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Tabata S, Tsukahara Y, Kamada H, Manabe T, Yamasawa F. Prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency and its association with body mass index in elite Japanese high school long-distance runners. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2024; 52:360-368. [PMID: 37795704 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2023.2267561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anemia is a common condition in long-distance runners (LDRs). Recently, not only iron deficiency (ID) but also energy deficiency has been considered as a risk factor for anemia in athletes but no evidence has yet been established. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of anemia and ID and the influence of body mass index (BMI) on anemia in high-school LDRs. METHODS The participants were 406 male and 235 female elite Japanese LDRs who competed in the All-Japan High-School Ekiden Championship 2019. They submitted their anthropometric data and results of a blood test within five days after the competition. The prevalence of anemia and ID and the influence of BMI on anemia were assessed retrospectively. RESULTS Mean hemoglobin concentrations (Hb) were 14.8 ± 0.9 g/dl in males and 13.2 ± 0.9 g/dl in females. The prevalence of anemia (Hb < 14 g/dl in males and < 12 g/dl in females) was significantly higher in males (16.3%) than females (6.4%), but males also showed higher prevalence of non-iron deficiency anemia (NIDA) than females (11.6% and 3.0%, respectively). No significant gender difference was found in the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) (4.7% in males and 3.4% in females). ID (serum ferritin level < 25 ng/ml) was significantly more prevalent in females (37.4%) than males (18.5%). A binary logistic regression analysis revealed that low BMI was a contributor to anemia in females (odds ratios: 0.577 (95% CI: 0.369-0.901), p = 0.012). CONCLUSION In Japanese high-school LDRs, one in six males was anemic, but most males did not have ID. Conversely, one-third of females were diagnosed with ID. Lower BMI was identified as a risk for anemia in females, suggesting that leanness may also lead to anemia in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Tabata
- Tabata Clinic, Saitama, Japan
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Tsukahara
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Tokyo Women's College of Physical Education, Kunitachi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamada
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Manabe
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Tokyo, Japan
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Yamasawa
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Lima M, Moreira B, Bertuzzi R, Lima-Silva A. Could nanotechnology improve exercise performance? Evidence from animal studies. Braz J Med Biol Res 2024; 57:e13360. [PMID: 38656076 PMCID: PMC11027182 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2024e13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This review provides the current state of knowledge regarding the use of nutritional nanocompounds on exercise performance. The reviewed studies used the following nanocompounds: resveratrol-loaded lipid nanoparticles, folic acid into layered hydroxide nanoparticle, redox-active nanoparticles with nitroxide radicals, and iron into liposomes. Most of these nutritional nanocompounds seem to improve performance in endurance exercise compared to the active compound in the non-nanoencapsulated form and/or placebo. Nutritional nanocompounds also induced the following physiological and metabolic alterations: 1) improved antioxidant activity and reduced oxidative stress; 2) reduction in inflammation status; 3) maintenance of muscle integrity; 4) improvement in mitochondrial function and quality; 5) enhanced glucose levels during exercise; 6) higher muscle and hepatic glycogen levels; and 7) increased serum and liver iron content. However, all the reviewed studies were conducted in animals (mice and rats). In conclusion, nutritional nanocompounds are a promising approach to improving exercise performance. As the studies using nutritional nanocompounds were all conducted in animals, further studies in humans are necessary to better understand the application of nutritional nanocompounds in sport and exercise science.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.R. Lima
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Desempenho Humano, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - B.J. Moreira
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - R. Bertuzzi
- Grupo de Estudos em Desempenho Aeróbio, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A.E. Lima-Silva
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Desempenho Humano, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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Kardasis W, Naquin ER, Garg R, Arun T, Gopianand JS, Karmakar E, Gnana-Prakasam JP. The IRONy in Athletic Performance. Nutrients 2023; 15:4945. [PMID: 38068803 PMCID: PMC10708480 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for athletes, intricately linked to their performance, by regulating cellular respiration and metabolism. Impaired iron levels in the body can significantly hinder athletic performance. The increased demand for iron due to exercise, coupled with potential dietary iron insufficiencies, particularly among endurance athletes, amplifies the risk of iron deficiency. Moreover, prolonged exercise can impact iron absorption, utilization, storage, and overall iron concentrations in an athlete. On the contrary, iron overload may initially lead to enhanced performance; however, chronic excess iron intake or underlying genetic conditions can lead to detrimental health consequences and may negatively impact athletic performance. Excess iron induces oxidative damage, not only compromising muscle function and recovery, but also affecting various tissues and organs in the body. This narrative review delineates the complex relationship between exercise and iron metabolism, and its profound effects on athletic performance. The article also provides guidance on managing iron intake through dietary adjustments, oral iron supplementation for performance enhancement in cases of deficiency, and strategies for addressing iron overload in athletes. Current research is focused on augmenting iron absorption by standardizing the route of administration while minimizing side effects. Additionally, there is ongoing work to identify inhibitors and activators that affect iron absorption, aiming to optimize the body's iron levels from dietary sources, supplements, and chelators. In summary, by refining the athletic diet, considering the timing and dosage of iron supplements for deficiency, and implementing chelation therapies for iron overload, we can effectively enhance athletic performance and overall well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eshani Karmakar
- School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (W.K.); (E.R.N.); (R.G.); (T.A.); (J.S.G.)
| | - Jaya P. Gnana-Prakasam
- School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA; (W.K.); (E.R.N.); (R.G.); (T.A.); (J.S.G.)
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4
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Myoenzono K, Yasuda J, Takai E, Shinagawa A, Kaneko N, Yoshizaki T, Namma-Motonaga K, Yoshino M, Kondo E, Nakajima K, Hangai M, Kamahara K, Kamihigashi E, Kusano S, Kamei A. Investigation of supplement use and knowledge among Japanese elite athletes for the Tokyo 2020 Olympic/Paralympic games and the Beijing 2022 winter Olympic/Paralympic games. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1258542. [PMID: 37927448 PMCID: PMC10622793 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1258542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elite athletes frequently invest in the use of supplements to optimize their dietary regimens and enhance their athletic performance. However, unregulated and unplanned use of supplements can lead to adverse consequences, including anti-doping rule violations or health issues. Thus, athletes should verify their diets, consider scientific evidence, and take necessary precautions regarding supplements before use. To date, no study has explored whether athletes check these factors before using supplements. This study aimed to investigate supplement use using a questionnaire administered to 1,392 athletes (including candidate athletes) who participated in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic/Paralympic and Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic/Paralympic Games. Participants were categorized as follows: 1,040 participants in the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, 83 in the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games, 239 in the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games, and 30 in the Beijing 2022 Winter Paralympic Games. We collected data on supplement use and gained further knowledge through interviews with the athletes. Approximately 70% of Tokyo 2020 Olympic/Paralympic and Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic athletes and approximately 50% of Beijing 2022 Winter Paralympians used supplements. Over 50% of athletes had not received a doctor's diagnosis or a dietitian's evaluation before supplement use. Moreover, only 50% of the athletes who used dietary supplements reviewed the scientific evidence for the dietary supplements before using them and justified their choice based on their own investigation, while those who did not use dietary supplements cited either a lack of need or fear of an anti-doping rule violation. Considering the holistic health and performance of athletes, as well as the risk associated with unregulated use, such as overdose and anti-doping rule violations, there is a need for nutritional education on supplement use for athletes and their entourages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Myoenzono
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Yasuda
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport Center, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Health Management, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Eri Takai
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiho Shinagawa
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noburo Kaneko
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshizaki
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Keiko Namma-Motonaga
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masae Yoshino
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Yamanashi Gakuin University, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Emi Kondo
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakajima
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Hangai
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kamahara
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuko Kamihigashi
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shusuke Kusano
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Tokyo Professional University of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Kamei
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Japan High Performance Sport Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Toro-Román V, Robles-Gil MC, Bartolomé I, Grijota FJ, Muñoz D, Maynar-Mariño M. Changes in Hematological Parameters of Iron Status and Total Iron Concentrations in Different Biological Matrices during a Sports Season in Women's Soccer Players. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081833. [PMID: 37111051 PMCID: PMC10142531 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) metabolism and concentrations change during a sports season. Fe deficiency affects a significant number of women athletes. The aims of the present study were: (i) to analyze changes in hematological parameters of Fe status and (ii) to analyze changes in Fe concentrations in different biological matrices (serum, plasma, urine, erythrocytes, and platelets) during a sports season. Twenty-four Spanish semi-professional women's soccer players (23.37 ± 3.95 years) participated in the present study. Three assessments were performed throughout the sports season (beginning, middle and end of the season). Nutritional intake was evaluated and female hormones, hematological parameters of Fe status and Fe concentrations in plasma, serum, urine, erythrocytes and platelets were determined. There were no differences in Fe intake. Hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations increased at the end of the season compared to initial values (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in extracellular Fe concentrations (plasma, serum, and urine). However, erythrocyte Fe concentrations were lower at the end of the season (p < 0.05). Hematological parameters of Fe status and intracellular Fe concentrations change throughout the sports season in women's soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Toro-Román
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - María C Robles-Gil
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bartolomé
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, Pontifical University of Salamanca, C/Henry Collet, 52-70, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco J Grijota
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Marcos Maynar-Mariño
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
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Kapoor MP, Sugita M, Kawaguchi M, Timm D, Kawamura A, Abe A, Okubo T. Influence of iron supplementation on fatigue, mood states and sweating profiles of healthy non-anemic athletes during a training exercise: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2023; 32:101084. [PMID: 36817736 PMCID: PMC9932653 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is specifically important to athletes, and attention has grown to the association between sports performance and iron regulation in the daily diets of athletes. The study presents new insights into stress, mood states, fatigue, and sweating behavior among the non-anemic athletes with sweating exercise habits who consumed a routine low dose (3.6 mg/day) of iron supplementation. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, both non-anemic male (N = 51) and female (N = 42) athletes were supplemented either with a known highly bioavailable iron formulation (SunActive® Fe) or placebo during the follow-up training exercise period over four weeks at their respective designated clinical sites. The effect of oral iron consumption was examined on fatigue, stress profiles, as well as the quality of life using the profile of mood state (POMS) test or a visual analog scale (VAS) questionnaire, followed by an exercise and well-being related fatigue-sweat. Also, their monotonic association with stress biomarkers (salivary α-amylase, salivary cortisol, and salivary immunoglobulin A) were determined using spearman's rank correlation coefficient test. Repeated measure multivariate analysis of variance (group by time) revealed that the total mood disturbance (TMD) score was significantly lower (P = 0.016; F = 6.26) between placebo and iron supplementation groups over the four weeks study period among female athletes. Also, a significant reduction in tired feeling/exhaustion after the exercise (P = 0.05; F = 4.07) between the placebo and iron intake groups was noticed. A significant within-group reduction (P ≤ 0.05) was noticed in the degree of sweat among both male and female athletes after 2 and 4 weeks of iron supplementation, while athletes of the placebo intake group experienced a non-significant within-group reduction in the degree of sweat. Overall, the result indicates routine use of low dose (3.6 mg/day) iron supplementation is beneficial for non-anemic endurance athletes to improve stress, mood states, subjective fatigue, and sweating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra P. Kapoor
- Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., Research & Development, Nutrition Division, 1-3 Takaramachi, Yokkaichi, Mie, 510-0844, Japan,Corresponding author.
| | - Masaaki Sugita
- Nippon Sport Science University, Faculty of Sport Science, 7-1-1 Fukusawa, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158 8508, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kawaguchi
- Otsuma Women's University, Faculty of Home Economics, Department of Food Science, 12 Sanbancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-8357, Japan
| | - Derek Timm
- Taiyo International Inc, 5960 Golden Hills Dr., Minneapolis, MN, 55416, USA
| | - Aki Kawamura
- Nippon Sport Science University, Faculty of Sport Science, 7-1-1 Fukusawa, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 158 8508, Japan
| | - Aya Abe
- Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., Research & Development, Nutrition Division, 1-3 Takaramachi, Yokkaichi, Mie, 510-0844, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Okubo
- Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd., Research & Development, Nutrition Division, 1-3 Takaramachi, Yokkaichi, Mie, 510-0844, Japan
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7
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Tsukahara Y, Kamada H, Torii S, Yamasawa F, Macznik AK. Controlling Behavior, Sex Bias and Coaching Success in Japanese Track and Field. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11020032. [PMID: 36828317 PMCID: PMC9960089 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coaching athletes is a complex and lengthy process. Recently, attention has been given to coaches over-controlling behavior toward the athletes' personal lives and possible sex bias, but the impact of these behaviors on coaching success is unclear. An anonymous survey was answered by 412 track and field coaches (male: 369; female: 43), comprising questions regarding controlling behaviors, sex bias, and personal background. A Chi-square test and logistic regression were performed to determine the factors related to the coach's characteristics and their success in coaching athletes (to national vs. non-national level). The results showed that controlling behaviors and sex-bias-related beliefs were present. The coaches who coached national-level athletes were more likely to be older, more experienced, and were national level athletes themselves. More national-level coaches reported controlling behaviors but fewer held sex bias beliefs than the non-national level coaches. However, the strength of these beliefs (scores for controlling behavior and sex bias) was not related to the coaching success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Tsukahara
- Department of Sports Medicine, Tokyo Women’s College of Physical Education, Tokyo 1868668, Japan
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Tokyo 1600013, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-80-3688-6128
| | - Hiroshi Kamada
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Tokyo 1600013, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan
| | - Suguru Torii
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Tokyo 1600013, Japan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 3591192, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Yamasawa
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Tokyo 1600013, Japan
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8
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Barney DE, Ippolito JR, Berryman CE, Hennigar SR. A Prolonged Bout of Running Increases Hepcidin and Decreases Dietary Iron Absorption in Trained Female and Male Runners. J Nutr 2022; 152:2039-2047. [PMID: 35661896 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Declines in iron status are frequently reported in those who regularly engage in strenuous physical activity. A possible reason is increases in the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin, which functions to inhibit dietary iron absorption and can be induced by the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to determine the impact of a prolonged bout of running on hepcidin and dietary iron absorption in trained female and male runners. METHODS Trained female and male collegiate cross country runners (n = 28, age: 19.7 ± 1.2 y, maximal oxygen uptake: 66.1 ± 6.1 mL $\cdot$ kg -1$\cdot$ min-2, serum ferritin: 21.9 ± 13.3 ng/mL) performed a prolonged run (98.8 ± 14.7 min, 21.2 ± 3.8 km, 4.7 ± 0.3 min/km) during a team practice. Participants consumed a stable iron isotope with a standardized meal 2 h postrun and blood was collected 1 h later. The protocol was repeated 2 wk later except participants abstained from exercise (rest). RBCs were collected 15 d after exercise and rest to determine isotope enrichment. Differences between exercise and rest were assessed by paired t tests and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank tests. Data are means ± SDs. RESULTS Plasma hepcidin increased 51% after exercise (45.8 ± 34.4 ng/mL) compared with rest (30.3 ± 27.2 ng/mL, P = 0.0010). Fractional iron absorption was reduced by 36% after exercise (11.8 ± 14.6 %) compared with rest (18.5 ± 14.4 %, P = 0.025). Plasma IL-6 was greater after exercise (0.660 ± 0.354 pg/mL) than after rest (0.457 ± 0.212 pg/mL, P < 0.0001). Exploratory analyses revealed that the increase in hepcidin with exercise may be driven by a response in males but not females. CONCLUSIONS A prolonged bout of running increases hepcidin and decreases dietary iron absorption compared with rest in trained runners with low iron stores. The current study supports that IL-6 contributes to the increase in hepcidin with prolonged physical activity, although future studies should explore potential sex differences in the hepcidin response.This trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04079322.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Barney
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - James R Ippolito
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Claire E Berryman
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Stephen R Hennigar
- Department of Nutrition & Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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9
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Soh J, Lim ZX, Lim EH, Kennedy BK, Goh J. Ironing out exercise on immuno-oncological outcomes. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-002976. [PMID: 36180069 PMCID: PMC9528609 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite accumulating evidence that supports the beneficial effects of physical exercise in inhibiting cancer progression, whether exercise modulates its effects through systemic and cellular changes in iron metabolism and immune-tumor crosstalk is unknown. Cancer cells have greater metabolic requirements than normal cells, with their survival and proliferation depending largely on iron bioavailability. Although iron is an essential mineral for mitogenesis, it also participates in a form of iron-dependent programmed cell death termed ferroptosis. In this short hypothesis paper, we speculate that modulating iron bioavailability, transport and metabolism with regular exercise can have significant implications for tumor and stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment, by affecting multiple tumor-autonomous and stromal cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janjira Soh
- Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Zi Xiang Lim
- Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Elaine Hsuen Lim
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS), Singapore
| | - Brian K Kennedy
- Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology & Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Jorming Goh
- Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore .,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore.,Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS), Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
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10
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Grijota FJ, Toro-Román V, Siquier-Coll J, Robles-Gil MC, Muñoz D, Maynar-Mariño M. Total Iron Concentrations in Different Biological Matrices-Influence of Physical Training. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173549. [PMID: 36079807 PMCID: PMC9460040 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is one of the most widely studied trace mineral elements. Fe metabolism and homeostasis could be altered by physical training. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of long-term physical training on serum, plasma, urine (extracellular), erythrocyte and platelet (intracellular) Fe concentrations. Forty men from the same geographical area divided into a training group (TG; n = 20; 18.15 ± 0.27 years) and a control group (CG; n = 20; 19.25 ± 0.39 years) participated in this study. The TG was composed of soccer players of the highest youth category. The CG consisted of young people who did not follow any training routine and had not practiced any sport for at least the previous six months. The TG showed higher plasma and serum Fe concentrations (p < 0.05), but lower concentrations in erythrocytes and platelets compared to the CG (p < 0.01). Due to the differences observed in the extracellular and intracellular compartments, it seems necessary to perform a global Fe analysis to assess Fe status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Grijota
- Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Nebrija, Campus La Berzosa, Calle del Hostal, 28248 Hoyo de Manzanares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Toro-Román
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-(927)-257-460 (ext. 57833)
| | - Jesús Siquier-Coll
- SER Research Group, Center of Higher Education Alberta Giménez, Comillas Pontifical University, Costa de Saragossa 16, 07013 Palma Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain
| | - María C Robles-Gil
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain
| | - Marcos Maynar-Mariño
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain
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11
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Meloni A, Positano V, Pistoia L, Cademartiri F. Pancreatic iron quantification with MR imaging: a practical guide. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2022; 47:2397-2407. [PMID: 35596775 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-022-03552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accurate determination of pancreatic iron status is crucial for preventing impairment of the exocrine and endocrine function of the pancreas and for prospectively stratifying the cardiac iron risk. The following article should be a sort of practical guide for radiologists interested in quantifying pancreatic iron overload by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). After a brief background on iron-deposition diseases, we will describe basic principles and relative advantages and disadvantages of the more widely used and clinically feasible MRI-based techniques for pancreatic iron assessment. These methods can be classified into signal intensity ratio (SIR) and relaxometry methods. We will examine different technical aspects representing the key for accurate and precise relaxation time measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Meloni
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- U.O.C. Bioingegneria, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Positano
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
- U.O.C. Bioingegneria, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Pistoia
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Cademartiri
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, Via Moruzzi, 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
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12
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Micronutrient deficiency in athletes and inefficiency of supplementation: Is low energy availability a culprit? PHARMANUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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13
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Collins J, Maughan RJ, Gleeson M, Bilsborough J, Jeukendrup A, Morton JP, Phillips SM, Armstrong L, Burke LM, Close GL, Duffield R, Larson-Meyer E, Louis J, Medina D, Meyer F, Rollo I, Sundgot-Borgen J, Wall BT, Boullosa B, Dupont G, Lizarraga A, Res P, Bizzini M, Castagna C, Cowie CM, D'Hooghe M, Geyer H, Meyer T, Papadimitriou N, Vouillamoz M, McCall A. UEFA expert group statement on nutrition in elite football. Current evidence to inform practical recommendations and guide future research. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:416. [PMID: 33097528 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Football is a global game which is constantly evolving, showing substantial increases in physical and technical demands. Nutrition plays a valuable integrated role in optimising performance of elite players during training and match-play, and maintaining their overall health throughout the season. An evidence-based approach to nutrition emphasising, a 'food first' philosophy (ie, food over supplements), is fundamental to ensure effective player support. This requires relevant scientific evidence to be applied according to the constraints of what is practical and feasible in the football setting. The science underpinning sports nutrition is evolving fast, and practitioners must be alert to new developments. In response to these developments, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) has gathered experts in applied sports nutrition research as well as practitioners working with elite football clubs and national associations/federations to issue an expert statement on a range of topics relevant to elite football nutrition: (1) match day nutrition, (2) training day nutrition, (3) body composition, (4) stressful environments and travel, (5) cultural diversity and dietary considerations, (6) dietary supplements, (7) rehabilitation, (8) referees and (9) junior high-level players. The expert group provide a narrative synthesis of the scientific background relating to these topics based on their knowledge and experience of the scientific research literature, as well as practical experience of applying knowledge within an elite sports setting. Our intention is to provide readers with content to help drive their own practical recommendations. In addition, to provide guidance to applied researchers where to focus future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Collins
- Intra Performance Group, London, UK.,Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | | | - Michael Gleeson
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Johann Bilsborough
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,New England Patriots, Foxboro, MA, USA
| | - Asker Jeukendrup
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,MySport Science, Birmingham, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - S M Phillips
- Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence Armstrong
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rob Duffield
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Enette Larson-Meyer
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel Medina
- Athlete Care and Performance, Monumental Sports & Entertainment, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Flavia Meyer
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ian Rollo
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Gregory Dupont
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Peter Res
- Dutch Olympic Team, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mario Bizzini
- Research and Human Performance Lab, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Castagna
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Technical Department, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Florence, Italy.,Italian Football Referees Association, Bologna, Italy
| | - Charlotte M Cowie
- Technical Directorate, Football Association, Burton upon Trent, UK.,Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Michel D'Hooghe
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Medical Centre of Excelence, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | - Alan McCall
- Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK .,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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14
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Zügel M, Treff G, Steinacker JM, Mayer B, Winkert K, Schumann U. Increased Hepcidin Levels During a Period of High Training Load Do Not Alter Iron Status in Male Elite Junior Rowers. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1577. [PMID: 32038278 PMCID: PMC6985289 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver-derived hormone hepcidin plays a key role in iron metabolism by mediating the degradation of the iron export protein ferroportin 1 (FPN1). Circulating levels of hepcidin and the iron storage protein ferritin are elevated during the recovery period after acute endurance exercise, which can be interpreted as an acute phase reaction to intense exercise with far-reaching consequences for iron metabolism and homeostasis. Since absolute and functional iron deficiency (ID) potentially lead to a loss of performance and well-being, it is surprising that the cumulative effects of training stress on hepcidin levels and its interplay with cellular iron availability are not well described. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine serum levels of hepcidin at six time points during a 4-week training camp of junior world elite rowers preparing for the world championships and to relate the alterations in training load to overall iron status determined by serum ferritin, transferrin, iron, and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR). Serum hepcidin levels increased significantly (p = 0.02) during the initial increase in training load (23.24 ± 2.43 ng/ml) at day 7 compared to the start of training camp (11.47 ± 3.92 ng/ml) and turned back on day 13 (09.51 ± 3.59 ng/ml) already, meeting well the entrance level of hepcidin at day 0. Serum ferritin was significantly higher at day 7 compared to all other timepoints with exception of the subsequent time point at day 13 reflecting well the time course pattern of hepcidin. Non-significant changes between training phases were found for serum iron, transferrin, and sTfR levels as well as for transferrin saturation, and ferritin-index (sTfR/log ferritin). Our findings indicate that hepcidin as well as ferritin, both representing acute phase proteins, are sensitive to initial increases in training load. Erythropoiesis was unaffected by iron compartmentalization through hepcidin. We conclude that hepcidin is sensitive to rigorous changes in training load in junior world elite rowers without causing short-term alterations in functional iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zügel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gunnar Treff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jürgen M Steinacker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mayer
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kay Winkert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uwe Schumann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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15
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Pedlar CR, Newell J, Lewis NA. Blood Biomarker Profiling and Monitoring for High-Performance Physiology and Nutrition: Current Perspectives, Limitations and Recommendations. Sports Med 2019; 49:185-198. [PMID: 31691931 PMCID: PMC6901403 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood test data were traditionally confined to the clinic for diagnostic purposes, but are now becoming more routinely used in many professional and elite high-performance settings as a physiological profiling and monitoring tool. A wealth of information based on robust research evidence can be gleaned from blood tests, including: the identification of iron, vitamin or energy deficiency; the identification of oxidative stress and inflammation; and the status of red blood cell populations. Serial blood test data can be used to monitor athletes and make inferences about the efficacy of training interventions, nutritional strategies or indeed the capacity to tolerate training load. Via a profiling and monitoring approach, blood biomarker measurement combined with contextual data has the potential to help athletes avoid injury and illness via adjustments to diet, training load and recovery strategies. Since wide inter-individual variability exists in many biomarkers, clinical population-based reference data can be of limited value in athletes, and statistical methods for longitudinal data are required to identify meaningful changes within an athlete. Data quality is often compromised by poor pre-analytic controls in sport settings. The biotechnology industry is rapidly evolving, providing new technologies and methods, some of which may be well suited to athlete applications in the future. This review provides current perspectives, limitations and recommendations for sports science and sports medicine practitioners using blood profiling and monitoring for nutrition and performance purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Pedlar
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK.
- Orreco, Business Innovation Unit, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
| | - John Newell
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nathan A Lewis
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
- Orreco, Business Innovation Unit, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- English Institute of Sport, Bath, UK
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16
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Grzybkowska A, Anczykowska K, Ratkowski W, Aschenbrenner P, Antosiewicz J, Bonisławska I, Żychowska M. Changes in Serum Iron and Leukocyte mRNA Levels of Genes Involved in Iron Metabolism in Amateur Marathon Runners-Effect of the Running Pace. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E460. [PMID: 31208055 PMCID: PMC6627308 DOI: 10.3390/genes10060460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for physical activity due to its role in energy production pathways and oxygen transportation via hemoglobin and myoglobin. Changes in iron-related biochemical parameters after physical exercise in athletes are of substantial research interest, but molecular mechanisms such as gene expression are still rarely tested in sports. In this paper, we evaluated the mRNA levels of genes related to iron metabolism (PCBP1, PCBP2, FTL, FTH, and TFRC) in leukocytes of 24 amateur runners at four time points: before, immediately after, 3 h after, and 24 h after a marathon. We measured blood morphology as well as serum concentrations of iron, ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Our results showed significant changes in gene expression (except for TFRC), serum iron, CRP, and morphology after the marathon. However, the alterations in mRNA and protein levels occurred at different time points (immediately and 3 h post-run, respectively). The levels of circulating ferritin remained stable, whereas the number of transcripts in leukocytes differed significantly. We also showed that running pace might influence mRNA expression. Our results indicated that changes in the mRNA of genes involved in iron metabolism occurred independently of serum iron and ferritin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Grzybkowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Anczykowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Ratkowski
- Department of Management in Tourism and Recreation, Faculty of Tourism and Recreation, University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Piotr Aschenbrenner
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Jędrzej Antosiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Iwona Bonisławska
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Żychowska
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland.
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17
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Abstract
With the increase in participation in endurance events in the general population, patient concern may arise as to whether endurance exercise is safe. Acute but not chronic increases in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and urine albumin occur in endurance exercise. Iron-deficiency anemia may be observed in female athletes. Upper respiratory illness is increased in elite athletes but decreased in intense recreational athletes. No convincing evidence of developing osteoarthritis exists. Common gastrointestinal symptoms occur and isolated reports of gastrointestinal bleeding exist. Nevi are increased and the minimal erythematous dose is decreased. Exercising in the presence of air pollution has negative pulmonary effects, but overall, benefit exists. Numerous reports pertain to the cardiovascular system. The risk of cardiac arrest increases during exercise, troponin is elevated after exercise, and a predisposition for atrial fibrillation exists. Ventricular myocardial scar formation as assessed by gadolinium enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging is inconsistently observed, and increased coronary plaque of a more stable variety is reported. Left ventricular compliance is chronically increased and no decrease in longevity is found. Although some concerns exist, endurance exercise is safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rutlen
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock
| | - David L Rutlen
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock
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18
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Guest NS, Horne J, Vanderhout SM, El-Sohemy A. Sport Nutrigenomics: Personalized Nutrition for Athletic Performance. Front Nutr 2019; 6:8. [PMID: 30838211 PMCID: PMC6389634 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An individual's dietary and supplement strategies can influence markedly their physical performance. Personalized nutrition in athletic populations aims to optimize health, body composition, and exercise performance by targeting dietary recommendations to an individual's genetic profile. Sport dietitians and nutritionists have long been adept at placing additional scrutiny on the one-size-fits-all general population dietary guidelines to accommodate various sporting populations. However, generic "one-size-fits-all" recommendations still remain. Genetic differences are known to impact absorption, metabolism, uptake, utilization and excretion of nutrients and food bioactives, which ultimately affects a number of metabolic pathways. Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics are experimental approaches that use genomic information and genetic testing technologies to examine the role of individual genetic differences in modifying an athlete's response to nutrients and other food components. Although there have been few randomized, controlled trials examining the effects of genetic variation on performance in response to an ergogenic aid, there is a growing foundation of research linking gene-diet interactions on biomarkers of nutritional status, which impact exercise and sport performance. This foundation forms the basis from which the field of sport nutrigenomics continues to develop. We review the science of genetic modifiers of various dietary factors that impact an athlete's nutritional status, body composition and, ultimately athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanci S Guest
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Nutrigenomix Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Justine Horne
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Shelley M Vanderhout
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Nutrigenomix Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmed El-Sohemy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Nutrigenomix Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
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19
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Petkus DL, Murray-Kolb LE, Scott SP, Southmayd EA, De Souza MJ. Iron status at opposite ends of the menstrual function spectrum. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 51:169-175. [PMID: 30466928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although exercising women are at high risk of poor iron status, it is unknown how non-pathological, physiological menstrual function affects iron status. As such, this study investigates the association between menstrual function and iron status in exercising women with amenorrhea and exercising women with ovulatory, eumenorrheic menstrual cycles. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of iron depletion prevalence, iron status indices, exercise parameters, and diet composition. METHODS Women aged 18-35 years performing at least 2 h per week of aerobic exercise were recruited. Women with amenorrhea (AMEN) were defined by the absence of menses for at least 90 days or less than 6 menses in the past 12 months (n = 82). Women with ovulatory, eumenorrheic menstrual cycles (OvEU) were defined by the presence of ovulatory cycles of 26-35 days in length for the past 6 months (n = 109). Group differences in serum ferritin (Ft), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), total body iron (TBI), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), iron depletion prevalence (Ft <15 μg/L), peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), exercise minutes per week, and diet logs were assessed. RESULTS The prevalence of iron depletion was greater in OvEU when compared to AMEN (26% vs. 15%, p = 0.04). No significant differences were observed between AMEN and OvEU in Ft (30.2 ± 2.2 vs. 24.9 ± 2.6 μg/L; p = 0.62), sTfR (5.2 ± 1.4 vs. 4.9 ± 1.5 mg/L; p = 0.95), TBI (5.3 ± 2.7 vs. 4.8 ± 3.7 mg/kg; p = 0.42), Hb (13.2 ± 0.4 vs. 13.4 ± 0.6 g/dL; p = 0.80), Hct (39.5 ± 0.8% vs. 39.8 ± 4.1%; p = 0.93), or exercise parameters. AMEN consumed more vitamin C than OvEU (269 ± 180 vs. 129 ± 141 mg/day, p < 0.001), but all other dietary factors were similar between AMEN and OvEU. CONCLUSION Exercising women with ovulatory, eumenorrheic cycles are at a greater risk of iron depletion than exercising, amenorrheic women. Thus, menstrual function must be considered when screening for poor iron status in exercising women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan L Petkus
- The Women's Health and Exercise Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Noll Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Laura E Murray-Kolb
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Samuel P Scott
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Chandlee Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Emily A Southmayd
- The Women's Health and Exercise Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Noll Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Mary Jane De Souza
- The Women's Health and Exercise Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, 104 Noll Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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20
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Moretti D, Mettler S, Zeder C, Lundby C, Geurts-Moetspot A, Monnard A, Swinkels DW, Brittenham GM, Zimmermann MB. An intensified training schedule in recreational male runners is associated with increases in erythropoiesis and inflammation and a net reduction in plasma hepcidin. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:1324-1333. [PMID: 30351387 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Iron status is a determinant of physical performance, but training may induce both low-grade inflammation and erythropoiesis, exerting opposing influences on hepcidin and iron metabolism. To our knowledge, the combined effects on iron absorption and utilization during training have not been examined directly in humans. Objective We hypothesized that 3 wk of exercise training in recreational male runners would decrease oral iron bioavailability by increasing inflammation and hepcidin concentrations. Design In a prospective intervention, nonanemic, iron-sufficient men (n = 10) completed a 34-d study consisting of a 16-d control phase and a 22-d exercise-training phase of 8 km running every second day. We measured oral iron absorption and erythroid iron utilization using oral 57Fe and intravenous 58Fe tracers administered before and during training. We measured hemoglobin mass (mHb) and total red blood cell volume (RCV) by carbon monoxide rebreathing. Iron status, interleukin-6 (IL-6), plasma hepcidin (PHep), erythropoietin (EPO), and erythroferrone were measured before, during, and after training. Results Exercise training induced inflammation, as indicated by an increased mean ± SD IL-6 (0.87 ± 1.1 to 5.17 ± 2.2 pg/mL; P < 0.01), while also enhancing erythropoiesis, as indicated by an increase in mean EPO (0.66 ± 0.42 to 2.06 ± 1.6 IU/L), mHb (10.5 ± 1.6 to 10.8 ± 1.8 g/kg body weight), and mean RCV (30.7 ± 4.3 to 32.7 ± 4.6 mL/kg) (all P < 0.05). Training tended to increase geometric mean iron absorption by 24% (P = 0.083), consistent with a decreased mean ± SD PHep (7.25 ± 2.14 to 5.17 ± 2.24 nM; P < 0.05). The increase in mHb and erythroid iron utilization were associated with the decrease in PHep (P < 0.05). Compartmental modeling indicated that iron for the increase in mHb was obtained predominantly (>80%) from stores mobilization rather than from increased dietary absorption. Conclusions In iron-sufficient men, mild intensification of exercise intensity increases both inflammation and erythropoiesis. The net effect is to decrease hepcidin concentrations and to tend to increase oral iron absorption. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01730521.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Moretti
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Mettler
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Federal Institute of Sports, Magglingen, Switzerland.,Department of Business, Health, and Social Work, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Zeder
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Lundby
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anneke Geurts-Moetspot
- Hepcidinanalysis.com and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Monnard
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dorine W Swinkels
- Hepcidinanalysis.com and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Gary M Brittenham
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael B Zimmermann
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Dvorak J, Larson-Meyer DE, Peeling P, Phillips SM, Rawson ES, Walsh NP, Garthe I, Geyer H, Meeusen R, van Loon LJC, Shirreffs SM, Spriet LL, Stuart M, Vernec A, Currell K, Ali VM, Budgett RG, Ljungqvist A, Mountjoy M, Pitsiladis YP, Soligard T, Erdener U, Engebretsen L. IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. Br J Sports Med 2018; 52:439-455. [PMID: 29540367 PMCID: PMC5867441 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition usually makes a small but potentially valuable contribution to successful performance in elite athletes, and dietary supplements can make a minor contribution to this nutrition programme. Nonetheless, supplement use is widespread at all levels of sport. Products described as supplements target different issues, including (1) the management of micronutrient deficiencies, (2) supply of convenient forms of energy and macronutrients, and (3) provision of direct benefits to performance or (4) indirect benefits such as supporting intense training regimens. The appropriate use of some supplements can benefit the athlete, but others may harm the athlete's health, performance, and/or livelihood and reputation (if an antidoping rule violation results). A complete nutritional assessment should be undertaken before decisions regarding supplement use are made. Supplements claiming to directly or indirectly enhance performance are typically the largest group of products marketed to athletes, but only a few (including caffeine, creatine, specific buffering agents and nitrate) have good evidence of benefits. However, responses are affected by the scenario of use and may vary widely between individuals because of factors that include genetics, the microbiome and habitual diet. Supplements intended to enhance performance should be thoroughly trialled in training or simulated competition before being used in competition. Inadvertent ingestion of substances prohibited under the antidoping codes that govern elite sport is a known risk of taking some supplements. Protection of the athlete's health and awareness of the potential for harm must be paramount; expert professional opinion and assistance is strongly advised before an athlete embarks on supplement use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise M Burke
- Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- Department of Neurology, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D Enette Larson-Meyer
- Department of Family & Consumer Sciences (Human Nutrition), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mount Claremont, Australia
| | | | - Eric S Rawson
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Messiah College, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Neil P Walsh
- College of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Ina Garthe
- The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sport, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Lucas J C van Loon
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lawrence L Spriet
- Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Alan Vernec
- Department of Science and Medicine, World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Vidya M Ali
- Medical and Scientific Commission, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Gm Budgett
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Margo Mountjoy
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, Health and Performance, Centre University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Medical and Scientific Commission Games Group, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yannis P Pitsiladis
- Medical and Scientific Commission, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Torbjørn Soligard
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Uğur Erdener
- Medical and Scientific Commission, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
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IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28:104-125. [PMID: 29589768 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition usually makes a small but potentially valuable contribution to successful performance in elite athletes, and dietary supplements can make a minor contribution to this nutrition program. Nonetheless, supplement use is widespread at all levels of sport. Products described as supplements target different issues, including the management of micronutrient deficiencies, supply of convenient forms of energy and macronutrients, and provision of direct benefits to performance or indirect benefits such as supporting intense training regimens. The appropriate use of some supplements can offer benefits to the athlete, but others may be harmful to the athlete's health, performance, and/or livelihood and reputation if an anti-doping rule violation results. A complete nutritional assessment should be undertaken before decisions regarding supplement use are made. Supplements claiming to directly or indirectly enhance performance are typically the largest group of products marketed to athletes, but only a few (including caffeine, creatine, specific buffering agents and nitrate) have good evidence of benefits. However, responses are affected by the scenario of use and may vary widely between individuals because of factors that include genetics, the microbiome, and habitual diet. Supplements intended to enhance performance should be thoroughly trialed in training or simulated competition before implementation in competition. Inadvertent ingestion of substances prohibited under the anti-doping codes that govern elite sport is a known risk of taking some supplements. Protection of the athlete's health and awareness of the potential for harm must be paramount, and expert professional opinion and assistance is strongly advised before embarking on supplement use.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between iron and neurocognition remains underexplored in adolescents, and the neurocognitive effects of low and high iron levels have yet to be established. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships of low and high iron levels with neurocognitive domains in early adolescents. METHOD The sample comprised 428 adolescents (12.0 ± 0.4 years) from Jintan, China. Serum iron concentrations were analyzed from venous blood samples and classified into low, normal, and high levels according to the clinical reference range 75-175 μg/dl. Neurocognition was measured by the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery and Wechsler Intelligence Scale. Generalized linear regression was used to analyze relationships. RESULTS Prevalence rates of iron deficiency, normal iron, and high iron were 13.8%, 76.4%, and 9.8%, respectively. Compared with normal levels, iron deficiency was associated with slower performance in tasks that measured abstraction and mental flexibility (β = 107.5, p = .03) and spatial processing ability (β = 917.2, p = .04). High serum iron was associated with less accuracy in the spatial processing ability task (β = -2.2, p = .03) and a longer reaction time in the task assessing abstraction and mental flexibility (β = 702.8, p = .046) compared to normal levels. CONCLUSION Both iron deficiency and high iron levels contribute to reduced neurocognitive performance in a domain-specific manner in early adolescents. The dual burden of iron under- and overnutrition should be incorporated into future interventions for improving brain development and cognitive function in adolescents, especially in a Chinese context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Ji
- School of Nursing University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Naixue Cui
- School of Nursing University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jianghong Liu
- School of Nursing University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Buyukyazi G, Ulman C, Çelik A, Çetinkaya C, Şişman AR, Çimrin D, Doğru Y, Kaya D. The effect of 8-week different-intensity walking exercises on serum hepcidin, IL-6, and iron metabolism in pre-menopausal women. Physiol Int 2017; 104:52-63. [DOI: 10.1556/2060.104.2017.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective
Hepcidin may be an important mediator in exercise-induced iron deficiency. Despite the studies investigating acute exercise effects on hepcidin and markers of iron metabolism, we found no studies examining the chronic effects of walking exercises (WE) on hepcidin and markers of iron metabolism in premenopausal women. The chronic effects of two 8-week different-intensity WE on hepcidin, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and markers of iron metabolism in pre-menopausal women were examined.
Methods
Exercise groups (EG) [moderate tempo walking group (MTWG), n = 11; brisk walking group (BWG), n = 11] walked 3 days/week, starting from 30 to 51 min. Control group (CG; n = 8) did not perform any exercises. BWG walked at ∼70%–75%; MTWG at ∼50%–55% of HRRmax. VO2max, hepcidin, IL-6, and iron metabolism markers were determined before and after the intervention.
Results
VO2max increased in both EGs, favoring the BWG. Hepcidin increased in the BWG (p < 0.01) and CG (p < 0.05). IL-6 decreased in the BWG and the MTWG (p < 0.05; p < 0.01). While iron, ferritin, transferrin, and transferrin saturation levels did not change in any group, total iron binding capacity (p < 0.05), red blood cells (p < 0.05), and hematocrit (p < 0.01) increased only in the BWG.
Conclusion
Both WE types may be useful to prevent inflammation. However, brisk walking is advisable due to the positive changes in VO2max and some iron metabolism parameters, which may contribute to prevent iron deficiency. The increase in hepcidin levels remains unclear and necessitates further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Buyukyazi
- 1 School of Sport Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - C Ulman
- 2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - A Çelik
- 1 School of Sport Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - C Çetinkaya
- 1 School of Sport Sciences and Technology, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - AR Şişman
- 3 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - D Çimrin
- 3 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Y Doğru
- 4 Department of Biochemistry, School of Physical Education and Sports, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - D Kaya
- 5 Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
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Blood elements concentration in cyclists investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-016-4778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Exercise-induced anaemia: a forgotten cause of iron deficiency anaemia in young adults. Br J Gen Pract 2015; 65:268-9. [PMID: 25918331 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp15x685069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Determination of Fe in blood using portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry: an alternative for sports medicine. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Alaunyte I, Stojceska V, Plunkett A. Iron and the female athlete: a review of dietary treatment methods for improving iron status and exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:38. [PMID: 26448737 PMCID: PMC4596414 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is a functional component of oxygen transport and energy production in humans and therefore is a critically important micronutrient for sport and exercise performance. Athletes, particularly female athletes participating in endurance sport, are at increased risk of compromised iron status due to heightened iron losses through menstruation and exercise-induced mechanisms associated with endurance activity. Conventionally oral iron supplementation is used in prevention or/and treatment of iron deficiency. However, this approach has been criticised because of the side effects and increased risk of iron toxicity associated with the use of supplements. Thus, more recently there has been a growing interest in using dietary modification rather than the use of supplements to improve iron status of athletes. Dietary iron treatment methods include the prescription of an iron-rich diet, or/and haem iron-based diet, dietary advice counselling and inclusion of novel iron-rich products into the daily diet. Although studies using dietary modification are still scarce, current literature suggests that dietary iron interventions can assist in maintaining iron status in female athletes, especially during intensive training and competition. Future research should focus on the most efficient method(s) of dietary modification for improvement of iron status and whether these approaches can have a favourable impact on sports and exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Alaunyte
- />Department of Food and Tourism Management, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M14 6HR UK
- />Liverpool Hope University, School of Health Sciences, Liverpool, L16 9JD UK
| | - Valentina Stojceska
- />Department of Food and Tourism Management, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M14 6HR UK
- />Brunel University London, College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH UK
- />Brunel University London, Institute of Energy Futures, RCUK Centre for Sustainable Energy Use in Food Chains (CSEF), Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH UK
| | - Andrew Plunkett
- />Department of Food and Tourism Management, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M14 6HR UK
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Abstract
Iron is a trace mineral that is highly significant to endurance athletes. Iron is critical to optimal athletic performance because of its role in energy metabolism, oxygen transport, and acid-base balance. Endurance athletes are at increased risk for suboptimal iron status, with potential negative consequences on performance, because of the combination of increased iron needs and inadequate dietary intake. This review paper summarizes the role of iron in maximal and submaximal exercise and describes the effects of iron deficiency on exercise performance. Mechanisms that explain the increased risk of iron deficiency in endurance athletes, including exercise-associated inflammation and hepcidin release on iron sequestration, are described. Information on screening athletes for iron deficiency is presented, and suggestions to increase iron intake through diet modification or supplemental iron are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Hinton
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Abstract
Iron is an important mineral element used by the body in a variety of metabolic and physiologic processes. These processes are highly active when the body is undergoing physical exercises. Prevalence of exercise-induced iron deficiency anemia (also known as sports anemia) is notably high in athletic populations, particularly those with heavy training loads. The pathogenesis of sports anemia is closely related to disorders of iron metabolism, and a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of iron metabolism in the course of physical exercises could expand ways of treatment and prevention of sports anemia. In recent years, there have been remarkable research advances regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying changes of iron metabolism in response to physical exercises. This review has covered these advances, including effects of exercise on duodenum iron absorption, serum iron status, iron distribution in organs, erythropoiesis, and hepcidin’s function and its regulation. New methods for the treatment of exercise-induced iron deficiency are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Na Kong
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, Hebei Province, P. R. China ; Bioreactor and Protein Drug Research and Development Center of Hebei Universities, Hebei Chemical & Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang 050026, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Guofen Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, Hebei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, Hebei Province, P. R. China
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Latunde-Dada GO. Iron metabolism in athletes - achieving a gold standard. Eur J Haematol 2012; 90:10-5. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gladys O. Latunde-Dada
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division; School of Medicine; King's College London; London; UK
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Abstract
Adequate body stores of iron are necessary for optimal endurance exercise performance. Severe iron depletion resulting in overt iron-deficiency anemia clearly depresses endurance fitness, but it is not clear if milder degrees of iron deficiency (low serum ferritin with normal hemoglobin levels) impair physical capacity. The question is an important one for athletes, particularly females, who are particularly prone to iron deficiency without anemia. This review examines research data, in both animals and humans, which have addressed this issue. Constructing guidelines based on this often-conflicting body of information is difficult. Routine screening is advocated for at-risk athletes, particularly elite-level female competitors in distance sports, and, although controversial, many authorities recommend iron treatment for athletes with hypoferritemia (ferritin <12-20 ng/mL), even without overt anemia. However, “blind” supplementation with oral iron by athletes is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rowland
- Department of Pediatrics, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts
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Maughan RJ, Greenhaff PL, Hespel P. Dietary supplements for athletes: Emerging trends and recurring themes. J Sports Sci 2011; 29 Suppl 1:S57-66. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.587446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Araújo LR, Martins MV, Silva JC, Silva RRD. Aspectos gerais da deficiência de ferro no esporte, suas implicações no desempenho e importância do diagnóstico precoce. REV NUTR 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732011000300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A ingestão inadequada de ferro pode trazer consequências deletérias ao desempenho atlético. Os aspectos negativos provenientes da deficiência orgânica de ferro estão diretamente relacionados com os níveis de depleção desse mineral, que, em sua última instância, tem como principal agravo o desenvolvimento da anemia ferropriva. O presente artigo esclarece que, além da omissão férrica dietética, existem vários fatores agregados que não estão vinculados apenas à dieta, mas que, no conjunto, podem interferir sobre o balanço negativo do ferro, principalmente em atletas. Dentre os fatores etiológicos associados à prática esportiva, os mais evidentes são as hemorragias gastrintestinais, as hemólises por impacto e por radicais livres e as perdas férricas através da transpiração. Nota-se a suma importância do controle da ingestão de ferro e da manutenção de uma vigilância para a detecção precoce da deficiência desse mineral, evitando alteração na produção normal de hemoglobina e de outros compostos essenciais, o que pode causar redução considerável no desempenho do indivíduo, principalmente aeróbico. Embora seja crucial o papel da suplementação no restabelecimento do indivíduo com deficiência de ferro, a automedicação é contraindicada, devido às consequências negativas associadas às altas doses desse mineral. A abordagem desse tema é de extrema relevância para o meio esportivo, contendo informações sobre a anemia esportiva e o diagnóstico da deficiência de ferro, em uma revisão que visa o esclarecimento dos principais fatores etiológicos envolvidos.
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