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Saiapina OY, Berketa K, Sverstiuk AS, Fayura L, Sibirny AA, Dzyadevych S, Soldatkin OO. Adaptation of Conductometric Monoenzyme Biosensor for Rapid Quantitative Analysis of L-arginine in Dietary Supplements. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4672. [PMID: 39066069 PMCID: PMC11281210 DOI: 10.3390/s24144672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The present study reports on the development, adaptation, and optimization of a novel monoenzyme conductometric biosensor based on a recombinant arginine deiminase (ADI) for the determination of arginine in dietary supplements with a high accuracy of results. Aiming for the highly sensitive determination of arginine in real samples, we studied the effect of parameters of the working buffer solution (its pH, buffer capacity, ionic strength, temperature, and protein concentration) on the sensitivity of the biosensor to arginine. Thus, it was determined that the optimal buffer is a 5 mM phosphate buffer solution with pH 6.2, and the optimal temperature is 39.5 °C. The linear functioning range is 2.5-750 µM of L-arginine with a minimal limit of detection of 2 µM. The concentration of arginine in food additive samples was determined using the developed ADI-based biosensor. Based on the obtained results, the most effective method of biosensor analysis using the method of standard additions was chosen. It was also checked how the reproducibility of the biosensor changes during the analysis of pharmaceutical samples. The results of the determination of arginine in real samples using a conductometric biosensor based on ADI clearly correlated with the data obtained using the method of ion-exchange chromatography and enzymatic spectrophotometric analysis. We concluded that the developed biosensor would be effective for the accurate and selective determination of arginine in dietary supplements intended for the prevention and/or elimination of arginine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Y. Saiapina
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnyi Str., 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine; (O.Y.S.); (S.D.); (O.O.S.)
| | - Kseniia Berketa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnyi Str., 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine; (O.Y.S.); (S.D.); (O.O.S.)
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 64, 01003 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrii S. Sverstiuk
- Department of Medical Informatics, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Maidan Voli Str., 1, 46002 Ternopil, Ukraine
- Department of Computer Sciences, Ternopil National Ivan Puluj Technical University, Rus’ka Str., 56, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Lyubov Fayura
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 14/16 Drahomanov Str., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine; (L.F.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Andriy A. Sibirny
- Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 14/16 Drahomanov Str., 79005 Lviv, Ukraine; (L.F.); (A.A.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Rzeszow University, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Sergei Dzyadevych
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnyi Str., 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine; (O.Y.S.); (S.D.); (O.O.S.)
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 64, 01003 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O. Soldatkin
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotnyi Str., 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine; (O.Y.S.); (S.D.); (O.O.S.)
- Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, Beresteyskyi ave. 37, 03056 Kyiv, Ukraine
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2
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Duttagupta S, Krishna Roy N, Dey G. Efficacy of amino acids in sports nutrition- review of clinical evidences. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114311. [PMID: 38763626 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The efficacy of amino acids as popular sports supplements has triggered debates, with their impact on athletic performance varying across sports disciplines due to diversity and heterogeneity in clinical trials. This review evaluates the ergogenic potential of amino acids, by critical appraisal of results of clinical trials of Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), arginine, glutamine, citrulline, β-alanine, and taurine, performed on elite sportsmen from various land and water sports. Clinical trials reviewed here confirm notable physiological benefits thereby supporting the claim that BCAA, citrulline and arginine in various doses can have positive effects on endurance and overall performance in sportsperson. Furthermore, results of clinical trials and metabolomic studies indicate that in future it would be more beneficial to design precise formulations to target the requirement of specific sports. For instance, some combinations of amino acids may be more suitable for long term endurance and some others may be suitable for short burst of excessive energy. The most important insights from this review are the identification of three key areas where research is urgently needed: a) Biomarkers that can identify the physiological end points and to distinguish the specific role of amino acid as anti-fatigue or reducing muscle soreness or enhancing energy b) In-depth sports-wise clinical trials on elite sportsperson to understand the ergogenic needs for the particular sports c) Design of precision formula for similar types of sports instead of common supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreya Duttagupta
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT-Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Niladri Krishna Roy
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT-Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Gargi Dey
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT-Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India.
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3
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Ajomiwe N, Boland M, Phongthai S, Bagiyal M, Singh J, Kaur L. Protein Nutrition: Understanding Structure, Digestibility, and Bioavailability for Optimal Health. Foods 2024; 13:1771. [PMID: 38890999 PMCID: PMC11171741 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This review discusses different protein sources and their role in human nutrition, focusing on their structure, digestibility, and bioavailability. Plant-based proteins, such as those found in legumes, nuts, and seeds, may contain anti-nutritional factors that impact their bioavailability apart from structural and compositional differences from animal proteins. Animal proteins are generally highly digestible and nutritionally superior to plant proteins, with higher amino acid bioavailability. Alternative protein sources are also processed in different ways, which can alter their structure and nutritional value, which is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nneka Ajomiwe
- School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mike Boland
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Suphat Phongthai
- Food Science and Technology Division, School of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Manisha Bagiyal
- School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jaspreet Singh
- School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Lovedeep Kaur
- School of Food Technology and Natural Sciences, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Jazayeri R, Anil U, Zuckerman JD. The Role of Amino Acid Supplementation in Orthopaedic Surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2024; 32:162-168. [PMID: 38165904 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-23-00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The nutritional status of patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery has started to garner increasing attention in published literature. Notable previous evidence has demonstrated the negative effect of malnutrition on outcomes after orthopaedic procedures. Although there has been increased recognition of malnutrition as a risk factor for suboptimal outcomes, the use of nutritional supplementation to mitigate those risks is not well understood. The purpose of this review of most current literature on the topic is to introduce and elucidate the role of amino acid supplementation as a countermeasure to muscle loss and improvement of nutritional status in orthopaedic patients to improve results and outcomes after orthopaedic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Jazayeri
- From the Department of Sports Medicine, Permanente Medical Group Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA (Jazayeri), the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Health (Dr. Anil, Dr. Zuckerman), New York, NY
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Pan Y, Li Y, Chhetri JK, Liu P, Li B, Liu Z, Shui G, Ma L. Dysregulation of acyl carnitines, pentose phosphate pathway and arginine and ornithine metabolism are associated with decline in intrinsic capacity in Chinese older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2024; 36:36. [PMID: 38345670 PMCID: PMC10861606 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrinsic capacity is the combination of individual physical and mental abilities, reflecting the aging degree of the older adults. However, the mechanisms and metabolic characteristics of the decline in intrinsic capacity are still unclear. AIMS To identify metabolic signatures and associated pathways of decline in intrinsic capacity based on the metabolite features. METHODS We recruited 70 participants aged 77.19 ± 8.31 years. The five domains of intrinsic capacity were assessed by Short Physical Performance Battery (for mobility), Montreal cognition assessment (for cognition), 30-Item Geriatric Depression Scale (for psychology), self-reported hearing/visual impairment (for sensory) and Nutritional risk screening (for vitality), respectively. The serum samples of participants were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, followed by metabolite set enrichment analysis and metabolic pathway analysis. RESULTS There were 50 participants with a decline in intrinsic capacity in at least one of the domains. A total of 349 metabolites were identified from their serum samples. Overall, 24 differential metabolites, 5 metabolite sets and 13 pathways were associated with the decline in intrinsic capacity. DISCUSSION Our results indicated that decline in intrinsic capacity had unique metabolomic profiles. CONCLUSION The specific change of acyl carnitines was observed to be a feature of decline in intrinsic capacity. Dysregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway and of arginine and ornithine metabolism was strongly associated with the decline in intrinsic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Pan
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Jagadish K Chhetri
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
- Department of Neurology and Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Bowen Li
- LipidALL Technologies Company Limited, Changzhou, 213022, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zuyun Liu
- Center for Clinical Big Data and Analytics, Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Big Data in Health Science, School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
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Rizzo G, Storz MA, Calapai G. The Role of Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) as a Functional Food in Vegetarian Nutrition. Foods 2023; 12:3505. [PMID: 37761214 PMCID: PMC10528039 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, there has been a renewed interest in Cannabis sativa and its uses. The recreational use of inflorescences as a source of THC has led to the legal restriction of C. sativa cultivation to limit the detrimental effects of psychotropic substance abuse on health. However, this has also limited the cultivation of textile/industrial varieties with a low content of THC used for textile and nutritional purposes. While previously the bans had significantly penalized the cultivation of C. sativa, today many countries discriminate between recreational use (marijuana) and industrial and food use (hemp). The stalks of industrial hemp (low in psychotropic substances) have been used extensively for textile purposes while the seeds are nutritionally versatile. From hemp seeds, it is possible to obtain flours applicable in the bakery sector, oils rich in essential fatty acids, proteins with a high biological value and derivatives for fortification, supplementation and nutraceutical purposes. Hemp seed properties seem relevant for vegetarian diets, due to their high nutritional value and underestimated employment in the food sector. Hemp seed and their derivatives are a valuable source of protein, essential fatty acids and minerals that could provide additional benefit to vegetarian nutrition. This document aims to explore the information available in the literature about hemp seeds from a nutritional point of view, highlighting possible beneficial effects for humans with particular attention to vegetarian nutrition as a supplemental option for a well-planned diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Rizzo
- Independent Researcher, Via Venezuela 66, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Maximilian Andreas Storz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Centre for Complementary Medicine, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Gioacchino Calapai
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy;
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Singh A, Kinnebrew G, Hsu PC, Weng DY, Song MA, Reisinger SA, McElroy JP, Keller-Hamilton B, Ferketich AK, Freudenheim JL, Shields PG. Untargeted Metabolomics and Body Mass in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analysis. Metabolites 2023; 13:899. [PMID: 37623843 PMCID: PMC10456720 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity in children and adolescents has increased globally. Increased body mass index (BMI) during adolescence carries significant long-term adverse health outcomes, including chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer. Little is known about the metabolic consequences of changes in BMI in adolescents outside of typical clinical parameters. Here, we used untargeted metabolomics to assess changing BMI in male adolescents. Untargeted metabolomic profiling was performed on urine samples from 360 adolescents using UPLC-QTOF-MS. The study includes a baseline of 235 subjects in a discovery set and 125 subjects in a validation set. Of them, a follow-up of 81 subjects (1 year later) as a replication set was studied. Linear regression analysis models were used to estimate the associations of metabolic features with BMI z-score in the discovery and validation sets, after adjusting for age, race, and total energy intake (kcal) at false-discovery-rate correction (FDR) ≤ 0.1. We identified 221 and 16 significant metabolic features in the discovery and in the validation set, respectively. The metabolites associated with BMI z-score in validation sets are glycylproline, citrulline, 4-vinylsyringol, 3'-sialyllactose, estrone sulfate, carnosine, formiminoglutamic acid, 4-hydroxyproline, hydroxyprolyl-asparagine, 2-hexenoylcarnitine, L-glutamine, inosine, N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl) acetamide glucuronide, and galactosylhydroxylysine. Of those 16 features, 9 significant metabolic features were associated with a positive change in BMI in the replication set 1 year later. Histidine and arginine metabolism were the most affected metabolic pathways. Our findings suggest that obesity and its metabolic outcomes in the urine metabolome of children are linked to altered amino acids, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. These identified metabolites may serve as biomarkers and aid in the investigation of obesity's underlying pathological mechanisms. Whether these features are associated with the development of obesity, or a consequence of changing BMI, requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarnath Singh
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1240, USA; (A.S.); (D.Y.W.)
| | - Garrett Kinnebrew
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Biomedical Informatics Shared Resources (BISR), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1240, USA;
| | - Ping-Ching Hsu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Daniel Y. Weng
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1240, USA; (A.S.); (D.Y.W.)
| | - Min-Ae Song
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1240, USA; (M.-A.S.); (A.K.F.)
| | - Sarah A. Reisinger
- Center for Tobacco Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1240, USA; (S.A.R.); (B.K.-H.)
| | - Joseph P. McElroy
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1240, USA;
| | - Brittney Keller-Hamilton
- Center for Tobacco Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1240, USA; (S.A.R.); (B.K.-H.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1240, USA
| | - Amy K. Ferketich
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1240, USA; (M.-A.S.); (A.K.F.)
| | - Jo L. Freudenheim
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA;
| | - Peter G. Shields
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1240, USA; (A.S.); (D.Y.W.)
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Turcu-Stiolica A, Ionele CM, Ungureanu BS, Subtirelu MS. The Effects of Arginine-Based Supplements on Fatigue Levels following COVID-19 Infection: A Prospective Study in Romania. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11101477. [PMID: 37239763 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of two arginine-based supplements on the fatigue level of patients following the COVID-19 infection. This is a prospective study of the SARS-CoV-2-infected patients divided into two groups (according to family physicians' prescriptions, Group 1 of patients were treated with Astenor Energy® containing arginine aspartate, B6 vitamin, biotin and magnesium, and Group 2 of patients were treated with Astenor Forte® containing L-arginine and malic acid). The patients visited their family physicians from October 2021 to January 2022, complaining of physical and/or mental fatigue following the COVID-19 infection. We recorded 505 patients (146 patients in Group 1 and 359 patients in Group 2) and analyzed the fatigue level using the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) through its total (FAS-T), mental (FAS-M) and physical (FAS-P) scores, at baseline and after three months of treatment. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of age (p = 0.265), but more men were included in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p = 0.001). The patients from Group 2 were significantly more likely to be treated at home than those included in Group 1 (89.7% vs. 65.1%, p < 0.0001) because of the lower severity of the COVID-19 infection (asymptomatic or mild: 82.5% vs. 48.7%, p < 0.0001). After 3 months of treatment, patients indicated no fatigue in the higher percentage compared to than at the baseline (68.7% vs. 27.7%), and the fatigue level significantly decreased both in Group 1 (median baseline 33.0 vs. follow-up 17.00, p < 0.0001) and Group 2 (median baseline 25.0 vs. follow-up 17.00, p < 0.0001). These findings suggest that supplements with L-arginine may be proposed as a remedy to restore physical and mental performance affected by the fatigue burden in people with COVID-19 or following the COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Turcu-Stiolica
- Pharmacoeconomics Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2-4 Petru Rares Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Claudiu Marinel Ionele
- Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2-4 Petru Rares Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Bogdan Silviu Ungureanu
- Gastroenterology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2-4 Petru Rares Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania
| | - Mihaela-Simona Subtirelu
- Pharmacoeconomics Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2-4 Petru Rares Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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Park HY, Kim SW, Seo J, Jung YP, Kim H, Kim AJ, Kim S, Lim K. Dietary Arginine and Citrulline Supplements for Cardiovascular Health and Athletic Performance: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:1268. [PMID: 36904267 PMCID: PMC10005484 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The global market for nutritional supplements (NS) is growing rapidly, and the use of L-arginine (Arg), L-citrulline (Cit), and citrulline malate (CitMal) supplements has been shown to enhance cardiovascular health and athletic performance. Over the past decade, Arg, Cit, and CitMal supplements have received considerable attention from researchers in the field of exercise nutrition, who have investigated their potential effects on hemodynamic function, endothelial function, aerobic and anaerobic capacity, strength, power, and endurance. Previous studies were reviewed to determine the potential impact of Arg, Cit, and CitMal supplements on cardiovascular health and exercise performance. By synthesizing the existing literature, the study aimed to provide insight into the possible uses and limitations of these supplements for these purposes. The results showed that both recreational and trained athletes did not see improved physical performance or increased nitric oxide (NO) synthesis with 0.075 g or 6 g doses of Arg supplement per body weight. However, 2.4 to 6 g of Cit per day for 7 to 16 days of various NSs had a positive impact, increasing NO synthesis, enhancing athletic performance indicators, and reducing feelings of exertion. The effects of an 8 g acute dose of CitMal supplement were inconsistent, and more research is needed to determine its impact on muscle endurance performance. Based on the positive effects reported in previous studies, further testing is warranted in various populations that may benefit from nutritional supplements, including aerobic and anaerobic athletes, resistance-trained individuals, elderly people, and clinical populations, to determine the impact of different doses, timing of ingestion, and long-term and acute effects of Arg, Cit, and CitMal supplements on cardiovascular health and athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Young Park
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Seo
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanghoon P. Jung
- CJ CheilJedang Food & Nutrition Tech, Jung-gu, Seoul 04527, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Kim
- CJ CheilJedang Food & Nutrition Tech, Jung-gu, Seoul 04527, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Jin Kim
- CJ CheilJedang Food & Nutrition Tech, Jung-gu, Seoul 04527, Republic of Korea
| | - Sonwoo Kim
- CJ CheilJedang Food & Nutrition Tech, Jung-gu, Seoul 04527, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Ajibade TO, Awodele OA, Tijani MO, Adejumobi OA, Adetona MO, Oyagbemi AA, Adedapo AD, Omobowale TO, Aro AO, Ola-Davies OE, Saba AB, Adedapo AA, Nkadimeng SM, McGaw LJ, Kayoka-Kabongo PN, Oguntibeju OO, Yakubu MA. L-arginine and lisinopril supplementation protects against sodium fluoride-induced nephrotoxicity and hypertension by suppressing mineralocorticoid receptor and angiotensin-converting enzyme 3 activity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:23263-23275. [PMID: 36319925 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sodium fluoride (NaF) is one of the neglected environmental toxicants that has continued to silently cause toxicity to both humans and animals. NaF is universally present in water, soil, and atmosphere. The persistent and alarming rate of increase in cardiovascular and renal diseases caused by chemicals such as NaF in mammalian tissues has led to the use of various drugs for the treatment of these diseases. The present study aimed at evaluating the renoprotective and antihypertensive effects of L-arginine against NaF-induced nephrotoxicity. Thirty male Wistar rats (150-180 g) were used in this study. The rats were randomly divided into five groups of six rats each as follows: Control, NaF (300 ppm), NaF + L-arginine (100 mg/kg), NaF + L-arginine (200 mg/kg), and NaF + lisinopril (10 mg/kg). Histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry of renal angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MCR) were performed. Markers of renal damage, oxidative stress, antioxidant defense system, and blood pressure parameters were determined. L-arginine and lisinopril significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated the hypertensive effects of NaF. The systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure of the treated groups were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced compared with the hypertensive group. This finding was concurrent with significantly increased serum bioavailability of nitric oxide in the hypertensive rats treated with L-arginine and lisinopril. Also, there was a significant reduction in the level of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine of hypertensive rats treated with L-arginine and lisinopril. There was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in markers of oxidative stress such as malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl and concurrent increase in the levels of antioxidant enzymes in the kidney of hypertensive rats treated with L-arginine and lisinopril. The results of this study suggest that L-arginine and lisinopril normalized blood pressure, reduced oxidative stress, and the expression of renal ACE and mineralocorticoid receptor, and improved nitric oxide production. Thus, L-arginine holds promise as a potential therapy against hypertension and renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitayo Olabisi Ajibade
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olusola Adedayo Awodele
- Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Monsuru Oladunjoye Tijani
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olumuyiwa Abiola Adejumobi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Moses Olusola Adetona
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Ademola Adetokunbo Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | | | - Temidayo Olutayo Omobowale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abimbola Obemisola Aro
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Olufunke Eunice Ola-Davies
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adebowale Benard Saba
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeolu Alex Adedapo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Sanah Malomile Nkadimeng
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Old Soutpan Road, Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Lyndy Joy McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Old Soutpan Road, Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Prudence Ngalula Kayoka-Kabongo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, South Africa
| | - Oluwafemi Omoniyi Oguntibeju
- Phytomedicine and Phytochemistry Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Momoh Audu Yakubu
- Department of Environmental & Interdisciplinary Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Technology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX, USA
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11
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Esen O, Karayigit R. One-Week L-Arginine Supplementation Had No Effect on 200m Freestyle Swimming Time Trial in Moderately-Trained Male Swimmers. J Diet Suppl 2022; 20:777-787. [PMID: 36093907 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2022.2119321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Research on the effect of L-arginine supplementation on exercise performance is still inconsistent and its influence on single-bout swimming performance has not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess if one-week L-arginine supplementation would enhance 200-m freestyle swimming performance in trained/developmental (regularly training ∼3 times per week with a purpose to compete) male swimmers. In a randomized, cross-over, double-blind design, 8 trained/developmental male swimmers (age 25 ± 5 years; mean ± SD) completed 200-m freestyle swimming time-trial on 3 separate occasions: a control trial; and after 2 separate 7-d supplementation periods, with a daily dose of either 8 g/d of L-arginine or placebo trials. Blood lactate concentration was measured immediately post time-trial swimming. Completion time of the 200-m freestyle swimming time-trial did not differ significantly (F = 4.55; P = 0.060; ŋp2 = 0.394) between control (149.40 ± 9.88 s), L-arginine (146.02 ± 10.34 s) and placebo trials (147.58 ± 10.86 s). There was no statistically significant difference in post time-trial swimming blood lactate concentration between trials (control: 11.2 ± 2.7; L-arginine: 13.1 ± 1.8; Placebo: 12.2 ± 2.7, F = 3.52; P = 0.058; ŋp2 = 0.335). One-week of supplementation with 8 g/d of L-arginine, had no ergogenic effect on middle-distance (200-m), freestyle swimming performance in trained/developmental male swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozcan Esen
- Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Raci Karayigit
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Hadi S, Amani R, Mazaheri Tehrani M, Hadi V, Hejri S, Mirghazanfari SM, Askari G. Compact food bar improves cardiopulmonary function in men military athletes: A randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blind clinical trial. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 27:60. [PMID: 36353339 PMCID: PMC9639717 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_613_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the effects of compact food bar (CFB) designed on cardiopulmonary function in men athletes who serve in military service. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this randomized, single-blind, controlled clinical trial, 46 men of military staff were arranged into 2 groups and studied for 28 days; one branch used 3 packs daily, 700 kcal each, of CFB with Functional compounds (Caffeine and L-arginine) and the other group used regular food during training course. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 Max) in vitro with cardiopulmonary exercise test, body composition, and physical activity were assessed and recorded at baseline and end of the study period. RESULTS VO2 Max (P = 0.05) significantly increased in CFB group compared with baseline. Moreover, VO2 Max (P = 0.01), VO2/HR (P = 0.04), oxygen uptake/heart rate (VO2/HR) (P = 0.03), and ventilation per minute/oxygen uptake (VE/VO2) (P = 0.03) significantly increased in CFB group compared with control group. In comparison, there was no significant difference in mean ventilation per minute/carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2) (P = 0.41), ventilation per minute (VE) (P = 0.69), and breathing frequency (P = 0.056). No significant effect of CFB was found on weight, body mass index (P = 0.23), lean body mass (P = 0.91), and body fat mass (P = 0.91). CONCLUSION Our results show that intervention with CFB is more effective than regular diet in improving cardiopulmonary function in men athletes who serve in military service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Hadi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Health, Science and Research Branch, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Amani
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Mazaheri Tehrani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Hadi
- Department of Health, Science and Research Branch, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sudiyeh Hejri
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sayid Mahdi Mirghazanfari
- Department of Physiology and Iranian Medicine, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on Different Aerobic Exercise Performance Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173479. [PMID: 36079738 PMCID: PMC9460004 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation with Citrulline (Cit) has been shown to have a positive impact on aerobic exercise performance and related outcomes such as lactate, oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics, and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE), probably due to its relationship to endogenous nitric oxide production. However, current research has shown this to be controversial. The main objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyze and assess the effects of Cit supplementation on aerobic exercise performance and related outcomes, as well as to show the most suitable doses and timing of ingestion. A structured literature search was carried out by the PRISMA® (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and PICOS guidelines in the following databases: Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science (WOS). A total of 10 studies were included in the analysis, all of which exclusively compared the effects of Cit supplementation with those of a placebo group on aerobic performance, lactate, VO2, and the RPE. Those articles that used other supplements and measured other outcomes were excluded. The meta-analysis was carried out using Hedges’ g random effects model and pooled standardized mean differences (SMD). The results showed no positive effects of Cit supplementation on aerobic performance (pooled SMD = 0.15; 95% CI (−0.02 to 0.32); I2, 0%; p = 0.08), the RPE (pooled SMD = −0.03; 95% CI (−0.43 to 0.38); I2, 49%; p = 0.9), VO2 kinetics (pooled SMD = 0.01; 95% CI (−0.16 to 0.17); I2, 0%; p = 0.94), and lactate (pooled SMD = 0.25; 95% CI (−0.10 to 0.59); I2, 0%; p = 0.16). In conclusion, Cit supplementation did not prove to have any benefits for aerobic exercise performance and related outcomes. Where chronic protocols seemed to show a positive tendency, more studies in the field are needed to better understand the effects.
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14
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The Effects of Consuming Amino Acids L-Arginine, L-Citrulline (and Their Combination) as a Beverage or Powder, on Athletic and Physical Performance: A Systematic Review. BEVERAGES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages8030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of amino acids L-arginine (L-Arg) and L-citrulline (L-Cit) are purported to increase nitric oxide (NO) production and improve physical performance. Clinical trials have shown relatively more favorable outcomes than not after supplementing with L-Cit and combined L-Arg and L-Cit. However, in most studies, other active ingredients such as malate were included in the supplement. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of consuming standalone L-Arg, L-Cit, and their combination (in the form of powder or beverage) on blood NO level and physical performance markers. A systematic review was undertaken following PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD42021287530). Four electronic databases (PubMed, Ebscohost, Science Direct, and Google scholar) were used. An acute dose of 0.075 g/kg of L-Arg or 6 g L-Arg had no significant increase in NO biomarkers and physical performance markers (p > 0.05). Consumption of 2.4 to 6 g/day of L-Cit over 7 to 16 days significantly increased NO level and physical performance markers (p < 0.05). Combined L-Arg and L-Cit supplementation significantly increased circulating NO, improved performance, and reduced feelings of exertion (p < 0.05). Standalone L-Cit and combined L-Arg with L-Cit consumed over several days effectively increases circulating NO and improves physical performance and feelings of exertion in recreationally active and well-trained athletes.
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15
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Galluzzo V, Zazzara MB, Ciciarello F, Savera G, Pais C, Calvani R, Picca A, Marzetti E, Landi F, Tosato M. Fatigue In Covid-19 Survivors: The Potential Impact Of A Nutritional Supplement On Muscle Strength And Function. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 51:215-221. [PMID: 36184207 PMCID: PMC9428328 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Fatigue with reduced tolerance to exercise is a common persistent long-lasting feature amongst COVID-19 survivors. The assessment of muscle function in this category of patients is often neglected. Aim. To evaluate the potential impact of a daily supplementation based on amino acids, minerals, vitamins, and plant extracts (Apportal®) on muscle function, body composition, laboratory parameters and self-rated health in a small group of COVID-19 survivors affected by fatigue. Methods Thirty participants were enrolled among patients affected by physical fatigue during or after acute COVID-19 and admitted to the post-COVID-19 outpatient service at Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli in Rome between 1st March 2021 and 30th April 2021. All participants were evaluated at first visit (t0) and at control visit (t1), after taking a daily sachet of Apportal® for 28 days. Muscle function was analyzed using hand grip strength test, exhaustion strength time and the number of repetitions at one-minute chair stand test. Body composition was assessed with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Laboratory parameters, including standard blood biochemistry and ferritin levels, were evaluated at the first visit and during the control visit. A quick evaluation of self-rated health, before COVID-19, at t0 and t1, was obtained through a visual analogue scale (VAS). Results Participants aged 60 years and older were 13 (43%). Females represented the 70% of the study sample. Participants hospitalized for COVID-19 with low-flow oxygen supplementation represented the 43.3% of the study sample while 3.3% received noninvasive ventilation (NIV) or invasive ventilation. Hand grip strength improved from 26.3 Kg to 28.9 Kg (p < 0.05) at t1 as compared to t0. The mean time of strength exhaustion increased from 31.7 s (sec) at t0 to 47.5 s at t1 (p < 0.05). Participants performed a higher number of repetitions (28.3 vs. 22.0; p < 0.05) during the one-minute chair stand test at t1 as compared to t0. A trend, although not significant, in reduction of ferritin levels was found after nutritional supplementation (94.4 vs. 84.3, respectively; p = 0.01). The self-rated health status increased by at least 13 points (t0, mean 57.6 ± 5.86; t1, mean 71.4 ± 6.73; p < 0.05). Conclusions After 28 days of nutritional supplementation with Apportal® in COVID-19 survivors affected by fatigue with reduced tolerance to exercise, we found a significant improvement in means of muscle strength and physical performance, associated with enhancement of self-rated health status between t0 and t1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Galluzzo
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | - Giulia Savera
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Pais
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Landi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Tosato
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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16
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Kaufman MW, Roche M, Fredericson M. The Impact of Supplements on Sports Performance for the Trained Athlete: A Critical Analysis. Curr Sports Med Rep 2022; 21:232-238. [PMID: 35801724 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Elite athletes often use nutritional supplements to improve performance and gain competitive advantage. The prevalence of nutrient supplementation ranges from 40% to 100% among trained athletes, yet few athletes have a trusted source of information for their supplement decisions and expected results. This critical analysis review evaluates systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized control trials, and crossover trials investigating commonly used supplements in sport: caffeine, creatine, beta-alanine (β-alanine), branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), and dietary nitrates. By reviewing these supplements' mechanisms, evidence relating directly to improving sports performance, and ideal dosing strategies, we provide a reference for athletes and medical staff to personalize supplementation strategies. Caffeine and creatine impact power and high-intensity athletes, β-alanine, and BCAA mitigate fatigue, and dietary nitrates improve endurance. With each athlete having different demands, goals to maximize their performance, athletes and medical staff should collaborate to personalize supplementation strategies based on scientific backing to set expectations and potentiate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Kaufman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Megan Roche
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA
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17
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The effects of acute and chronic oral l-arginine supplementation on exercise-induced ammonia accumulation and exercise performance in healthy young men: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial. J Exerc Sci Fit 2022; 20:140-147. [PMID: 35308069 PMCID: PMC8904605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study examined the effects of a single and chronic oral intake of l-arginine supplementation on blood ammonia concentration and exercise performance. Methods Sixteen healthy young men (mean ± standard deviation, 23 ± 3 years) participated in a randomised, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled study. For the acute trials, the participants consumed 200 mL of water containing either l-arginine (5 g) or placebo (dextrin; 5.5 g) and performed cycling exercise at 75% of heart rate reserve for 60 min, followed by a 15-min cycling performance test. For the chronic trials, the participants continued to consume each designated supplement twice a day for another 13 days, and then repeated the same protocol as the acute trials at day 15. After a 14-day washout period, the participants changed the supplement and repeated the same protocol as above. Results Plasma ammonia concentrations were lower in the chronic arginine trial than those in both acute placebo (mean difference - 4.5 μmol/L) and acute arginine (mean difference - 5.1 μmol/L) trials (p < 0.05). There was no difference in plasma ammonia concentration between the chronic arginine and chronic placebo trials (mean difference - 1.2 μmol/L). No differences were found in mean power output during the performance test between the chronic arginine and chronic placebo trials (mean difference 0.5 W) or between the acute arginine and acute placebo trials (mean difference 0.0 W). Conclusions An acute and chronic oral intake of l-arginine supplementation did not attenuate exercise-induced increases in ammonia accumulation or had no significant impact on cycling performance.
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18
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Li H, Liu Q, Zou Z, Chen Q, Wang W, Baccarelli AA, Deng F, Guo X, Wu S. L-arginine supplementation to mitigate cardiovascular effects of walking outside in the context of traffic-related air pollution in participants with elevated blood pressure: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106631. [PMID: 34004448 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) increases blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We aimed to evaluate the potential efficacy of L-arginine supplementation in mitigating the adverse cardiovascular effects of adults with elevated BP walking outside under TRAP using a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial. 118 adults with elevated BP were recruited and were randomly assigned to either the placebo group or the intervention group with 9 g/day L-arginine supplementation for 2 weeks. On the 14th day, paired participants from the two groups walked along a traffic road for 2 h. Resting BP, L-arginine-nitric oxide metabolites and inflammatory biomarkers were measured before, during and after the 2 h exposure scenario, and ambulatory BP and Holter were measured during the 2 h outdoor walk. Participants in the intervention group had significantly elevated plasma L-arginine levels compared to the placebo group after supplementation. The two groups had similar exposures to traffic-related air pollutants. However, participants in the intervention group showed significant reductions of 5.3 mmHg (95% CI: -9.9, -0.7) in resting systolic BP (SBP), 4.3 mmHg (95% CI: -7.2, -1.3) in resting diastolic BP (DBP) and 4.6 mmHg (95% CI: -7.9, -1.3) in resting mean arterial pressure (MAP) at 30 min after the 2 h outdoor walk compared with the placebo group. There were also significant decreases in ambulatory SBP, DBP and MAP (7.5-9.9 mmHg, 5.3-7.6 mmHg and 4.7-7.9 mmHg, respectively) during the walk in the intervention group compared with the placebo group. There were no substantial changes in ST-segment level, L-arginine-NO metabolites and inflammatory biomarkers, and no significant associations were found between specific traffic-related air pollutants and cardiovascular health indicators. Specifically, our study shows that oral L-arginine supplementation was safe and well-tolerated, and could improve BP levels in adults with elevated BP during outside walk under TRAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qisijing Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Zou
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanzhou Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Furong Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinbiao Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Gala K, Desai V, Liu N, Omer EM, McClave SA. How to Increase Muscle Mass in Critically Ill Patients: Lessons Learned from Athletes and Bodybuilders. Curr Nutr Rep 2021; 9:369-380. [PMID: 33098051 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-020-00334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Decades of research on nutrition and exercise on athletes and bodybuilders has yielded various strategies to promote anabolism and improve muscle health and growth. We reviewed these interventions in the context of muscle loss in critically ill patients. RECENT FINDINGS For critically ill patients, ensuring optimum protein intake is important, potentially using a whey-containing source and supplemented with vitamin D and leucine. Agents like hydroxyl β-methylbutyrate and creatine can be used to promote muscle synthesis. Polyunsaturated fatty acids stimulate muscle production as well as have anti-inflammatory properties that may be useful in critical illness. Adjuncts like oxandralone promote anabolism. Resistance training has shown mixed results in the ICU setting but needs to be explored further with specific outcomes. Critically ill patients suffer from severe proteolysis during hospitalization as well as persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome after discharge. High protein supplementation, ergogenic aids, anti-inflammatories, and anabolic adjuncts have shown potential in alleviating muscle loss and should be used in intensive care units to optimize patient recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Gala
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville, 550 S Jackson Street, 3rd Floor, Ambulatory Care Building, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Viral Desai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville, 550 S Jackson Street, 3rd Floor, Ambulatory Care Building, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Nanlong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Endashaw M Omer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Stephen A McClave
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Hadi S, Miryan M, Soleimani D, Amani R, Mazaheri Tehrani M, Hadi V, Esmaiil Zali M, Mosalmanzadeh N, Askari G. The effect of food ration bar enriched with β-alanine, L-arginine, and Nigella sativa on performance and inflammation following intense military training: A double-blind randomized clinical trial. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:3512-3520. [PMID: 34262711 PMCID: PMC8269545 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are growing interests in using dietary supplements to improve athletic performance. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the food ration bar enriched with β-alanine, L-arginine, and Nigella sativa on athletic performance and inflammation following intense military training. METHODS This double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted on 54 new cadets. Eligible participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive food ration bars enriched with arginine (2 g/day), β-alanine (2 g/day), and Nigella sativa (2 g/day) or nonenriched food ration bars during a 2-week military training. Aerobic and anaerobic performances were evaluated by the Cooper and RAST tests, respectively. RESULTS A significant increase in anaerobic powers (min, mean, and max) and a significant reduction in fatigue index were observed in the intervention group as compared to the control group, even after the adjustment for confounding factors. Also, increased levels of hs-CRP and TNF-α following military training were significantly lower in the intervention group as compared to the control group (hs-CRP: 0.55 ± 0.1 versus 2.43 ± 0.1 mg/L; p-value: 0.01; TNF-α: 0.12 ± 0.04 versus 0.62 ± 0.04 pg/ml; p-value: 0.03). No significant changes were observed in VO2 max in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that the combination of β-alanine, L-arginine, and Nigella sativa can improve anaerobic performance and reduce inflammation following intense physical activities. Further studies with long-term duration are needed to confirm the cumulative/synergic effects of these ingredients in trained and nontrained subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Hadi
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutrition and Food SciencesIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
- Department of Health, Science and Research BranchAJA University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mahsa Miryan
- Nutrition Research CenterStudent Research CommitteeDepartment of Clinical NutritionSchool of Nutrition and Food SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Davood Soleimani
- Nutritional Sciences DepartmentSchool of Nutrition Sciences and Food TechnologyKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Reza Amani
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutrition and Food SciencesIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Mostafa Mazaheri Tehrani
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyFaculty of AgricultureFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
| | - Vahid Hadi
- Department of Health, Science and Research BranchAJA University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Morad Esmaiil Zali
- Department of Management and Health EconomyFaculty of MedicineAJA University of medical sciencesTehranIran
| | - Negin Mosalmanzadeh
- Department of Nutrition SciencesVarastegan Institute for Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutrition and Food SciencesIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
- Food Security Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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Effects of Chronic Supplementation of L-Arginine on Physical Fitness in Water Polo Players. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6684568. [PMID: 33815657 PMCID: PMC7994081 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6684568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Ergogenic nutritional supplementation is sought by professional athletes for improving physical performance; nevertheless, scientific evidence to support the chronic use of L-Arginine among water polo players is missing. Methods Seventeen male professional water polo players were randomly assigned to assume 5 grams per day of L-Arginine (n = 9) or placebo (n = 8) for 4 weeks. The players' fitness level was assessed in the maximal speed swimming test. Ear lobe blood samples taken before and after the effort for serum lactate content were analyzed. A speed-to-lactate ratio was generated at the baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment. We also tested the effects of L-Arginine in vitro, measuring NO production, mitochondrial respiration, and gene expression in human fibroblasts. Results L-Arginine did not modify BMI, muscle strength, and maximal speed at 200 meters after 4 weeks. However, L-Arginine ameliorated oxidative metabolism to exercise as suggested by the statistically significant lower lactate-to-speed ratio, which was not observed in placebo-treated controls. In vitro, L-Arginine induced the expression of a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC1α) and genes encoding for complex I and increased the production of nitric oxide and the maximal oxygen consumption rate. Conclusions Chronic L-Arginine is safe and effective in ameliorating the oxidative metabolism of professional water polo players, through a mechanism of enhanced mitochondrial function.
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Rezaei S, Gholamalizadeh M, Tabrizi R, Nowrouzi-Sohrabi P, Rastgoo S, Doaei S. The effect of L-arginine supplementation on maximal oxygen uptake: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14739. [PMID: 33587327 PMCID: PMC7883807 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy and safety of L‐arginine supplements and their effect on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) remained unclear. This systematic review aimed to investigate the effect of L‐arginine supplementation (LAS) on VO2 max in healthy people. Methods We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Embase, ProQuest, and Ovid to identify all relevant literature investigating the effect of LAS on VO2 max. This meta‐analysis was conducted via a random‐effects model for the best estimation of desired outcomes and studies that meet the inclusion criteria were considered for the final analysis. Results The results of 11 randomized clinical trials indicated that LAS increased VO2 max compared to the control group. There was no significant heterogeneity in this meta‐analysis. Subgroup analysis detected that arginine in the form of LAS significantly increased VO2 max compared to the other forms (weighted mean difference = 0.11 L min−1, I2 = 0.0%, p for heterogeneity = 0.485). Conclusions This meta‐analysis indicated that supplementation with L‐arginine could increase VO2 max in healthy people. Further studies are warranted to confirm this finding and to identify the underlying mechanisms. This meta‐analysis indicated that the supplementation of L‐arginine could increase VO2 max in healthy people
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Rezaei
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Gholamalizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Tabrizi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Peyman Nowrouzi-Sohrabi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samira Rastgoo
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Doaei
- Student Research Committee, Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chaliha DR, Vaccarezza M, Takechi R, Lam V, Visser E, Drummond P, Mamo JCL. A Paradoxical Vasodilatory Nutraceutical Intervention for Prevention and Attenuation of Migraine-A Hypothetical Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2487. [PMID: 32824835 PMCID: PMC7468811 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest that migraine pain has a vascular component. The prevailing dogma is that peripheral vasoconstriction activates baroreceptors in central, large arteries. Dilatation of central vessels stimulates nociceptors and induces cortical spreading depression. Studies investigating nitric oxide (NO) donors support the indicated hypothesis that pain is amplified when acutely administered. In this review, we provide an alternate hypothesis which, if substantiated, may provide therapeutic opportunities for attenuating migraine frequency and severity. We suggest that in migraines, heightened sympathetic tone results in progressive central microvascular constriction. Suboptimal parenchymal blood flow, we suggest, activates nociceptors and triggers headache pain onset. Administration of NO donors could paradoxically promote constriction of the microvasculature as a consequence of larger upstream central artery vasodilatation. Inhibitors of NO production are reported to alleviate migraine pain. We describe how constriction of larger upstream arteries, induced by NO synthesis inhibitors, may result in a compensatory dilatory response of the microvasculature. The restoration of central capillary blood flow may be the primary mechanism for pain relief. Attenuating the propensity for central capillary constriction and promoting a more dilatory phenotype may reduce frequency and severity of migraines. Here, we propose consideration of two dietary nutraceuticals for reducing migraine risk: L-arginine and aged garlic extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devahuti Rai Chaliha
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley 6102, Australia; (D.R.C.); (M.V.); (R.T.); (V.L.)
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Mauro Vaccarezza
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley 6102, Australia; (D.R.C.); (M.V.); (R.T.); (V.L.)
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Ryu Takechi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley 6102, Australia; (D.R.C.); (M.V.); (R.T.); (V.L.)
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Virginie Lam
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley 6102, Australia; (D.R.C.); (M.V.); (R.T.); (V.L.)
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley 6102, Australia
| | - Eric Visser
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Fremantle 6160, Australia;
| | - Peter Drummond
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education (SHEE), Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia;
| | - John Charles Louis Mamo
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley 6102, Australia; (D.R.C.); (M.V.); (R.T.); (V.L.)
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St., Bentley 6102, Australia
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Zeinali Khosroshahi M, Asbaghi O, Moradi S, Rezaei kelishadi M, Kaviani M, Mardani M, Jalili C. The effects of supplementation with L-arginine on anthropometric indices and body composition in overweight or obese subjects: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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25
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Viribay A, Burgos J, Fernández-Landa J, Seco-Calvo J, Mielgo-Ayuso J. Effects of Arginine Supplementation on Athletic Performance Based on Energy Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051300. [PMID: 32370176 PMCID: PMC7282262 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide related ergogenic aids such as arginine (Arg) have shown to impact positively on sport performance through several physiological and metabolic mechanisms. However, research results have shown to be controversial. The great differences regarding required metabolic pathways and physiological demands between aerobic and anaerobic sport disciplines could be the reasons. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of Arg supplementation on aerobic (≤VO2max) and anaerobic (>VO2max) performance. Likewise, to show the effective dose and timing of this supplementation. A structured search was carried out in accordance with PRISMA® (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement and PICOS guidelines in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science (WOS), and Scopus databases from inception to January 2020. Eighteen studies were included which compare Arg supplementation with placebo in an identical situation and testing its effects on aerobic and anaerobic performance tests. Trials analyzing supplementation with other supplements were removed and there was not athlete's level, gender, ethnicity, or age filters. The performed meta-analysis included 15 studies and random effects model and pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) were used according to Hedges' g. Results revealed that Arg supplementation could improve aerobic (SMD, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.12 to 1.56; magnitude of SMD (MSMD), large; I2, 89%; p = 0.02) and anaerobic (SMD, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.43; MSMD, small; I2, 0%; p = 0.01) performance tests. In conclusion, acute Arg supplementation protocols to improve aerobic and anaerobic performance should be adjusted to 0.15 g/kg of body weight ingested between 60-90 min before. Moreover, chronic Arg supplementation should include 1.5-2 g/day for 4-7 weeks in order to improve aerobic performance, and 10-12 g/day for 8 weeks to enhance anaerobic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Viribay
- Glut4Science, Physiology, Nutrition and Sport, 01004 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - José Burgos
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (J.B.); (J.F.-L.)
| | - Julen Fernández-Landa
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (J.B.); (J.F.-L.)
| | - Jesús Seco-Calvo
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Physiotherapy Department, University of Leon, Researcher of Basque Country University, Campus de Vegazana, 24071 Leon, Spain;
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-975-129187
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The Physiological Effects of Amino Acids Arginine and Citrulline: Is There a Basis for Development of a Beverage to Promote Endurance Performance? A Narrative Review of Orally Administered Supplements. BEVERAGES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages6010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional and ergogenic aid supplementation is prevalent within athletic or general fitness populations, and is only continuing to gain momentum. Taken in isolation or as a combination, amino acid (AA) supplementation has the potential to increase endurance performance among other benefits. L-Arginine (L-Arg) and L-Citrulline (L-Cit) are two AAs proposed to increase endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, with potential additional physiological benefits, and therefore may contribute to enhanced performance outcomes such as increased power output, or time to exhaustion. However, the appropriate dose for promoting physiological and performance benefits of these AAs, and their potential synergistic effects remains to be determined. Therefore, the aim of this review was to evaluate the varied concentrations used in the current literature, assess the effects of L-Arg and L-Cit in combination on physiological responses and endurance performance, and consider if there is a fundamental basis for providing these supplements in the form of a beverage. A total of six studies were considered eligible for the review which utilized a range of 3–8 g of the AA constituents. The findings support the notion that supplementing with a combination of L-Arg and L-Cit may increase NO production, enhance vasodilation, and therefore increase performance capacity in athletes. A beverage as a carrier for the two AAs is worth considering; however, there remains limited research assessing these outcomes across a consistent range of concentrations in order to see their full potential.
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Linseed Components Are More Effective Than Whole Linseed in Reversing Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071677. [PMID: 31336561 PMCID: PMC6682963 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Linseed is a dietary source of plant-based ω–3 fatty acids along with fiber as well as lignans including secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG). We investigated the reversal of signs of metabolic syndrome following addition of whole linseed (5%), defatted linseed (3%), or SDG (0.03%) to either a high-carbohydrate, high-fat or corn starch diet for rats for the final eight weeks of a 16–week protocol. All interventions reduced plasma insulin, systolic blood pressure, inflammatory cell infiltration in heart, ventricular collagen deposition, and diastolic stiffness but had no effect on plasma total cholesterol, nonesterified fatty acids, or triglycerides. Whole linseed did not change the body weight or abdominal fat in obese rats while SDG and defatted linseed decreased abdominal fat and defatted linseed increased lean mass. Defatted linseed and SDG, but not whole linseed, improved heart and liver structure, decreased fat vacuoles in liver, and decreased plasma leptin concentrations. These results show that the individual components of linseed produce greater potential therapeutic responses in rats with metabolic syndrome than whole linseed. We suggest that the reduced responses indicate reduced oral bioavailability of the whole seeds compared to the components.
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Mousavi SM, Milajerdi A, Fatahi S, Rahmani J, Zarezadeh M, Ghaedi E, Varkaneh HK. The effect of L-arginine supplementation on obesity-related indices: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2019; 91:164-174. [PMID: 30982445 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The clinical studies regarding the effect of L-arginine in human anthropometry have not been fully consistent, therefore, we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials in order to precisely evaluate and quantify the efficacy of L-arginine on weight, waist circumference, and BMI. We searched online databases including PubMed, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar for relevant articles up to September 2017. Eligible articles were reviewed by two independent investigators. Mean differences of the outcomes were used for calculation of weighted mean difference (WMD) derived from the random-effects model. Statistical heterogeneity between studies was examined using Cochran's Q-test and I2 index. Funnel plot and Egger's tests were performed to assess the publication bias. In our initial search, we found 1598 publications, of which 8 RCTs (9 treatment arms) were included. The results of the meta-analysis displayed a significant reduction in WC following L-arginine supplementation (WMD: -2.97 cm; 95% CI: -4.75 to -1.18, P = 0.001). However, L-arginine intervention had not elicited a significant effect on BMI (WMD: -0.51 kg/m2; 95% CI: -1.11 to .08, P = 0.09) and body weight (WMD: -0.57 kg; 95% CI: -1.77 to 0.61, P = 0.34). Subgroup analyses displayed that longer-term interventions (≥8 weeks) had a positive effect on body weight and using < 8 g/day L-arginine with longer duration (≥8 weeks) could significantly decrease BMI. In conclusion, this meta-analysis result suggested L-arginine supplementation could reduce waist circumference without any significant effect on body weight and body mass index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Mousavi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Milajerdi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somaye Fatahi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamal Rahmani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Zarezadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ghaedi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Kord Varkaneh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular -Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Beal FLR, Beal PR, Beal JR, Carvalho-Neves N, Franco OL, Silva ON. Perspectives on the Therapeutic Benefits of Arginine Supplementation in Cancer Treatment. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:913-920. [PMID: 30652655 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190116121451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arginine is considered a semi-essential amino acid in healthy adults and the elderly. This amino acid seems to improve the immune system, stimulate cell growth and differentiation, and increase endothelial permeability, among other effects. For those reasons, it has been theorized that arginine supplementation may be used as an adjuvant to conventional cancer therapy treatments. OBJECTIVE This review aims to evaluate the existing knowledge of the scientific community on arginine supplementation in order to improve the efficacy of current cancer treatment. RESULTS Despite the continued efforts of science to improve treatment strategies, cancer remains one of the greatest causes of death on the planet in adults and elderly people. Chemo and radiotherapy are still the most effective treatments but at the cost of significant side effects. CONCLUSION Thus, new therapeutic perspectives have been studied in recent years, to be used in addition to traditional treatments or not, seeking to treat or even cure the various types of cancer with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiani L R Beal
- Department of Nutrition, Health and Medicine School, Catholic University of Brasilia, UCB, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.,Department of Gerontology, Faculty of Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, UCB, DF, Brazil
| | - Pedro R Beal
- Department of Medicine, Medical College, University of Brasilia, UnB, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Juliana R Beal
- Oncology Center, Albert Einstein Hospital, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Natan Carvalho-Neves
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Department of Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, University Catholic Church of Brasilia, UCB, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Octávio L Franco
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Department of Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, University Catholic Church of Brasilia, UCB, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.,Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, UnB, DF, Brazil
| | - Osmar N Silva
- Department of Biotechnology, S-Inova Biotech, University Catholic Don Bosco, UCDB, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
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Valenzuela PL, Morales JS, Emanuele E, Pareja-Galeano H, Lucia A. Supplements with purported effects on muscle mass and strength. Eur J Nutr 2019; 58:2983-3008. [PMID: 30604177 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several supplements are purported to promote muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in healthy subjects, or to prevent muscle wasting in atrophying situations (e.g., ageing or disuse periods). However, their effectiveness remains unclear. METHODS This review summarizes the available evidence on the beneficial impacts of several popular supplements on muscle mass or strength. RESULTS Among the supplements tested, nitrate and caffeine returned sufficient evidence supporting their acute beneficial effects on muscle strength, whereas the long-term consumption of creatine, protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids seems to consistently increase or preserve muscle mass and strength (evidence level A). On the other hand, mixed or unclear evidence was found for several popular supplements including branched-chain amino acids, adenosine triphosphate, citrulline, β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, minerals, most vitamins, phosphatidic acid or arginine (evidence level B), weak or scarce evidence was found for conjugated linoleic acid, glutamine, resveratrol, tribulus terrestris or ursolic acid (evidence level C), and no evidence was found for other supplements such as ornithine or α-ketoglutarate (evidence D). Of note, although most supplements appear to be safe when consumed at typical doses, some adverse events have been reported for some of them (e.g., caffeine, vitamins, α-ketoglutarate, tribulus terrestris, arginine) after large intakes, and there is insufficient evidence to determine the safety of many frequently used supplements (e.g., ornithine, conjugated linoleic acid, ursolic acid). CONCLUSION In summary, despite their popularity, there is little evidence supporting the use of most supplements, and some of them have been even proven ineffective or potentially associated with adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Valenzuela
- Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), Madrid, Spain.,Physiology Unit. Systems Biology Department, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier S Morales
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, Villaviciosa De Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, Villaviciosa De Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain. .,Research Institute of the Hospital 12 De Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, Villaviciosa De Odón, 28670, Madrid, Spain.,Research Institute of the Hospital 12 De Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
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Ebrahimi F, Sahebkar A, Aryaeian N, Pahlavani N, Fallah S, Moradi N, Abbasi D, Hosseini AF. Effects Of Saffron Supplementation On Inflammation And Metabolic Responses In Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:2107-2115. [PMID: 31686882 PMCID: PMC6798815 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s216666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is accompanied by elevated inflammation, oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia which all contribute to cardiovascular disease pathogenesis. Saffron as a complementary medicine and source of antioxidants could play a role in alleviating diabetes and its complications. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of saffron supplementation as an adjunct therapy in T2D. PATIENTS AND METHODS This randomized controlled trial included 80 T2D patients with a mean age of 54.1 years. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups to take either saffron tablets (100 mg/day; n=40) or placebo (n=40) for 12 weeks. Fasting blood samples were obtained at the beginning and after the intervention period to quantify glycemic factors, lipid profile, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress. Anthropometric indices and dietary intakes were also measured at baseline and at study end. RESULTS Compared with placebo, saffron supplementation resulted in significant decreases in waist circumference (p<0.001) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (p=0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in other indices, including anthropometric parameters, serum insulin, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin sensitivity indices, lipid profile, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, total antioxidant capacity, and tumor necrosis factor-α between the study groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Overall, 12 weeks of saffron supplementation in diabetic patients had beneficial effects on waist circumference and serum MDA levels. However, saffron did not influence other evaluated cardio metabolic risk markers in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ebrahimi
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Naheed Aryaeian
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Correspondence: Naheed Aryaeian Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Hemmat Expressway, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemat Highway next to Milad Towe Tehran, Tehran1449614535, IranTel +98-912-3093353Fax +98-21-8862253 Email
| | - Naseh Pahlavani
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Soudabeh Fallah
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nariman Moradi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Davoud Abbasi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Agha Fatemeh Hosseini
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Davani-Davari D, Karimzadeh I, Sagheb MM, Khalili H. The Renal Safety of L-Carnitine, L-Arginine, and Glutamine in Athletes and Bodybuilders. J Ren Nutr 2018; 29:221-234. [PMID: 30341034 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major concerns about taking amino acid supplements is their potential adverse effects on the kidney as a major organ involved in the metabolism and excretion of exogenous substances. The aim of this study is to review available data about renal safety of the most prominent amino acid supplements including L-arginine, glutamine and also L-carnitine as well as creatine (as amino acid derivatives) in athletes and bodybuilders. The literature was searched by keywords such as "L-carnitine", "L-arginine", "glutamine", and "kidney injury" in databases such as Scopus, Medline, Embase, and ISI Web of Knowledge. Articles published from 1950 to December 2017 were included. Among 3171, 5740, and 1608 records after primary search in the relevant databases, 8, 7, and 5 studies have been finally included, respectively, for L-carnitine, L-arginine, and glutamine in this review. Arginine appears to have both beneficial and detrimental effects on kidney function. However, adverse effects are unlikely to occur with the routine doses (from 3 to >100 g/day). The risks and benefits of L-carnitine on the athletes' and bodybuilders' kidney have not been evaluated yet. However, L-carnitine up to 6000 mg/day is generally considered to be a safe supplement at least in healthy adults. Both short-term (20-30 g within a few hours) and long-term (0.1 g/kg four times daily for 2 weeks) glutamine supplementation in healthy athletes were associated with no significant adverse effects, but it can cause glomerulosclerosis and serum creatinine level elevation in the setting of diabetic nephropathy. Creatine supplementation (ranged from 5 to 30 g/day) also appears to have no detrimental effects on kidney function of individuals without underlying renal diseases. More clinical data are warranted to determine the optimal daily dose and intake duration of common supplemental amino acids associated with the lowest renal adverse effects in sportsmen and sports women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorna Davani-Davari
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Incubator, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Iman Karimzadeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Sagheb
- Nephrology-Urology Research Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Khalili
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Andrade WB, Jacinto JL, da Silva DK, Roveratti MC, Estoche JM, Oliveira DB, Balvedi MCW, da Silva RA, Aguiar AF. l-Arginine supplementation does not improve muscle function during recovery from resistance exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:928-936. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of l-arginine supplementation on muscle recovery after a single session of high-intensity resistance exercise (RE). Twenty healthy young adult participants (22.8 ± 3.4 years old) were assigned to 1 of 2 groups (N = 10 per group): a placebo-supplement group or an l-arginine-supplement group. The groups completed a session of high-intensity RE (0 h) and 3 subsequent fatigue test sessions (at 24, 48, and 72 h postexercise) to assess the time course of muscle recovery. During the test sessions, we assessed the following dependent variables: number of maximum repetitions, electromyographic signal (i.e., root mean square (RMS) and median frequency (MF) slope), muscle soreness, perceived exertion, blood levels of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate, and testosterone:cortisol ratio. Number of maximum repetitions increased at 48 and 72 h postexercise in both groups (time, P < 0.05). CK levels and muscle soreness increased at 24 h postexercise and then progressively returned to baseline at 72 h post exercise in both groups (time, P < 0.05). Lactate levels increased immediately postexercise but were reduced at 24 h postexercise in both groups (time, P < 0.05). Testosterone:cortisol ratio, RMS, and MF slope remained unchanged during the recovery period in both groups (time, P > 0.05). No significant (P > 0.05) group × time interaction was found for all dependent variables during the recovery period. In conclusion, our data indicate that l-arginine supplementation does not improve muscle recovery following a high-intensity RE session in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walquiria Batista Andrade
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Lucas Jacinto
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Douglas Kratki da Silva
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Mirela Casonato Roveratti
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
| | - José Maria Estoche
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Douglas Benedito Oliveira
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Mario Carlos Welin Balvedi
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Rubens Alexandre da Silva
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
| | - Andreo Fernando Aguiar
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
- Center of Research in Health Sciences, North University of Paraná (UNOPAR), Londrina, Paraná 86041-120, Brazil
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McNeal CJ, Meininger CJ, Wilborn CD, Tekwe CD, Wu G. Safety of dietary supplementation with arginine in adult humans. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1215-1229. [PMID: 29858688 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies with animals and humans have shown beneficial effects of dietary supplementation with L-arginine (Arg) on reducing white fat and improving health. At present, a long-term safe level of Arg administration to adult humans is unknown. The objective of this study was to conduct a randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial to evaluate the safety and tolerability of oral Arg in overweight or obese but otherwise healthy adults with a body mass index of ≥ 25 kg/m2. A total of 142 subjects completed a 7-day wash-in period using a 12 g Arg/day dose. All the remaining eligible 101 subjects who tolerated the wash-in dose (45 men and 56 women) were assigned randomly to ingest 0, 15 or 30 g Arg (as pharmaceutical-grade Arg-HCl) per day for 90 days. Arg was taken daily in at least two divided doses by mixing with a flavored beverage. At Days 0 and 90, blood pressures of study subjects were recorded, their physical examinations were performed, and their blood and 24-h urine samples were obtained to measure: (1) serum concentrations of amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, and related metabolites; and (2) renal, hepatic, endocrine and metabolic parameters. Our results indicate that the serum concentration of Arg in men or women increased (P < 0.05) progressively with increasing oral Arg doses from 0 to 30 g/day. Dietary supplementation with 30 g Arg/day reduced (P < 0.05) systolic blood pressure and serum glucose concentration in females, as well as serum concentrations of free fatty acids in both males and females. Based on physiological and biochemical variables, study subjects tolerated oral administration of 15 and 30 g Arg/day without adverse events. We conclude that a long-term safe level of dietary Arg supplementation is at least 30 g/day in adult humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J McNeal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, 76508, USA
| | - Cynthia J Meininger
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, 76513, USA
| | - Carmen D Tekwe
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, 76504, USA. .,Department of Animal Science and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Pahlavani N, Jafari M, Sadeghi O, Rezaei M, Rasad H, Rahdar HA, Entezari MH. L-arginine supplementation and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in healthy men: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. F1000Res 2014; 3:306. [PMID: 28751963 PMCID: PMC5510020 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.5877.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Context: The effect of L-arginine on risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has mostly focused on western countries. Since cardiovascular diseases is the second cause of death in Iran and, as far as we are aware, there have been no studies about the effect of L-arginine on CVD risk factors, the aim of this trial was to assess the effects of L-arginine supplementation on CVD risk factors in healthy men. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-dose L-arginine supplementation on CVD risk factors (lipid profile, blood sugar and blood pressure) in Iranian healthy men. Design, setting, participants: We conducted a double-blind randomized controlled trial in 56 patients selected from sport clubs at the Isfahan University of Medical Science between November 2013 and December 2013. Interventions: Healthy men received L-arginine supplementation (2000 mg daily) in the intervention group or placebo (2000 mg maltodextrin daily) in the control group for 45 days. Main outcome measure: The primary outcome measures were we measured the levels of fasting blood sugar, blood pressure and lipid profile including triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, LDL and HDL in healthy subjects. It was hypothesized that these measures would be significantly improved in those receiving L–arginine supplementation. at the beginning and end of the study. Results: In this trial, we had complete data for 52 healthy participants with mean age of 20.85±4.29 years. At the end of study, fasting blood sugar (P=0.001) and lipid profile (triglycerideTG (P<0.001), cholesterol (P<0.001), LDL (P=0.04), HDL (P=0.015)) decreased in the L-arginine group but we found no significant change in the placebo group. In addition, the reduction of fasting blood sugar and lipid profile in L-arginine was significant compared with placebo group. No significant changes were found about systolic (P=0.81) and diastolic blood pressure either in L-arginine or placebo group. (P=0.532). Conclusion: The use of L-arginine significantly improved outcomes compared to placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseh Pahlavani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Food Security Research Center and Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Jafari
- Student Research Committee, Arak University of Medical Science, Arak, Iran
| | - Omid Sadeghi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Rezaei
- Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Rasad
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Ali Rahdar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Entezari
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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36
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Pahlavani N, Jafari M, Sadeghi O, Rezaei M, Rasad H, Rahdar HA, Entezari MH. L-arginine supplementation and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in healthy men: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. F1000Res 2014; 3:306. [PMID: 28751963 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.5877.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Context: The effect of L-arginine on risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has mostly focused on western countries. Since cardiovascular diseases is the second cause of death in Iran and, as far as we are aware, there have been no studies about the effect of L-arginine on CVD risk factors, the aim of this trial was to assess the effects of L-arginine supplementation on CVD risk factors in healthy men. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-dose L-arginine supplementation on CVD risk factors (lipid profile, blood sugar and blood pressure) in Iranian healthy men. Design, setting, participants: We conducted a double-blind randomized controlled trial in 56 patients selected from sport clubs at the Isfahan University of Medical Science between November 2013 and December 2013. Interventions: Healthy men received L-arginine supplementation (2000 mg daily) in the intervention group or placebo (2000 mg maltodextrin daily) in the control group for 45 days. Main outcome measure: The primary outcome measures were we measured the levels of fasting blood sugar, blood pressure and lipid profile including triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, LDL and HDL in healthy subjects. It was hypothesized that these measures would be significantly improved in those receiving L-arginine supplementation. at the beginning and end of the study. Results: In this trial, we had complete data for 52 healthy participants with mean age of 20.85±4.29 years. At the end of study, fasting blood sugar (P=0.001) and lipid profile (triglycerideTG (P<0.001), cholesterol (P<0.001), LDL (P=0.04), HDL (P=0.015)) decreased in the L-arginine group but we found no significant change in the placebo group. In addition, the reduction of fasting blood sugar and lipid profile in L-arginine was significant compared with placebo group. No significant changes were found about systolic (P=0.81) and diastolic blood pressure either in L-arginine or placebo group. (P=0.532). Conclusion: The use of L-arginine significantly improved outcomes compared to placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseh Pahlavani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Food Security Research Center and Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Jafari
- Student Research Committee, Arak University of Medical Science, Arak, Iran
| | - Omid Sadeghi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Rezaei
- Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Rasad
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Ali Rahdar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Entezari
- Food Security Research Center and Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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