evidence demonstrates unprecedented planetary-scale human impacts on the Earth's system with a predicted threat to the existence of the terrestrial biosphere due to population increase, resource depletion, and pollution. Food systems account for 21-34% of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Over the past half-century, water and land-use changes have significantly impacted ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, biodiversity, and climate. At the same time, food production is falling behind consumption, and global grain reserves are shrinking. Some predictions suggest that crop yields must approximately double by 2050 to adequately feed an increasing global population without a large expansion of crop area. To achieve this, "quantum-leap" improvements in crop cultivar productivity are needed within very narrow planetary boundaries of permissible environmental perturbations. Strategies for such a "quantum-leap" include mutation breeding and genetic engineering of known crop genome sequences. Synthetic biology makes it possible to synthesize DNA fragments of any desired sequence, and modern bioinformatics tools may hopefully provide an efficient way to identify targets for directed modification of selected genes responsible for known important agronomic traits. CRISPR/Cas9 is a new technology for incorporating seamless directed modifications into genomes; it is being widely investigated for its potential to enhance the efficiency of crop production. We consider the optimism associated with the new genetic technologies in terms of the complexity of most agronomic traits, especially crop yield potential (Yp) limits. We also discuss the possible directions of overcoming these limits and alternative ways of providing humanity with food without transgressing planetary boundaries. In conclusion, we support the long-debated idea that new technologies are unlikely to provide a rapidly growing population with significantly increased crop yield. Instead, we suggest that delicately balanced humane measures to limit its growth and the amount of food consumed per capita are highly desirable for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton V Buzdin
- The Laboratory of Clinical and Genomic Bioinformatics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim V Patrushev
- Kurchatov Center for Genome Research, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene D Sverdlov
- Kurchatov Center for Genome Research, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, 123182 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, 123182 Moscow, Russia
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40
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Hansen AJ, Noble BP, Veneros J, East A, Goetz SJ, Supples C, Watson JEM, Jantz PA, Pillay R, Jetz W, Ferrier S, Grantham HS, Evans TD, Ervin J, Venter O, Virnig ALS. Toward monitoring forest ecosystem integrity within the post‐2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. Conserv Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jaris Veneros
- Ecology Department Montana State University Bozeman Montana USA
| | - Alyson East
- Ecology Department Montana State University Bozeman Montana USA
| | - Scott J. Goetz
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | | | - James E. M. Watson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Patrick A. Jantz
- School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Rajeev Pillay
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Institute University of Northern British Columbia Prince George British Columbia Canada
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Simon Ferrier
- CSIRO Land and Water Canberra New South Wales Australia
| | - Hedley S. Grantham
- Wildlife Conservation Society Global Conservation Program Bronx New York USA
| | - Thomas D. Evans
- Wildlife Conservation Society Global Conservation Program Bronx New York USA
| | - Jamison Ervin
- United Nations Development Programme New York New York USA
| | - Oscar Venter
- Natural Resources and Environmental Studies Institute University of Northern British Columbia Prince George British Columbia Canada
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Santarém F, Saarinen J, Brito JC. Assessment and prioritization of cultural ecosystem services in the Sahara-Sahelian region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:146053. [PMID: 33684754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Desert environments remain largely neglected by the society and their potential to provide benefits to people remain understudied. Hotspots of cultural ecosystem services have been identified in some deserts; yet, knowing which countries need to strengthen efforts to satisfy people's demand for those services is timely needed. Here, we show the performance of countries within the Earth's largest warm region - the Sahara-Sahel - in managing cultural ecosystem services. Using the most-advanced decision-support tools and updated databases on biodiversity features and constrains to ecosystem services and on socioeconomic indicators, we identified national priorities for cultural services management. We also identified countries that are missing opportunities for local sustainable development. About 34% of Sahara-Sahel is prioritized for cultural ecosystem services, particularly in the main mountains and waterbodies of the region and along the Western and Eastern coastal limits. Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Senegal, and Tunisia are performing better in managing their cultural services given the availability of such services in their territories. Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, and South Sudan need to urgently improve their ease of mobility, governance, safety, socioeconomic and health systems to foster ecosystem services demand. Cameroon, Eritrea, and Senegal are receiving far less tourists than what their ecosystems can handle and need to improve their local conditions for better marketing international tourists able to economically contribute to sustainable development through ecotourism programs. The approach developed here serves as a framework for conserving the last world wild ecosystems and is replicable to other contexts where regional planning for ecosystem management is compulsory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Santarém
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, R. Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Jarkko Saarinen
- Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland; School of Tourism and Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - José Carlos Brito
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto, R. Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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42
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Tallis H, Fargione J, Game E, McDonald R, Baumgarten L, Bhagabati N, Cortez R, Griscom B, Higgins J, Kennedy CM, Kiesecker J, Kroeger T, Leberer T, McGowan J, Mandle L, Masuda YJ, Morrison SA, Palmer S, Shirer R, Shyamsundar P, Wolff NH, Possingham HP. Prioritizing actions: spatial action maps for conservation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1505:118-141. [PMID: 34176148 PMCID: PMC9290997 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Spatial prioritization is a critical step in conservation planning, a process designed to ensure that limited resources are applied in ways that deliver the highest possible returns for biodiversity and human wellbeing. In practice, many spatial prioritizations fall short of their potential by focusing on places rather than actions, and by using data of snapshots of assets or threats rather than estimated impacts. We introduce spatial action mapping as an approach that overcomes these shortfalls. This approach produces a spatially explicit view of where and how much a given conservation action is likely to contribute to achieving stated conservation goals. Through seven case examples, we demonstrate simple to complex versions of how this method can be applied across local to global scales to inform decisions about a wide range of conservation actions and benefits. Spatial action mapping can support major improvements in efficient use of conservation resources and will reach its full potential as the quality of environmental, social, and economic datasets converge and conservation impact evaluations improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Tallis
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Santa Cruz, California
| | - Joe Fargione
- North America Program, the Nature Conservancy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Edward Game
- Global Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Rob McDonald
- Center for Sustainability Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia
| | | | | | - Rane Cortez
- Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities, the Nature Conservancy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Bronson Griscom
- Center for Natural Climate Solutions, Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Jonathan Higgins
- Global Freshwater Team, the Nature Conservancy, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christina M Kennedy
- Protect Oceans, Lands and Waters Program, the Nature Conservancy, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Joe Kiesecker
- Protect Oceans, Lands and Waters Program, the Nature Conservancy, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Timm Kroeger
- Global Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Trina Leberer
- Pacific Division, the Nature Conservancy, Yona, Guam
| | - Jennifer McGowan
- Global Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia.,Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lisa Mandle
- Natural Capital Project, Woods Institute for the Environment and Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Yuta J Masuda
- Global Science, the Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Scott A Morrison
- California Program, the Nature Conservancy, San Francisco, California
| | - Sally Palmer
- Tennessee Program, the Nature Conservancy, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rebecca Shirer
- New York Program, the Nature Conservancy, New York City, New York
| | | | | | - Hugh P Possingham
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Meurens F, Dunoyer C, Fourichon C, Gerdts V, Haddad N, Kortekaas J, Lewandowska M, Monchatre-Leroy E, Summerfield A, Wichgers Schreur PJ, van der Poel WHM, Zhu J. Animal board invited review: Risks of zoonotic disease emergence at the interface of wildlife and livestock systems. Animal 2021; 15:100241. [PMID: 34091225 PMCID: PMC8172357 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 19s pandemic has yet again demonstrated the importance of the human-animal interface in the emergence of zoonotic diseases, and in particular the role of wildlife and livestock species as potential hosts and virus reservoirs. As most diseases emerge out of the human-animal interface, a better understanding of the specific drivers and mechanisms involved is crucial to prepare for future disease outbreaks. Interactions between wildlife and livestock systems contribute to the emergence of zoonotic diseases, especially in the face of globalization, habitat fragmentation and destruction and climate change. As several groups of viruses and bacteria are more likely to emerge, we focus on pathogenic viruses of the Bunyavirales, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, and Paramyxoviridae, as well as bacterial species including Mycobacterium sp., Brucella sp., Bacillus anthracis and Coxiella burnetii. Noteworthy, it was difficult to predict the drivers of disease emergence in the past, even for well-known pathogens. Thus, an improved surveillance in hotspot areas and the availability of fast, effective, and adaptable control measures would definitely contribute to preparedness. We here propose strategies to mitigate the risk of emergence and/or re-emergence of prioritized pathogens to prevent future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Meurens
- INRAE, Oniris, BIOEPAR, 44307 Nantes, France; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N5E3, Canada.
| | - Charlotte Dunoyer
- Direction de l'évaluation des risques, Anses, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO)-International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Nadia Haddad
- Anses, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, BIPAR, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Jeroen Kortekaas
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Marta Lewandowska
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Paul J Wichgers Schreur
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Wim H M van der Poel
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, 225009 Yangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, 225009 Yangzhou, China
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Maron M, Juffe‐Bignoli D, Krueger L, Kiesecker J, Kümpel NF, ten Kate K, Milner‐Gulland E, Arlidge WNS, Booth H, Bull JW, Starkey M, Ekstrom JM, Strassburg B, Verburg PH, Watson JEM. Setting robust biodiversity goals. Conserv Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Maron
- The University of Queensland Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science and School of Earth and Environmental Science Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Diego Juffe‐Bignoli
- UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP‐WCMC) Cambridge UK
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Kent UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - William N. S. Arlidge
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences Albrecht Daniel Thaer Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Hollie Booth
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Wildlife Conservation Society Global Conservation Program Bronx New York USA
| | - Joseph W. Bull
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Kent UK
| | | | | | - Bernardo Strassburg
- Sustainability Laboratory, Department of Geography and the Environment Pontifícia Universidade Católica Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Peter H. Verburg
- Institute for Environmental Studies Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - James E. M. Watson
- Wildlife Conservation Society Global Conservation Program Bronx New York USA
- School of Earth and Environmental Science The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
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45
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Effects of Forestry Intensification and Conservation on Green Infrastructures: A Spatio-Temporal Evaluation in Sweden. LAND 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/land10050531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a rivalry between policies on intensification of forest management to meet the demands of a growing bioeconomy, and policies on green infrastructure functionality. Evaluation of the net effects of different policy instruments on real-world outcomes is crucial. First, we present data on final felling rates in wood production landscapes and stand age distribution dynamic in two case study regions, and changes in dead wood amounts in Sweden. Second, the growth of formally protected areas was compiled and changes in functional connectivity analysed in these regions, and the development of dead wood and green tree retention in Sweden was described. The case studies were the counties Dalarna and Jämtland (77,000 km2) representing an expanding frontier of boreal forest transformation. In the wood production landscape, official final felling rates averaged 0.84%/year, extending the regional timber frontier. The amount of forest <60 years old increased from 27–34% in 1955 to 60–65% in 2017. The amounts of dead wood, a key forest naturalness indicator, declined from 1994 to 2016 in north Sweden, and increased in the south, albeit both at levels far below evidence-based biodiversity targets. Formal forest protection grew rapidly in the two counties from 1968 to 2020 but reached only 4% of productive forests. From 2000 to 2019, habitat network functionality for old Scots pine declined by 15–41%, and Norway spruce by 15–88%. There were mixed trends for dead wood and tree retention at the stand scale. The net result of the continued transformation of near-natural forest remnants and conservation efforts was negative at the regional and landscape levels, but partly positive at the stand scale. However, at all three scales, habitat amounts were far below critical thresholds for the maintenance of viable populations of species, let alone ecological integrity. Collaboration among stakeholder categories should reject opinionated narratives, and instead rely on evidence-based knowledge about green infrastructure pressures, responses, and states.
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Bergstrom DM, Wienecke BC, van den Hoff J, Hughes L, Lindenmayer DB, Ainsworth TD, Baker CM, Bland L, Bowman DMJS, Brooks ST, Canadell JG, Constable AJ, Dafforn KA, Depledge MH, Dickson CR, Duke NC, Helmstedt KJ, Holz A, Johnson CR, McGeoch MA, Melbourne-Thomas J, Morgain R, Nicholson E, Prober SM, Raymond B, Ritchie EG, Robinson SA, Ruthrof KX, Setterfield SA, Sgrò CM, Stark JS, Travers T, Trebilco R, Ward DFL, Wardle GM, Williams KJ, Zylstra PJ, Shaw JD. Combating ecosystem collapse from the tropics to the Antarctic. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1692-1703. [PMID: 33629799 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Globally, collapse of ecosystems-potentially irreversible change to ecosystem structure, composition and function-imperils biodiversity, human health and well-being. We examine the current state and recent trajectories of 19 ecosystems, spanning 58° of latitude across 7.7 M km2 , from Australia's coral reefs to terrestrial Antarctica. Pressures from global climate change and regional human impacts, occurring as chronic 'presses' and/or acute 'pulses', drive ecosystem collapse. Ecosystem responses to 5-17 pressures were categorised as four collapse profiles-abrupt, smooth, stepped and fluctuating. The manifestation of widespread ecosystem collapse is a stark warning of the necessity to take action. We present a three-step assessment and management framework (3As Pathway Awareness, Anticipation and Action) to aid strategic and effective mitigation to alleviate further degradation to help secure our future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Bergstrom
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tas., Australia
- Global Challenges Program, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Barbara C Wienecke
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tas., Australia
| | - John van den Hoff
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tas., Australia
| | | | - David B Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Tracy D Ainsworth
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher M Baker
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Data Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Biosecurity Risk Analysis, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Lucie Bland
- Eureka Publishing, Thornbury, Vic., Australia
| | - David M J S Bowman
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., Australia
| | - Shaun T Brooks
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tas., Australia
| | - Josep G Canadell
- Climate Science Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Black Mountain, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew J Constable
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tas., Australia
| | | | - Michael H Depledge
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, UK
| | | | - Norman C Duke
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Kate J Helmstedt
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Andrés Holz
- Department of Geography, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Craig R Johnson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tas., Australia
| | - Melodie A McGeoch
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Jessica Melbourne-Thomas
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tas., Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Oceans and Atmosphere, Battery Point, Tas., Australia
| | - Rachel Morgain
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Emily Nicholson
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia
| | - Suzanne M Prober
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Land and Water, Wembley, WA, Australia
| | - Ben Raymond
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tas., Australia
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tas., Australia
| | - Euan G Ritchie
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia
| | - Sharon A Robinson
- Global Challenges Program, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Katinka X Ruthrof
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, WA, Australia
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | | | - Carla M Sgrò
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Jonathan S Stark
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tas., Australia
| | - Toby Travers
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tas., Australia
| | - Rowan Trebilco
- Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tas., Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Oceans and Atmosphere, Battery Point, Tas., Australia
| | - Delphi F L Ward
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tas., Australia
| | - Glenda M Wardle
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristen J Williams
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Phillip J Zylstra
- Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Justine D Shaw
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
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Bhola N, Klimmek H, Kingston N, Burgess ND, van Soesbergen A, Corrigan C, Harrison J, Kok MTJ. Perspectives on area-based conservation and its meaning for future biodiversity policy. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2021; 35:168-178. [PMID: 32277780 PMCID: PMC7984296 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
During 2021, Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are expected to meet in Kunming, China, to agree on a new global biodiversity framework aimed at halting and reversing biodiversity loss, encouraging the sustainable use of biodiversity, and ensuring the equitable sharing of its benefits. As the post-2020 global biodiversity framework evolves, parties to the convention are being exposed to a range of perspectives on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, relating to the future framework as a whole or to aspects of it. Area-based conservation measures are one such aspect, and there are diverse perspectives on how new targets might be framed in relation to these measures. These perspectives represent different outlooks on the relationship between human and nonhuman life on Earth. However, in most cases there is a lack of clarity on how they would be implemented in practice, the implications this would have for biodiversity and human well-being, and how they would contribute to achieving the 2050 Vision for Biodiversity of "living in harmony with nature." We sought to clarify these issues by summarizing some of these perspectives in relation to the future of area-based biodiversity conservation. We identified these perspectives through a review of the literature and expert consultation workshops and compiled them into 4 main groups: Aichi+, ambitious area-based conservation perspectives, new conservation, and whole-earth conservation. We found that although the perspectives Aichi+ and whole earth are in some cases at odds with one another, they also have commonalities, and all perspectives have elements that can contribute to developing and implementing the post-2020 global biodiversity framework and achieving the longer term CBD 2050 Vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bhola
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K
| | - Helen Klimmek
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K
| | - Naomi Kingston
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K
| | - Neil D Burgess
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K
- CMEC, The Natural History Museum, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arnout van Soesbergen
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K
| | - Colleen Corrigan
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K
| | - Jerry Harrison
- United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0DL, U.K
| | - Marcel T J Kok
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bezuidenhoutseweg 30, The Hague, 2594 AV, The Netherlands
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Martin M, Krause C, Morin H. Linking radial growth patterns and moderate-severity disturbance dynamics in boreal old-growth forests driven by recurrent insect outbreaks: A tale of opportunities, successes, and failures. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:566-586. [PMID: 33437452 PMCID: PMC7790649 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In boreal landscapes, emphasis is currently placed on close-to-nature management strategies, which aim to maintain the biodiversity and ecosystem services related to old-growth forests. The success of these strategies, however, depends on an accurate understanding of the dynamics within these forests. While moderate-severity disturbances have recently been recognized as important drivers of boreal forests, little is known about their effects on stand structure and growth. This study therefore aimed to reconstruct the disturbance and postdisturbance dynamics in boreal old-growth forests that are driven by recurrent moderate-severity disturbances. We studied eight primary old-growth forests in Québec, Canada, that have recorded recurrent and moderately severe spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) outbreaks over the 20th century. We applied an innovative dendrochronological approach based on the combined study of growth patterns and releases to reconstruct stand disturbance and postdisturbance dynamics. We identified nine growth patterns; they represented trees differing in age, size, and canopy layer. These patterns highlighted the ability of suppressed trees to rapidly fill gaps created by moderate-severity disturbances through a single and significant increase in radial growth and height. Trees that are unable to attain the canopy following the disturbance tend to remain in the lower canopy layers, even if subsequent disturbances create new gaps. This combination of a low stand height typical of boreal forests, periodic disturbances, and rapid canopy closure often resulted in stands constituted mainly of dominant and codominant trees, similar to even-aged forests. Overall, this study underscored the resistance of boreal old-growth forests owing to their capacity to withstand repeated moderate-severity disturbances. Moreover, the combined study of growth patterns and growth release demonstrated the efficacy of such an approach for improving the understanding of the fine-scale dynamics of natural forests. The results of this research will thus help develop silvicultural practices that approximate the moderate-severity disturbance dynamics observed in primary and old-growth boreal forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Martin
- Département des Sciences fondamentalesUniversité du Québec à ChicoutimiChicoutimiQCCanada
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts (IRF)Université du Québec en Abitibi‐TémiscamingueRouyn‐NorandaQCCanada
- Centre d’étude de la forêtUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréalQCCanada
| | - Cornélia Krause
- Département des Sciences fondamentalesUniversité du Québec à ChicoutimiChicoutimiQCCanada
- Centre d’étude de la forêtUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréalQCCanada
| | - Hubert Morin
- Département des Sciences fondamentalesUniversité du Québec à ChicoutimiChicoutimiQCCanada
- Centre d’étude de la forêtUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréalQCCanada
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50
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Using the IUCN Red List to map threats to terrestrial vertebrates at global scale. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:1510-1519. [PMID: 34462602 PMCID: PMC8560638 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Anthropocene is characterized by unparalleled human impact on other species, potentially ushering in the sixth mass extinction. Yet mitigation efforts remain hampered by limited information on the spatial patterns and intensity of the threats driving global biodiversity loss. Here we use expert-derived information from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List on threats to 23,271 species, representing all terrestrial amphibians, birds and mammals, to generate global maps of the six major threats to these groups: agriculture, hunting and trapping, logging, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. Our results show that agriculture and logging are pervasive in the tropics and that hunting and trapping is the most geographically widespread threat to mammals and birds. Additionally, current representations of human pressure underestimate the overall pressure on biodiversity, due to the exclusion of threats such as hunting and climate change. Alarmingly, this is particularly the case in areas of the highest biodiversity importance.
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