IKK/NF-kappaB and STAT3 pathways: central signalling hubs in inflammation-mediated tumour promotion and metastasis. EMBO Rep. 2009;10:1314-1319. [PMID: 19893576 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2009.243]

Molecular Alterations Associated with Histologically Overt Stromal Response in Patients with Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer has substantial heterogeneity in clinical outcomes and therapeutic responses, posing challenges in predicting disease progression and tailoring treatment strategies. Recent studies have highlighted the potential prognostic value of evaluating the tumor microenvironment, including the presence of a histologically overt stromal response (HOST-response) characterized by peri-glandular stromal changes and architectural distortions. This retrospective study examined patient records from The Cancer Genome Atlas database to identify genomic alterations associated with the HOST-response in prostate cancer. Among 348 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy, 160 (45.98%) were identified as having a HOST-response. A gene expression analysis revealed 1263 genes with significantly higher expression in patients with a HOST-response. A protein-protein interaction network analysis identified seven hub genes (KIF2C, CENPA, CDC20, UBE2C, ESPL1, KIF23, and PLK1) highly interconnected in the network. A functional enrichment analysis revealed alterations in the cell division, cytoskeletal organization, cytokinesis, and interleukin-16 signaling pathways in patients with a HOST-response, suggesting dysregulated proliferation and inflammation. The distinct molecular signature associated with the HOST-response provides insights into the tumor-stroma interactions driving adverse outcomes and potential targets for tailored therapeutic interventions in this subset of patients with prostate cancer.

Esophageal epithelial Ikkβ deletion promotes eosinophilic esophagitis in experimental allergy mouse model

Background

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic T helper type 2 (Th2)-associated inflammatory disorder triggered by food allergens, resulting in esophageal dysfunction through edema, fibrosis, and tissue remodeling. The role of epithelial remodeling in EoE pathogenesis is critical but not fully understood.

Objective

To investigate the role of epithelial IKKβ/NFκB signaling in EoE pathogenesis using a mouse model with conditional Ikk β knockout in esophageal epithelial cells ( Ikk β EEC-KO ).

Methods

EoE was induced in Ikkβ EEC-KO mice through skin sensitization with MC903/Ovalbumin (OVA) followed by intraesophageal OVA challenge. Histological and transcriptional analyses were performed to assess EoE features. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was used to profile esophageal mucosal cell populations and gene expression changes.

Results

Ikkβ EEC-KO /EoE mice exhibited hallmark EoE features, including eosinophil infiltration, intraepithelial eosinophils, microabscesses, basal cell hyperplasia, and lamina propria remodeling. RNA-seq revealed significant alterations in IKKβ/NFκB signaling pathways, with decreased expression of RELA and increased expression of IKKβ negative regulators. scRNA- seq analyses identified disrupted epithelial differentiation and barrier integrity, alongside increased type 2 immune responses and peptidase activity.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that loss of epithelial IKKβ signaling exacerbates EoE pathogenesis, highlighting the critical role of this pathway in maintaining epithelial homeostasis and preventing allergic inflammation. The Ikkβ EEC-KO /EoE mouse model closely mirrors human EoE, providing a valuable tool for investigating disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets. This model can facilitate the development of strategies to prevent chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling in EoE.

Key Messages

Critical Role of Epithelial IKKβ/NFκB Signaling: Loss of this signaling exacerbates EoE, causing eosinophil infiltration, basal cell hyperplasia, and tissue remodeling, highlighting its importance in esophageal health.Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Targets: scRNA-seq identified disrupted epithelial differentiation, barrier integrity, and enhanced type 2 immune responses, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for EoE. Relevance of the Ikkβ EEC-KO /EoE Mouse Model: This model replicates human EoE features, making it a valuable tool for studying EoE mechanisms and testing treatments, which can drive the development of effective therapies.

Capsule Summary

This study reveals the crucial role of epithelial IKKβ/NFκB signaling in EoE, providing insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets, highly relevant for advancing clinical management of EoE.

miR-146a-/- mice model reveals that NF-κB inhibition reverts inflammation-driven myelofibrosis-like phenotype

Emerging evidence shows the crucial role of inflammation (particularly NF-κB pathway) in the development and progression of myelofibrosis (MF), becoming a promising therapeutic target. Furthermore, tailoring treatment with currently available JAK inhibitors (such as ruxolitinib or fedratinib) does not modify the natural history of the disease and has important limitations, including cytopenias. Since recent studies have highlighted the role of miR-146a, a negative regulator of the NF-κB pathway, in the pathogenesis of MF; here we used miR-146a-/- (KO) mice, a MF-like model lacking driver mutations, to investigate whether pharmacological inhibition of JAK/STAT and/or NF-κB pathways may reverse the myelofibrotic phenotype of these mice. Specifically, we tested the JAK1/2 inhibitor, ruxolitinib; the NF-κB inhibitor via IKKα/β, BMS-345541; both inhibitors in combination; or a dual inhibitor of both pathways (JAK2/IRAK1), pacritinib. Although all treatments decreased spleen size and partially recovered its architecture, only NF-κB inhibition, either using BMS-345541 (alone or in combination) or pacritinib, resulted in a reduction of extramedullary hematopoiesis, bone marrow (BM) fibrosis and osteosclerosis, along with an attenuation of the exacerbated inflammatory state (via IL-1β and TNFα). However, although dual inhibitor improved anemia and reversed thrombocytopenia, the combined therapy worsened anemia by inducing BM hypoplasia. Both therapeutic options reduced NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling in a context of JAK2V617F-driven clonal hematopoiesis. Additionally, combined treatment reduced both COL1A1 and IL-6 production in an in vitro model mimicking JAK2-driven fibrosis. In conclusion, NF-κB inhibition reduces, in vitro and in vivo, disease burden and BM fibrosis, which could provide benefits in myelofibrosis patients.

From growth promotion to intestinal inflammation alleviation: Unraveling the potential role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GCC-3 in juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a probiotic, which not only promotes the growth of animals, but also has anti-inflammatory effects. However, the mechanism by which Lactobacillus rhamnosus regulates intestinal immunity is not well comprehended. Hence, the study aimed to research how Lactobacillus rhamnosus affects the intestinal immunity using juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) as a model. We selected 1800 juvenile grass carp for testing. They were divided into six treatments and fed with six gradients of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GCC-3 (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 g/kg) for 70 days. Enteritis was subsequently induced with dextroside sodium sulfate. Results indicated that dietary Lactobacillus rhamnosus GCC-3 addition improved growth performance. Meanwhile, appropriate levels of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GCC-3 alleviated excessive inflammatory response by down-regulating the expression of TLR4 and NOD receptors, up-regulating the expression of TOR, and then down-regulating the expression of NF-κB. Additionally, appropriate Lactobacillus rhamnosus GCC-3 improved intestinal immunity by reducing pyroptosis triggered by NLRP3 inflammasome and mediated by GSDME. Furthermore, 16 S rRNA sequencing showing appropriate levels of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GCC-3 increased Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium abundance and decreased Aeromonas abundance. These results suggest that Lactobacillus rhamnosus GCC-3 can alleviate intestinal inflammation through down-regulating NF-κB and up-regulating TOR signaling pathways, as well as by inhibiting pyroptosis.

Astaxanthin targets IL-6 and alleviates the LPS-induced adverse inflammatory response of macrophages

Numerous natural compounds are recognized for their anti-inflammatory properties attributed to antioxidant effects and the modulation of key inflammatory factors. Among them, astaxanthin (AST), a potent carotenoid antioxidant, remains relatively underexplored regarding its anti-inflammatory mechanisms and specific molecular targets. In this study, human monocytic leukemia cell-derived macrophages (THP-1) were selected as experimental cells, and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) served as inflammatory stimuli. Upon LPS treatment, the oxidative stress was significantly increased, accompanied by remarkable cellular damage. Moreover, LPSs escalated the expression of inflammation-related molecules. Our results demonstrate that AST intervention could effectively alleviate LPS-induced oxidative stress, facilitate cellular repair, and significantly attenuate inflammation. Further exploration of the anti-inflammatory mechanism revealed AST could substantially inhibit NF-κB translocation and activation, and mitigate inflammatory factor production by hindering NF-κB through the antioxidant mechanism. We further confirmed that AST exhibited protective effects against cell damage and reduced the injury from inflammatory cytokines by activating p53 and inhibiting STAT3. In addition, utilizing network pharmacology and in silico calculations based on molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, we identified interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a prominent core target of AST anti-inflammation, which was further validated by the RNA interference experiment. This IL-6 binding capacity actually enabled AST to curb the positive feedback loop of inflammatory factors, averting the onset of possible inflammatory storms. Therefore, this study offers a new possibility for the application and development of astaxanthin as a popular dietary supplement of anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory function.

Combination of bazedoxifene with chemotherapy and SMAC-mimetics for the treatment of colorectal cancer

Excessive STAT3 signalling via gp130, the shared receptor subunit for IL-6 and IL-11, contributes to disease progression and poor survival outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer. Here, we provide evidence that bazedoxifene inhibits tumour growth via direct interaction with the gp130 receptor to suppress IL-6 and IL-11-mediated STAT3 signalling. Additionally, bazedoxifene combined with chemotherapy synergistically reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in patient-derived colon cancer organoids. We elucidated that the primary mechanism of anti-tumour activity conferred by bazedoxifene treatment occurs via pro-apoptotic responses in tumour cells. Co-treatment with bazedoxifene and the SMAC-mimetics, LCL161 or Birinapant, that target the IAP family of proteins, demonstrated increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation in colorectal cancer cells. Our findings provide evidence that bazedoxifene treatment could be combined with SMAC-mimetics and chemotherapy to enhance tumour cell apoptosis in colorectal cancer, where gp130 receptor signalling promotes tumour growth and progression.

Ginseng extracts improve circadian clock gene expression and reduce inflammation directly and indirectly through gut microbiota and PI3K signaling pathway

Despite the potential benefits of herbal medicines for therapeutic application in preventing and treating various metabolic disorders, the mechanisms of action were understood incompletely. Ginseng (Panax ginseng), a commonly employed plant as a dietary supplement, has been reported to play its hot property in increasing body temperature and improving gut health. However, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which ginseng regulates body temperature and gut health is still incomplete. This paper illustrates that intermittent supplementation with ginseng extracts improved body temperature rhythm and suppressed inflammatory responses in peripheral metabolic organs of propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothermic rats. These effects were associated with changes in gut hormone secretion and the microbiota profile. The in-vitro studies in ICE-6 cells indicate that ginseng extracts can not only act directly on the cell to regulate the genes related to circadian clock and inflammation, but also may function through the gut microbiota and their byproducts such as lipopolysaccharide. Furthermore, administration of PI3K inhibitor blocked ginseng or microbiota-induced gene expression related with circadian clock and inflammation in vitro. These findings demonstrate that the hot property of ginseng may be mediated by improving circadian clock and suppressing inflammation directly or indirectly through the gut microbiota and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways.

MicroRNA-221-3p inhibits the inflammatory response of keratinocytes by regulating the DYRK1A/STAT3 signaling pathway to promote wound healing in diabetes

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), a serious complication of diabetes, remains a clinical challenge. MicroRNAs affect inflammation and may have therapeutic value in DFU. Here, we find that an miR-221-3p mimic reduces the inflammatory response and increases skin wound healing rates in a mouse model of diabetes, whereas miR-221-3p knockout produced the opposite result. In human keratinocytes cells, miR-221-3p suppresses the inflammatory response induced by high glucose. The gene encoding DYRK1A is a target of miR-221-3p. High glucose increases the expression of DYRK1A, but silencing DYRK1A expression decreases high glucose-induced inflammatory cytokine release via dephosphorylation of STAT3, a substrate of DYRK1A. Application of miR-221-3p mimic to human keratinocytes cells not only decreases DYRK1A expression but also inhibits high glucose-induced production of inflammatory cytokines to promote wound healing. This molecular mechanism whereby miR-221-3p regulates inflammation through the DYRK1A/STAT3 signaling pathway suggests targets and therapeutic approaches for treating DFU.

Growth and Hepatopancreas Health of Juvenile Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) Fed Different Levels of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal for Fish Meal Replacement

A 56-day feeding trial assessed the effects of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) on the growth performance and hepatopancreas health of juvenile Eriocheir sinensis. Six isoproteic and isolipidic diets with 0% (FM), 10% (BSFLM10), 20% (BSFLM20), 30% (BSFLM30), 40% (BSFLM40), or 50% (BSFLM50) replacement of fish meal by BSFLM were formulated. Compared to FM, replacing 10%-40% of fish meal with BSFLM did not significantly affect the weight gain rate (WGR) or specific growth rate (SGR), while BSFLM50 significantly decreased the WGR and SGR. Crabs fed BSFLM50 had significantly lower T-AOC activity than those fed other diets, and crabs fed BSFLM30, BSFLM40, or BSFLM50 had significantly lower activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and GSH-Px) in the hepatopancreas than those fed FM or BSFLM10. Compared to FM, BSFLM10, BSFLM20, and BSFLM30 did not affect the relative expression of genes related to the nonspecific immunity, while BSFLM40 and BSFLM50 upregulated the relative expression of these genes. Furthermore, histological analysis showed that the hepatopancreas was deformed in the BSFLM50 group, with widened lumens and loss of basal membrane integrity. In summary, BSFLM replacing 50% of fish meal reduced growth and structural damage to the hepatopancreas. An immune response was activated when the replacement level was over 30%. Therefore, the replacement level of dietary fish meal by BSFLM is recommended to be not more than 30% of the juvenile E. sinensis feed.

Splenic proteome profiling in response to Marek's disease virus strain GX0101 infection

Marek's disease virus (MDV) strain GX0101 was the first reported field strain of recombinant gallid herpesvirus type 2 (GaHV-2). However, the splenic proteome of MDV-infected chickens remains unclear. In this study, a total of 28 1-day-old SPF chickens were intraperitoneally injected with chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) containing 2000 PFU GX0101. Additionally, a control group, consisting of four one-day-old SPF chickens, received intraperitoneal equal doses of CEF. Blood and various tissue samples were collected at different intervals (7, 14, 21, 30, 45, 60, and 90 days post-infection; dpi) for histopathological, real-time PCR, and label-free quantitative analyses. The results showed that the serum expressions of MDV-related genes, meq and gB, peaked at 45 dpi. The heart, liver, and spleen were dissected at 30 and 45 dpi, and their hematoxylin-eosin staining indicated that virus infection compromised the normal organizational structure at 45 dpi. Particularly, the spleen structure was severely damaged, and the lymphocytes in the white medulla were significantly reduced. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and label-free techniques were used to analyze the difference in splenic proteome profiles of the experimental and control groups at 30 and 45 dpi. Proteomic analysis identified 1660 and 1244 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) at 30 and 40 dpi, respectively, compared with the uninfected spleen tissues. According to GO analysis, these DEPs were involved in processes such as organelle organization, cellular component biogenesis, cellular component assembly, anion binding, small molecule binding, metal ion binding, cation binding, cytosol, nuclear part, etc. Additionally, KEGG analysis indicated that the following pathways were linked to MDV-induced inflammation, apoptosis, and tumor: Wnt, Hippo, AMPK, cAMP, Notch, TGF-β, PI3K-Akt, Rap1, Ras, Calcium, NF-κB, PPAR, cGMP-PKG, Apoptosis, VEGF, mTOR, FoxO, TNF, JAK-STAT, MAPK, Prion disease, T cell receptor, and B cell receptor. We finally screened 674 DEPs that were linked to MDV infection in spleen tissue. This study improves our understanding of the MDV response mechanism in the spleen.

Curcumin analog WZ26 induces ROS and cell death via inhibition of STAT3 in cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive biliary epithelial tumor with limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis. Curcumin is a promising active natural compound with several anti-cancer properties, though its clinical uses remain hindered due to its poor bioavailability. We recently synthesized curcumin analogs with multifunctional pharmacological and bioactivities with enhanced bioavailability. Among these novel curcumin analogs, WZ26 is a representative molecule. However, the anti-tumor effect of WZ26 against CCA is unclear. In this study, we evaluated the anti-tumor effect of WZ26 in both CCA cells and CCA xenograft mouse model. The underlying molecular anti-cancer mechanism of WZ26 was also studied. Our results show that WZ26 significantly inhibited cell growth and induced mitochondrial apoptosis in CCA cell lines, leading to significant inhibition of tumor growth in xenograft tumor mouse model. Treatment of WZ26 increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, subsequently decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibited the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), thereby inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. Pretreatment of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant agent, could fully reverse the WZ26-induced ROS-mediated changes in CCA cells. Our findings provide experimental evidence that curcumin analog WZ26 could be a potential candidate against CCA via enhancing ROS induction and inhibition of STAT3 activation.

HAPLN1 matrikine: a bone marrow homing factor linked to poor outcomes in patients with MM

The bone marrow (BM) microenvironment is critical for dissemination, growth, and survival of multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Homing of myeloma cells to the BM niche is a crucial step in MM dissemination, but the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. In particular, any role of matrikines, neofunctional peptides derived from extracellular matrix proteins, remains unknown. Here, we report that a matrikine derived from hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (HAPLN1) induces MM cell adhesion to the BM stromal components, such as fibronectin, endothelial cells, and stromal cells and, furthermore, induces their chemotactic and chemokinetic migration. In a mouse xenograft model, we show that MM cells preferentially home to HAPLN1 matrikine-conditioned BM. The transcription factor STAT1 is activated by HAPLN1 matrikine and is necessary to induce MM cell adhesion, migration, migration-related genes, and BM homing. STAT1 activation is mediated by interferon beta (IFN-β), which is induced by NF-κB after stimulation by HAPLN1 matrikine. Finally, we also provide evidence that higher levels of HAPLN1 in BM samples correlate with poorer progression-free survival of patients with newly diagnosed MM. These data reveal that a matrikine present in the BM microenvironment acts as a chemoattractant, plays an important role in BM homing of MM cells via NF-κB-IFN-β-STAT1 signaling, and may help identify patients with poor outcomes. This study also provides a mechanistic rationale for targeting HAPLN1 matrikine in MM therapy.

AS1411 aptamer tagged PEGylated liposomes as a smart nanocarrier for tumor-specific delivery of Withaferin A for mitigating pulmonary metastasis

Metastasis is the most challenging health problem contributing to about 90 % of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Metastatic tumors are highly aggressive and resistant to the most available therapeutic options. Hence, innovative therapeutic approaches are required to target metastatic tumors selectively. In this study, we prepared AS1411 functionalized Withaferin A loaded PEGylated nanoliposomes (ALW) and investigated its therapeutic effect in B16F10 induced in pulmonary metastasis mice models. The prepared formulations' size and morphological properties were evaluated using dynamic light scattering system and Transmission electron microscope. ALW had spherical-shaped nanosized particles with a size of 118 nm and an encapsulation efficacy of 82.5 %. TEM analysis data indicated that ALW has excellent dispersibility and uniform spherical nano-size particles. ALW inhibited cell viability, and induced cell apoptosis of B16F10. In vivo, the pulmonary metastasis study in C57BL/6 mice revealed that the ALW significantly (p < 0.01) improved the encapsulated WA anti-metastatic activity and survival rate compared to WA or LW treated groups. ALW significantly (p < 0.01) downregulated the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β and significantly reduced the lung collagen hydroxyproline, hexosamine, and uronic acid content in metastatic tumor bearing animals compared to WA or LW. Gene expression levels of MMPs and NF-κB were downregulated in ALW treated metastatic pulmonary tumor-bearing mice. These findings demonstrate that the AS1411 functionalized Withaferin A loaded PEGylated nanoliposomes could be a promising nanoliposomal formulation for targeting metastatic tumors.

DDX20: A Multifunctional Complex Protein

DEAD-box decapping enzyme 20 (DDX20) is a putative RNA-decapping enzyme that can be identified by the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD). Cellular processes involve numerous RNA secondary structure alterations, including translation initiation, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and assembly of ribosomes and spliceosomes. DDX20 reportedly plays an important role in cellular transcription and post-transcriptional modifications. On the one hand, DDX20 can interact with various transcription factors and repress the transcriptional process. On the other hand, DDX20 forms the survival motor neuron complex and participates in the assembly of snRNP, ultimately affecting the RNA splicing process. Finally, DDX20 can potentially rely on its RNA-unwinding enzyme function to participate in microRNA (miRNA) maturation and act as a component of the RNA-induced silencing complex. In addition, although DDX20 is not a key component in the innate immune system signaling pathway, it can affect the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and p53 signaling pathways. In particular, DDX20 plays different roles in tumorigenesis development through the NF-κB signaling pathway. This process is regulated by various factors such as miRNA. DDX20 can influence processes such as viral replication in cells by interacting with two proteins in Epstein-Barr virus and can regulate the replication process of several viruses through the innate immune system, indicating that DDX20 plays an important role in the innate immune system. Herein, we review the effects of DDX20 on the innate immune system and its role in transcriptional and post-transcriptional modification processes, based on which we provide an outlook on the future of DDX20 research in innate immunity and viral infections.

Vitamin D Promotes Mucosal Barrier System of Fish Skin Infected with Aeromonas hydrophila through Multiple Modulation of Physical and Immune Protective Capacity

The vertebrate mucosal barrier comprises physical and immune elements, as well as bioactive molecules, that protect organisms from pathogens. Vitamin D is a vital nutrient for animals and is involved in immune responses against invading pathogens. However, the effect of vitamin D on the mucosal barrier system of fish, particularly in the skin, remains unclear. Here, we elucidated the effect of vitamin D supplementation (15.2, 364.3, 782.5, 1167.9, 1573.8, and 1980.1 IU/kg) on the mucosal barrier system in the skin of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Dietary vitamin D supplementation (1) alleviated A. hydrophila-induced skin lesions and inhibited oxidative damage by reducing levels of reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and protein carbonyl; (2) improved the activities and transcription levels of antioxidant-related parameters and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling; (3) attenuated cell apoptosis by decreasing the mRNA and protein levels of apoptosis factors involved death receptor and mitochondrial pathway processes related to p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling; (4) improved tight junction protein expression by inhibiting myosin light-chain kinase signaling; and (5) enhanced immune barrier function by promoting antibacterial compound and immunoglobulin production, downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokines expression, which was correlated with nuclear factor kappa B and the target of rapamycin signaling pathways. Vitamin D intervention for mucosal barrier via multiple signaling correlated with vitamin D receptor a. Overall, these results indicate that vitamin D supplementation enhanced the skin mucosal barrier system against pathogen infection, improving the physical and immune barriers in fish. This finding highlights the viability of vitamin D in supporting sustainable aquaculture.

Honokiol Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Replication in Cell Culture at a Post-Entry Step

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in 2019, and the resulting pandemic has already caused the death of over 6 million people. There are currently few antivirals approved for treatment of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and more options would be beneficial, not only now but also to increase our preparedness for future coronavirus outbreaks. Honokiol is a small molecule from magnolia trees for which several biological effects have been reported, including anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Honokiol has also been shown to inhibit several viruses in cell culture. In this study, we determined that honokiol protected Vero E6 cells from SARS-CoV-2-mediated cytopathic effect, with a 50% effective concentration of 7.8 μM. In viral load reduction assays, honokiol decreased viral RNA copies as well as viral infectious progeny titers. The compound also inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in the more relevant human A549 cells expressing angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane protease serine 2. Time-of-addition and other assays showed that honokiol inhibited virus replication at a post-entry step of the replication cycle. Honokiol was also effective against more recent variants of SARS-CoV-2, including Omicron, and it inhibited other human coronaviruses as well. Our study suggests that honokiol is an interesting molecule to be evaluated further in animal studies and, when successful, maybe even in clinical trials to investigate its effect on virus replication and pathogenic (inflammatory) host responses. IMPORTANCE Honokiol is a compound that shows both anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects, and therefore its effect on SARS-CoV-2 infection was assessed. This small molecule inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in various cell-based infection systems, with up to an ~1,000-fold reduction in virus titer. In contrast to earlier reports, our study clearly showed that honokiol acts on a postentry step of the replication cycle. Honokiol also inhibited different recent SARS-CoV-2 variants and other human coronaviruses (Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV and SARS-CoV), demonstrating its broad spectrum of antiviral activity. The anticoronavirus effect, combined with its anti-inflammatory properties, make honokiol an interesting compound to be further explored in animal coronavirus infection models.

Methylene blue reduces the serum levels of interleukin-6 and inhibits STAT3 activation in the brain and the skin of lipopolysaccharide-administered mice

It is valuable to search for novel and economical agents for inhibiting STAT3 activation and blocking increases in IL-6 levels, due to the important roles of STAT3 and IL-6 in inflammation. Since Methylene Blue (MB) has shown therapeutical potential for multiple diseases, it has become increasingly important to investigate the mechanisms underlying the effects of MB on inflammation. Using a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the effects of MB on inflammation, obtaining the following findings: First, MB administration attenuated the LPS-induced increases in the serum levels of IL-6; second, MB administration attenuated LPS-induced STAT3 activation of the brain; and third, MB administration attenuated LPS-induced STAT3 activation of the skin. Collectively, our study has suggested that MB administration can decrease the levels of IL-6 and STAT3 activation - two important factors in inflammation. Since MB is a clinically used and relatively economical drug, our findings have suggested therapeutic potential of MB for multiple inflammation-associated diseases due to its effects on STAT3 activation and IL-6 levels.

TWEAK-Fn14-RelB Signaling Cascade Promotes Stem Cell-like Features that Contribute to Post-Chemotherapy Ovarian Cancer Relapse

Disease recurrence in high-grade serous ovarian cancer may be due to cancer stem-like cells (CSC) that are resistant to chemotherapy and capable of reestablishing heterogeneous tumors. The alternative NF-κB signaling pathway is implicated in this process; however, the mechanism is unknown. Here we show that TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and its receptor, Fn14, are strong inducers of alternative NF-κB signaling and are enriched in ovarian tumors following chemotherapy treatment. We further show that TWEAK enhances spheroid formation ability, asymmetric division capacity, and expression of SOX2 and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition genes VIM and ZEB1 in ovarian cancer cells, phenotypes that are enhanced when TWEAK is combined with carboplatin. Moreover, TWEAK in combination with chemotherapy induces expression of the CSC marker CD117 in CD117- cells. Blocking the TWEAK-Fn14-RelB signaling cascade with a small-molecule inhibitor of Fn14 prolongs survival following carboplatin chemotherapy in a mouse model of ovarian cancer. These data provide new insights into ovarian cancer CSC biology and highlight a signaling axis that should be explored for therapeutic development.

IMPLICATIONS

This study identifies a unique mechanism for the induction of ovarian cancer stem cells that may serve as a novel therapeutic target for preventing relapse.

Effects of Bougainvillea glabra leaf on growth, skin mucosal immune responses, and disease resistance in common carp Cyprinus carpio

This study evaluated the effects of Bougainvillea glabra (BG) leaf as a feed supplement on growth, skin mucosal immune parameters, serum oxidative stress, expression of immune-related genes, and susceptibility to pathogen infection in carp Cyprinus carpio. Diets containing four different BG concentrations (g kg^-1), i.e., 0 g (basal diet), 20 g (BG20), 30 g (BG30), 40 g (BG40), and 50 g (BG50), were fed to the carp (average weight: 14.03 ± 0.81 g) for 8 weeks. Skin mucosal immunological and serum antioxidant parameters were examined 8 weeks post-feeding. Growth performance was significantly higher in BG40. Among the examined skin mucosal immune parameters, lysozyme (33.79 ± 0.98 U mL^-1), protein (6.88 ± 0.37 mg mL^-1), immunoglobulin (IgM; 5.34 ± 0.37 unit-mg mL^-1), and protease activity (3.18 ± 0.36%) were significantly higher in BG40 than in the control; whereas, there was no significant effect on the alkaline phosphatase level. Among serum immune activity, activities of lysozyme, the alternative complement pathway, and IgM were significantly higher in BG40. Phagocytic, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were higher (P < 0.05) in BG30-BG50. Serum ALT, AST, and MDA levels were lower in BG40 than in the control (P < 0.05). Intestinal enzymatic activities were enhanced in BG40 and BG50 (P < 0.05), except for lipase in BG50. Gene expression analysis revealed that the mRNA expressions of antioxidant genes (SOD, GPx, and Nrf2), an anti-inflammatory gene (IL-10), and IκBα were significantly upregulated in BG40. Conversely, the pro-inflammatory gene IL-1β and the signaling molecule NF-κB p65 were downregulated in BG40 and BG50, respectively. BG supplementation had no significant effect on TNF-α, TLR22, or HSP70 mRNA expressions. Moreover, fish in BG40 exhibited the highest relative post-challenge survival (67.74%) against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. These results suggested that dietary supplementation with BG leaves at 40 g/kg can significantly improve the growth performance, immune responses, and disease resistance of C. carpio. BG leaves are a promising food additive for carp in aquaculture.

Effects of dietary tryptophan on the antioxidant capacity and immune response associated with TOR and TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways in northern snakehead, Channa argus (Cantor, 1842)

Introduction

Dietary tryptophan (Trp) has been shown to influence fish feed intake, growth, immunity and inflammatory responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect and mechanism of Trp on immune system of juvenile northern snakehead (Channa argus Cantor, 1842).

Methods

A total of 540 fish (10.21 ± 0.11 g) were fed six experimental diets containing graded levels of Trp at 1.9, 3.0, 3.9, 4.8, 5.9 and 6.8 g/kg diet for 70 days, respectively.

Results and Discussion

The results showed that supplementation of 1.9-4.8 g/kg Trp in diets had no effect on the hepatosomatic index (HSI) and renal index (RI), while dietary 3.9 and 4.8 g/kg Trp significantly increased spleen index (SI) of fish. Dietary 3.9, 4.8, 5.9 and 6.8 g/kg Trp enhanced the total hemocyte count (THC), the activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Malondinaldehyde (MDA) levels in the blood were significantly decreased by consuming 3.9 and 4.8 g/kg Trp. Fish fed with 3.0 and 3.9 g/kg Trp diets up-regulated interleukin 6 (il-6) and interleukin 8 (il-8) mRNA levels. The expression of tumor necrosis factor α (tnf-α) was highest in fish fed with 3.0 g/kg Trp diet, and the expression of interleukin 1β (il-1β) was highest in fish fed with 3.9 g/kg Trp diet. Dietary 4.8, 5.9 and 6.8 g/kg Trp significantly decreased il-6 and tnf-α mRNA levels in the intestine. Moreover, Trp supplementation was also beneficial to the mRNA expression of interleukin 22 (il-22). Additionally, the mRNA expression levels of target of rapamycin (tor), toll-like receptor-2 (tlr2), toll-like receptor-4 (tlr4), toll-like receptor-5 (tlr5) and myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (myd88) of intestine were significantly up-regulated in fish fed 1.9, 3.0 and 3.9 g/kg Trp diets, and down-regulated in fish fed 4.8, 5.9 and 6.8 g/kg Trp diets. Dietary 4.8 and 5.9 g/kg Trp significantly increased the expression of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase beta subunit (ikkβ) and decreased the expression of inhibitor of kappa B (iκbα), but inhibited nuclear transcription factor kappa B (nf-κb) mRNA level. Collectively, these results indicated that dietary 4.8 g/kg Trp could improve antioxidant capacity and alleviate intestinal inflammation associated with TOR and TLRs/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathways.

The Relationship between Reactive Oxygen Species and the cGAS/STING Signaling Pathway in the Inflammaging Process

During Inflammaging, a dysregulation of the immune cell functions is generated, and these cells acquire a senescent phenotype with an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and ROS. This increase in pro-inflammatory molecules contributes to the chronic inflammation and oxidative damage of biomolecules, classically observed in the Inflammaging process. One of the most critical oxidative damages is generated to the host DNA. Damaged DNA is located out of the natural compartments, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, and is present in the cell's cytoplasm. This DNA localization activates some DNA sensors, such as the cGAS/STING signaling pathway, that induce transcriptional factors involved in increasing inflammatory molecules. Some of the targets of this signaling pathway are the SASPs. SASPs are secreted pro-inflammatory molecules characteristic of the senescent cells and inducers of ROS production. It has been suggested that oxidative damage to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA generates activation of the cGAS/STING pathway, increasing ROS levels induced by SASPs. These additional ROS increase oxidative DNA damage, causing a loop during the Inflammaging. However, the relationship between the cGAS/STING pathway and the increase in ROS during Inflammaging has not been clarified. This review attempt to describe the potential connection between the cGAS/STING pathway and ROS during the Inflammaging process, based on the current literature, as a contribution to the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that occur and contribute to the development of the considered adaptative Inflammaging process during aging.

Dietary Aflatoxin B1 attenuates immune function of immune organs in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) by modulating NF-κB and the TOR signaling pathway

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is kind of a common mycotoxin in food and feedstuff. Aquafeeds are susceptible to contamination of AFB1. In teleost fish, the spleen and head kidney are key immune organ. Moreover, the fish skin is a critical mucosal barrier system. However, there was little study on the effects of dietary AFB1 on the immune response of these immune organs in fish. This study aimed to explore the impacts of oral AFB1 on the immune competence and its mechanisms in the skin, spleen, and head kidney of grass carp. Our work indicated that dietary AFB1 reduced antibacterial compounds and immunoglobulins contents, and decreased the transcription levels of antimicrobial peptides in grass carp immune organs. In addition, dietary AFB1 increased the transcription levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduced the transcription levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the grass carp immune organs, which might be regulated by NF-κB and TOR signaling, respectively. Meanwhile, we evaluated the content of AFB1 in the grass carp diet should not exceed 29.48 μg/kg diet according to the levels of acid phosphatase and lysozyme. In summary, dietary AFB1 impaired immune response in grass carp skin, spleen, and head kidney.

Pea Albumin Attenuates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Regulating NF-κB Signaling and the Intestinal Microbiota in Mice

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory bowel disease remains a global burden with rapidly increasing incidence and prevalence in both industrialized countries and developing countries. In this study, we prepared pea albumin from pea seeds and determined its beneficial effects being anti-inflammatory and on gut microbiota modulation in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-challenged mice.

METHOD

Six-week-old C57BL/6N male mice received an equivalent volume (200 μL) of sterile phosphate balanced solution, 0.375, 0.75, or 1.50 g/kg body weight (BW) of pea albumin that was subjected to 2.0% DSS for 7 days to induce colitis. On day 17 of the experiment, all mice were sacrificed after blood sample collection, and colon tissue and colon contents were collected. BW change curve, colon length, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, mucus staining, immunofluorescence staining of T cells and macrophages, cytokines, pro-inflammatory genes expression, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and signal transducer, and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathways as well as 16S DNA sequence were measured.

RESULTS

Our results show that pea albumin alleviates DSS-induced BW loss, colon length shortening, enhanced MPO activity, cytokines secretion, mucus deficiency, and inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as enhanced pro-inflammatory genes expression. In addition, the overactivation of NF-κB and STAT3 following DSS exposure is attenuated by pea albumin administration. Of particular interest, pea albumin oral administration restored gut microbiota dysbiosis as evidenced by enhanced α-diversity, restored β-diversity, and promoted relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, the data provided herein demonstrated that pea albumin plays a protective role in DSS-induced colitis by reducing inflammatory cell infiltration, pro-inflammatory genes expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines release, inactivation of NF-κB signal, and gut microbiota modulation.

Dual Function of Secreted APE1/Ref-1 in TNBC Tumorigenesis: An Apoptotic Initiator and a Regulator of Chronic Inflammatory Signaling

The simultaneous regulation of cancer cells and inflammatory immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can be an effective strategy in treating aggressive breast cancer types, such as triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox effector factor 1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a multi-functional nuclear protein that can be stimulated and then secreted. The extracellular APE1/Ref-1 causes a reduction in disulfide bonds in cytokine receptors, resulting in their conformational changes, thereby inhibiting inflammatory signaling. Furthermore, the secreted APE1/Ref-1 in response to acetylation has been shown to bind to a receptor for the advanced glycation end product (RAGE), initiating the apoptotic cell death of TNBC in vitro and in vivo. This study used PPTLS-APE1/Ref-1 in an adenovirus vector (Ad-PPTLS-APE1/Ref-1) for the constant expression of extracellular APE1/Ref-1, and our results demonstrated its dual function as an apoptotic initiator and inflammation regulator. Injecting MDA-MB 231 orthotopic xenografts with the Ad-PPTLS-APE1/Ref-1 inhibited tumor growth and development in response to acetylation. Moreover, Ad-PPTLS-APE1/Ref-1 generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), and tumor tissues derived from these xenografts exhibited apoptotic bodies. Compared to normal mice, a comparable ratio of anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed in the plasma of Ad-PPTLS-APE1/Ref-1-injected mice. Mechanistically, the disturbed cytokine receptor by reducing activity of PPTLS-APE1/Ref-1 inhibited inflammatory signaling leading to the inactivation of the p21-activated kinase 1-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/nuclear factor-κB axis in tumor tissues. These results suggest that the regulation of inflammatory signaling with adenoviral-mediated PPTLS-APE1/Ref-1 in tumors modulates the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in TME, thereby inhibiting aggressive cancer cell progression, and could be considered as a promising and safe therapeutic strategy for treating TNBCs.

Inflammation, Immune Senescence, and Dysregulated Immune Regulation in the Elderly

An optimal immune response requires the appropriate interaction between the innate and the adaptive arms of the immune system as well as a proper balance of activation and regulation. After decades of life, the aging immune system is continuously exposed to immune stressors and inflammatory assaults that lead to immune senescence. In this review, we will discuss inflammaging in the elderly, specifically concentrating on IL-6 and IL-1b in the context of T lymphocytes, and how inflammation is related to mortality and morbidities, specifically cardiovascular disease and cancer. Although a number of studies suggests that the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-b is elevated in the elderly, heightened inflammation persists. Thus, the regulation of the immune response and the ability to return the immune system to homeostasis is also important. Therefore, we will discuss cellular alterations in aging, concentrating on senescent T cells and CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in aging

Hypoxia as a Modulator of Inflammation and Immune Response in Cancer

A clear association between hypoxia and cancer has heretofore been established; however, it has not been completely developed. In this sense, the understanding of the tumoral microenvironment is critical to dissect the complexity of cancer, including the reduction in oxygen distribution inside the tumoral mass, defined as tumoral hypoxia. Moreover, hypoxia not only influences the tumoral cells but also the surrounding cells, including those related to the inflammatory processes. In this review, we analyze the participation of HIF, NF-κB, and STAT signaling pathways as the main components that interconnect hypoxia and immune response and how they modulate tumoral growth. In addition, we closely examine the participation of the immune cells and how they are affected by hypoxia, the effects of the progression of cancer, and some innovative applications that take advantage of this knowledge, to suggest potential therapies. Therefore, we contribute to the understanding of the complexity of cancer to propose innovative therapeutic strategies in the future.

New Insight on the Immune Modulation and Physical Barrier Protection Caused by Vitamin A in Fish Gills Infected With Flavobacterium columnare

In this study, we have investigated the influence of vitamin A on gill barrier function of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) infected with Flavobacterium columnare. The fish were fed different concentrations of vitamin A diets for 10 weeks and then infected with F. columnare by immersion. We observed that optimal vitamin A significantly prevented gill rot morbidity in fish infected with F. columnare. Further investigations revealed that vitamin A boosted the gill immunity by increasing the contents of complements (C3 and C4), activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and lysozyme, mRNAs of β-defensin-1, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2A and 2B (LEAP-2A and LEAP-2B), hepcidin, and anti-inflammatory cytokines like transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), TGF-β2, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and IL-11. It also enhanced the levels of various related signaling molecules including inhibitor protein κBα (IκBα), target of rapamycin (TOR), and ribosome protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) but downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon γ2 (IFN-γ2) and related signaling molecules including nuclear factor κB p65 (NF-κB p65) (rather than NF-κB p52), IκB kinase β (IKKβ), IKKγ (rather than IKKα), eIF4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), and 4E-BP2 mRNA levels in fish gills. In addition, dietary vitamin A markedly lowered the concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl (PC), increased both the activities and mRNAs of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD), MnSOD, glutathione transferases (GSTs), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) associated with upregulation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) mRNAs and downregulation of Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein (Keap1a) and Keap1b mRNAs. Moreover, vitamin A decreased the mRNAs of different apoptotic mediators [caspases 8, 9, 3 (rather than 7)] associated with downregulation of signaling molecule p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) mRNAs in fish gills. Besides, vitamin A promoted tight junction (TJ) complex mRNAs [including claudin-b, -c, -3, -7, -12, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)] that have been linked to the downregulation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) signaling. Taken together, the current study demonstrated for the first time that vitamin A markedly enhanced gill health associated with immune modulation and physical barrier protection. Based on protecting fish against gill rot morbidity, ACP activity, and against lipid peroxidation, optimum vitamin A concentrations in on-growing grass carp (262-997 g) were found to be 1,991, 2,188, and 2,934 IU/kg diet, respectively.

The effects of dietary immunostimulants on the innate immune response of Indian major carp: A review

Immunostimulants, as feed additives, play an important role in maintaining fish health and enhancing their overall growth by providing resistance against diseases in cultured fish. At the initial stages of life of fish, innate immunity is the essential mechanism in their survival. Later, innate immunity has an instructive role in adapting acquired immune response and homeostasis through different receptor proteins. Several studies have been conducted to analyze the effect of dietary immunostimulants like algae, plant extracts, vitamins, herbs, probiotics, and prebiotics-containing diets in Indian major carps. Many bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens are responsible for high death rates in both wild and cultured fish. It's a major limiting factor for world aquaculture industries. Recognition of invading pathogens by different pathogen recognition receptor plays an important role for the activation of different pathways to initiate protective immune responses. Hence, there is a growing need to control the devastating effects of diseases without recourse to toxic chemicals or antibiotics. Keeping with alternative approaches without using toxic chemicals to control fish diseases in mind, many immunostimulants are used, which enhance immune responses along with their gene expression level through different signaling pathway. The objective of this review is to summarize and evaluate the current knowledge of various immunostimulants and their immune responses in three Indian major carps namely Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala, which are preferred by the people.

DCZ0415, a small-molecule inhibitor targeting TRIP13, inhibits EMT and metastasis via inactivation of the FGFR4/STAT3 axis and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in colorectal cancer

Thyroid receptor-interacting protein 13 (TRIP13), a protein of the AAA-ATPase family, is upregulated in various human cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC). This study focused on the inhibition of TRIP13-induced CRC progression and signalling by DCZ0415, a small molecule targeting TRIP13. It demonstrated potent antitumour activity in TRIP13-deregulated cancer cell lines, regardless of their p53, KRAS, BRAF, epidermal growth factor receptor or microsatellite instability status. The treatment of CRC cells with DCZ0415 resulted in decreased cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest in the G2-M phase and increased apoptosis. DCZ0415 diminished xenograft tumour growth and metastasis of CRC in immunocompromised mice. DCZ0415 reduced expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and proteins associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways in cells and xenografts exhibiting high expression of TRIP13. Additionally, DCZ0415 decreased cyclin D1, β-catenin and T-cell factor 1, leading to the inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In a syngeneic CRC model, DCZ0415 treatment induced an immune response by decreasing PD1 and CTLA4 levels and increasing granzyme B, perforin and interferon gamma. In sum, DCZ04145 inhibits the TRIP13-FGFR4-STAT3 axis, inactivates NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin signalling, activates antitumour immune response and reduces the progression and metastasis of CRC. This study provides a rationale to evaluate DCZ0415 clinically for the treatment of a subset of CRCs that exhibit dysregulated TRIP13 and FGFR4.

GCN5-mediated PKM2 acetylation participates in benzene-induced hematotoxicity through regulating glycolysis and inflammation via p-Stat3/IL17A axis

Benzene is a common environmental carcinogen that induces leukemia. Studies suggest that metabolic disorder has a relationship with the toxicity of benzene. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a key rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis. However, the upstream and downstream regulatory mechanisms of PKM2 in benzene-induced hematotoxicity and the therapeutic effects of targeting PKM2 in vivo are unclear. This study aims to provide insights into the new mechanism of benzene-induced hematotoxicity and reveal the therapeutic significance of targeting PKM2. Herein, we demonstrated that PKM2-dependent glycolysis contributes to benzene-induced hematotoxicity by regulating inflammation reaction. Mechanistically, acetylated proteomics revealed that 1,4-benzoquinone (1,4-BQ) induced acetylation of PKM2 at position K66, and this modification contributed to the increase of PKM2 expression and can be inhibited by inhibition of acetyltransferase GCN5. Meanwhile, the elevated PKM2 was shown to prompt the activation of nuclear phosphorylated Stat3 (p-Stat3) and IL17A. Clinically, pharmacological inhibition of PKM2 alleviated the blood toxicity induced by benzene, which was mainly characterized by an increase in routine blood parameters and improvement of hematopoietic imbalance. Besides, elevated PKM2 is a promising biomarker in people occupationally exposed to benzene. Overall, we identified PKM2/p-Stat3/IL-17A axis participates in the hematotoxicity of benzene, and targeting PKM2 has certain therapeutic implications in hematologic diseases.

Selenium-enriched Bacillus subtilis reduces the effects of mercury-induced on inflammation and intestinal microbes in carp (Cyprinus carpio var. specularis)

Mercury (Hg) is a global pollutant that affects the health of humans and ecosystems. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for many organisms including humans. Bacillus subtilis is one of the main probiotics used in aquaculture, and has a certain adsorption effect on heavy metals. The interaction between Hg and Se was rigorously studied, especially due to the observation of the protective effect of Se on Hg toxicity. The objective of this study was to research the effects of Hg, Se, and B. subtilis on inflammation and intestinal microbes in common carp. The common carp was exposed to Hg (0.03 mg/L), and 10⁵ cfu/g Se-rich B. subtilis was added to the feed. After 30 days of feeding, samples were taken to evaluate the growth performance, serological response, inflammatory response, and intestinal microbial changes. In this study, when fish were exposed to Hg, the growth performance of the Se-rich B. subtilis plus 0.03 mg/L Hg fish group was lower than that of the control group and higher than 0.03 mg/L Hg; The levels of serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and lysozyme (LZM) decreased, but after supplementation with Se-rich B. subtilis, the levels of LZM and IgM increased; Hg treatment significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nuclear factor-kB (NF-κB P65), but downregulated the mRNA expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (IkBα). However, compared with the Hg group, the Se-rich B. subtilis plus Hg group can significantly increase the mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α, and NF-κB P65, but reduce the regulation of IL-10, TGF-β, and IkBα expression. Through the analysis of the microbiological, we found that the Hg group was mainly composed of Aeromonas sobria and Aeromonas hydrophila. However, in the Se-rich B. subtilis treatment group, we found that Aeromonas sobria was significantly less than the Hg group. Se-rich B. subtilis improves Hg-induced intestinal microbial changes, alleviates the abundance of Aeromonas, and alleviates the inflammation of the fish. The results of this study show that Se-rich B. subtilis dietary supplements can effectively protect common carp against Hg toxicity.

Licochalcone H Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Skin Cancer Cells by Modulating JAK2/STAT3 Signaling

Licochalcone H (LCH) is a phenolic compound synthetically derived from licochalcone C (LCC) that exerts anticancer activity. In this study, we investigated the anticancer activity of LCH in human skin cancer A375 and A431 cells. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) cell viability assay was used to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of LCH. Cell cycle distribution and the induction of apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blotting assays were performed to detect the levels of proteins involved in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. LCH inhibited the growth of cells in dose- and time-dependent manners. The annexin V/propidium iodide double staining assay revealed that LCH induced apoptosis, and the LCH-induced apoptosis was accompanied by cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. Western blot analysis showed that the phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 was decreased by treatment with LCH. The inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway by pharmacological inhibitors against JAK2/STAT3 (cryptotanshinone (CTS) and S3I-201) simulated the antiproliferative effect of LCH suggesting that LCH induced apoptosis by modulating JAK2/STAT3 signaling.

N-Acetylcysteine Reduces miR-146a and NF-κB p65 Inflammatory Signaling Following Cadmium Hepatotoxicity in Rats

We performed a thorough screening and analysis of the impact of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the miR146a/NF-κB p65 inflammatory pathway and mitochondrial biogenesis dysfunction in male albino rats. A total of 24 male albino rats were divided into three groups: a control group, a CdCl₂-treated group (3 mg/kg, orally), and a CdCl₂ + NAC-treated group (200 mg/kg of NAC, 1 h after CdCl₂ treatment), for 60 consecutive days. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to analyze the expression of miR146a, Irak1, Traf6, Nrf1, Nfe2l2, Pparg, Prkaa, Stat3, Tfam, Tnfa, and Il1b, whereas tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and cyclooxygenase-2 protein levels were assessed using ELISA, and NF-κB p65 was detected using western blotting. A significant restoration of homeostatic inflammatory processes as well as mitochondrial biogenesis was observed after NAC and CdCl₂ treatment. Decreased miR146a and NF-κB p65 were also found after treatment with NAC and CdCl₂ compared with CdCl₂ treatment alone. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that CdCl₂ caused mtDNA release because of Tfam loss, leading to NF-κB p65 activation. Co-treatment with NAC could alleviate Cd-induced genotoxicity in liver tissue. We concluded that adding NAC to CdCl₂ resulted in a decreased signaling of the NF-κB p65 signaling pathway.

Chitosan-Decorated PLGA-NPs Loaded with Tannic Acid/Vitamin E Mitigate Colon Cancer via the NF-κB/β-Cat/EMT Pathway

Colon cancer is the second highest contributor of cancer-related deaths throughout the world. Treatment strategies with tannic acid and vitamin E are envisaged as desirable and safe owing to their robust antioxidative and anti-inflammatory potential. In the present report, these bioactives have been nanoencapsulated in poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) formulations for maintaining sustained release and ensuring enhanced bioavailability. Capping of nanoparticles (NPs) with chitosan was done for enhanced anticancer efficacy and tumor targeting. CS-PLGA-TA-E, administered intraperitoneally, significantly inhibited tumor number and tumor volume and normalized colon histology in the colon cancer. Tissue distribution studies showed that TA/E content from CS-PLGA-TA-E was present in a higher concentration in the tumor tissue than the concentration of TA/E content from PLGA-TA-E or free TA or free E. Also, the TA/E content from all of the treatment groups showed its highest concentration in the tumor compared to other organs. Antioxidant enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) were inhibited by CS-PLGA-TA-E. CS-PLGA-TA-E inhibited markers for tumor growth (EGFR-PI3K-AKT), inflammation (NF-κB/Stat3), β-catenin signaling (β-catenin, c-myc, cyclin D1), EMT (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin), and apoptosis (Bcl-2) in a significantly greater way as compared with PLGA-TA-E, TA, or E. CS-PLGA-TA-E NPs can be considered promising anticancer drugs for colon cancer.

Risk factors for lymph node metastasis and surgical scope in patients with cN0 non-small cell lung cancer: a single-center study in China

BACKGROUND

It is difficult to determine the lymph node metastasis of patients with clinically negative lymph nodes (cN0) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) before surgery. The purpose of this study is to investigate risk factors of lymph node metastasis in cN0 NSCLC, thereby to identify the surgical indications for lymph node dissection in cN0 NSCLC.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective study of patients with tumor size ≤ 30 mm who underwent radical resection of NSCLC. Binary logistic regression analysis was applied to predict risk factors for lymph node metastasis, and subject operating characteristics (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the independent risk factors.

RESULTS

Overall, 44 patients (6.8%) with cN0 NSCLC had lymph node metastasis. Factors of tumor consolidation diameter (p < 0.001) and preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level (p = 0.017) are independent risk factors lymph node metastasis in cN0 NSCLC. The ROC curve showed that the cut-off value of consolidation diameter was 16.5 mm, and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.825 (p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.780-0.870); the cut-off value of serum CEA level was 1.765 μg/L, and the AUC was 0.661 (p < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.568-0.754). Moreover, 8 of 461 patients with tumor parenchyma ≤ 16.5 mm had lymph node metastasis, and 36 of 189 patients with tumor parenchyma > 16.5 mm had lymph node metastasis.

CONCLUSION

Tumor consolidation diameter and preoperative serum CEA are independent factors to predict cN0 NSCLC with tumor size ≤ 30 mm. For patients with tumor parenchyma > 16.5 mm, the probability of lymph node metastasis is higher and lymph node dissection is recommended. For patients with tumor parenchyma ≤ 16.5 mm, the probability of lymph node metastasis is lower and lymph node sampling is feasible.

The inflammatory pathogenesis of colorectal cancer

The mutational landscape of colorectal cancer (CRC) does not enable predictions to be made about the survival of patients or their response to therapy. Instead, studying the polarization and activation profiles of immune cells and stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment has been shown to be more informative, thus making CRC a prototypical example of the importance of an inflammatory microenvironment for tumorigenesis. Here, we review our current understanding of how colon cancer cells interact with their microenvironment, comprised of immune cells, stromal cells and the intestinal microbiome, to suppress or escape immune responses and how inflammatory processes shape the immune pathogenesis of CRC.

Selenoprotein M Promotes Hypothalamic Leptin Signaling and Thioredoxin Antioxidant Activity

Aims: Selenoproteins are an essential class of proteins involved in redox signaling and energy metabolism. However, the functions of many selenoproteins are not clearly established. Selenoprotein M (SELENOM), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident oxidoreductase bearing structural similarity to thioredoxin (TXN), is among those yet to be fully characterized. This protein is highly expressed in hypothalamic regions involved in leptin signaling and has been previously linked to energy metabolism. Herein, we performed a series of studies using in vivo and in vitro models to probe the specific influence of SELENOM on hypothalamic leptin signaling and assess SELENOM-regulated pathways. Innovation and Results: Our initial experiment in vivo demonstrated that (i) leptin promotes hypothalamic expression of SELENOM and (ii) leptin-induced STAT3 phosphorylation is impeded by SELENOM deficiency. Additional in vitro studies using mHypoE-44 immortalized hypothalamic neurons corroborated these findings, as SELENOM deficiency obstructed downstream STAT3 phosphorylation and cytosolic calcium responses evoked by leptin treatment. Correspondingly, SELENOM overexpression enhanced leptin sensitivity. Microarray analysis conducted in parallel on hypothalamic tissue and mHypoE-44 cells revealed multiple genes significantly affected by SELENOM deficiency, including thioredoxin interacting protein, a negative regulator of the TXN system. Further analysis determined that (i) SELENOM itself possesses intrinsic TXN activity and (ii) SELENOM deficiency leads to a reduction in overall TXN activity. Finally, mHypoE-44 cells lacking SELENOM displayed diminished activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B-cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway and increased susceptibility to ER stress-mediated cell death. Conclusion: In sum, these findings establish SELENOM as a positive regulator of leptin signaling and TXN antioxidant activity in the hypothalamus. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 775-787.

Ascorbic Acid Regulates the Immunity, Anti-Oxidation and Apoptosis in Abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

The present study was conducted to investigate the roles of ascorbic acid (AA) in immune response, anti-oxidation and apoptosis in abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino). Seven semi-purified diets with graded levels of AA (0, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 and 5000 mg/kg) were fed to abalone (initial weight: 12.01 ± 0.001 g, initial shell length: 48.44 ± 0.069 mm) for 100 days. The survival, weight gain rate and daily increment in shell length were not affected by dietary AA. The AA content in the gill, muscle and digestive glands of abalone was significantly increased by dietary AA. In terms of immunity, dietary AA significantly improved the total hemocyte count, respiratory burst and phagocytic activity in hemolymph, and lysozyme activity in cell-free hemolymph (CFH). In the digestive gland, the TLR-MyD88-dependent and TLR-MyD88-independent signaling pathways were suppressed by dietary AA supplementation. The mRNA levels of β-defensin and arginase-I in the digestive gland were significantly increased by dietary AA. In the gill, only the TLR-MyD88-dependent signaling pathway was depressed by dietary AA to reduce inflammation in abalone. The level of mytimacin 6 in the gill was significantly upregulated by dietary AA. After Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection, the TLR signaling pathway in the digestive gland was suppressed by dietary AA, which reduced inflammation in the abalone. In terms of anti-oxidation, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities, as well as total anti-oxidative capacity and reduced glutathione content in CFH, were all significantly upregulated. The malondialdehyde content was significantly downregulated by dietary AA. The anti-oxidative capacity was improved by triggering the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in abalone. In terms of apoptosis, dietary AA could enhance the anti-apoptosis ability via the JNK-Bcl-2/Bax signaling cascade in abalone. To conclude, dietary AA was involved in regulating immunity, anti-oxidation and apoptosis in abalone.

Hyperphosphatemia-Induced Oxidant/Antioxidant Imbalance Impairs Vascular Relaxation and Induces Inflammation and Fibrosis in Old Mice

Aging impairs vascular function, but the mechanisms involved are unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze whether aging-related hyperphosphatemia is implied in this effect by elucidating the role of oxidative stress. C57BL6 mice that were aged 5 months (young) and 24 months (old), receiving a standard (0.6%) or low-phosphate (0.2%) diet, were used. Isolated mesenteric arteries from old mice showed diminished endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation by the down-regulation of NOS3 expression, increased inflammation and increased fibrosis in isolated aortas, compared to those isolated from young mice. In parallel, increased Nox4 expression and reduced Nrf2, Sod2-Mn and Gpx1 were found in the aortas from old mice, resulting in oxidant/antioxidant imbalance. The low-phosphate diet improved vascular function and oxidant/antioxidant balance in old mice. Mechanisms were analyzed in endothelial (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) treated with the phosphate donor ß-glycerophosphate (BGP). In EC, BGP increased Nox4 expression and ROS production, which reduced NOS3 expression via NFκB. BGP also increased inflammation in EC. In SMC, BGP increased Collagen I and fibronectin expression by priming ROS production and NFκB activity. In conclusion, hyperphosphatemia reduced endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation and increased inflammation and vascular fibrosis through an impairment of oxidant/antioxidant balance in old mice. A low-phosphate diet achieved improvements in the vascular function in old mice.

ETS1 promoted cell growth, metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition process in melanoma by regulating miR-16-mediated SOX4 expression

Melanoma is a malignant tumor with high metastasis and mortality. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was reported to be involved in the growth and metastasis of melanoma. To investigate these sections further, we showed that E26 transformation specific 1 (ETS1) could regulate growth, metastasis and EMT process of melanoma by regulating microRNA(miR)-16/SRY-related HMG box (SOX) 4 expression. MiR-16, ETS1, SOX4 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) expression levels in melanoma cells were examined using qPCR. ETS1, SOX4, EMT-related proteins and NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins were examined using western blot. Cell counting kit-8 assay, transwell assay were applied to evaluate the cell proliferation, migration and invasion of melanoma cells, respectively. Besides, a dual-luciferase reporter assay was employed to verify the binding relationship between ETS1 and miR-16, miR-16 and SOX4, miR-16 and NF-κB1. We showed that ETS1 and SOX4 were upregulated in melanoma cells, while miR-16 was downregulated. MiR-16 overexpression suppressed growth, metastasis and EMT process of melanoma. We found ETS1 could bind to the promoter region of miR-16 and inhibited its transcription. ETS1 silence could inhibit growth, metastasis and EMT process of melanoma, and inhibition of miR-16 could reverse the effects. Besides, miR-16 is directly bound to SOX4 and downregulated its expression. Rescued experiments confirmed that SOX4 overexpression abolished the inhibition effect of miR-16 mimics on growth, metastasis and EMT process of melanoma. Finally, NF-κB1 as the target of miR-16 mediated downstream biological responses. ETS1 activated NF-κB signaling pathway through miR-16 via targeting SOX4, thus promoting growth, metastasis and EMT of melanoma.

IκB Kinase-β Regulates Neutrophil Recruitment Through Activation of STAT3 Signaling in the Esophagus

BACKGROUND & AIMS

The epithelial barrier is the host's first line of defense against damage to the underlying tissue. Upon injury, the epithelium plays a critical role in inflammation. The IκB kinase β (IKKβ)/nuclear factor-κB pathway was shown to be active in the esophageal epithelium of patients with esophageal disease. However, the complex mechanisms by which IKKβ signaling regulates esophageal disease pathogenesis remain unknown. Our prior work has shown that expression of a constitutively active form of IKKβ specifically in esophageal epithelia of mice (Ikkβca^{Esophageal Epithelial Cell-Knockin (EEC-KI)}) is sufficient to cause esophagitis.

METHODS

We generated ED-L2/Cre;Rosa26-Ikkβca^+/L;Stat3^L/L (Ikkβca^EEC-KI;Stat3^{Esophageal Epithelial Cell Knockout (EEC-KO)}) mice, in which the ED-L2 promoter activates Cre recombinase in the esophageal epithelium, leading to constitutive activation of IKKβ and loss of Stat3. Esophageal epithelial tissues were collected and analyzed by immunostaining, RNA sequencing, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays, flow cytometry, and Western blot. Ikkβca^EEC-KI mice were treated with neutralizing antibodies against interleukin (IL)23p19 and IL12p40.

RESULTS

Here, we report that Ikkβca^EEC-KI mice have increased activation of epithelial Janus kinase 2/STAT3 signaling. Stat3 deletion in Ikkβca^EEC-KI mice attenuated the neutrophil infiltration observed in Ikkβca^EEC-KI mice and resulted in decreased expression of genes related to immune cell recruitment and activity. Blocking experiments in Ikkβca^EEC-KI mice showed that STAT3 activation and subsequent neutrophil recruitment are dependent on IL23 secretion.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study establishes a novel interplay between IKKβ and STAT3 signaling in epithelial cells of the esophagus, where IKKβ/IL23/STAT3 signaling controls neutrophil recruitment during the onset of inflammation. GEO accession number: GSE154129.

Inflammation, epigenetics, and metabolism converge to cell senescence and ageing: the regulation and intervention

Remarkable progress in ageing research has been achieved over the past decades. General perceptions and experimental evidence pinpoint that the decline of physical function often initiates by cell senescence and organ ageing. Epigenetic dynamics and immunometabolic reprogramming link to the alterations of cellular response to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, representing current hotspots as they not only (re-)shape the individual cell identity, but also involve in cell fate decision. This review focuses on the present findings and emerging concepts in epigenetic, inflammatory, and metabolic regulations and the consequences of the ageing process. Potential therapeutic interventions targeting cell senescence and regulatory mechanisms, using state-of-the-art techniques are also discussed.

SIRT1 suppresses cellular senescence and inflammatory cytokine release in human dermal fibroblasts by promoting the deacetylation of NF-κB and activating autophagy

Skin aging is a complex process and involves extrinsic and intrinsic processes with distinct characteristics. Understanding skin aging requires knowledge of the senescence of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and the biological mechanisms involved in this process. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for the aging of HDFs is still not clear. Therefore, we investigated mechanisms of autophagy, inflammation, and cellular senescence by Western blotting, immunofluorescence, real-time PCR, and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining in senescent HDFs. We found SRT1720 inhibited the inductions of inflammatory cytokines and cellular senescence by deacetylating acetyl-NF-κB levels and enhancing levels of autophagy-associated proteins and SIRT1 in senescent HDFs. However, the NF-κB activator prostratin attenuated signals associated with autophagy, such as those of LC3-II and Beclin-1, but increased inflammatory cytokine levels and cellular senescence. Notably, the expression levels of SIRT1 and autophagy-associated proteins were higher in aged mice administered SRT1720 than in old mice, and SRT1720 also decreased levels of acetyl-NF-κB, inflammatory cytokines, and senescence markers, which was in accord with in vitro results. These findings support that SRT1720 acts as an anti-aging agent and inhibits the inductions of inflammatory cytokines and senescence by regulating the SIRT1/acetyl-NF-κB signaling pathway and activating autophagy in senescent HDFs.

Molecular Action of Polyphenols in Leukaemia and Their Therapeutic Potential

Leukaemia is a malignant disease of the blood. Current treatments for leukaemia are associated with serious side-effects. Plant-derived polyphenols have been identified as potent anti-cancer agents and have been shown to work synergistically with standard chemotherapy agents in leukaemia cell lines. Polyphenols have multiple mechanisms of action and have been reported to decrease cell proliferation, arrest cell cycle and induce apoptosis via the activation of caspase (3, 8 and 9); the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c. Polyphenols have been shown to suppress activation of transcription factors, including NF-kB and STAT3. Furthermore, polyphenols have pro-oxidant properties, with increasing evidence that polyphenols inhibit the antioxidant activity of glutathione, causing oxidative DNA damage. Polyphenols also induce autophagy-driven cancer cell death and regulate multidrug resistance proteins, and thus may be able to reverse resistance to chemotherapy agents. This review examines the molecular mechanism of action of polyphenols and discusses their potential therapeutic targets. Here, we discuss the pharmacological properties of polyphenols, including their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and anti-tumour activities, and suggest that polyphenols are potent natural agents that can be useful therapeutically; and discuss why data on bioavailability, toxicity and metabolism are essential to evaluate their clinical use.

Linagliptin mitigates experimental inflammatory bowel disease in rats by targeting inflammatory and redox signaling

AIMS

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) has been involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), yet the underlying mechanisms remain inconclusive. The present study aimed to investigate the potential of linagliptin, a potent/selective DPP-4 inhibitor with marked anti-inflammatory actions, to attenuate trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-evoked colitis in rats; an experimental model of IBD, and the implicated molecular mechanisms. This may add to the clinical utility of linagliptin for the management of patients with coexisting IBD and diabetes mellitus. Notably, no former studies have linked JAK2/STAT3, HMGB1/NF-κB, and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in TNBS-evoked colitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Western blotting and ELISA were used to determine the levels of target signals.

KEY FINDINGS

Administration of linagliptin (1.5 mg/kg; p.o.) mitigated the colitis severity via diminishing the disease activity index, colon weight/length ratio, and macroscopic scores. Linagliptin also lowered the colonic histologic scores and leukocyte invasion. Notably, linagliptin inhibited the colonic DPP-4 activity and upregulated the expression of intestinotrophic GLP-2 without incurring hypoglycemia in animals. Linagliptin curbed inflammation through the suppression of colonic IL-6, TNF-α, and myeloperoxidase and upregulation of IL-10. It also inhibited the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway via downregulating p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 protein expression and HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB cascade through lowering HMGB1, RAGE, and p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65 protein expression. In the context of mucosal oxidative stress, linagliptin diminished lipid peroxides and augmented GSH, GPx, and total antioxidant capacity. It also activated Nrf2/HO-1 pathway via upregulating Nrf2 and HO-1 protein expression.

SIGNIFICANCE

Linagliptin shows a promise for the management of IBD via targeting IL-6/JAK2/STAT3, HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB, and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways.

TRIM Proteins in Colorectal Cancer: TRIM8 as a Promising Therapeutic Target in Chemo Resistance

Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents one of the most widespread forms of cancer in the population and, as all malignant tumors, often develops resistance to chemotherapies with consequent tumor growth and spreading leading to the patient’s premature death. For this reason, a great challenge is to identify new therapeutic targets, able to restore the drugs sensitivity of cancer cells. In this review, we discuss the role of TRIpartite Motifs (TRIM) proteins in cancers and in CRC chemoresistance, focusing on the tumor-suppressor role of TRIM8 protein in the reactivation of the CRC cells sensitivity to drugs currently used in the clinical practice. Since the restoration of TRIM8 protein levels in CRC cells recovers chemotherapy response, it may represent a new promising therapeutic target in the treatment of CRC.

PTOV1 promotes cisplatin-induced chemotherapy resistance by activating the nuclear factor kappa B pathway in ovarian cancer

Chemotherapy resistance is a bottleneck for ovarian cancer treatment; therefore, revealing its regulatory mechanism is critical. In the present study, we found that prostate tumor overexpressed-1 (PTOV1) was upregulated significantly in ovarian cancer cells and tissues. Patients with high PTOV1 levels had a poor outcome. In addition, PTOV1 overexpression increased CDDP (cisplatin) resistance, while PTOV1 knockdown inhibited CDDP resistance, as determined using cell viability assays, apoptosis assays, and an animal model. Mechanistic analysis showed that PTOV1 increased nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway activity, reflected by increased nuclear translocation of its p65 subunit and the phosphorylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunits alpha and beta, which are markers of NF-κB pathway activation. Inhibition of the NF-κB pathway in PTOV1-overexpressing ovarian cancer cells increased CDDP-induced apoptosis, suggesting that PTOV1 promoted chemotherapy resistance by activating the NF-κB pathway. In summary, we identified PTOV1 as a prognostic factor for patients with ovarian cancer. PTOV1 might be a target for inhibition of chemotherapy resistance.

Activation of autophagy and suppression of apoptosis by dapagliflozin attenuates experimental inflammatory bowel disease in rats: Targeting AMPK/mTOR, HMGB1/RAGE and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways

Dapagliflozin, a selective sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, has featured marked anti-inflammatory effects in murine models of myocardial infarction, renal injury, and neuroinflammation. Yet, its potential impact on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) has not been previously investigated. The presented study aimed to explore the prospect of dapagliflozin to mitigate 2,4,6 trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced rat colitis model which recapitulates several features of the human IBD. The molecular mechanisms pertaining to the dynamic balance between autophagy/apoptosis and colon injury were delineated, particularly, AMPK/mTOR, HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways. The colon tissues were examined using immunoblotting, ELISA, and histopathology. Dapagliflozin (0.1, 1 and 5 mg/kg; p.o.) dose-dependently mitigated colitis severity as manifested by suppression of the disease activity scores, macroscopic damage scores, colon weight/length ratio, histopathologic perturbations, and inflammatory markers. More important, dapagliflozin enhanced colonic autophagy via upregulating Beclin 1 and downregulating p62 SQSTM1 protein expression. In this context, dapagliflozin activated the AMPK/mTOR pathway by increasing the p-AMPK/AMPK and lowering the p-mTOR/mTOR ratios, thereby, favoring autophagy. Moreover, dapagliflozin dampened the colonic apoptosis via lowering the caspase-3 activity, cleaved caspase-3 expression, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Furthermore, dapagliflozin attenuated the HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB pathway via lowering HMGB1, RAGE, and p-NF-κBp65 protein expression. Regarding oxidative stress, dapagliflozin lowered the oxidative stress markers and augmented the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Together, the present study reveals, for the first time, the ameliorative effect of dapagliflozin against experimental colitis via augmenting colonic autophagy and curbing apoptosis through activation of AMPK/mTOR and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways and suppression of HMGB1/RAGE/NF-κB cascade.

Application of decoy oligodeoxynucleotides strategy for inhibition of cell growth and reduction of metastatic properties in nonresistant and erlotinib-resistant SW480 cell line

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a critical regulator for angiogenesis, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and drug resistance. Resistance toward EGF receptor (EGFR) inhibitors is a significant clinical concern for metastatic colon cancer patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the blocking influences of STAT3 decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) on the STAT3 survival signaling pathway in nonresistant and erlotinib-resistant SW480 colon cancer cells. First, STAT3 decoy and scramble ODNs were designed according to STAT3 elements in the promoter region of MYCT1 gene and tested for the interaction of STAT3 protein with designed ODNs via in silico molecular docking study. Then, the efficiency of transfection and subcellular localization of ODNs were assessed using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. Cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis tests, scratch and colony formation assays, and real-time PCR were also used to study the cancerous properties of cells. A considerable decrease in proliferation of colon cancer cells was observed with blockade of STAT3 signaling due to cell cycle arrest and induced apoptosis via downregulation of cyclin D1 and Bcl-XL, respectively. Furthermore, upon transfecting STAT3 decoy ODNs, colony formation potential and migration activity in both SW480 colon cancer cell lines were decreased compared to the control groups. From this study, it could be concluded that STAT3 is critical for cell growth inhibition and metastatic properties reduction of resistant SW480 colon cancer cells; therefore, STAT3 decoy ODNs could be considered as potential therapeutics along with current remedies for treating drug-resistant colon cancer.