1
|
Larbi I, Arbi M, Souiai O, Tougorti H, Butcher GD, Nsiri J, Badr C, Behi IE, Lachhab J, Ghram A. Phylogeographic Dynamics of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses in Tunisia. Virus Res 2024; 344:199348. [PMID: 38467378 PMCID: PMC10995884 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 is endemic in commercial poultry in Tunisia. This subtype affects poultry and wild birds in Tunisia and poses a potential zoonotic risk. Tunisian H9N2 strains carry, in their hemagglutinins, the human-like marker 226 L that is most influential in avian-to-human viral transmission. For a better understanding of how ecological aspects of the H9N2 virus and its circulation in poultry, migratory birds and environment shapes the spread of the dissemination of H9N2 in Tunisia, herein, we investigate the epidemiological, evolutionary and zoonotic potential of seven H9N2 poultry isolates and sequence their whole genome. Phylogeographic and phylodymanic analysis were used to examine viral spread within and among wild birds, poultry and environment at geographical scales. Genetic evolution results showed that the eight gene sequences of Tunisian H9N2 AIV were characterized by molecular markers involved with virulence and mammalian infections. The geographical distribution of avian influenza virus appears as a network interconnecting countries in Europe, Asia, North Africa and West Africa. The spatiotemporal dynamics analysis showed that the H9N2 virus was transmitted from Tunisia to neighboring countries notably Libya and Algeria. Interestingly, this study also revealed, for the first time, that there was a virus transmission between Tunisia and Morocco. Bayesian analysis showed exchanges between H9N2 strains of Tunisia and those of the Middle Eastern countries, analysis of host traits showed that duck, wild birds and environment were ancestry related to chicken. The subtypes phylodynamic showed that PB1 segment was under multiple inter-subtype reassortment events with H10N7, H12N5, H5N2 and H6N1 and that PB2 was also a subject of inter-subtype reassortment with H10N4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imen Larbi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia.
| | - Marwa Arbi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics, LR16IPT09, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Oussama Souiai
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics, LR16IPT09, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Halima Tougorti
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Gary David Butcher
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jihene Nsiri
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Chaima Badr
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Imen El Behi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Lachhab
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology, LR19IPT03, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur-BP74, Tunis, Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Amin F, Mukhtar N, Ali M, Shehzad R, Ayub S, Aslam A, Sheikh AA, Sultan B, Mahmood MD, Shahid MF, Yaqub S, Aslam HB, Aziz MW, Yaqub T. Mapping Genetic Markers Associated with Antigenicity and Host Range in H9N2 Influenza A Viruses Infecting Poultry in Pakistan. Avian Dis 2024; 68:43-51. [PMID: 38687107 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to map the genetic diversity in the haemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein of influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the H9N2 subtype. Twenty-five H9N2 IAVs were isolated from broiler chickens from March to July 2019. The HA gene was amplified, and phylogenetic analysis was performed to determine the evolutionary relationship. Important antigenic amino acid residues of HA attributed to immune escape and zoonotic potential were compared among H9N2 IAVs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that sublineage B2 under the G1 lineage in Pakistan was found to be diversified, and newly sequenced H9N2 isolates were nested into two clades (A and B). Mutations linked to the antigenic variation and potential immune escape were observed as G72E (1/25, 4%), A180T (3/25, 12%), and A180V (1/25, 4%). A twofold significant reduction (P < 0.01) in log2 hemagglutination inhibition titers was observed with H9N2 IAV naturally harboring amino acid V180 instead of A180 in HA protein. Moreover, in the last 20 years, complete substitution at residues (T127D, D135N, and L150N) and partial substitution at residues (72, 74, 131, 148, 180, 183, 188, 216, 217, and 249, mature H9 HA numbering) associated with changes in antigenicity were observed. The presence of L216 in all H9N2 IAV isolates and T/V180 in four isolates in the receptor-binding site reveals the potential of these viruses to cross the species barrier to infect human or mammals. The current study observed the circulation of antigenically diverse H9N2 IAV variants that possess potential mutations that can escape the host immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Amin
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Grand Parent Laboratory, Lahore 54500, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Mukhtar
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muzaffar Ali
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Rehman Shehzad
- Grand Parent Laboratory, Lahore 54500, Pakistan
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Saima Ayub
- Institute of Public Health, Lahore 54610, Pakistan
| | - Asim Aslam
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ali Ahmed Sheikh
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Furqan Shahid
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Saima Yaqub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hassaan Bin Aslam
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqar Aziz
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Yaqub
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hasan SMM, Sturm-Ramirez K, Kamal AHM, Islam MA, Rahman M, Kile JC, Kennedy ED, Gurley ES, Islam MS. Quail Rearing Practices and Potential for Avian Influenza Virus Transmission, Bangladesh. ECOHEALTH 2023; 20:167-177. [PMID: 37455270 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01643-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In 2015, human influenza surveillance identified a human infection with A/H9N2 in Dhaka, Bangladesh with evidence of exposure to a sick quail. We conducted in-depth interviews with household quail caregivers, pet bird retail shop owners, and mobile vendors, key informant interviews with pet bird wholesale shop owners, one group discussion with pet bird retail shop workers and unstructured observations in households, pet bird wholesale and retail markets, and mobile bird vendor's travelling areas to explore quail rearing and selling practices among households, mobile vendors, and retail pet bird and wholesale bird markets in Dhaka. Every day, quail were supplied from 23 districts to two wholesale markets, and then sold to households and restaurants directly, or through bird shops and mobile vendors. All respondents (67) reported keeping quail with other birds in cages, feeding quail, cleaning feeding pots, removing quail faeces, slaughtering sick quail, and discarding dead quail. Children played with quail and assisted in slaughtering of quail. Most respondents (94%) reported rinsing hands with water only after slaughtering and disposing of wastes and dead quail. No personal protective equipment was used during any activities. Frequent unprotected contact with quail and their by-products potentially increased the risk of cross-species avian influenza virus transmission. Avian influenza surveillance in retail pet bird and wholesale bird markets, mobile vendors, and households may identify cases promptly and reduce the risk of virus transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Murshid Hasan
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Department of Society and Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Abu-Hena Mostofa Kamal
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Humanities, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET), Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Ariful Islam
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudur Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - James C Kile
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erin D Kennedy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Emily S Gurley
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Programme for Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division, ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Research School of Population Health, ANU College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
AbuBakar U, Amrani L, Kamarulzaman FA, Karsani SA, Hassandarvish P, Khairat JE. Avian Influenza Virus Tropism in Humans. Viruses 2023; 15:833. [PMID: 37112812 PMCID: PMC10142937 DOI: 10.3390/v15040833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An influenza pandemic happens when a novel influenza A virus is able to infect and transmit efficiently to a new, distinct host species. Although the exact timing of pandemics is uncertain, it is known that both viral and host factors play a role in their emergence. Species-specific interactions between the virus and the host cell determine the virus tropism, including binding and entering cells, replicating the viral RNA genome within the host cell nucleus, assembling, maturing and releasing the virus to neighboring cells, tissues or organs before transmitting it between individuals. The influenza A virus has a vast and antigenically varied reservoir. In wild aquatic birds, the infection is typically asymptomatic. Avian influenza virus (AIV) can cross into new species, and occasionally it can acquire the ability to transmit from human to human. A pandemic might occur if a new influenza virus acquires enough adaptive mutations to maintain transmission between people. This review highlights the key determinants AIV must achieve to initiate a human pandemic and describes how AIV mutates to establish tropism and stable human adaptation. Understanding the tropism of AIV may be crucial in preventing virus transmission in humans and may help the design of vaccines, antivirals and therapeutic agents against the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umarqayum AbuBakar
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISB), Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Lina Amrani
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISB), Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Farah Ayuni Kamarulzaman
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISB), Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Anuar Karsani
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISB), Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Pouya Hassandarvish
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Jasmine Elanie Khairat
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ISB), Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Carnegie L, Hasan M, Mahmud R, Hoque MA, Debnath N, Uddin MH, Lewis NS, Brown I, Essen S, Giasuddin M, Pfeiffer DU, Samad MA, Biswas P, Raghwani J, Fournié G, Hill SC. H9N2 avian influenza virus dispersal along Bangladeshi poultry trading networks. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead014. [PMID: 36968264 PMCID: PMC10032359 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 is endemic in Bangladesh's poultry population. The subtype affects poultry production and poses a potential zoonotic risk. Insufficient understanding of how the poultry trading network shapes the dissemination of avian influenza viruses has hindered the design of targeted interventions to reduce their spread. Here, we use phylodynamic analyses of haemagglutinin sequences to investigate the spatial spread and dispersal patterns of H9N2 viruses in Bangladesh's poultry population, focusing on its two largest cities (Dhaka and Chattogram) and their poultry production and distribution networks. Our analyses suggest that H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus lineage movement occurs relatively less frequently between Bangladesh's two largest cities than within each city. H9N2 viruses detected in single markets are often more closely related to viruses from other markets in the same city than to each other, consistent with close epidemiological connectivity between markets. Our analyses also suggest that H9N2 viruses may spread more frequently between chickens of the three most commonly sold types (sunali-a cross-bred of Fayoumi hen and Rhode Island Red cock, deshi-local indigenous, and exotic broiler) in Dhaka than in Chattogram. Overall, this study improves our understanding of how Bangladesh's poultry trading system impacts avian influenza virus spread and should contribute to the design of tailored surveillance that accommodates local heterogeneity in virus dispersal patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Carnegie
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - M Hasan
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - R Mahmud
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh
| | - M A Hoque
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh
| | - N Debnath
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh
| | - M H Uddin
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh
| | - N S Lewis
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - I Brown
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - S Essen
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Md Giasuddin
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - D U Pfeiffer
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - M A Samad
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - P Biswas
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chattogram 4202, Bangladesh
| | - J Raghwani
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - G Fournié
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
- Université de Lyon, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Campus vétérinaire de VetAgro Sup, 1 avenue Bourgelat, Marcy, l’Etoile 69280, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR EPIA, Centre INRAE Clermont-Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint Genes Champanelle 63122, France
| | - S C Hill
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tare DS, Pawar SD, Keng SS, Kode SS, Walimbe AM, Limaye VV, Mullick J. The evolution, characterization and phylogeography of avian influenza H9N2 viruses from India. Virology 2023; 579:9-28. [PMID: 36587605 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 virus is a significant zoonotic agent and contributes genes to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. H9N2 viruses are prevalent in India with a reported human case. We elucidate the spatio-temporal origins of the H9N2 viruses from India. A total of 30H9N2 viruses were isolated from poultry and environmental specimens (years 2015-2020). Genome sequences of H9N2 viruses (2003-2020) from India were analyzed, revealing several substitutions. We found five reassortant genotypes. The HA, NA and PB2 genes belonged to the Middle-Eastern B sublineage; NP and M to the classical G1 lineage; PB1, PA and NS showed resemblance to genes from either HPAI-H7N3/H5N1 viruses. Molecular clock and phylogeography revealed that the introduction of all the genes to India took place around the year 2000. This is the first report of the genesis and evolution of the H9N2 viruses from India, and highlights the need for surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha S Tare
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Shailesh D Pawar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India.
| | - Sachin S Keng
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Sadhana S Kode
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Atul M Walimbe
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Road, Pune, 411001, India
| | - Vinayak V Limaye
- Disease Investigation Section, Western Regional Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Aundh, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Jayati Mullick
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Microbial Containment Complex, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Islam A, Islam S, Islam M, Hossain ME, Munro S, Samad MA, Rahman MK, Shirin T, Flora MS, Hassan MM, Rahman MZ, Epstein JH. Prevalence and risk factors for avian influenza virus (H5 and H9) contamination in peri-urban and rural live bird markets in Bangladesh. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1148994. [PMID: 37151580 PMCID: PMC10158979 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1148994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) have been frequently detected in live bird markets (LBMs) around the world, primarily in urban areas, and have the ability to spillover to other species, including humans. Despite frequent detection of AIV in urban LBMs, the contamination of AIV on environmental surfaces in rural and peri-urban LBMs in Bangladesh is poorly documented. Therefore, we conducted this study to determine the prevalence of AIV subtypes within a subset of peri-urban and rural LBMs in Bangladesh and to further identify associated risk factors. Between 2017 and 2018, we collected faecal and offal samples from 200 stalls in 63 LBMs across four sub-districts. We tested the samples for the AIV matrix gene (M-gene) followed by H5, H7, and H9 subtypes using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). We performed a descriptive analysis of market cleanliness and sanitation practices in order to further elucidate the relationship between LBM biosecurity and AIV subtypes by species, sample types, and landscape. Subsequently, we conducted a univariate analysis and a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) to determine the risk factors associated with AIV contamination at individual stalls within LBMs. Our findings indicate that practices related to hygiene and the circulation of AIV significantly differed between rural and peri-urban live bird markets. 42.5% (95% CI: 35.56-49.67) of stalls were positive for AIV. A/H5, A/H9, and A HA/Untyped were detected in 10.5% (95% CI: 6.62-15.60), 9% (95% CI: 5.42-13.85), and 24.0% (95% CI: 18.26-30.53) of stalls respectively, with no detection of A/H7. Significantly higher levels of AIV were found in the Sonali chicken strain compared to the exotic broiler, and in offal samples compared to fecal samples. In the GLMM analysis, we identified several significant risk factors associated with AIV contamination in LBMs at the stall level. These include: landscape (AOR: 3.02; 95% CI: 1.18-7.72), the number of chicken breeds present (AOR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.01-5.67), source of birds (AOR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.0-5.53), separation of sick birds (AOR: 3.04; 95% CI: 1.34-6.92), disposal of waste/dead birds (AOR: 3.16; 95% CI: 1.41-7.05), cleaning agent (AOR: 5.99; 95% CI: 2.26-15.82), access of dogs (AOR: 2.52; 95% CI: 1.12-5.7), wild birds observed on site (AOR: 2.31; 95% CI: 1.01-5.3). The study further revealed a substantial prevalence of AIV with H5 and H9 subtypes in peri-urban and rural LBMs. The inadequate biosecurity measures at poultry stalls in Bangladesh increase the risk of AIV transmission from poultry to humans. To prevent the spread of AIV to humans and wild birds, we suggest implementing regular surveillance at live bird markets and enhancing biosecurity practices in peri-urban and rural areas in Bangladesh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Ariful Islam,
| | - Shariful Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Monjurul Islam
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sarah Munro
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mohammed Abdus Samad
- National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Kaisar Rahman
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- One Health Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rehman S, Rantam FA, Batool K, Shehzad A, Effendi MH, Witaningrum AM, Bilal M, Elziyad Purnama MT. Emerging threat and vaccination strategies of H9N2 viruses in poultry in Indonesia: A review. F1000Res 2022; 11:548. [PMID: 35844820 PMCID: PMC9253659 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.118669.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 was first documented in Indonesia in 2017. It has become prevalent in chickens in many provinces of Indonesia as a result of reassortment in live bird markets. Low pathogenic avian influenza subtype H9N2 virus-infected poultry provides a new direction for influenza virus. According to the latest research, the Indonesian H9N2 viruses may have developed through antigenic drift into new genotype, posing a significant hazard to poultry and public health. The latest proof of interspecies transmission proposes that, the next human pandemic variant will be avian influenza virus subtype H9N2. Manipulation and elimination of H9N2 viruses in Indonesia, constant surveillance of viral mutation, and vaccines updates are required to achieve effectiveness. The current review examines should be investigates/assesses/report on the development and evolution of newly identified H9N2 viruses in Indonesia and their vaccination strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saifur Rehman
- Division of Veterinary Public Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Islamic, 40050, Pakistan
| | - Fedik Abdul Rantam
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Khadija Batool
- Medicine, Service Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore,, Punjab, 40050, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Shehzad
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Adiana Mutamsari Witaningrum
- Division of Veterinary Public Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Islamic, 40050, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rehman S, Rantam FA, Batool K, Shehzad A, Effendi MH, Witaningrum AM, Bilal M, Elziyad Purnama MT. Emerging threats and vaccination strategies of H9N2 viruses in poultry in Indonesia: A review. F1000Res 2022; 11:548. [PMID: 35844820 PMCID: PMC9253659 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.118669.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 was first documented in Indonesia in 2017. It has become prevalent in chickens in many provinces of Indonesia as a result of reassortment in live bird markets. Low pathogenic avian influenza subtype H9N2 virus-infected poultry provides a new direction for the influenza virus. According to the latest research, the Indonesian H9N2 viruses may have developed through antigenic drift into a new genotype, posing a significant hazard to poultry and public health. The latest proof of interspecies transmission proposes that the next human pandemic variant will be the avian influenza virus subtype H9N2. Manipulation and elimination of H9N2 viruses in Indonesia, constant surveillance of viral mutation, and vaccine updates are required to achieve effectiveness. The current review examines should be investigates/assesses/report on the development and evolution of newly identified H9N2 viruses in Indonesia and their vaccination strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saifur Rehman
- Division of Veterinary Public Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
- Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Islamic, 40050, Pakistan
| | - Fedik Abdul Rantam
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Khadija Batool
- Medicine, Service Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore,, Punjab, 40050, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Shehzad
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology Division of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Division of Veterinary Public Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Adiana Mutamsari Witaningrum
- Division of Veterinary Public Health Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Islamic, 40050, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60115, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Antigenic Evolution Characteristics and Immunological Evaluation of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses from 1994–2019 in China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040726. [DOI: 10.3390/v14040726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been circulating in China for more than 20 years, attracting more and more attention due to the potential threat of them. At present, vaccination is a common prevention and control strategy in poultry farms, but as virus antigenicity evolves, the immune protection efficiency of vaccines has constantly been challenged. In this study, we downloaded the hemagglutinin (HA) protein sequences of the H9N2 subtype AIVs from 1994 to 2019 in China—with a total of 5138 sequences. The above sequences were analyzed in terms of time and space, and it was found that h9.4.2.5 was the most popular in various regions of China. Furthermore, the prevalence of H9N2 subtype AIVs in China around 2006 was different. The domestic epidemic branch was relatively diversified from 1994 to 2006. After 2006, the epidemic branch each year was h9.4.2.5. We compared the sequences around 2006 as a whole and screened out 15 different amino acid positions. Based on the HA protein of A/chicken/Guangxi/55/2005 (GX55), the abovementioned amino acid mutations were completed. According to the 12-plasmid reverse genetic system, the rescue of the mutant virus was completed using A/PuertoRico/8/1934 (H1N1) (PR8) as the backbone. The cross hemagglutination inhibition test showed that these mutant sites could transform the parental strain from the old to the new antigenic region. Animal experiments indicated that the mutant virus provided significant protection against the virus from the new antigenic region. This study revealed the antigenic evolution of H9N2 subtype AIVs in China. At the same time, it provided an experimental basis for the development of new vaccines.
Collapse
|
11
|
Coinfection of Chickens with H9N2 and H7N9 Avian Influenza Viruses Leads to Emergence of Reassortant H9N9 Virus with Increased Fitness for Poultry and a Zoonotic Potential. J Virol 2022; 96:e0185621. [PMID: 35019727 PMCID: PMC8906417 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01856-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An H7N9 low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) emerged in 2013 through genetic reassortment between H9N2 and other LPAIVs circulating in birds in China. This virus causes inapparent clinical disease in chickens, but zoonotic transmission results in severe and fatal disease in humans. To examine a natural reassortment scenario between H7N9 and G1 lineage H9N2 viruses predominant in the Indian subcontinent, we performed an experimental coinfection of chickens with A/Anhui/1/2013/H7N9 (Anhui/13) virus and A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-01/2008/H9N2 (UDL/08) virus. Plaque purification and genotyping of the reassortant viruses shed via the oropharynx of contact chickens showed H9N2 and H9N9 as predominant subtypes. The reassortant viruses shed by contact chickens also showed selective enrichment of polymerase genes from H9N2 virus. The viable "6+2" reassortant H9N9 (having nucleoprotein [NP] and neuraminidase [NA] from H7N9 and the remaining genes from H9N2) was successfully shed from the oropharynx of contact chickens, plus it showed an increased replication rate in human A549 cells and a significantly higher receptor binding to α2,6 and α2,3 sialoglycans compared to H9N2. The reassortant H9N9 virus also had a lower fusion pH, replicated in directly infected ferrets at similar levels compared to H7N9 and transmitted via direct contact. Ferrets exposed to H9N9 via aerosol contact were also found to be seropositive, compared to H7N9 aerosol contact ferrets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that cocirculation of H7N9 and G1 lineage H9N2 viruses could represent a threat for the generation of novel reassortant H9N9 viruses with greater virulence in poultry and a zoonotic potential. IMPORTANCE We evaluated the consequences of reassortment between the H7N9 and the contemporary H9N2 viruses of the G1 lineage that are enzootic in poultry across the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East. Coinfection of chickens with these viruses resulted in the emergence of novel reassortant H9N9 viruses with genes derived from both H9N2 and H7N9 viruses. The "6+2" reassortant H9N9 (having NP and NA from H7N9) virus was shed from contact chickens in a significantly higher proportion compared to most of the reassortant viruses, showed significantly increased replication fitness in human A549 cells, receptor binding toward human (α2,6) and avian (α2,3) sialic acid receptor analogues, and the potential to transmit via contact among ferrets. This study demonstrated the ability of viruses that already exist in nature to exchange genetic material, highlighting the potential emergence of viruses from these subtypes with zoonotic potential.
Collapse
|
12
|
Malbari K, Saha P, Chawla-Sarkar M, Dutta S, Rai S, Joshi M, Kanyalkar M. In quest of small-molecules as potent non-competitive inhibitors against influenza. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105139. [PMID: 34243071 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of scaffolds namely aurones, 3-indolinones, 4-quinolones and cinnamic acid-piperazine hybrids, was designed, synthesized and investigated in vitro against influenza A/H1N1pdm09 virus. Designed molecules adopted different binding mode i.e., in 430-cavity of neuraminidase, unlike sialic acid and oseltamivir in molecular docking studies. All molecules reduced the viral titer and exhibited non-cytotoxicity along with cryo-protective property towards MDCK cells. Molecules (Z)-2-(3'-Chloro-benzylidene)-1,2-dihydro-indol-3-one (2f), (Z)-2-(4'-Chloro-benzylidene)-1,2-dihydro-indol-3-one (2g) and 2-(2'-Methoxy-phenyl)-1H-quinolin-4-one (3a) were the most interesting molecules identified in this research, endowed with robust potencies showing low-nanomolar EC50 values of 4.0 nM, 6.7 nM and 4.9 nM, respectively, compared to reference competitive and non-competitive inhibitors: oseltamivir (EC50 = 12.7 nM) and quercetin (EC50 = 0.56 µM), respectively. Besides, 2f, 2g and 3a exhibited good neuraminidase inhibitory activity in sub-micromolar range (IC50 = 0.52 µM, 3.5 µM, 1.3 µM respectively). Moreover, these molecules were determined as non-competitive inhibitors similar to reference non-competitive inhibitor quercetin unlike reference competitive inhibitor oseltamivir in kinetics studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Malbari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Prin K M Kundnani College of Pharmacy, Cuffe Parade, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Priyanka Saha
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Beleghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Beleghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (ICMR-NICED), Beleghata, Kolkata 700010, India
| | - Swita Rai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Prin K M Kundnani College of Pharmacy, Cuffe Parade, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Mamata Joshi
- National Facility for High Field NMR, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Meena Kanyalkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Prin K M Kundnani College of Pharmacy, Cuffe Parade, Mumbai 400005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A risk marker of tribasic hemagglutinin cleavage site in influenza A (H9N2) virus. Commun Biol 2021; 4:71. [PMID: 33452423 PMCID: PMC7811019 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza A(H9N2) virus is endemic worldwide and continually recruit internal genes to generate human-infecting H5N1, H5N6, H7N9, and H10N8 influenza variants. Here we show that hemagglutinin cleavage sites (HACS) of H9N2 viruses tended to mutate towards hydrophilic via evolutionary transition, and the tribasic HACS were found at high prevalence in Asia and the Middle East. Our finding suggested that the tribasic H9N2 viruses increased the viral replication, stability, pathogenicity and transmission in chickens and the virulence of mice compared to the monobasic H9N2 viruses. Notably, the enlarged stem-loop structures of HACS in the RNA region were found in the increasing tribasic H9N2 viruses. The enlarged HACS RNA secondary structures of H9N2 viruses did not influence the viral replication but accelerated the frequency of nucleotide insertion in HACS. With the prevailing tendency of the tribasic H9N2 viruses, the tribasic HACS in H9N2 viruses should be paid more attention.
Collapse
|
14
|
Prevalence and Distribution of Avian Influenza Viruses in Domestic Ducks at the Waterfowl-Chicken Interface in Wetlands. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110953. [PMID: 33207803 PMCID: PMC7709030 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ducks are a natural reservoir of influenza A viruses (IAVs) and can act as a reassortment vessel. Wetlands, such as Hakaluki and Tanguar haor in Bangladesh, have unique ecosystems including domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) rearing, especially household and free-range ducks. A cross-sectional study was, therefore, conducted to explore avian influenza status and its distribution and risk factors in the wetland areas. During the three consecutive winters of 2015-2017, specifically in December of these years, we collected a total of 947 samples including blood, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs from domestic ducks (free-range duck (n = 312 samples) and household ducks (n = 635 samples) in wetlands. We screened serum samples using a nucleoprotein competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) to estimate seroprevalence of IAV antibodies and swab samples by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) to detect IA viral M gene. Eleven (11) M gene positive samples were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Serological and viral prevalence rates of IAVs were 63.8% (95% CI: 60.6-66.8) and 10.7% (8.8-12.8), respectively. Serological and viral RNA prevalence rates were 51.8% (95% CI: 47.2-56.4) and 10.2% (7.6-13.3) in Hakaluki haor, 75.6% (71.5-79.4) and 11.1% (8.5-14.3) in Tanguar haor, 66.3% (62.5-69.9) and 11.2% (8.8-13.9) in household ducks and 58.7% (52.9-64.2) and 9.6% (6.5-13.4) in free-range ducks, respectively. The risk factors identified for higher odds of AI seropositive ducks were location (OR = 2.9, 95% CI: 2.2-3.8, p < 0.001; Tanguar haor vs. Hakaluki haor), duck-rearing system (OR = 1.4, 1.1-1.8, household vs. free-range), farmer's education status (OR = 1.5, 1.2-2.0, p < 0.05 illiterate vs. literate) and contact type (OR = 3.0, 2.1-4.3, p < 0.001; contact with chicken vs. no contact with chicken). The risk factors identified for higher odds of AI RNA positive ducks were farmer's education status (OR = 1.5, 1.0-2.3, p < 0.05 for illiterate vs literate), contact type (OR = 2.7, 1.7-4.2, p < 0.001; ducks having contact with chicken vs. ducks having contact with waterfowl). The phylogenetic analysis of 11 partial M gene sequences suggested that the M gene sequences detected in free-range duck were very similar to each other and were closely related to the M gene sequences of previously reported highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) subtypes in waterfowl in Bangladesh and Southeast Asian countries. Results of the current study will help provide significant information for future surveillance programs and model IAV infection to predict the spread of the viruses among migratory waterfowl, free-range ducks and domestic poultry in Bangladesh.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hassan MM, El Zowalaty ME, Islam A, Rahman MM, Chowdhury MNU, Nine HSMZ, Rahman MK, Järhult JD, Hoque MA. Serological Evidence of Avian Influenza in Captive Wild Birds in a Zoo and Two Safari Parks in Bangladesh. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030122. [PMID: 32882787 PMCID: PMC7558454 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is endemic and frequently causes seasonal outbreaks in winter in Bangladesh due to high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2. Among avian influenza A viruses (AIV), H5, H7, and H9 subtypes have the most zoonotic potential. Captive birds in zoos and safari parks are used for educational, recreational, breeding, and conservational purposes in Bangladesh. To screen for AIV in captive birds to assess potential public health threats, we conducted a cross-sectional study in two safari parks and one zoo in Bangladesh for four months, from November to December 2013 and from January to February 2014. We collected blood samples, oropharyngeal, and cloacal swabs from 228 birds. We tested serum samples for AIV antibodies using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and AIV sero-subtype H5, H7, and H9 using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Swab samples were tested for the presence of avian influenza viral RNA using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Across all the samples, AIV antibody prevalence was 9.7% (95% CI: 6.1-14.2, n = 228) and AIV HA subtype H5, H7 and H9 sero-prevalence was 0% (95% CI: 0-1.6, n = 228), 0% (95% CI: 0-1.6, n = 228) and 6.6% (95% CI: 3.72-10.6, n = 228), respectively. No AI viral RNA (M-gene) was detected in any swab sample (0%, 95% CI: 0-1.6, n = 228). Birds in the Safari park at Cox's Bazar had a higher prevalence in both AIV antibody prevalence (13.5%) and AIV H9 sero-prevalence (9.6%) than any of the other sites, although the difference was not statistically significant. Among eight species of birds, Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) had the highest sero-positivity for both AIV antibody prevalence (26.1%) and AIV H9 prevalence (17.4%) followed by Golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) with AIV antibody prevalence of 18.2% and AIV H9 prevalence of 11.4%. Our results highlight the presence of AI antibodies indicating low pathogenic AIV mingling in captive birds in zoos and safari parks in Bangladesh. Continuous programmed surveillance is therefore recommended to help better understand the diversity of AIVs and provide a clear picture of AI in captive wild birds, enabling interventions to reduce the risk of AIV transmission to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M. Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (M.K.R.); (M.A.H.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (M.E.E.Z.)
| | - Mohamed E. El Zowalaty
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, SE-75 123 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (M.E.E.Z.)
| | - Ariful Islam
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (M.K.R.); (M.A.H.)
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Geelong VIC 3216, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA
| | - Md. M. Rahman
- Bhanghabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park, Cox’s Bazar 4740, Bangladesh;
| | | | | | - Md. K. Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (M.K.R.); (M.A.H.)
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001-2320, USA
| | - Josef D. Järhult
- Department of Medical Sciences, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Md. A. Hoque
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh; (A.I.); (M.K.R.); (M.A.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang M, Zhao C, Chen H, Teng Q, Jiang L, Feng D, Li X, Yuan S, Xu J, Zhang X, Li Z. Internal Gene Cassette From a Human-Origin H7N9 Influenza Virus Promotes the Pathogenicity of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus in Mice. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1441. [PMID: 32793127 PMCID: PMC7387514 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus is one of the most widely circulating viruses in poultry and poses a huge potential threat to human health due to its frequent gene reassortment with other influenza viruses. In this study, we generated a series of H9N2-H7N9 reassortant viruses and examined their pathogenicity in a mouse model. We found that HA or combined HA and NA replacement on the H9N2 background led to no substantial change in the virus-induced pathogenicity, whereas H9N2 virus containing H7N9 internal genes had significantly higher virulence in comparison to the parental H9N2 virus. This increased pathogenicity is associated with enhanced viral replication both in mice and in MDCK cells. We further demonstrated that the viral ribonucleoprotein complex from H7N9 virus possessed higher activity than that from its H9N2 counterpart. Collectively, our data demonstrated that genetic compatibility between H9N2 and H7N9 viruses facilitated the reassortment between H7N9 and H9N2 viruses co-circulated in poultry and that internal gene replacement would convert H9N2 virus into a novel threat to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Agricultural Sciences & Animal Influenza Virus Evolution and Pathogenesis Innovation Team of the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Team, Shanghai, China.,Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Agricultural Sciences & Animal Influenza Virus Evolution and Pathogenesis Innovation Team of the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Team, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaoyang Teng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Agricultural Sciences & Animal Influenza Virus Evolution and Pathogenesis Innovation Team of the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Team, Shanghai, China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daobin Feng
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Agricultural Sciences & Animal Influenza Virus Evolution and Pathogenesis Innovation Team of the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Team, Shanghai, China
| | - Songhua Yuan
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zejun Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academic of Agricultural Sciences & Animal Influenza Virus Evolution and Pathogenesis Innovation Team of the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Team, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Barberis A, Boudaoud A, Gorrill A, Loupias J, Ghram A, Lachheb J, Alloui N, Ducatez MF. Full-length genome sequences of the first H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated in the Northeast of Algeria. Virol J 2020; 17:108. [PMID: 32680533 PMCID: PMC7366561 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIV) has a worldwide geographic distribution and affects poultry of different types of production. H9N2 AIV was first reported in the Northeast of Algeria in April 2017, following an outbreak associated with high mortality, in broiler flocks. In the present study, we report full-length genome sequences of AIV H9N2, and the detailed phylogeny and molecular genetic analyses. Methods Ten AIV H9N2 strains, collected in broiler flocks, were amplified in 9-day-old embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) chicken eggs. Their full-length genomes were successfully sequenced and phylogenetic and molecular characterizations were conducted. Results Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates were monophyletic, grouped within the G-1 lineage and were very close to Moroccan and Algerian strains identified in 2016 and 2017, respectively. The low pathogenicity of the strains was confirmed by the sequence motif (335RSSR/GLF341) at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. An exclusive substitution (T197A) that had not been previously reported for H9N2 viruses; but, conserved in some pandemic H1N1 viruses, was observed. When compared to the G1-like H9N2 prototype, the studied strains showed one less glycosylation site in HA, but 2–3 additional ones in the stalk of the neuraminidase (NA). The HA protein harbored the substitution 234 L, suggesting binding preference to human-like receptors. The NA protein harbored S372A and R403W substitutions, previously detected in H9N2 from Asia and the Middle East, and especially in H2N2 and H3N2 strains that caused human pandemics. Different molecular markers associated with virulence and mammalian infections have been detected in the viral internal proteins. The matrix M2 protein possessed the S31N substitution associated with drug resistance. The non-structural 1 (NS1) protein showed the “GSEV” PDZ ligand (PL) C-terminal motif and no 80–84 deletion. Conclusion Characterized Algerian AIV isolates showed mutations that suggest increased zoonotic potential. Additional studies in animal models are required to investigate the pathogenicity of these H9N2 AIV strains. Monitoring their evolution in both migratory and domestic birds is crucial to prevent transmission to humans. Implementation of adequate biosecurity measures that limit the introduction and the propagation of AIV H9N2 in Algerian poultry farm is crucial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelheq Barberis
- Centre de Recherche en Biotechnologie, Nouvelle Ville Ali Mendjeli, El Khroub, Algeria. .,LESPA, Département vétérinaire, ISVSA, Université de Batna, Batna, Algeria.
| | - Amine Boudaoud
- LESPA, Département vétérinaire, ISVSA, Université de Batna, Batna, Algeria
| | - Angelina Gorrill
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Josianne Loupias
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Microbiologie Vétérinaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Lachheb
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Microbiologie Vétérinaire, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nadir Alloui
- LESPA, Département vétérinaire, ISVSA, Université de Batna, Batna, Algeria
| | - Mariette F Ducatez
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Controlling Avian Influenza Virus in Bangladesh: Challenges and Recommendations. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070751. [PMID: 32664683 PMCID: PMC7412482 DOI: 10.3390/v12070751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) remains a huge challenge for poultry production with negative repercussions for micro- and macro-economy and public health in Bangladesh. High (HP) H5N1 and low pathogenicity (LP) H9N2 AIV are currently endemic in poultry, and both have been reported to infect humans sporadically. Multiple virus introductions of different clades of HPAIV H5N1, reassorted genotypes, and on-going diversification of LPAIV H9N2 create a highly volatile virological environment which potentially implicates increased virulence, adaptation to new host species, and subsequent zoonotic transmission. Allotropy of poultry rearing systems and supply chains further increase the risk of virus spreading, which leads to human exposure and fosters the emergence of new potentially pre-pandemic virus strains. Here, we review the epidemiology, focusing on (i) risk factors for virus spreading, (ii) viral genetic evolution, and (iii) options for AIV control in Bangladesh. It is concluded that improved control strategies would profit from the integration of various intervention tools, including effective vaccination, enhanced biosecurity practice, and improved awareness of producers and traders, although widespread household poultry rearing significantly interferes with any such strategies. Nevertheless, continuous surveillance associated with rapid diagnosis and thorough virus characterization is the basis of such strategies.
Collapse
|
19
|
Pulmonary endothelium-derived PD-L1 induced by the H9N2 avian influenza virus inhibits the immune response of T cells. Virol J 2020; 17:92. [PMID: 32631356 PMCID: PMC7336647 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is an inhibitory signaling pathway that maintains the balance between the immune response and immunotolerance, and its overactivation in cancer and viral infections inhibits T cell function. The target cells of various viruses, microvascular endothelial cells (MECs) have been shown to be key regulatory points in immune regulation and virion diffusion in vivo during infection with multiple influenza virus subtypes. Furthermore, avian influenza virus (AIV) infection can induce immunosuppression by causing imbalances in immune responses and immune organ damage. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the H9N2 virus inhibited the immune function of T cells that migrated across MECs by upregulating PD-L1 expression on MECs. METHODS The susceptibility of rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (RPMECs) to the H9N2 virus was evaluated by a plaque-forming assay and immunofluorescence staining. Then, we quantified the mRNA and protein levels of PD-L1 in RPMECs induced by H9N2 virus infection using quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometry. The interaction between the activated T cells and RPMECs infected with the H9N2 virus was revealed using a coculture system. The effect of endothelial-derived PD-L1 on T cell function was investigated by using ELISA and flow cytometry with or without a PD-L1-specific antibody. RESULTS Surface staining and the plaque-forming assay showed that the H9N2 virus infected and replicated in RPMECs. Both the PD-L1 mRNA level and PD-L1 protein level were upregulated in RPMECs infected with the H9N2 virus. H9N2 virus-induced PD-L1 expression significantly reduced the secretions of IL-2, IFN-γ and granzyme B and perforin expression in T cells. The above data were significantly increased after treatment with an anti-PD-L1 antibody, confirming the above mentioned findings. In addition, the induction of PD-L1 expression decreased the proliferative capacity of the cocultured T cells but did not affect the apoptosis rate of T cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results suggest that the H9N2 virus is able to inhibit the T cell immune response by upregulating PD-L1 expression in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kwon JH, Lee DH, Criado MF, Killmaster L, Ali MZ, Giasuddin M, Samad MA, Karim MR, Hasan M, Brum E, Nasrin T, Swayne DE. Genetic evolution and transmission dynamics of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 viruses in Bangladesh. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa046. [PMID: 34127940 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asian lineage A/H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have been responsible for continuous outbreaks in Bangladesh since 2007. Although clades 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 HPAIVs have disappeared since poultry vaccination was introduced in 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have continued to be detected in Bangladesh. In this study, we identified A/H9N2 (n = 15), A/H5N1 (n = 19), and A/H5N1-A/H9N2 (n = 18) mixed viruses from live bird markets, chicken farms, and wild house crows (Corvus splendens) in Bangladesh from 2016 to 2018. We analyzed the genetic sequences of the H5 HPAIVs, to better understand the evolutionary history of clade 2.3.2.1a viruses in Bangladesh. Although seven HA genetic subgroups (B1-B7) and six genotypes (G1, G1.1, G1.2, G2, G2.1, and G2.2) have been identified in Bangladesh, only subgroup B7 and genotypes G2, G2.1, and G2.2 were detected after 2016. The replacement of G1 genotype by G2 in Bangladesh was possibly due to vaccination and viral competition in duck populations. Initially, genetic diversity decreased after introduction of vaccination in 2012, but in 2015, genetic diversity increased and was associated with the emergence of genotype G2. Our phylodynamic analysis suggests that domestic Anseriformes, including ducks and geese, may have played a major role in persistence, spread, evolution, and genotype replacement of clade 2.3.2.1a HPAIVs in Bangladesh. Thus, improvements in biosecurity and monitoring of domestic Anseriformes are needed for more effective control of HPAI in Bangladesh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hoon Kwon
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Miria Ferreira Criado
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Lindsay Killmaster
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Md Zulfekar Ali
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Giasuddin
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed A Samad
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Karim
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Animal Health Research Division, National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Eric Brum
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tanzinah Nasrin
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - David E Swayne
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) of the H9 subtype are enzootic in Asia, the Middle East, and parts of North and Central Africa, where they cause significant economic losses to the poultry industry. Of note, some strains of H9N2 viruses have been linked to zoonotic episodes of mild respiratory diseases. Because of the threat posed by H9N2 viruses to poultry and human health, these viruses are considered of pandemic concern by the World Health Organization (WHO). H9N2 IAVs continue to diversify into multiple antigenically and phylogenetically distinct lineages that can further promote the emergence of strains with pandemic potential. Somewhat neglected compared with the H5 and H7 subtypes, there are numerous indicators that H9N2 viruses could be involved directly or indirectly in the emergence of the next influenza pandemic. The goal of this work is to discuss the state of knowledge on H9N2 IAVs and to provide an update on the contemporary global situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carnaccini
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Youk SS, Lee DH, Jeong JH, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Song CS, Swayne DE. Live bird markets as evolutionary epicentres of H9N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in Korea. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:616-627. [PMID: 32183621 PMCID: PMC7144223 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1738903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Live bird markets (LBMs) in Korea have been recognized as a reservoir, amplifier, and source of avian influenza viruses (AIVs); however, little was known about the role of LBMs in the epidemiology of AIVs in Korea until recently. Through 10 years of surveillance (2006–2016) we have isolated and sequenced H9N2 viruses in Korean LBMs. To understand how H9N2 evolves and spreads in Korea, a statistical Bayesian phylogenetic model was used. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that three separate introductions of progenitor gene pools, Korean domestic duck-origin and two wild aquatic bird-origin AIVs, contributed to the generation of the five genotypes of H9N2 viruses in Korea. Phylogenetic reconstruction of ecological states infer that the LBMs are where chickens become infected with the virus, with domestic ducks playing a major role in the transmission and evolution of the H9N2 viruses. Three increases in the genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses were observed and coincided with transitions in host species and the locations (domestic farm, LBM, slaughterhouse, and wild aquatic bird habitat) where the viruses were isolated, accompanying genetic reassortment. Following the introduction of a wild aquatic bird-origin AIVs in 2008, six genes of the Korean lineage H9N2 virus were replaced with genes originating from wild aquatic birds, and viruses with this new genotype became predominant in Korean LBMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Su Youk
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.,Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Pathobiology & Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Jei-Hyun Jeong
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - David E Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Inferring host roles in bayesian phylodynamics of global avian influenza A virus H9N2. Virology 2019; 538:86-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
24
|
Kode SS, Pawar SD, Tare DS, Keng SS, Mullick J. Amantadine resistance markers among low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 viruses isolated from poultry in India, during 2009-2017. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103779. [PMID: 31600542 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral susceptibility screening of avian influenza (AI) H9N2 viruses is crucial considering their role at the animal-human interface and potential to cause human infections. The Matrix 2 (M2) inhibitors (amantadine and rimantadine) have been used for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A virus infections, however, resistance to these drugs has been widely reported. Information about amantadine susceptibility of H9N2 viruses from India is scanty. Matrix genes of 48H9N2 viruses isolated from India during 2009-2017 were sequenced and M2 trans-membrane region sequences were screened for mutations which are known to confer resistance to amantadine namely, L26F, V27A, A30 T/V, S31N and G34E. All the viruses isolated during the year 2009 were sensitive to amantadine. However, resistance started to appear since the year 2010 and all the viruses isolated from the year 2015 onwards showed presence of molecular markers conferring resistance to amantadine. Majority of the resistant viruses exhibited S31 N mutation. Four isolates showed presence of V27A + S31 N dual mutations. Comparison of the M2 sequences from other Asian countries showed different patterns of amantadine resistance wherein phylogenetic analysis of the M genes of the strains from Pakistan formed a separate cluster. In conclusion, the present study reports prevalence and gradual increase of amantadine resistance among AI H9N2 viruses in India, emphasizing the importance of the antiviral surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana S Kode
- Avian Influenza Group, Microbial Containment Complex, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Shailesh D Pawar
- Avian Influenza Group, Microbial Containment Complex, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India.
| | - Deeksha S Tare
- Avian Influenza Group, Microbial Containment Complex, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Sachin S Keng
- Avian Influenza Group, Microbial Containment Complex, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| | - Jayati Mullick
- Avian Influenza Group, Microbial Containment Complex, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 130/1, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang J, Müller NF, Bouckaert R, Xu B, Drummond AJ. Bayesian phylodynamics of avian influenza A virus H9N2 in Asia with time-dependent predictors of migration. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007189. [PMID: 31386651 PMCID: PMC6684064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Model-based phylodynamic approaches recently employed generalized linear models (GLMs) to uncover potential predictors of viral spread. Very recently some of these models have allowed both the predictors and their coefficients to be time-dependent. However, these studies mainly focused on predictors that are assumed to be constant through time. Here we inferred the phylodynamics of avian influenza A virus H9N2 isolated in 12 Asian countries and regions under both discrete trait analysis (DTA) and structured coalescent (MASCOT) approaches. Using MASCOT we applied a new time-dependent GLM to uncover the underlying factors behind H9N2 spread. We curated a rich set of time-series predictors including annual international live poultry trade and national poultry production figures. This time-dependent phylodynamic prediction model was compared to commonly employed time-independent alternatives. Additionally the time-dependent MASCOT model allowed for the estimation of viral effective sub-population sizes and their changes through time, and these effective population dynamics within each country were predicted by a GLM. International annual poultry trade is a strongly supported predictor of virus migration rates. There was also strong support for geographic proximity as a predictor of migration rate in all GLMs investigated. In time-dependent MASCOT models, national poultry production was also identified as a predictor of virus genetic diversity through time and this signal was obvious in mainland China. Our application of a recently introduced time-dependent GLM predictors integrated rich time-series data in Bayesian phylodynamic prediction. We demonstrated the contribution of poultry trade and geographic proximity (potentially unheralded wild bird movements) to avian influenza spread in Asia. To gain a better understanding of the drivers of H9N2 spread, we suggest increased surveillance of the H9N2 virus in countries that are currently under-sampled as well as in wild bird populations in the most affected countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- School of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Computational Evolution, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicola F. Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Remco Bouckaert
- School of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Computational Evolution, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Bing Xu
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Alexei J. Drummond
- School of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Computational Evolution, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
A Global Perspective on H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070620. [PMID: 31284485 PMCID: PMC6669617 DOI: 10.3390/v11070620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses have become globally widespread in poultry over the last two decades and represent a genuine threat both to the global poultry industry but also humans through their high rates of zoonotic infection and pandemic potential. H9N2 viruses are generally hyperendemic in affected countries and have been found in poultry in many new regions in recent years. In this review, we examine the current global spread of H9N2 avian influenza viruses as well as their host range, tropism, transmission routes and the risk posed by these viruses to human health.
Collapse
|
27
|
Co-subsistence of avian influenza virus subtypes of low and high pathogenicity in Bangladesh: Challenges for diagnosis, risk assessment and control. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8306. [PMID: 31165743 PMCID: PMC6549172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic co-circulation of potentially zoonotic avian influenza viruses (AIV) of subtypes H5N1 and H9N2 (G1 lineage) in poultry in Bangladesh accelerated diversifying evolution. Two clinical samples from poultry obtained in 2016 yielded five different subtypes (highly pathogenic [HP] H5N1, HP H5N2, HP H7N1, HP H7N2, H9N2) and eight genotypes of AIV by plaque purification. H5 sequences grouped with clade 2.3.2.1a viruses while N1 was related to an older, preceding clade, 2.2.2. The internal genome segments of the plaque-purified viruses originated from clade 2.2.2 of H5N1 or from G1/H9N2 viruses. H9 and N2 segments clustered with contemporary H9N2 strains. In addition, HP H7 sequences were detected for the first time in samples and linked to Pakistani HP H7N3 viruses of 2003. The unexpected findings of mixtures of reassorted HP H5N1 and G1-like H9N2 viruses, which carry genome segments of older clades in association with the detection of HP H7 HA segments calls for confirmation of these results by targeted surveillance in the area of origin of the investigated samples. Hidden niches and obscured transmission pathways may exist that retain or re-introduce genome segments of older viruses or reassortants thereof which causes additional challenges for diagnosis, risk assessment and disease control.
Collapse
|
28
|
Saito S, Takayama I, Nakauchi M, Nagata S, Oba K, Odagiri T, Kageyama T. Development and evaluation of a new real-time RT-PCR assay for detecting the latest H9N2 influenza viruses capable of causing human infection. Microbiol Immunol 2019; 63:21-31. [PMID: 30599081 PMCID: PMC6590187 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The H9N2 subtype of avian influenza A viruses (AIV) has spread among domestic poultry and wild birds worldwide. H9N2 AIV is sporadically transmitted to humans from avian species. A total of 42 laboratory‐confirmed cases of non‐fatal human infection with the Eurasian Y280 and G1 lineages have been reported in China, Hong Kong, Bangladesh and Egypt since 1997. H9N2 AIV infections in poultry have become endemic in Asia and the Middle East and are a major source of viral internal genes for other AIV subtypes, such that continuous monitoring of H9N2 AIV is recommended. In this study, a new, one‐step, real‐time RT‐PCR assay was developed to detect two major Eurasian H9 lineages of AIV capable of causing human infection. The sensitivity of this assay was determined using in vitro‐transcribed RNA, and the detection limit was approximately 3 copies/reaction. In this assay, no cross‐reactivity was observed against RNA from H1–15 subtypes of influenza A viruses, influenza B viruses and other viral respiratory pathogens. In addition, this assay could detect the H9 hemagglutinin (HA) gene from artificially reconstituted clinical samples spiked with H9N2 virus without any non‐specific reactions. Therefore, this assay is highly sensitive and specific for H9 HA detection. The assay is useful both for diagnostic purposes in cases of suspected human infection with influenza H9N2 viruses and for the surveillance of both avian and human influenza viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Takayama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Mina Nakauchi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shiho Nagata
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Oba
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa General Hospital, 8-1-1 Hanakoganei, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8510, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kageyama
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Seiler P, Kercher L, Feeroz MM, Shanmuganatham K, Jones-Engel L, Turner J, Walker D, Alam SMR, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, McKenzie P, Franks J, Krauss S, Webby RJ, Webster RG. H9N2 influenza viruses from Bangladesh: Transmission in chicken and New World quail. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:814-817. [PMID: 29989679 PMCID: PMC6185884 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The H9N2 influenza viruses that have become established in Bangladeshi live poultry markets possess five gene segments of the highly pathogenic H7N3 avian influenza virus. We assessed the replication, transmission, and disease potential of three H9N2 viruses in chickens and New World quail. Each virus replicated to high titers and transmitted by the airborne route to contacts in both species. Infected chickens showed no disease signs, and the viruses differed in their disease potential in New World quail. New World quail were more susceptible than chickens to H9N2 viruses and shed virus after airborne transmission for 10 days. Consequently, New World quail are a potential threat in the maintenance and spread of influenza virus in live poultry markets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Karthik Shanmuganatham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.,Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Ames, Iowa
| | - Lisa Jones-Engel
- National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jasmine Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - David Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - S M Rabiul Alam
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
El-Shesheny R, Franks J, Marathe BM, Hasan MK, Feeroz MM, Krauss S, Vogel P, McKenzie P, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Genetic characterization and pathogenic potential of H10 avian influenza viruses isolated from live poultry markets in Bangladesh. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10693. [PMID: 30013138 PMCID: PMC6048039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatal human cases of avian-origin H10N8 influenza virus infections have raised concern about their potential for human-to-human transmission. H10 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been isolated from wild and domestic aquatic birds across Eurasia and North America. We isolated eight H10 AIVs (four H10N7, two H10N9, one H10N1, and one H10N6) from live poultry markets in Bangladesh. Genetic analyses demonstrated that all eight isolates belong to the Eurasian lineage. HA phylogenetic and antigenic analyses indicated that two antigenically distinct groups of H10 AIVs are circulating in Bangladeshi live poultry markets. We evaluated the virulence of four representative H10 AIV strains in DBA/2J mice and found that they replicated efficiently in mice without prior adaptation. Moreover, H10N6 and H10N1 AIVs caused high mortality with systemic dissemination. These results indicate that H10 AIVs pose a potential threat to human health and the mechanisms of their transmissibility should be elucidated.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- A549 Cells
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Bangladesh
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hemagglutination, Viral/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/mortality
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Phylogeny
- Poultry/virology
- Poultry Diseases/immunology
- Poultry Diseases/mortality
- Poultry Diseases/transmission
- Poultry Diseases/virology
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Virus Replication
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Bindumadhav M Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - M Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed M Feeroz
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Parvin R, Begum JA, Nooruzzaman M, Chowdhury EH, Islam MR, Vahlenkamp TW. Review analysis and impact of co-circulating H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Bangladesh. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:1259-1266. [PMID: 29781424 PMCID: PMC9134290 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818001292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost the full range of 16 haemagglutinin (HA) and nine neuraminidase subtypes of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) has been detected either in waterfowl, land-based poultry or in the environment in Bangladesh. AIV infections in Bangladesh affected a wide range of host species of terrestrial poultry. The highly pathogenic avian influenza (AI) H5N1 and low pathogenic AI H9N2 were found to co-circulate and be well entrenched in the poultry population, which has caused serious damage to the poultry industry since 2007. By reviewing the available scientific literature, the overall situation of AIVs in Bangladesh is discussed. All Bangladeshi (BD) H5N1 and H9N2 AIV sequences available at GenBank were downloaded along with other representative sequences to analyse the genetic diversity among the circulating AIVs in Bangladesh and to compare with the global situation. Three different H5N1 clades, 2.2.2, 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.4.2, have been detected in Bangladesh. Only 2.3.2.1a is still present. The BD LP H9N2 viruses mostly belonged to the H9 G1 lineage but segregated into many branches, and some of these shared internal genes with HP viruses of subtypes H7N3 and H5N1. However, these reassortment events might have taken place before introduction to Bangladesh. Currently, H9N2 viruses continue to evolve their HA cleavage, receptor binding and glycosylation sites. Multiple mutations in the HA gene associated with adaptation to mammalian hosts were also observed. Strict biosecurity at farms and gradual phasing out of live-bird markets could be the key measures to better control AIVs, whereas stamping out is not a practicable option in Bangladesh. Vaccination also could be an additional tool, which however, requires careful planning. Continuous monitoring of AIVs through systematic surveillance and genetic characterisation of the viruses remains a hallmark of AI control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rokshana Parvin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Jahan Ara Begum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Center of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Thomas W. Vahlenkamp
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Center of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sealy JE, Yaqub T, Peacock TP, Chang P, Ermetal B, Clements A, Sadeyen JR, Mehboob A, Shelton H, Bryant JE, Daniels RS, McCauley JW, Iqbal M. Association of Increased Receptor-Binding Avidity of Influenza A(H9N2) Viruses with Escape from Antibody-Based Immunity and Enhanced Zoonotic Potential. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 25:63-72. [PMID: 30561311 PMCID: PMC6302589 DOI: 10.3201/eid2501.180616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized 55 influenza A(H9N2) viruses isolated in Pakistan during 2014-2016 and found that the hemagglutinin gene is of the G1 lineage and that internal genes have differentiated into a variety of novel genotypes. Some isolates had up to 4-fold reduction in hemagglutination inhibition titers compared with older viruses. Viruses with hemagglutinin A180T/V substitutions conveyed this antigenic diversity and also caused up to 3,500-fold greater binding to avian-like and >20-fold greater binding to human-like sialic acid receptor analogs. This enhanced binding avidity led to reduced virus replication in primary and continuous cell culture. We confirmed that altered receptor-binding avidity of H9N2 viruses, including enhanced binding to human-like receptors, results in antigenic variation in avian influenza viruses. Consequently, current vaccine formulations might not induce adequate protective immunity in poultry, and emergence of isolates with marked avidity for human-like receptors increases the zoonotic risk.
Collapse
|
33
|
Brown I, Mulatti P, Smietanka K, Staubach C, Willeberg P, Adlhoch C, Candiani D, Fabris C, Zancanaro G, Morgado J, Verdonck F. Avian influenza overview October 2016-August 2017. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05018. [PMID: 32625308 PMCID: PMC7009863 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The A(H5N8) highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemic occurred in 29 European countries in 2016/2017 and has been the largest ever recorded in the EU in terms of number of poultry outbreaks, geographical extent and number of dead wild birds. Multiple primary incursions temporally related with all major poultry sectors affected but secondary spread was most commonly associated with domestic waterfowl species. A massive effort of all the affected EU Member States (MSs) allowed a descriptive epidemiological overview of the cases in poultry, captive birds and wild birds, providing also information on measures applied at the individual MS level. Data on poultry population structure are required to facilitate data and risk factor analysis, hence to strengthen science-based advice to risk managers. It is suggested to promote common understanding and application of definitions related to control activities and their reporting across MSs. Despite a large number of human exposures to infected poultry occurred during the ongoing outbreaks, no transmission to humans has been identified. Monitoring the avian influenza (AI) situation in other continents indicated a potential risk of long-distance spread of HPAI virus (HPAIV) A(H5N6) from Asia to wintering grounds towards Western Europe, similarly to what happened with HPAIV A(H5N8) and HPAIV A(H5N1) in previous years. Furthermore, the HPAI situation in Africa with A(H5N8) and A(H5N1) is rapidly evolving. Strengthening collaborations at National, EU and Global levels would allow close monitoring of the AI situation, ultimately helping to increase preparedness. No human case was reported in the EU due to AIVs subtypes A(H5N1), A(H5N6), A(H7N9) and A(H9N2). Direct transmission of these viruses to humans has only been reported in areas, mainly in Asia and Egypt, with a substantial involvement of wild bird and/or poultry populations. It is suggested to improve the collection and reporting of exposure events of people to AI.
Collapse
|
34
|
Chakraborty A, Rahman M, Hossain MJ, Khan SU, Haider MS, Sultana R, Ali Rimi N, Islam MS, Haider N, Islam A, Sultana Shanta I, Sultana T, Al Mamun A, Homaira N, Goswami D, Nahar K, Alamgir ASM, Rahman M, Mahbuba Jamil K, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Simpson N, Shu B, Lindstrom S, Gerloff N, Davis CT, Katz JM, Mikolon A, Uyeki TM, Luby SP, Sturm-Ramirez K. Mild Respiratory Illness Among Young Children Caused by Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Infection in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2011. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:S520-S528. [PMID: 28934459 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In March 2011, a multidisciplinary team investigated 2 human cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection, detected through population-based active surveillance for influenza in Bangladesh, to assess transmission and contain further spread. Methods We collected clinical and exposure history of the case patients and monitored persons coming within 1 m of a case patient during their infectious period. Nasopharyngeal wash specimens from case patients and contacts were tested with real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and virus culture and isolates were characterized. Serum samples were tested with microneutralization and hemagglutination inhibition assays. We tested poultry, wild bird, and environmental samples from case patient households and surrounding areas for influenza viruses. Results Two previously healthy case patients, aged 13 and 31 months, had influenzalike illness and fully recovered. They had contact with poultry 7 and 10 days before illness onset, respectively. None of their 57 contacts were subsequently ill. Clade 2.2.2.1 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses were isolated from the case patients and from chicken fecal samples collected at the live bird markets near the patients' dwellings. Conclusion Identification of H5N1 cases through population-based surveillance suggests possible additional undetected cases throughout Bangladesh and highlights the importance of surveillance for mild respiratory illness among populations frequently exposed to infected poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Chakraborty
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research.,International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (icddr,b)
| | | | - M Jahangir Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (icddr,b).,Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia
| | | | | | - Rebeca Sultana
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (icddr,b)
| | - Nadia Ali Rimi
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (icddr,b)
| | - M Saiful Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (icddr,b)
| | - Najmul Haider
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (icddr,b)
| | - Ausraful Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (icddr,b)
| | | | - Tahmina Sultana
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (icddr,b)
| | | | - Nusrat Homaira
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (icddr,b).,UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Doli Goswami
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (icddr,b)
| | - Kamrun Nahar
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (icddr,b)
| | - A S M Alamgir
- Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research.,World Health Organization, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - Natosha Simpson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bo Shu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Nancy Gerloff
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - C Todd Davis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Andrea Mikolon
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (icddr,b).,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen P Luby
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (icddr,b).,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Katharine Sturm-Ramirez
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research (icddr,b).,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Marinova-Petkova A, Shanmuganatham K, Feeroz MM, Jones-Engel L, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, Turner J, Walker D, Seiler P, Franks J, McKenzie P, Krauss S, Webby RJ, Webster RG. The Continuing Evolution of H5N1 and H9N2 Influenza Viruses in Bangladesh Between 2013 and 2014. Avian Dis 2017; 60:108-17. [PMID: 27309046 DOI: 10.1637/11136-050815-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In 2011, avian influenza surveillance at the Bangladesh live bird markets (LBMs) showed complete replacement of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus of clade 2.2.2 (Qinghai-like H5N1 lineage) by the HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1. This clade, which continues to circulate in Bangladesh and neighboring countries, is an intra-and interclade reassortant; its HA, polymerase basic 1 (PB1), polymerase (PA), and nonstructural (NS) genes come from subclade 2.3.2.1a; the polymerase basic 2 (PB2) comes from subclade 2.3.2.1c; and the NA, nucleocapsid protein (NP), and matrix (M) gene from clade 2.3.4.2. The H9N2 influenza viruses cocirculating in the Bangladesh LBMs are also reassortants, possessing five genes (NS, M, NP, PA, and PB1) from an HPAI H7N3 virus previously isolated in Pakistan. Despite frequent coinfection of chickens and ducks, reassortment between these H5N1 and H9N2 viruses has been rare. However, all such reassortants detected in 2011 through 2013 have carried seven genes from the local HPAI H5N1 lineage and the PB1 gene from the Bangladeshi H9N2 clade G1 Mideast, itself derived from HPAI H7N3 virus. Although the live birds we sampled in Bangladesh showed no clinical signs of morbidity, the emergence of this reassortant HPAI H5N1 lineage further complicates endemic circulation of H5N1 viruses in Bangladesh, posing a threat to both poultry and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammed M Feeroz
- B Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh 1342
| | - Lisa Jones-Engel
- C National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - M Kamrul Hasan
- B Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh 1342
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- B Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh 1342
| | - Jasmine Turner
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - David Walker
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Patrick Seiler
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - John Franks
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Scott Krauss
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Richard J Webby
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Robert G Webster
- A Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105.,D Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 21589
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kang M, Jang HK. Genetics and biological property analysis of Korea lineage of influenza A H9N2 viruses. Vet Microbiol 2017; 204:96-103. [PMID: 28532813 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 influenza viruses have been detected from wild and domestic avian species including chickens and ducks worldwide. Few studies have compared the biological properties of different H9N2 lineages or determined whether certain lineages might pose a higher risk to mammals, especially H9N2 viruses of Korean lineage. The objective of this study was to characterize the genetic and biological properties of 22 Korean H9N2 viruses and assess their potential risks to mammals. Their complete genomes were analyzed. Some Korean H9N2 viruses were found to carry mammalian host-specific mutations. Based on genomic diversities, these H9N2 viruses were divided into 12 genotypes. All 22 showed preferential binding to human-like receptor. Two of eight H9N2 viruses were highly lethal to mice, causing 90-100% mortality without prior adaptation and severe respiratory syndromes associated with diffuse lung injury, severe pneumonia, and alveolar damage. These findings suggest that recent Korean H9N2 viruses might have established a stable sublineage with enhanced pathogenicity to mice. Various H9N2 strains pathogenic to mice were endemic in wild bird, poultry farm, and live bird markets, suggesting that Korean H9N2 viruses could evolve to become a threat to humans. The findings emphasize the necessity of careful, continuous, and thorough surveillance paired with risk-assessment for circulating H9N2 influenza viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Kang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Chonbuk National University, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Kwan Jang
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases and Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Poultry Diseases Control, Chonbuk National University, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Turner JCM, Feeroz MM, Hasan MK, Akhtar S, Walker D, Seiler P, Barman S, Franks J, Jones-Engel L, McKenzie P, Krauss S, Webby RJ, Kayali G, Webster RG. Insight into live bird markets of Bangladesh: an overview of the dynamics of transmission of H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e12. [PMID: 28270655 PMCID: PMC5378921 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 viruses have been recognized as threats to public health in Bangladesh since 2007. Although live bird markets (LBMs) have been implicated in the transmission, dissemination, and circulation of these viruses, an in-depth analysis of the dynamics of avian transmission of H5N1 and H9N2 viruses at the human-animal interface has been lacking. Here we present and evaluate epidemiological findings from active surveillance conducted among poultry in various production sectors in Bangladesh from 2008 to 2016. Overall, the prevalence of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in collected samples was 24%. Our data show that AIVs are more prevalent in domestic birds within LBMs (30.4%) than in farms (9.6%). Quail, chickens and ducks showed a high prevalence of AIVs (>20%). The vast majority of AIVs detected (99.7%) have come from apparently healthy birds and poultry drinking water served as a reservoir of AIVs with a prevalence of 32.5% in collected samples. HPAI H5N1 was more frequently detected in ducks while H9N2 was more common in chickens and quail. LBMs, particularly wholesale markets, have become a potential reservoir for various types of AIVs, including HPAI H5N1 and LPAI H9N2. The persistence of AIVs in LBMs is of great concern to public health, and this study highlights the importance of regularly reviewing and implementing infection control procedures as a means of reducing the exposure of the general public to AIVs.Emerging Microbes & Infections (2017) 6, e12; doi:10.1038/emi.2016.142; published online 8 March 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine C M Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mohammed M Feeroz
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - M Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - David Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Subrata Barman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Lisa Jones-Engel
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX 77459, USA
- Human Link, Hazmieh, Baabda 1107-2090, Lebanon
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lenny BJ, Shanmuganatham K, Sonnberg S, Feeroz MM, Alam SMR, Hasan MK, Jones-Engel L, McKenzie P, Krauss S, Webster RG, Jones JC. Replication Capacity of Avian Influenza A(H9N2) Virus in Pet Birds and Mammals, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:2174-7. [PMID: 26583371 PMCID: PMC4672412 DOI: 10.3201/eid2112.151152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A(H9N2) is an agricultural and public health threat. We characterized an H9N2 virus from a pet market in Bangladesh and demonstrated replication in samples from pet birds, swine tissues, human airway and ocular cells, and ferrets. Results implicated pet birds in the potential dissemination and zoonotic transmission of this virus.
Collapse
|
39
|
Lee DH, Swayne DE, Sharma P, Rehmani SF, Wajid A, Suarez DL, Afonso C. H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza in Pakistan (2012-2015). Vet Rec Open 2016; 3:e000171. [PMID: 27403327 PMCID: PMC4932324 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2016-000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant economic losses from deaths and decreased egg production have resulted from H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) infections in poultry across North Africa, the Middle East and Asia. The H9N2 LPAIVs have been endemic in Pakistani poultry since 1996, but no new viruses have been reported since 2010. Because novel genotypes of Pakistani H9N2 contain mammalian host-specific markers, recent surveillance is essential to better understand any continuing public health risk. Here the authors report on four new H9N2 LPAIVs, three from 2015 and one from 2012. All of the viruses tested in this study belonged to Middle East B genetic group of G1 lineage and had PAKSSR/G motif at the haemagglutinin cleavage site. The mammalian host-specific markers at position 226 in the haemagglutinin receptor-binding site and internal genes suggest that Pakistan H9N2 viruses are still potentially infectious for mammals. Continued active surveillance in poultry and mammals is needed to monitor the spread and understand the potential for zoonotic infection by these H9N2 LPAIVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens , Georgia , USA
| | - David E Swayne
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens , Georgia , USA
| | - Poonam Sharma
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens , Georgia , USA
| | - Shafqat Fatima Rehmani
- Quality Operations Laboratory (QOL) , University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Abdul Wajid
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (IBBt), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - David L Suarez
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens , Georgia , USA
| | - Claudio Afonso
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens , Georgia , USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Marathe BM, Wong SS, Vogel P, Garcia-Alcalde F, Webster RG, Webby RJ, Najera I, Govorkova EA. Combinations of Oseltamivir and T-705 Extend the Treatment Window for Highly Pathogenic Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infection in Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26742. [PMID: 27221530 PMCID: PMC4879667 DOI: 10.1038/srep26742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Current anti-influenza therapy depends on administering drugs soon after infection, which is often impractical. We assessed whether combinations of oseltamivir (a neuraminidase inhibitor) and T-705 (a nonspecific inhibitor of viral polymerases) could extend the window for treating lethal infection with highly pathogenic A(H5N1) influenza virus in mice. Combination therapy protected 100% of mice, even when delayed until 96 h postinoculation. Compared to animals receiving monotherapy, mice receiving combination therapy had reduced viral loads and restricted viral spread in lung tissues, limited lung damage, and decreased inflammatory cytokine production. Next-generation sequencing showed that virus populations in T-705–treated mice had greater genetic variability, with more frequent transversion events, than did populations in control and oseltamivir-treated mice, but no substitutions associated with resistance to oseltamivir or T-705 were detected. Thus, combination therapy extended the treatment window for A(H5N1) influenza infection in mice and should be considered for evaluation in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bindumadhav M Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Sook-San Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Fernando Garcia-Alcalde
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Infectious Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Isabel Najera
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Infectious Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elena A Govorkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Shanmuganatham KK, Jones JC, Marathe BM, Feeroz MM, Jones-Engel L, Walker D, Turner J, Rabiul Alam SM, Kamrul Hasan M, Akhtar S, Seiler P, McKenzie P, Krauss S, Webby RJ, Webster RG. The replication of Bangladeshi H9N2 avian influenza viruses carrying genes from H7N3 in mammals. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e35. [PMID: 27094903 PMCID: PMC4855072 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses are continuously monitored by the World Health Organization because they are endemic; they continually reassort with H5N1, H7N9 and H10N8 viruses; and they periodically cause human infections. We characterized H9N2 influenza viruses carrying internal genes from highly pathogenic H7N3 viruses, which were isolated from chickens or quail from live-bird markets in Bangladesh between 2010 and 2013. All of the H9N2 viruses used in this study carried mammalian host-specific mutations. We studied their replication kinetics in normal human bronchoepithelial cells and swine tracheal and lung explants, which exhibit many features of the mammalian airway epithelium and serve as a mammalian host model. All H9N2 viruses replicated to moderate-to-high titers in the normal human bronchoepithelial cells and swine lung explants, but replication was limited in the swine tracheal explants. In Balb/c mice, the H9N2 viruses were nonlethal, replicated to moderately high titers and the infection was confined to the lungs. In the ferret model of human influenza infection and transmission, H9N2 viruses possessing the Q226L substitution in hemagglutinin replicated well without clinical signs and spread via direct contact but not by aerosol. None of the H9N2 viruses tested were resistant to the neuraminidase inhibitors. Our study shows that the Bangladeshi H9N2 viruses have the potential to infect humans and highlights the importance of monitoring and characterizing this influenza subtype to better understand the potential risk these viruses pose to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy C Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Bindumadhav M Marathe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mohammed M Feeroz
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Lisa Jones-Engel
- National Primate Research Center University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5502, USA
| | - David Walker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jasmine Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - S M Rabiul Alam
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - M Kamrul Hasan
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Sharmin Akhtar
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Patrick Seiler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Pamela McKenzie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Scott Krauss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert G Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nagy A, Lee J, Mena I, Henningson J, Li Y, Ma J, Duff M, Li Y, Lang Y, Yang J, Abdallah F, Richt J, Ali A, García-Sastre A, Ma W. Recombinant Newcastle disease virus expressing H9 HA protects chickens against heterologous avian influenza H9N2 virus challenge. Vaccine 2016; 34:2537-45. [PMID: 27102817 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to produce an efficient poultry H9 avian influenza vaccine that provides cross-protection against multiple H9 lineages, two Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota vaccine strain recombinant viruses were generated using reverse genetics. The recombinant NDV-H9Con virus expresses a consensus-H9 hemagglutinin (HA) that is designed based on available H9N2 sequences from Chinese and Middle Eastern isolates. The recombinant NDV-H9Chi virus expresses a chimeric-H9 HA in which the H9 ectodomain of A/Guinea Fowl/Hong Kong/WF10/99 was fused with the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domain of the fusion protein (F) of NDV. Both recombinant viruses expressed the inserted HA stably and grew to high titers. An efficacy study in chickens showed that both recombinant viruses were able to provide protection against challenge with a heterologous H9N2 virus. In contrast to the NDV-H9Chi virus, the NDV-H9Con virus induced a higher hemagglutination inhibition titer against both NDV and H9 viruses in immunized birds, and efficiently inhibited virus shedding through the respiratory route. Moreover, sera collected from birds immunized with either NDV-H9Con or NDV-H9Chi were able to cross-neutralize two different lineages of H9N2 viruses, indicating that NDV-H9Con and NDV-H9Chi are promising vaccine candidates that could provide cross-protection among different H9N2 lineage viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Nagy
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Jinhwa Lee
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ignacio Mena
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jamie Henningson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yuhao Li
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jingjiao Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Michael Duff
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yonghai Li
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yuekun Lang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jianmei Yang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Innovation Team for Pathogen Ecology Research on Animal Influenza Virus, Department of Avian Infectious Disease, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fatma Abdallah
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Juergen Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
| |
Collapse
|