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Balderas-Cisneros FDJ, León-Buitimea A, Zarate X, Morones-Ramírez JR. Expression and purification of an NP-hoc fusion protein: Utilizing influenza a nucleoprotein and phage T4 hoc protein. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 221:106506. [PMID: 38772430 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Influenza poses a substantial health risk, with infants and the elderly being particularly susceptible to its grave impacts. The primary challenge lies in its rapid genetic evolution, leading to the emergence of new Influenza A strains annually. These changes involve punctual mutations predominantly affecting the two main glycoproteins: Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA). Our existing vaccines target these proteins, providing short-term protection, but fall short when unexpected pandemics strike. Delving deeper into Influenza's genetic makeup, we spotlight the nucleoprotein (NP) - a key player in the transcription, replication, and packaging of RNA. An intriguing characteristic of the NP is that it is highly conserved across all Influenza A variants, potentially paving the way for a more versatile and broadly protective vaccine. We designed and synthesized a novel NP-Hoc fusion protein combining Influenza A nucleoprotein and T4 phage Hoc, cloned using Gibson assembly in E. coli, and purified via ion affinity chromatography. Simultaneously, we explore the T4 coat protein Hoc, typically regarded as inconsequential in controlled viral replication. Yet, it possesses a unique ability: it can link with another protein, showcasing it on the T4 phage coat. Fusing these concepts, our study designs, expresses, and purifies a novel fusion protein named NP-Hoc. We propose this protein as the basis for a new generation of vaccines, engineered to guard broadly against Influenza A. The excitement lies not just in the immediate application, but the promise this holds for future pandemic resilience, with NP-Hoc marking a significant leap in adaptive, broad-spectrum influenza prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco de Jesús Balderas-Cisneros
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad s/n. Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Km. 10 Autopista al Aeropuerto Internacional Mariano Escobedo, 66629, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Angel León-Buitimea
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad s/n. Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Km. 10 Autopista al Aeropuerto Internacional Mariano Escobedo, 66629, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Xristo Zarate
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad s/n. Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico
| | - José Rubén Morones-Ramírez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL. Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Av. Universidad s/n. Cd. Universitaria, 66455, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L., Mexico; Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Parque de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, Km. 10 Autopista al Aeropuerto Internacional Mariano Escobedo, 66629, Apodaca, Nuevo León, Mexico.
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Kim SH, Españo E, Padasas BT, Son JH, Oh J, Webby RJ, Lee YR, Park CS, Kim JK. Influenza Virus-Derived CD8 T Cell Epitopes: Implications for the Development of Universal Influenza Vaccines. Immune Netw 2024; 24:e19. [PMID: 38974213 PMCID: PMC11224667 DOI: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus poses a global health burden. Currently, an annual vaccine is used to reduce influenza virus-associated morbidity and mortality. Most influenza vaccines have been developed to elicit neutralizing Abs against influenza virus. These Abs primarily target immunodominant epitopes derived from hemagglutinin (HA) or neuraminidase (NA) of the influenza virus incorporated in vaccines. However, HA and NA are highly variable proteins that are prone to antigenic changes, which can reduce vaccine efficacy. Therefore, it is essential to develop universal vaccines that target immunodominant epitopes derived from conserved regions of the influenza virus, enabling cross-protection among different virus variants. The internal proteins of the influenza virus serve as ideal targets for universal vaccines. These internal proteins are presented by MHC class I molecules on Ag-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, and recognized by CD8 T cells, which elicit CD8 T cell responses, reducing the likelihood of disease and influenza viral spread by inducing virus-infected cell apoptosis. In this review, we highlight the importance of CD8 T cell-mediated immunity against influenza viruses and that of viral epitopes for developing CD8 T cell-based influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong 30019, Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Erica Españo
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | | | - Ju-Ho Son
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Jihee Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38195, USA
| | - Young-Ran Lee
- Bio-Convergence R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Chan-Su Park
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University College of Pharmacy, Sejong 30019, Korea
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Bliss CM, Nachbagauer R, Mariottini C, Cuevas F, Feser J, Naficy A, Bernstein DI, Guptill J, Walter EB, Berlanda-Scorza F, Innis BL, García-Sastre A, Palese P, Krammer F, Coughlan L. A chimeric haemagglutinin-based universal influenza virus vaccine boosts human cellular immune responses directed towards the conserved haemagglutinin stalk domain and the viral nucleoprotein. EBioMedicine 2024; 104:105153. [PMID: 38805853 PMCID: PMC11154122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of a universal influenza virus vaccine, to protect against both seasonal and pandemic influenza A viruses, is a long-standing public health goal. The conserved stalk domain of haemagglutinin (HA) is a promising vaccine target. However, the stalk is immunosubdominant. As such, innovative approaches are required to elicit robust immunity against this domain. In a previously reported observer-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase I trial (NCT03300050), immunisation regimens using chimeric HA (cHA)-based immunogens formulated as inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV) -/+ AS03 adjuvant, or live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV), elicited durable HA stalk-specific antibodies with broad reactivity. In this study, we sought to determine if these vaccines could also boost T cell responses against HA stalk, and nucleoprotein (NP). METHODS We measured interferon-γ (IFN-γ) responses by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) assay at baseline, seven days post-prime, pre-boost and seven days post-boost following heterologous prime:boost regimens of LAIV and/or adjuvanted/unadjuvanted IIV-cHA vaccines. FINDINGS Our findings demonstrate that immunisation with adjuvanted cHA-based IIVs boost HA stalk-specific and NP-specific T cell responses in humans. To date, it has been unclear if HA stalk-specific T cells can be boosted in humans by HA-stalk focused universal vaccines. Therefore, our study will provide valuable insights for the design of future studies to determine the precise role of HA stalk-specific T cells in broad protection. INTERPRETATION Considering that cHA-based vaccines also elicit stalk-specific antibodies, these data support the further clinical advancement of cHA-based universal influenza vaccine candidates. FUNDING This study was funded in part by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M Bliss
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Cancer & Genetics and Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chiara Mariottini
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frans Cuevas
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jodi Feser
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Abdi Naficy
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David I Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey Guptill
- Duke Early Phase Clinical Research Unit, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Emmanuel B Walter
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Bruce L Innis
- Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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4
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Leong SL, Murdolo L, Maddumage JC, Koutsakos M, Kedzierska K, Purcell AW, Gras S, Grant EJ. Characterisation of novel influenza-derived HLA-B*18:01-restricted epitopes. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1509. [PMID: 38737448 PMCID: PMC11087170 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Seasonal influenza viruses cause roughly 650 000 deaths annually despite available vaccines. CD8+ T cells typically recognise influenza-derived peptides from internal structural and non-structural influenza proteins and are an attractive avenue for future vaccine design as they could reduce the severity of disease following infection with diverse influenza strains. CD8+ T cells recognise peptides presented by the highly polymorphic Human Leukocyte Antigens class I molecules (HLA-I). Each HLA-I variant has distinct peptide binding preferences, representing a significant obstacle for designing vaccines that elicit CD8+ T cell responses across broad populations. Consequently, the rational design of a CD8+ T cell-mediated vaccine would require the identification of highly immunogenic peptides restricted to a range of different HLA molecules. Methods Here, we assessed the immunogenicity of six recently published novel influenza-derived peptides identified by mass-spectrometry and predicted to bind to the prevalent HLA-B*18:01 molecule. Results Using CD8+ T cell activation assays and protein biochemistry, we showed that 3/6 of the novel peptides were immunogenic in several HLA-B*18:01+ individuals and confirmed their HLA-B*18:01 restriction. We subsequently compared CD8+ T cell responses towards the previously identified highly immunogenic HLA-B*18:01-restricted NP219 peptide. Using X-ray crystallography, we solved the first crystal structures of HLA-B*18:01 presenting immunogenic influenza-derived peptides. Finally, we dissected the first TCR repertoires specific for HLA-B*18:01 restricted pathogen-derived peptides, identifying private and restricted repertoires against each of the four peptides. Conclusion Overall the characterisation of these novel immunogenic peptides provides additional HLA-B*18:01-restricted vaccine targets derived from the Matrix protein 1 and potentially the non-structural protein and the RNA polymerase catalytic subunit of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Liwei Leong
- Infection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Lawton Murdolo
- Infection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Janesha C Maddumage
- Infection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Emma J Grant
- Infection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE)La Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
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5
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Nguyen THO, Rowntree LC, Chua BY, Thwaites RS, Kedzierska K. Defining the balance between optimal immunity and immunopathology in influenza virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41577-024-01029-1. [PMID: 38698083 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-01029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses remain a global threat to human health, with continued pandemic potential. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of the optimal immune responses that drive recovery from influenza virus infection, highlighting the fine balance between protective immune mechanisms and detrimental immunopathology. We describe the contribution of innate and adaptive immune cells, inflammatory modulators and antibodies to influenza virus-specific immunity, inflammation and immunopathology. We highlight recent human influenza virus challenge studies that advance our understanding of susceptibility to influenza and determinants of symptomatic disease. We also describe studies of influenza virus-specific immunity in high-risk groups following infection and vaccination that inform the design of future vaccines to promote optimal antiviral immunity, particularly in vulnerable populations. Finally, we draw on lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic to refocus our attention to the ever-changing, highly mutable influenza A virus, predicted to cause future global pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise C Rowntree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendon Y Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Petro-Turnquist E, Pekarek MJ, Weaver EA. Swine influenza A virus: challenges and novel vaccine strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1336013. [PMID: 38633745 PMCID: PMC11021629 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1336013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine Influenza A Virus (IAV-S) imposes a significant impact on the pork industry and has been deemed a significant threat to global public health due to its zoonotic potential. The most effective method of preventing IAV-S is vaccination. While there are tremendous efforts to control and prevent IAV-S in vulnerable swine populations, there are considerable challenges in developing a broadly protective vaccine against IAV-S. These challenges include the consistent diversification of IAV-S, increasing the strength and breadth of adaptive immune responses elicited by vaccination, interfering maternal antibody responses, and the induction of vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease after vaccination. Current vaccination strategies are often not updated frequently enough to address the continuously evolving nature of IAV-S, fail to induce broadly cross-reactive responses, are susceptible to interference, may enhance respiratory disease, and can be expensive to produce. Here, we review the challenges and current status of universal IAV-S vaccine research. We also detail the current standard of licensed vaccines and their limitations in the field. Finally, we review recently described novel vaccines and vaccine platforms that may improve upon current methods of IAV-S control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Petro-Turnquist
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Matthew J. Pekarek
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Eric A. Weaver
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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7
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Sun R, Zhang X, Jia W, Li P, Song C. Analysis of clinical characteristics and risk factors for death due to severe influenza in children. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 43:567-575. [PMID: 38240989 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-024-04759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study analyzed the clinical features of children who had severe influenza and discussed on the risk factors associated with death in this population. METHODS A total of 167 children with severe influenza admitted to the intensive care unit of our hospital from January 2018 to August 2023 were selected and divided into the death group (27 cases) and the survival group (140 cases). Demographic characteristics and clinical data were collected and compared between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the risk factors for death in children with severe influenza. RESULTS The male-to-female ratio of the 167 children with severe influenza was 2.21:1, the median age was 3 years, and influenza A accounted for 70.66%. The CD4+ T cells percentage and CD4/CD8 were lower in the death group; the percentage of comorbid underlying diseases, mechanical ventilation, other systemic involvement, comorbid associated encephalopathy or encephalitis, and red blood cell distribution width (RDW), lactate dehydrogenase, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and interleukin 6 were higher in the death group. The mechanical ventilation, associated encephalopathy or encephalitis, RDW, APTT, and CD4/CD8 were the independent risk factors for death. CONCLUSION Mechanical ventilation, comorbid encephalopathy or encephalitis, increased RDW, prolonged APTT, and decreased CD4/CD8 are independent risk factors for death in children with severe influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Sun
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Infection and Critical Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, No. 1, South University Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Infection and Critical Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, No. 1, South University Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Wanyu Jia
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Infection and Critical Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, No. 1, South University Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Peng Li
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Infection and Critical Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, No. 1, South University Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Chunlan Song
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Infection and Critical Care, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, No. 1, South University Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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Leong SL, Gras S, Grant EJ. Fighting flu: novel CD8 + T-cell targets are required for future influenza vaccines. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1491. [PMID: 38362528 PMCID: PMC10867544 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza viruses continue to cause severe medical and financial complications annually. Although there are many licenced influenza vaccines, there are billions of cases of influenza infection every year, resulting in the death of over half a million individuals. Furthermore, these figures can rise in the event of a pandemic, as seen throughout history, like the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic (50 million deaths) and the 1968 Hong Kong influenza pandemic (~4 million deaths). In this review, we have summarised many of the currently licenced influenza vaccines available across the world and current vaccines in clinical trials. We then briefly discuss the important role of CD8+ T cells during influenza infection and why future influenza vaccines should consider targeting CD8+ T cells. Finally, we assess the current landscape of known immunogenic CD8+ T-cell epitopes and highlight the knowledge gaps required to be filled for the design of rational future influenza vaccines that incorporate CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Liwei Leong
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Emma J Grant
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
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9
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Xiong F, Zhang C, Shang B, Zheng M, Wang Q, Ding Y, Luo J, Li X. An mRNA-based broad-spectrum vaccine candidate confers cross-protection against heterosubtypic influenza A viruses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2256422. [PMID: 37671994 PMCID: PMC10512870 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2256422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus is a prominent cause of respiratory illness in humans. Current influenza vaccines offer strain-specific immunity, while provide limited protection against drifted strains. Broad-spectrum influenza vaccines can induce broad and long-term immunity, and thus are regarded as a future direction for the development of next-generation influenza vaccines. In this study, we have conceptualized a novel mRNA-based multi-antigen influenza vaccine consisting of three conserved antigens of influenza A virus, including the ectodomain of the M2 ion channel (M2e), the long alpha helix of haemagglutinin stalk region (LAH), and nucleoprotein (NP). The vaccine design aims to enhance its potency and promote the development of a future broad-spectrum influenza vaccine. Our mRNA-based vaccine demonstrated potent humoral and cellular responses throughout the time points of the murine model, inducing viral neutralizing antibodies, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity effect mediating antibodies and cross-reactive CD8+ T cell immune responses. The vaccine conferred broad protection against H1N1, H3N2, and H9N2 viruses. Moreover, the single-cell transcriptional profiling of T cells in the spleens of vaccinated mice revealed that the mRNA-based vaccine significantly promoted CD8+ T cells and memory T cells by prime-boost immunization. Our results suggest that the mRNA-based influenza vaccine encoding conserved proteins is a promising approach for eliciting broadly protective humoral and cellular immunity against various influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Xiong
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoyuan Shang
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yahong Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Luo
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuling Li
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Rak A, Isakova-Sivak I, Rudenko L. Nucleoprotein as a Promising Antigen for Broadly Protective Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1747. [PMID: 38140152 PMCID: PMC10747533 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Annual vaccination is considered as the main preventive strategy against seasonal influenza. Due to the highly variable nature of major viral antigens, such as hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), influenza vaccine strains should be regularly updated to antigenically match the circulating viruses. The influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) is much more conserved than HA and NA, and thus seems to be a promising target for the design of improved influenza vaccines with broad cross-reactivity against antigenically diverse influenza viruses. Traditional subunit or recombinant protein influenza vaccines do not contain the NP antigen, whereas live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) express the viral NP within infected cells, thus inducing strong NP-specific antibodies and T-cell responses. Many strategies have been explored to design broadly protective NP-based vaccines, mostly targeted at the T-cell mode of immunity. Although the NP is highly conserved, it still undergoes slow evolutionary changes due to selective immune pressure, meaning that the particular NP antigen selected for vaccine design may have a significant impact on the overall immunogenicity and efficacy of the vaccine candidate. In this review, we summarize existing data on the conservation of the influenza A viral nucleoprotein and review the results of preclinical and clinical trials of NP-targeting influenza vaccine prototypes, focusing on the ability of NP-specific immune responses to protect against diverse influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia; (A.R.); (I.I.-S.)
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11
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Hu D, Irving AT. Massively-multiplexed epitope mapping techniques for viral antigen discovery. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192385. [PMID: 37818363 PMCID: PMC10561112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Following viral infection, viral antigens bind specifically to receptors on the surface of lymphocytes thereby activating adaptive immunity in the host. An epitope, the smallest structural and functional unit of an antigen, binds specifically to an antibody or antigen receptor, to serve as key sites for the activation of adaptive immunity. The complexity and diverse range of epitopes are essential to study and map for the diagnosis of disease, the design of vaccines and for immunotherapy. Mapping the location of these specific epitopes has become a hot topic in immunology and immune therapy. Recently, epitope mapping techniques have evolved to become multiplexed, with the advent of high-throughput sequencing and techniques such as bacteriophage-display libraries and deep mutational scanning. Here, we briefly introduce the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of the latest epitope mapping techniques with examples for viral antigen discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Hu
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Aaron T. Irving
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Studies, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Centre for Infection, Immunity & Cancer, Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
- Biomedical and Health Translational Research Centre of Zhejiang Province (BIMET), Haining, China
- College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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12
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Hartman K, Steiner G, Siegel M, Looney CM, Hickling TP, Bray-French K, Springer S, Marban-Doran C, Ducret A. Expanding the MAPPs Assay to Accommodate MHC-II Pan Receptors for Improved Predictability of Potential T Cell Epitopes. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1265. [PMID: 37759665 PMCID: PMC10525474 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
A critical step in the immunogenicity cascade is attributed to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) II presentation triggering T cell immune responses. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II-associated peptide proteomics (MAPPs) assay is implemented during preclinical risk assessments to identify biotherapeutic-derived T cell epitopes. Although studies indicate that HLA-DP and HLA-DQ alleles are linked to immunogenicity, most MAPPs studies are restricted to using HLA-DR as the dominant HLA II genotype due to the lack of well-characterized immunoprecipitating antibodies. Here, we address this issue by testing various commercially available clones of MHC-II pan (CR3/43, WR18, and Tü39), HLA-DP (B7/21), and HLA-DQ (SPV-L3 and 1a3) antibodies in the MAPPs assay, and characterizing identified peptides according to binding specificity. Our results reveal that HLA II receptor-precipitating reagents with similar reported specificities differ based on clonality and that MHC-II pan antibodies do not entirely exhibit pan-specific tendencies. Since no individual antibody clone is able to recover the complete HLA II peptide repertoire, we recommend a mixed strategy of clones L243, WR18, and SPV-L3 in a single immunoprecipitation step for more robust compound-specific peptide detection. Ultimately, our optimized MAPPs strategy improves the predictability and additional identification of T cell epitopes in immunogenicity risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hartman
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Guido Steiner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Michel Siegel
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Cary M. Looney
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Timothy P. Hickling
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Katharine Bray-French
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Sebastian Springer
- School of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Constructor University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Céline Marban-Doran
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
| | - Axel Ducret
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland (C.M.L.)
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13
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Welch SR, Spengler JR, Genzer SC, Coleman-McCray JD, Harmon JR, Sorvillo TE, Scholte FE, Rodriguez SE, O’Neal TJ, Ritter JM, Ficarra G, Davies KA, Kainulainen MH, Karaaslan E, Bergeron É, Goldsmith CS, Lo MK, Nichol ST, Montgomery JM, Spiropoulou CF. Single-dose mucosal replicon-particle vaccine protects against lethal Nipah virus infection up to 3 days after vaccination. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh4057. [PMID: 37540755 PMCID: PMC10403222 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) causes a highly lethal disease in humans who present with acute respiratory or neurological signs. No vaccines against NiV have been approved to date. Here, we report on the clinical impact of a novel NiV-derived nonspreading replicon particle lacking the fusion (F) protein gene (NiVΔF) as a vaccine in three small animal models of disease. A broad antibody response was detected that included immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA subtypes with demonstrable Fc-mediated effector function targeting multiple viral antigens. Single-dose intranasal vaccination up to 3 days before challenge prevented clinical signs and reduced virus levels in hamsters and immunocompromised mice; decreases were seen in tissues and mucosal secretions, critically decreasing potential for virus transmission. This virus replicon particle system provides a vital tool to the field and demonstrates utility as a highly efficacious and safe vaccine candidate that can be administered parenterally or mucosally to protect against lethal Nipah disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R. Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sarah C. Genzer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - JoAnn D. Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jessica R. Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Teresa E. Sorvillo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Florine E. M. Scholte
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sergio E. Rodriguez
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - T. Justin O’Neal
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jana M. Ritter
- Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Georgia Ficarra
- Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Katherine A. Davies
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Markus H. Kainulainen
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Elif Karaaslan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Cynthia S. Goldsmith
- Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Michael K. Lo
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Christina F. Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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14
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Maleki M, Hosseini SM, Farahmand B, Saleh M, Shokouhi H, Torabi A, Fotouhi F. Induction of Homosubtypic and Heterosubtypic Immunity to Influenza Viruses Using a Conserved Internal and External Proteins. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:212. [PMID: 37191741 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The immunogenicity and protective properties of the designed recombinant fusion peptide of 3M2e and truncated nucleoprotein (trNP), originating from Influenza A virus, were investigated in the BALB/c mice model in comparison with the Mix protein (3M2e + trNP). The results were evaluated by antibody response, cytokine production, lymphocyte proliferation assay, and mortality rate after challenge with homologous (H1N1) and heterologous (H3N2) influenza viruses in BALB/c mice. The animals that received the chimer protein with or without adjuvant had more specific antibody responses and elicited memory CD4 T cells, and cytokines of Th1 and Th2 cells compared to the Mix protein. Moreover, the Mix protein, like the recombinant chimer protein, provided equal and effective protection against both homologous and heterologous challenges in mice. Nevertheless, the chimer protein demonstrated superior immune protection compared to the Mix protein. The percentage of survived animals in the adjuvanted protein group (78.4%) was less than the non-adjuvanted one (85.7%). However, the Mix protein plus Alum could induce protective immunity in only 57.1% and 42.8% of homologous and heterologous virus-challenged mice, respectively. Regarding the sufficient immunogenicity and protectivity of the chimer protein construct against influenza viruses, the findings of the study suggest that the chimer protein without a requirement of adjuvant can be used as an adequate vaccine formulation to protect against a broad spectrum of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnoosh Maleki
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Tehran, 69, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrokh Farahmand
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Tehran, 69, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Maryam Saleh
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Tehran, 69, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Hadiseh Shokouhi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Tehran, 69, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Ali Torabi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Tehran, 69, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fotouhi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Tehran, 69, 1316943551, Iran.
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15
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Sanchez MV, Ebensen T, Schulze K, Cargnelutti DE, Scodeller EA, Guzmán CA. Protective Efficacy of a Mucosal Influenza Vaccine Formulation Based on the Recombinant Nucleoprotein Co-Administered with a TLR2/6 Agonist BPPcysMPEG. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030912. [PMID: 36986773 PMCID: PMC10057018 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines target highly variable surface glycoproteins; thus, mismatches between vaccine strains and circulating strains often diminish vaccine protection. For this reason, there is still a critical need to develop effective influenza vaccines able to protect also against the drift and shift of different variants of influenza viruses. It has been demonstrated that influenza nucleoprotein (NP) is a strong candidate for a universal vaccine, which contributes to providing cross-protection in animal models. In this study, we developed an adjuvanted mucosal vaccine using the recombinant NP (rNP) and the TLR2/6 agonist S-[2,3-bispalmitoyiloxy-(2R)-propyl]-R-cysteinyl-amido-monomethoxyl-poly-ethylene-glycol (BPPcysMPEG). The vaccine efficacy was compared with that observed following parenteral vaccination of mice with the same formulation. Mice vaccinated with 2 doses of rNP alone or co-administered with BPPcysMPEG by the intranasal (i.n.) route showed enhanced antigen-specific humoral and cellular responses. Moreover, NP-specific humoral immune responses, characterized by significant NP-specific IgG and IgG subclass titers in sera and NP-specific IgA titers in mucosal territories, were remarkably increased in mice vaccinated with the adjuvanted formulation as compared with those of the non-adjuvanted vaccination group. The addition of BPPcysMPEG also improved NP-specific cellular responses in vaccinated mice, characterized by robust lymphoproliferation and mixed Th1/Th2/Th17 immune profiles. Finally, it is notable that the immune responses elicited by the novel formulation administered by the i.n. route were able to confer protection against the influenza H1N1 A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza M5500, Argentina; (M.V.S.); (D.E.C.); (E.A.S.)
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (T.E.); (K.S.)
| | - Thomas Ebensen
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (T.E.); (K.S.)
| | - Kai Schulze
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (T.E.); (K.S.)
| | - Diego Esteban Cargnelutti
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza M5500, Argentina; (M.V.S.); (D.E.C.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Eduardo A. Scodeller
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Desarrollo de Vacunas, Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza M5500, Argentina; (M.V.S.); (D.E.C.); (E.A.S.)
| | - Carlos A. Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; (T.E.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-531-61814600; Fax: +49-531-618414699
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16
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Understanding the Role of HLA Class I Molecules in the Immune Response to Influenza Infection and Rational Design of a Peptide-Based Vaccine. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112578. [PMID: 36423187 PMCID: PMC9695287 DOI: 10.3390/v14112578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus is a respiratory pathogen that is responsible for regular epidemics and occasional pandemics that result in substantial damage to life and the economy. The yearly reformulation of trivalent or quadrivalent flu vaccines encompassing surface glycoproteins derived from the current circulating strains of the virus does not provide sufficient cross-protection against mismatched strains. Unlike the current vaccines that elicit a predominant humoral response, vaccines that induce CD8+ T cells have demonstrated a capacity to provide cross-protection against different influenza strains, including novel influenza viruses. Immunopeptidomics, the mass spectrometric identification of human-leukocyte-antigen (HLA)-bound peptides isolated from infected cells, has recently provided key insights into viral peptides that can serve as potential T cell epitopes. The critical elements required for a strong and long-living CD8+ T cell response are related to both HLA restriction and the immunogenicity of the viral peptide. This review examines the importance of HLA and the viral immunopeptidome for the design of a universal influenza T-cell-based vaccine.
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Nguyen AT, Lau HMP, Sloane H, Jayasinghe D, Mifsud NA, Chatzileontiadou DSM, Grant EJ, Szeto C, Gras S. Homologous peptides derived from influenza A, B and C viruses induce variable CD8 + T cell responses with cross-reactive potential. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1422. [PMID: 36275878 PMCID: PMC9581725 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Influenza A, B and C viruses (IAV, IBV and ICV, respectively) circulate globally, infecting humans and causing widespread morbidity and mortality. Here, we investigate the T cell response towards an immunodominant IAV epitope, NP265‐273, and its IBV and ICV homologues, presented by HLA‐A*03:01 molecule expressed in ~ 4% of the global population (~ 300 million people). Methods We assessed the magnitude (tetramer staining) and quality of the CD8+ T cell response (intracellular cytokine staining) towards NP265‐IAV and described the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire used to recognise this immunodominant epitope. We next assessed the immunogenicity of NP265‐IAV homologue peptides from IBV and ICV and the ability of CD8+ T cells to cross‐react towards these homologous peptides. Furthermore, we determined the structures of NP265‐IAV and NP323‐IBV peptides in complex with HLA‐A*03:01 by X‐ray crystallography. Results Our study provides a detailed characterisation of the CD8+ T cell response towards NP265‐IAV and its IBV and ICV homologues. The data revealed a diverse repertoire for NP265‐IAV that is associated with superior anti‐viral protection. Evidence of cross‐reactivity between the three different influenza virus strain‐derived epitopes was observed, indicating the discovery of a potential vaccination target that is broad enough to cover all three influenza strains. Conclusion We show that while there is a potential to cross‐protect against distinct influenza virus lineages, the T cell response was stronger against the IAV peptide than IBV or ICV, which is an important consideration when choosing targets for future vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia,Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Hiu Ming Peter Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Hannah Sloane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia,Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Dhilshan Jayasinghe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia,Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Nicole A Mifsud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Demetra SM Chatzileontiadou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia,Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Emma J Grant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia,Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Christopher Szeto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia,Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia,Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
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18
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Grant EJ, Gras S. Protocol for generation of human peptide-specific primary CD8+ T cell lines. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101590. [PMID: 35942343 PMCID: PMC9356162 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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19
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Janssens Y, Joye J, Waerlop G, Clement F, Leroux-Roels G, Leroux-Roels I. The role of cell-mediated immunity against influenza and its implications for vaccine evaluation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:959379. [PMID: 36052083 PMCID: PMC9424642 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.959379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccines remain the most effective tools to prevent flu and its complications. Trivalent or quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines primarily elicit antibodies towards haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. These vaccines fail to induce high protective efficacy, in particular in older adults and immunocompromised individuals and require annual updates to keep up with evolving influenza strains (antigenic drift). Vaccine efficacy declines when there is a mismatch between its content and circulating strains. Current correlates of protection are merely based on serological parameters determined by haemagglutination inhibition or single radial haemolysis assays. However, there is ample evidence showing that these serological correlates of protection can both over- or underestimate the protective efficacy of influenza vaccines. Next-generation universal influenza vaccines that induce cross-reactive cellular immune responses (CD4+ and/or CD8+ T-cell responses) against conserved epitopes may overcome some of the shortcomings of the current inactivated vaccines by eliciting broader protection that lasts for several influenza seasons and potentially enhances pandemic preparedness. Assessment of cellular immune responses in clinical trials that evaluate the immunogenicity of these new generation vaccines is thus of utmost importance. Moreover, studies are needed to examine whether these cross-reactive cellular immune responses can be considered as new or complementary correlates of protection in the evaluation of traditional and next-generation influenza vaccines. An overview of the assays that can be applied to measure cell-mediated immune responses to influenza with their strengths and weaknesses is provided here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorick Janssens
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jasper Joye
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gwenn Waerlop
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Clement
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Isabel Leroux-Roels,
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20
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Wang WC, Sayedahmed EE, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Progress towards the Development of a Universal Influenza Vaccine. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081684. [PMID: 36016306 PMCID: PMC9415875 DOI: 10.3390/v14081684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are responsible for millions of cases globally and significantly threaten public health. Since pandemic and zoonotic influenza viruses have emerged in the last 20 years and some of the viruses have resulted in high mortality in humans, a universal influenza vaccine is needed to provide comprehensive protection against a wide range of influenza viruses. Current seasonal influenza vaccines provide strain-specific protection and are less effective against mismatched strains. The rapid antigenic drift and shift in influenza viruses resulted in time-consuming surveillance and uncertainty in the vaccine protection efficacy. Most recent universal influenza vaccine studies target the conserved antigen domains of the viral surface glycoproteins and internal proteins to provide broader protection. Following the development of advanced vaccine technologies, several innovative strategies and vaccine platforms are being explored to generate robust cross-protective immunity. This review provides the latest progress in the development of universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Wang
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (W.-C.W.); (E.E.S.)
| | - Ekramy E. Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (W.-C.W.); (E.E.S.)
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (W.-C.W.); (E.E.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.K.M.)
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21
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Chan KF, Duarte JDG, Ostrouska S, Behren A. γδ T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment-Interactions With Other Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894315. [PMID: 35880177 PMCID: PMC9307934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have shown that γδ T cells play a pivotal role in mediating the clearance of tumors and pathogen-infected cells with their potent cytotoxic, cytolytic, and unique immune-modulating functions. Unlike the more abundant αβ T cells, γδ T cells can recognize a broad range of tumors and infected cells without the requirement of antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Our group has recently demonstrated parts of the mechanisms of T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent activation of Vγ9Vδ2+ T cells by tumors following the presentation of phosphoantigens, intermediates of the mevalonate pathway. This process is mediated through the B7 immunoglobulin family-like butyrophilin 2A1 (BTN2A1) and BTN3A1 complexes. Such recognition results in activation, a robust immunosurveillance process, and elicits rapid γδ T-cell immune responses. These include targeted cell killing, and the ability to produce copious quantities of cytokines and chemokines to exert immune-modulating properties and to interact with other immune cells. This immune cell network includes αβ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells, and neutrophils, hence heavily influencing the outcome of immune responses. This key role in orchestrating immune cells and their natural tropism for tumor microenvironment makes γδ T cells an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the current understanding of these important interactions and highlight the implications of the crosstalk between γδ T cells and other immune cells in the context of anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Fei Chan
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Da Gama Duarte
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone Ostrouska
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Behren
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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22
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Hensen L, Illing PT, Rowntree LC, Davies J, Miller A, Tong SYC, Habel JR, van de Sandt CE, Flanagan K, Purcell AW, Kedzierska K, Clemens EB. T Cell Epitope Discovery in the Context of Distinct and Unique Indigenous HLA Profiles. Front Immunol 2022; 13:812393. [PMID: 35603215 PMCID: PMC9121770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.812393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are a pivotal part of the immune response to viruses, playing a key role in disease outcome and providing long-lasting immunity to conserved pathogen epitopes. Understanding CD8+ T cell immunity in humans is complex due to CD8+ T cell restriction by highly polymorphic Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) proteins, requiring T cell epitopes to be defined for different HLA allotypes across different ethnicities. Here we evaluate strategies that have been developed to facilitate epitope identification and study immunogenic T cell responses. We describe an immunopeptidomics approach to sequence HLA-bound peptides presented on virus-infected cells by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Using antigen presenting cell lines that stably express the HLA alleles characteristic of Indigenous Australians, this approach has been successfully used to comprehensively identify influenza-specific CD8+ T cell epitopes restricted by HLA allotypes predominant in Indigenous Australians, including HLA-A*24:02 and HLA-A*11:01. This is an essential step in ensuring high vaccine coverage and efficacy in Indigenous populations globally, known to be at high risk from influenza disease and other respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Hensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patricia T. Illing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise C. Rowntree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jane Davies
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Adrian Miller
- Indigenous Engagement, CQUniversity, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Steven Y. C. Tong
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer R. Habel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Carolien E. van de Sandt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katie L. Flanagan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tasmanian Vaccine Trial Centre, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony W. Purcell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Katherine Kedzierska,
| | - E. Bridie Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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23
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Šantak M, Matić Z. The Role of Nucleoprotein in Immunity to Human Negative-Stranded RNA Viruses—Not Just Another Brick in the Viral Nucleocapsid. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030521. [PMID: 35336928 PMCID: PMC8955406 DOI: 10.3390/v14030521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative-stranded RNA viruses (NSVs) are important human pathogens, including emerging and reemerging viruses that cause respiratory, hemorrhagic and other severe illnesses. Vaccine design traditionally relies on the viral surface glycoproteins. However, surface glycoproteins rarely elicit effective long-term immunity due to high variability. Therefore, an alternative approach is to include conserved structural proteins such as nucleoprotein (NP). NP is engaged in myriad processes in the viral life cycle: coating and protection of viral RNA, regulation of transcription/replication processes and induction of immunosuppression of the host. A broad heterosubtypic T-cellular protection was ascribed very early to this protein. In contrast, the understanding of the humoral immunity to NP is very limited in spite of the high titer of non-neutralizing NP-specific antibodies raised upon natural infection or immunization. In this review, the data with important implications for the understanding of the role of NP in the immune response to human NSVs are revisited. Major implications of the elicited T-cell immune responses to NP are evaluated, and the possible multiple mechanisms of the neglected humoral response to NP are discussed. The intention of this review is to remind that NP is a very promising target for the development of future vaccines.
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24
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McGee MC, Huang W. Evolutionary conservation and positive selection of Influenza A Nucleoprotein CTL epitopes for universal vaccination: a proof-of-concept. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2578-2587. [PMID: 35171514 PMCID: PMC9052727 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Influenza (flu) infection is a leading cause of respiratory disease and death worldwide. While seasonal flu vaccines are effective at reducing morbidity and mortality, such effects rely on the odds of successful prediction of the upcoming viral strains. Additional threats from emerging flu viruses that we cannot predict and avian flu viruses that can be directly transmitted to humans, urge the strategic development of universal vaccinations that can protect against flu viruses of different subtypes and across species. Annual flu vaccines elicit mainly humoral responses. Under circumstances when antibodies induced by vaccination fail to recognize and neutralize the emerging virus adequately, virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are the major contributors to the control of viral replication and elimination of infected cells. Our studies exploited the evolutionary conservation of influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) and the fact that NP-specific CTL responses pose a constant selecting pressure on functional CTL epitopes, to screen for NP epitopes that are highly conserved among heterosubtypes but are subjected to positive selection historically. We identified a region on NP that is evolutionarily conserved and historically positively selected (NP137-182 ) and validated that it contains an epitope that is functional in eliciting NP-specific CTL responses and immunity that can partially protect immunized mice against lethal dose infection of a heterosubtypic influenza A virus. Our proof-of-concept study supports the hypothesis that evolutionary conservation and positive selection of influenza nucleoprotein can be exploited to identify functional CTL epitope to elicit cross protection against different heterosubtypes, therefore, to help develop strategies to modify flu vaccine formula for a broader and more durable protective immunity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C McGee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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25
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Karaaslan E, Çetin NS, Kalkan-Yazıcı M, Hasanoğlu S, Karakeçili F, Özdarendeli A, Kalkan A, Kılıç AO, Doymaz MZ. Immune responses in multiple hosts to Nucleocapsid Protein (NP) of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009973. [PMID: 34851958 PMCID: PMC8635347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, the World Health Organization declared 3 billion to be at risk of developing Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF). The causative agent of this deadly infection is CCHFV. The data related to the biology and immunology of CCHFV are rather scarce. Due to its indispensable roles in the viral life cycle, NP becomes a logical target for detailed viral immunology studies. In this study, humoral immunity to NP was investigated in CCHF survivors, as well as in immunized mice and rabbits. Abundant antibody response against NP was demonstrated both during natural infection in humans and following experimental immunizations in mice and rabbits. Also, cellular immune responses to recombinant NP (rNP) was detected in multispecies. This study represents the most comprehensive investigation on NP as an inducer of both humoral and cellular immunity in multiple hosts and proves that rNP is an excellent candidate warranting further immunological studies specifically on vaccine investigations. Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) is the most lethal human pathogen of medical importance after the dengue virus among arboviruses. The increasing geographic spread of Hyalomma ticks, which are responsible for viral transmission widespread, threatens billions of people. WHO currently declares the field of research on CCHFV as the second most urgently needed areas of investigations on emerging pathogens. About 10 to 40% of those infected with the virus lose their life due to the rapidly developing severe clinical manifestations. Pandemic potential and the lack of any approved treatment or vaccine make raise the studies on CCHFV as critical. The studies on CCHFV are challenging due to the necessities of BSL-4 facilities and the immunological characterization of individual structural proteins will lay the groundwork for the steps to be taken to treat and prevent this emerging disease. As is known from other RNA viruses, nucleoprotein (NP) has crucial roles in the viral life cycle, both in viral replication and transcription and in the formation of the virion structure. So far, detailed and comprehensive immunological characterizations on NP in multiple are not undertaken. Our study was set out to embark such detailed investigation. The strong humoral and cellular immune response to NP demonstrated by this study indicates that NP might be an excellent candidate for future scrutinies on vaccines and diagnostic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Karaaslan
- Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nesibe Selma Çetin
- Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Kalkan-Yazıcı
- Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevde Hasanoğlu
- Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Faruk Karakeçili
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Erzincan University School of Medicine, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Aykut Özdarendeli
- Erciyes University Vectors and Vector Borne Diseases Implementation and Research Center, Kayseri, Turkey; Department of Microbiology, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Kalkan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Ali Osman Kılıç
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ziya Doymaz
- Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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26
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Joshi LR, Knudsen D, Piñeyro P, Dhakal S, Renukaradhya GJ, Diel DG. Protective Efficacy of an Orf Virus-Vector Encoding the Hemagglutinin and the Nucleoprotein of Influenza A Virus in Swine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747574. [PMID: 34804030 PMCID: PMC8602839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease of pigs caused by influenza A viruses (IAV-S). IAV-S causes significant economic losses to the swine industry and poses challenges to public health given its zoonotic potential. Thus effective IAV-S vaccines are needed and highly desirable and would benefit both animal and human health. Here, we developed two recombinant orf viruses, expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene (OV-HA) or the HA and the nucleoprotein (NP) genes of IAV-S (OV-HA-NP). The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these two recombinant viruses were evaluated in pigs. Both OV-HA and OV-HA-NP recombinants elicited robust virus neutralizing antibody response in pigs, with higher levels of neutralizing antibodies (NA) being detected in OV-HA-NP-immunized animals pre-challenge infection. Although both recombinant viruses elicited IAV-S-specific T-cell responses, the frequency of IAV-S-specific proliferating CD8+ T cells upon re-stimulation was higher in OV-HA-NP-immunized animals than in the OV-HA group. Importantly, IgG1/IgG2 isotype ELISAs revealed that immunization with OV-HA induced Th2-biased immune responses, whereas immunization with OV-HA-NP virus resulted in a Th1-biased immune response. While pigs immunized with either OV-HA or OV-HA-NP were protected when compared to non-immunized controls, immunization with OV-HA-NP resulted in incremental protection against challenge infection as evidenced by a reduced secondary antibody response (NA and HI antibodies) following IAV-S challenge and reduced virus shedding in nasal secretions (lower viral RNA loads and frequency of animals shedding viral RNA and infectious virus), when compared to animals in the OV-HA group. Interestingly, broader cross neutralization activity was also observed in serum of OV-HA-NP-immunized animals against a panel of contemporary IAV-S isolates representing the major genetic clades circulating in swine. This study demonstrates the potential of ORFV-based vector for control of swine influenza virus in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok R Joshi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - David Knudsen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
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27
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Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081657. [PMID: 34452521 PMCID: PMC8402878 DOI: 10.3390/v13081657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a constantly evolving viral pathogen that is responsible for yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses termed equine influenza (EI). There is currently no evidence of circulation of the original H7N7 strain of EIV worldwide; however, the EIV H3N8 strain, which was first isolated in the early 1960s, remains a major threat to most of the world's horse populations. It can also infect dogs. The ability of EIV to constantly accumulate mutations in its antibody-binding sites enables it to evade host protective immunity, making it a successful viral pathogen. Clinical and virological protection against EIV is achieved by stimulation of strong cellular and humoral immunity in vaccinated horses. However, despite EI vaccine updates over the years, EIV remains relevant, because the protective effects of vaccines decay and permit subclinical infections that facilitate transmission into susceptible populations. In this review, we describe how the evolution of EIV drives repeated EI outbreaks even in horse populations with supposedly high vaccination coverage. Next, we discuss the approaches employed to develop efficacious EI vaccines for commercial use and the existing system for recommendations on updating vaccines based on available clinical and virological data to improve protective immunity in vaccinated horse populations. Understanding how EIV biology can be better harnessed to improve EI vaccines is central to controlling EI.
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28
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Isakova-Sivak I, Stepanova E, Mezhenskaya D, Matyushenko V, Prokopenko P, Sychev I, Wong PF, Rudenko L. Influenza vaccine: progress in a vaccine that elicits a broad immune response. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1097-1112. [PMID: 34348561 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1964961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The licensed seasonal influenza vaccines predominantly induce neutralizing antibodies against immunodominant hypervariable epitopes of viral surface proteins, with limited protection against antigenically distant influenza viruses. Strategies have been developed to improve vaccines' performance in terms of broadly reactive and long-lasting immune response induction. AREAS COVERED We have summarized the advancements in the development of cross-protective influenza vaccines and discussed the challenges in evaluating them in preclinical and clinical trials. Here, the literature regarding the current stage of development of universal influenza vaccine candidates was reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Although various strategies aim to redirect adaptive immune responses from variable immunodominant to immunosubdominant antigens, more conserved epitopes are being investigated. Approaches that improve antibody responses to conserved B cell epitopes have increased the protective efficacy of vaccines within a subtype or phylogenetic group of influenza viruses. Vaccines that elicit significant levels of T cells recognizing highly conserved viral epitopes possess a high cross-protective potential and may cover most circulating influenza viruses. However, the development of T cell-based universal influenza vaccines is challenging owing to the diversity of MHCs in the population, unpredictable degree of immunodominance, lack of adequate animal models, and difficulty in establishing T cell immunity in humans. ABBREVIATIONS cHA: chimeric HA; HBc: hepatitis B virus core protein; HA: hemagglutinin; HLA: human leucocyte antigen; IIV: inactivated influenza vaccine; KLH: keyhole limpet hemocyanin; LAH: long alpha helix; LAIV: live attenuated influenza vaccine; M2e: extracellular domain of matrix 2 protein; MHC: major histocompatibility complex; mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid; NA: neuraminidase; NS1: non-structural protein 1; qNIV: quadrivalent nanoparticle influenza vaccine; TRM: tissue-resident memory T cells; VE: vaccine effectiveness; VLP: virus-like particles; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Stepanova
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Mezhenskaya
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Victoria Matyushenko
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina Prokopenko
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ivan Sychev
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pei-Fong Wong
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department Of Virology, Institute Of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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29
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Broad-Based Influenza-Specific CD8 + T Cell Response without the Typical Immunodominance Hierarchy and Its Potential Implication. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061080. [PMID: 34198851 PMCID: PMC8229067 DOI: 10.3390/v13061080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Syngeneic murine systems have pre-fixed MHC, making them an imperfect model for investigating the impact of MHC polymorphism on immunodominance in influenza A virus (IAV) infections. To date, there are few studies focusing on MHC allelic differences and its impact on immunodominance even though it is well documented that an individual’s HLA plays a significant role in determining immunodominance hierarchy. Here, we describe a broad-based CD8+ T cell response in a healthy individual to IAV infection rather than a typical immunodominance hierarchy. We used a systematic antigen screen approach combined with epitope prediction to study such a broad CD8+ T cell response to IAV infection. We show CD8+ T cell responses to nine IAV proteins and identify their minimal epitope sequences. These epitopes are restricted to HLA-B*44:03, HLA-A*24:02 and HLA-A*33:03 and seven out of the nine epitopes are novel (NP319–330# (known and demonstrated minimal epitope positions are subscripted; otherwise, amino acid positions are shown as normal text (for example NP 319–330 or NP 313–330)), M1124–134, M27–15, NA337–346, PB239–49, HA445–453 and NS1195–203). Additionally, most of these novel epitopes are highly conserved among H1N1 and H3N2 strains that circulated in Australia and other parts of the world.
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30
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Sekiya T, Ohno M, Nomura N, Handabile C, Shingai M, Jackson DC, Brown LE, Kida H. Selecting and Using the Appropriate Influenza Vaccine for Each Individual. Viruses 2021; 13:971. [PMID: 34073843 PMCID: PMC8225103 DOI: 10.3390/v13060971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite seasonal influenza vaccines having been routinely used for many decades, influenza A virus continues to pose a global threat to humans, causing high morbidity and mortality each year. The effectiveness of the vaccine is largely dependent on how well matched the vaccine strains are with the circulating influenza virus strains. Furthermore, low vaccine efficacy in naïve populations such as young children, or in the elderly, who possess weakened immune systems, indicates that influenza vaccines need to be more personalized to provide broader community protection. Advances in both vaccine technologies and our understanding of influenza virus infection and immunity have led to the design of a variety of alternate vaccine strategies to extend population protection against influenza, some of which are now in use. In this review, we summarize the progress in the field of influenza vaccines, including the advantages and disadvantages of different strategies, and discuss future prospects. We also highlight some of the challenges to be faced in the ongoing effort to control influenza through vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Sekiya
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (T.S.); (M.O.); (N.N.); (C.H.); (M.S.)
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (D.C.J.); (L.E.B.)
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Marumi Ohno
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (T.S.); (M.O.); (N.N.); (C.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Naoki Nomura
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (T.S.); (M.O.); (N.N.); (C.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Chimuka Handabile
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (T.S.); (M.O.); (N.N.); (C.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Masashi Shingai
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (T.S.); (M.O.); (N.N.); (C.H.); (M.S.)
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (D.C.J.); (L.E.B.)
| | - David C. Jackson
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (D.C.J.); (L.E.B.)
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Lorena E. Brown
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (D.C.J.); (L.E.B.)
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (T.S.); (M.O.); (N.N.); (C.H.); (M.S.)
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (D.C.J.); (L.E.B.)
- Collaborating Research Center for the Control of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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31
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CD8 + T cell landscape in Indigenous and non-Indigenous people restricted by influenza mortality-associated HLA-A*24:02 allomorph. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2931. [PMID: 34006841 PMCID: PMC8132304 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Indigenous people worldwide are at high risk of developing severe influenza disease. HLA-A*24:02 allele, highly prevalent in Indigenous populations, is associated with influenza-induced mortality, although the basis for this association is unclear. Here, we define CD8+ T-cell immune landscapes against influenza A (IAV) and B (IBV) viruses in HLA-A*24:02-expressing Indigenous and non-Indigenous individuals, human tissues, influenza-infected patients and HLA-A*24:02-transgenic mice. We identify immunodominant protective CD8+ T-cell epitopes, one towards IAV and six towards IBV, with A24/PB2550-558-specific CD8+ T cells being cross-reactive between IAV and IBV. Memory CD8+ T cells towards these specificities are present in blood (CD27+CD45RA- phenotype) and tissues (CD103+CD69+ phenotype) of healthy individuals, and effector CD27-CD45RA-PD-1+CD38+CD8+ T cells in IAV/IBV patients. Our data show influenza-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in Indigenous Australians, and advocate for T-cell-mediated vaccines that target and boost the breadth of IAV/IBV-specific CD8+ T cells to protect high-risk HLA-A*24:02-expressing Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations from severe influenza disease.
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32
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Yin Y, Li B, Zhou L, Luo J, Liu X, Wang S, Lu Q, Tan W, Chen Z. Protein transduction domain-mediated influenza NP subunit vaccine generates a potent immune response and protection against influenza virus in mice. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:1933-1942. [PMID: 32811334 PMCID: PMC8284974 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1812436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The nucleoprotein (NP) is a highly conserved internal protein of the influenza virus, a major target for universal influenza vaccine. Our previous studies have proven NP-based subunit vaccine can provide partial protection in mice. It is reported that the protein transduction domain (PTD) TAT protein from human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is able to penetrate cells when added exogenous protein and could effectively enhance the immune response induced by the exogenous protein. In present study, the recombinant protein TAT-NP, a fusion of TAT and NP was effectively expressed in Escherichia coli and purified as a candidate component for an influenza vaccine. We evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant influenza TAT-NP vaccine by intranasal immunization. In vitro experiments showed that TAT-NP could efficiently penetrate into cells. Animal results showed that mice vaccinated with TAT-NP could not only induce higher levels of IgG and mucosal IgA, but also elicit a robust cellular immune response. Moreover, the TAT-NP fusion protein could significantly increase the protection of mice against lethal doses of homologous influenza virus PR8 and could also provide mice protection against a lethal dose challenge against heterosubtypic H9N2 and H3N2 influenza virus. In conclusion, the recombinant TAT-NP might be a universal vaccine candidate against influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - BeiBei Li
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Linting Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Luo
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wensong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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33
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Szeto C, Chatzileontiadou DS, Nguyen AT, Sloane H, Lobos CA, Jayasinghe D, Halim H, Smith C, Riboldi-Tunnicliffe A, Grant EJ, Gras S. The presentation of SARS-CoV-2 peptides by the common HLA-A ∗02:01 molecule. iScience 2021; 24:102096. [PMID: 33521593 PMCID: PMC7825995 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are crucial for anti-viral immunity; however, understanding T cell responses requires the identification of epitopes presented by human leukocyte antigens (HLA). To date, few SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell epitopes have been described. Internal viral proteins are typically more conserved than surface proteins and are often the target of CD8+ T cells. Therefore, we have characterized eight peptides derived from the internal SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein predicted to bind HLA-A∗02:01, the most common HLA molecule in the global population. We determined not all peptides could form a complex with HLA-A∗02:01, and the six crystal structures determined revealed that some peptides adopted a mobile conformation. We therefore provide a molecular understanding of SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T cell epitopes. Furthermore, we show that there is limited pre-existing CD8+ T cell response toward these epitopes in unexposed individuals. Together, these data show that SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid might not contain potent epitopes restricted to HLA-A∗02:01. HLA-A∗02:01 individuals have limited pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid High-resolution crystal structures of HLA-A∗02:01 presenting SARS-CoV-2 peptides Structural analysis of pHLA shows stability influences peptide immunogenicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Szeto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Demetra S.M. Chatzileontiadou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Andrea T. Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Hannah Sloane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Christian A. Lobos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Dhilshan Jayasinghe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Hanim Halim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Corey Smith
- QIMR Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development and Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | | | - Emma J. Grant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Corresponding author
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Corresponding author
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34
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McMillan CL, Young PR, Watterson D, Chappell KJ. The Next Generation of Influenza Vaccines: Towards a Universal Solution. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010026. [PMID: 33430278 PMCID: PMC7825669 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses remain a constant burden in humans, causing millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths each year. Current influenza virus vaccine modalities primarily induce antibodies directed towards the highly variable head domain of the hemagglutinin protein on the virus surface. Such antibodies are often strain-specific, meaning limited cross-protection against divergent influenza viruses is induced, resulting in poor vaccine efficacy. To attempt to counteract this, yearly influenza vaccination with updated formulations containing antigens from more recently circulating viruses is required. This is an expensive and time-consuming exercise, and the constant arms race between host immunity and virus evolution presents an ongoing challenge for effective vaccine development. Furthermore, there exists the constant pandemic threat of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses with high fatality rates (~30–50%) or the emergence of new, pathogenic reassortants. Current vaccines would likely offer little to no protection from such viruses in the event of an epidemic or pandemic. This highlights the urgent need for improved influenza virus vaccines capable of providing long-lasting, robust protection from both seasonal influenza virus infections as well as potential pandemic threats. In this narrative review, we examine the next generation of influenza virus vaccines for human use and the steps being taken to achieve universal protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L.D. McMillan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.D.M.); (K.J.C.)
| | - Paul R. Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- The Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Watterson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- The Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Keith J. Chappell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (P.R.Y.); (D.W.)
- The Australian Institute for Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- The Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Correspondence: (C.L.D.M.); (K.J.C.)
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35
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Goplen NP, Wu Y, Son YM, Li C, Wang Z, Cheon IS, Jiang L, Zhu B, Ayasoufi K, Chini EN, Johnson AJ, Vassallo R, Limper AH, Zhang N, Sun J. Tissue-resident CD8 + T cells drive age-associated chronic lung sequelae after viral pneumonia. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:5/53/eabc4557. [PMID: 33158975 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abc4557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lower respiratory viral infections, such as influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections, often cause severe viral pneumonia in aged individuals. Here, we report that influenza viral pneumonia leads to chronic nonresolving lung pathology and exacerbated accumulation of CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) in the respiratory tract of aged hosts. TRM cell accumulation relies on elevated TGF-β present in aged tissues. Further, we show that TRM cells isolated from aged lungs lack a subpopulation characterized by expression of molecules involved in TCR signaling and effector function. Consequently, TRM cells from aged lungs were insufficient to provide heterologous protective immunity. The depletion of CD8+ TRM cells dampens persistent chronic lung inflammation and ameliorates tissue fibrosis in aged, but not young, animals. Collectively, our data demonstrate that age-associated TRM cell malfunction supports chronic lung inflammatory and fibrotic sequelae after viral pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick P Goplen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,The Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Young Min Son
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chaofan Li
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - In Su Cheon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Li Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Bibo Zhu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Eduardo N Chini
- The Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Robert Vassallo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nu Zhang
- Long School of Medicine, Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. .,The Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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36
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Corder BN, Bullard BL, Poland GA, Weaver EA. A Decade in Review: A Systematic Review of Universal Influenza Vaccines in Clinical Trials during the 2010 Decade. Viruses 2020; 12:E1186. [PMID: 33092070 PMCID: PMC7589362 DOI: 10.3390/v12101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
On average, there are 3-5 million severe cases of influenza virus infections globally each year. Seasonal influenza vaccines provide limited protection against divergent influenza strains. Therefore, the development of a universal influenza vaccine is a top priority for the NIH. Here, we report a comprehensive summary of all universal influenza vaccines that were tested in clinical trials during the 2010-2019 decade. Of the 1597 studies found, 69 eligible clinical trials, which investigated 27 vaccines, were included in this review. Information from each trial was compiled for vaccine target, vaccine platform, adjuvant inclusion, clinical trial phase, and results. As we look forward, there are currently three vaccines in phase III clinical trials which could provide significant improvement over seasonal influenza vaccines. This systematic review of universal influenza vaccine clinical trials during the 2010-2019 decade provides an update on the progress towards an improved influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigette N. Corder
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4240 Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA; (B.N.C.); (B.L.B.)
| | - Brianna L. Bullard
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4240 Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA; (B.N.C.); (B.L.B.)
| | - Gregory A. Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA;
| | - Eric A. Weaver
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4240 Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA; (B.N.C.); (B.L.B.)
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37
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Sant S, Quiñones-Parra SM, Koutsakos M, Grant EJ, Loudovaris T, Mannering SI, Crowe J, van de Sandt CE, Rimmelzwaan GF, Rossjohn J, Gras S, Loh L, Nguyen THO, Kedzierska K. HLA-B*27:05 alters immunodominance hierarchy of universal influenza-specific CD8+ T cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008714. [PMID: 32750095 PMCID: PMC7428290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza virus infections cause 290,000–650,000 deaths annually and severe morbidity in 3–5 million people. CD8+ T-cell responses towards virus-derived peptide/human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complexes provide the broadest cross-reactive immunity against human influenza viruses. Several universally-conserved CD8+ T-cell specificities that elicit prominent responses against human influenza A viruses (IAVs) have been identified. These include HLA-A*02:01-M158-66 (A2/M158), HLA-A*03:01-NP265-273, HLA-B*08:01-NP225-233, HLA-B*18:01-NP219-226, HLA-B*27:05-NP383-391 and HLA-B*57:01-NP199-207. The immunodominance hierarchies across these universal CD8+ T-cell epitopes were however unknown. Here, we probed immunodominance status of influenza-specific universal CD8+ T-cells in HLA-I heterozygote individuals expressing two or more universal HLAs for IAV. We found that while CD8+ T-cell responses directed towards A2/M158 were generally immunodominant, A2/M158+CD8+ T-cells were markedly diminished (subdominant) in HLA-A*02:01/B*27:05-expressing donors following ex vivo and in vitro analyses. A2/M158+CD8+ T-cells in non-HLA-B*27:05 individuals were immunodominant, contained optimal public TRBV19/TRAV27 TCRαβ clonotypes and displayed highly polyfunctional and proliferative capacity, while A2/M158+CD8+ T cells in HLA-B*27:05-expressing donors were subdominant, with largely distinct TCRαβ clonotypes and consequently markedly reduced avidity, proliferative and polyfunctional efficacy. Our data illustrate altered immunodominance patterns and immunodomination within human influenza-specific CD8+ T-cells. Accordingly, our work highlights the importance of understanding immunodominance hierarchies within individual donors across a spectrum of prominent virus-specific CD8+ T-cell specificities prior to designing T cell-directed vaccines and immunotherapies, for influenza and other infectious diseases. Annual influenza infections cause significant morbidity and morbidity globally. Established T-cell immunity directed at conserved viral regions provides some protection against influenza viruses and promotes rapid recovery, leading to better clinical outcomes. Killer CD8+ T-cells recognising viral peptides in a context of HLA-I glycoproteins, provide the broadest ever reported immunity across distinct influenza strains and subtypes. We asked whether the expression of certain HLA-I alleles affects CD8+ T cells responses. Our study clearly illustrates altered immunodominance hierarchies and immunodomination within broadly-cross-reactive influenza-specific CD8+ T-cells in individuals expressing two or more universal HLA-I alleles, key for T cell-directed vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sergio M. Quiñones-Parra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma J. Grant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Loudovaris
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart I. Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Crowe
- Deepdene Surgery, Deepdene, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carolien E. van de Sandt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- National Influenza Center and Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thi H. O. Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (THON); (KK)
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (THON); (KK)
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38
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Hensen L, Kedzierska K, Koutsakos M. Innate and adaptive immunity toward influenza B viruses. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:1045-1058. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite annual vaccination, influenza B viruses (IBV) cause significant disease with substantial health and socio-economic impacts. Novel vaccination strategies inducing broadly protective and long-lasting immunity across IBV lineages are needed. However, as immune responses toward IBV are largely understudied, host–virus interactions and protective immune mechanisms need to be defined to rationally design such vaccines. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of immunological mechanisms underpinning protection from IBV. We discuss how innate antiviral host factors inhibit IBV replication and the ways by which IBV escapes such restriction. We review the specificity of broadly cross-reactive antibodies and universal T cells, and the mechanisms by which they mediate protection. We highlight important knowledge gaps needing to be addressed to design improved IBV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Hensen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection & Immunity, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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39
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Meilleur CE, Memarnejadian A, Shivji AN, Benoit JM, Tuffs SW, Mele TS, Singh B, Dikeakos JD, Topham DJ, Mu HH, Bennink JR, McCormick JK, Haeryfar SMM. Discordant rearrangement of primary and anamnestic CD8+ T cell responses to influenza A viral epitopes upon exposure to bacterial superantigens: Implications for prophylactic vaccination, heterosubtypic immunity and superinfections. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008393. [PMID: 32433711 PMCID: PMC7239382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with (SAg)-producing bacteria may precede or follow infection with or vaccination against influenza A viruses (IAVs). However, how SAgs alter the breadth of IAV-specific CD8+ T cell (TCD8) responses is unknown. Moreover, whether recall responses mediating heterosubtypic immunity to IAVs are manipulated by SAgs remains unexplored. We employed wild-type (WT) and mutant bacterial SAgs, SAg-sufficient/deficient Staphylococcus aureus strains, and WT, mouse-adapted and reassortant IAV strains in multiple in vivo settings to address the above questions. Contrary to the popular view that SAgs delete or anergize T cells, systemic administration of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) or Mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen before intraperitoneal IAV immunization enlarged the clonal size of ‘select’ IAV-specific TCD8 and reshuffled the hierarchical pattern of primary TCD8 responses. This was mechanistically linked to the TCR Vβ makeup of the impacted clones rather than their immunodominance status. Importantly, SAg-expanded TCD8 retained their IFN-γ production and cognate cytolytic capacities. The enhancing effect of SEB on immunodominant TCD8 was also evident in primary responses to vaccination with heat-inactivated and live attenuated IAV strains administered intramuscularly and intranasally, respectively. Interestingly, in prime-boost immunization settings, the outcome of SEB administration depended strictly upon the time point at which this SAg was introduced. Accordingly, SEB injection before priming raised CD127highKLRG1low memory precursor frequencies and augmented the anamnestic responses of SEB-binding TCD8. By comparison, introducing SEB before boosting diminished recall responses to IAV-derived epitopes drastically and indiscriminately. This was accompanied by lower Ki67 and higher Fas, LAG-3 and PD-1 levels consistent with a pro-apoptotic and/or exhausted phenotype. Therefore, SAgs can have contrasting impacts on anti-IAV immunity depending on the naïve/memory status and the TCR composition of exposed TCD8. Finally, local administration of SEB or infection with SEB-producing S. aureus enhanced pulmonary TCD8 responses to IAV. Our findings have clear implications for superinfections and prophylactic vaccination. Exposure to bacterial superantigens (SAgs) is often a consequence of infection with common Gram-positive bacteria causing septic and toxic shock or food poisoning. How SAgs affect the magnitude, breadth and quality of infection/vaccine-elicited CD8+ T cell (TCD8) responses to respiratory viral pathogens, including influenza A viruses (IAVs), is far from clear. Also importantly, superinfections with IAVs and SAg-producing bacteria are serious clinical occurrences during seasonal and pandemic flu and require urgent attention. We demonstrate that two structurally distinct SAgs, including staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), unexpectedly enhance primary TCD8 responses to ‘select’ IAV-derived epitopes depending on the TCR makeup of the responding clones. Intriguingly, the timing of exposure to SEB dictates the outcome of prime-boost immunization. Seeing a SAg before priming raises memory precursor frequencies and augments anamnestic TCD8 responses. Conversely, a SAg encounter before boosting renders TCD8 prone to death or exhaustion and impedes recall responses, thus likely compromising heterosubtypic immunity to IAVs. Finally, local exposure to SEB increases the pulmonary response of immunodominant IAV-specific TCD8. These findings shed new light on how bacterial infections and SAgs influence the effectiveness of anti-IAV TCD8 responses, and have, as such, wide-ranging implications for preventative vaccination and infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E. Meilleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arash Memarnejadian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adil N. Shivji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenna M. Benoit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen W. Tuffs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tina S. Mele
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bhagirath Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jimmy D. Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J. Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Hong-Hua Mu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Jack R. Bennink
- Viral Immunology Section, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John K. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. M. Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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40
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Balz K, Trassl L, Härtel V, Nelson PP, Skevaki C. Virus-Induced T Cell-Mediated Heterologous Immunity and Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2020; 11:513. [PMID: 32296430 PMCID: PMC7137989 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterologous immunity (H.I.) is a consequence of an encounter with a specific antigen, which can alter the subsequent immune response to a different antigen. This can happen at the innate immune system level—often called trained immunity or innate immune memory—and/or at the adaptive immune system level involving T memory cells and antibodies. Viruses may also induce T cell-mediated H.I., which can confer protection or drive immunopathology against other virus subtypes, related or unrelated viruses, other pathogens, auto- or allo-antigens. It is important to understand the underlying mechanisms for the development of antiviral “universal” vaccines and broader T cell responses rather than just subtype-specific antibody responses as in the case of influenza. Furthermore, knowledge about determinants of vaccine-mediated H.I. may inform public health policies and provide suggestions for repurposing existing vaccines. Here, we introduce H.I. and provide an overview of evidence on virus- and antiviral vaccine-induced T cell-mediated cross-reactive responses. We also discuss the factors influencing final clinical outcome of virus-mediated H.I. as well as non-specific beneficial effects of live attenuated antiviral vaccines such as measles and vaccinia. Available epidemiological and mechanistic data have implications both for the development of new vaccines and for personalized vaccinology, which are presented. Finally, we formulate future research priorities and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Balz
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lilith Trassl
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Valerie Härtel
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Philipp P Nelson
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Chrysanthi Skevaki
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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41
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Prior exposure to immunogenic peptides found in human influenza A viruses may influence the age distribution of cases with avian influenza H5N1 and H7N9 virus infections. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 147:e213. [PMID: 31364549 PMCID: PMC6624876 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881900102x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of H5N1 and H7N9 avian viruses of humans infected in China differs despite both viruses being avian reassortants that have inherited six internal genes from a common ancestor, H9N2. The median age of infected populations is substantially younger for H5N1 virus (26 years) compared with H7N9 virus (63 years). Population susceptibility to infection with seasonal influenza is understood to be influenced by cross-reactive CD8+ T cells directed towards immunogenic peptides derived from internal viral proteins which may provide some level of protection against further influenza infection. Prior exposure to seasonal influenza peptides may influence the age-related infection patterns observed for H5N1 and H7N9 viruses. A comparison of relatedness of immunogenic peptides between historical human strains and the two avian emerged viruses was undertaken for a possible explanation in the differences in age incidence observed. There appeared to be some relationship between past exposure to related peptides and the lower number of H5N1 virus cases in older populations, however the relationship between prior exposure and older populations among H7N9 virus patients was less clear.
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42
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An approach to the influenza chimeric subunit vaccine (3M2e-HA2-NP) provides efficient protection against lethal virus challenge. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:1147-1159. [PMID: 32152828 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02822-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vaccination is the most effective preventive strategy for influenza disease. As the virus undergoes high antigenic drift, it requires a constant reformulation to obtain high protection. RESULTS Immunogenicity of a purified chimeric protein containing conserved regions of influenza A/H1N1 viruses including the Hemagglutinin stalk domain, Nucleoprotein, and Matrix protein produced in a prokaryotic system was assessed in vitro and in vivo, alone or in combination with adjuvants by evaluating antibody responses, cytokine production, lymphocyte proliferative assay, and mortality rate after challenge. The animals that received the chimeric protein had specific antibody responses, elicited memory CD4 cells, cytokines of Th1 and Th2 cells and showed 75% protection against influenza virus lethal challenge. The animals injected with the chimeric protein supplemented with Alum showed improved immune responses, but they had 67% protection. In other words, although Alum adjuvant enriched the chimera specific immune responses potently, it could not enhance its protectivity. CONCLUSION Regarding the immunogenicity and protectivity of the chimeric protein construct against influenza, findings of the study suggested that the chimeric protein could be considered as a promising influenza vaccine candidate.
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43
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van de Sandt CE, Clemens EB, Grant EJ, Rowntree LC, Sant S, Halim H, Crowe J, Cheng AC, Kotsimbos TC, Richards M, Miller A, Tong SYC, Rossjohn J, Nguyen THO, Gras S, Chen W, Kedzierska K. Challenging immunodominance of influenza-specific CD8 + T cell responses restricted by the risk-associated HLA-A*68:01 allomorph. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5579. [PMID: 31811120 PMCID: PMC6898063 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13346-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although influenza viruses lead to severe illness in high-risk populations, host genetic factors associated with severe disease are largely unknown. As the HLA-A*68:01 allele can be linked to severe pandemic 2009-H1N1 disease, we investigate a potential impairment of HLA-A*68:01-restricted CD8+ T cells to mount robust responses. We elucidate the HLA-A*68:01+CD8+ T cell response directed toward an extended influenza-derived nucleoprotein (NP) peptide and show that only ~35% individuals have immunodominant A68/NP145+CD8+ T cell responses. Dissecting A68/NP145+CD8+ T cells in low vs. medium/high responders reveals that high responding donors have A68/NP145+CD8+ memory T cells with clonally expanded TCRαβs, while low-responders display A68/NP145+CD8+ T cells with predominantly naïve phenotypes and non-expanded TCRαβs. Single-cell index sorting and TCRαβ analyses link expansion of A68/NP145+CD8+ T cells to their memory potential. Our study demonstrates the immunodominance potential of influenza-specific CD8+ T cells presented by a risk HLA-A*68:01 molecule and advocates for priming CD8+ T cell compartments in HLA-A*68:01-expressing individuals for establishment of pre-existing protective memory T cell pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E van de Sandt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1066CX, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - E B Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - E J Grant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Infection and Immunity Program, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - L C Rowntree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - S Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - H Halim
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - J Crowe
- Deepdene Surgery, Deepdene, VIC, 3103, Australia
| | - A C Cheng
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology Unit, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - T C Kotsimbos
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Central Clinical School, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - M Richards
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - A Miller
- Indigenous Research Network, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4222, Australia.,Office of Indigenous Engagement, CQUniversity, Townsvillle, QLD, Australia
| | - S Y C Tong
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.,Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, 0811, Australia
| | - J Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - T H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - S Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - W Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - K Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
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44
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Pizzolla A, Wakim LM. Memory T Cell Dynamics in the Lung during Influenza Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:374-381. [PMID: 30617119 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus is highly contagious, infecting 5-15% of the global population every year. It causes significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among immunocompromised and at-risk individuals. Influenza virus is constantly evolving, undergoing continuous, rapid, and unpredictable mutation, giving rise to novel viruses that can escape the humoral immunity generated by current influenza virus vaccines. Growing evidence indicates that influenza-specific T cells resident along the respiratory tract are highly effective at providing potent and rapid protection against this inhaled pathogen. As these T cells recognize fragments of the virus that are highly conserved and less prone to mutation, they have the potential to provide cross-strain protection against a wide breadth of influenza viruses, including newly emerging strains. In this review, we will discuss how influenza-specific memory T cells in the lung are established and maintained and how we can harness this knowledge to design broadly protective influenza A virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pizzolla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Linda M Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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45
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Knight FC, Gilchuk P, Kumar A, Becker KW, Sevimli S, Jacobson ME, Suryadevara N, Wang-Bishop L, Boyd KL, Crowe JE, Joyce S, Wilson JT. Mucosal Immunization with a pH-Responsive Nanoparticle Vaccine Induces Protective CD8 + Lung-Resident Memory T Cells. ACS NANO 2019; 13:10939-10960. [PMID: 31553872 PMCID: PMC6832804 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) patrol nonlymphoid organs and provide superior protection against pathogens that commonly infect mucosal and barrier tissues, such as the lungs, intestine, liver, and skin. Thus, there is a need for vaccine technologies that can induce a robust, protective TRM response in these tissues. Nanoparticle (NP) vaccines offer important advantages over conventional vaccines; however, there has been minimal investigation into the design of NP-based vaccines for eliciting TRM responses. Here, we describe a pH-responsive polymeric nanoparticle vaccine for generating antigen-specific CD8+ TRM cells in the lungs. With a single intranasal dose, the NP vaccine elicited airway- and lung-resident CD8+ TRM cells and protected against respiratory virus challenge in both sublethal (vaccinia) and lethal (influenza) infection models for up to 9 weeks after immunization. In elucidating the contribution of material properties to the resulting TRM response, we found that the pH-responsive activity of the carrier was important, as a structurally analogous non-pH-responsive control carrier elicited significantly fewer lung-resident CD8+ T cells. We also demonstrated that dual-delivery of protein antigen and nucleic acid adjuvant on the same NP substantially enhanced the magnitude, functionality, and longevity of the antigen-specific CD8+ TRM response in the lungs. Compared to administration of soluble antigen and adjuvant, the NP also mediated retention of vaccine cargo in pulmonary antigen-presenting cells (APCs), enhanced APC activation, and increased production of TRM-related cytokines. Overall, these data suggest a promising vaccine platform technology for rapid generation of protective CD8+ TRM cells in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances C. Knight
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Amrendra Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Kyle W. Becker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Sema Sevimli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Max E. Jacobson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Naveenchandra Suryadevara
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Lihong Wang-Bishop
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Kelli L. Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James E. Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John T. Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Corresponding Author:
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46
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Jansen JM, Gerlach T, Elbahesh H, Rimmelzwaan GF, Saletti G. Influenza virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity induced by infection and vaccination. J Clin Virol 2019; 119:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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47
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Xie X, Zhao C, He Q, Qiu T, Yuan S, Ding L, Liu L, Jiang L, Wang J, Zhang L, Zhang C, Wang X, Zhou D, Zhang X, Xu J. Influenza Vaccine With Consensus Internal Antigens as Immunogens Provides Cross-Group Protection Against Influenza A Viruses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1630. [PMID: 31379782 PMCID: PMC6647892 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that continuing antigenic shift and drift of influenza A viruses result in the escape from previous vaccine-induced immune protection, a universal influenza vaccine has been actively sought. However, there were very few vaccines capable of eliciting cross-group ant-influenza immunity. Here, we designed two novel composite immunogens containing highly conserved T-cell epitopes of six influenza A virus internal antigens, and expressed them in DNA, recombinant adenovirus-based (AdC68) and recombinant vaccinia vectors, respectively, to formulate three vaccine forms. The introduction of the two immunogens via a DNA priming and viral vectored vaccine boosting modality afforded cross-group protection from both PR8 and H7N9 influenza virus challenges in mice. Both respiratory residential and systemic T cells contributed to the protective efficacy. Intranasal but not intramuscular administration of AdC68 based vaccine was capable of raising both T cell subpopulations to confer a full protection from lethal PR8 and H7N9 challenges, and blocking the lymphatic egress of T cells during challenges attenuated the protection. Thus, by targeting highly conserved internal viral epitopes to efficiently generate both respiratory and systemic memory T cells, the sequential vaccination strategy reported here represented a new promising candidate for the development of T-cell based universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinci Xie
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian He
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyi Qiu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songhua Yuan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Longfei Ding
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lang Jiang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linxia Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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48
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Isakova-Sivak I, Matyushenko V, Kotomina T, Kiseleva I, Krutikova E, Donina S, Rekstin A, Larionova N, Mezhenskaya D, Sivak K, Muzhikyan A, Katelnikova A, Rudenko L. Sequential Immunization with Universal Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Candidates Protects Ferrets against a High-Dose Heterologous Virus Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030061. [PMID: 31288422 PMCID: PMC6789596 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of universal influenza vaccines has been a priority for more than 20 years. We conducted a preclinical study in ferrets of two sets of live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) expressing chimeric hemagglutinin (cHA). These vaccines contained the HA stalk domain from H1N1pdm09 virus but had antigenically unrelated globular head domains from avian influenza viruses H5N1, H8N4 and H9N2. The viral nucleoproteins (NPs) in the two sets of universal LAIV candidates were from different sources: one LAIV set contained NP from A/Leningrad/17 master donor virus (MDV), while in the other set this gene was from wild-type (WT) H1N1pdm09 virus, in order to better match the CD8 T-cell epitopes of currently circulating influenza A viruses. To avoid any difference in protective effect of the various anti-neuraminidase (NA) antibodies, all LAIVs were engineered to contain the NA gene of Len/17 MDV. Naïve ferrets were sequentially immunized with three doses of (i) classical LAIVs containing non-chimeric HA and NP from MDV (LAIVs (NP-MDV)); (ii) cHA-based LAIVs containing NP from MDV (cHA LAIVs (NP-MDV)); and (iii) cHA-based LAIVs containing NP from H1N1pdm09 virus (cHA LAIVs (NP-WT)). All vaccination regimens were safe, producing no significant increase in body temperature or weight loss, in comparison with the placebo group. The two groups of cHA-based vaccines induced a broadly reactive HA stalk-directed antibody, while classical LAIVs did not. A high-dose challenge with H1N1pdm09 virus induced significant pathology in the control, non-immunized ferrets, including high virus titers in respiratory tissues, clinical signs of disease and histopathological changes in nasal turbinates and lung tissues. All three vaccination regimens protected animals from clinical manifestations of disease: immunized ferrets did not lose weight or show clinical symptoms, and their fever was significantly lower than in the control group. Further analysis of virological and pathological data revealed the following hierarchy in the cross-protective efficacy of the vaccines: cHA LAIVs (NP-WT) > cHA LAIVs (NP-MDV) > LAIVs (NP-MDV). This ferret study showed that prototype universal cHA-based LAIVs are highly promising candidates for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg 197376, Russia.
| | - Victoria Matyushenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Tatiana Kotomina
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Irina Kiseleva
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Elena Krutikova
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Svetlana Donina
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Andrey Rekstin
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Natalia Larionova
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Daria Mezhenskaya
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Konstantin Sivak
- Department of Preclinical Trials, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Arman Muzhikyan
- Department of Preclinical Trials, Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St Petersburg 197376, Russia
| | - Anastasia Katelnikova
- Department of Toxicology and Microbiology, Institute of Preclinical Research Ltd., St Petersburg 188663, Russia
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St Petersburg 197376, Russia
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Fox A, Quinn KM, Subbarao K. Extending the Breadth of Influenza Vaccines: Status and Prospects for a Universal Vaccine. Drugs 2019; 78:1297-1308. [PMID: 30088204 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-018-0958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of seasonal influenza vaccines, there is urgent need for a universal influenza vaccine to provide broad, long-term protection. A number of factors underpin this urgency, including threats posed by zoonotic and pandemic influenza A viruses, suboptimal effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccines, and concerns surrounding the effects of annual vaccination. In this article, we discuss approaches that are being investigated to increase influenza vaccine breadth, which are near-term, readily achievable approaches to increase the range of strains recognized within a subtype, or longer-term more challenging approaches to produce a truly universal influenza vaccine. Adjuvanted and neuraminidase-optimized vaccines are emerging as the most feasible and promising approaches to extend protection to cover a broader range of strains within a subtype. The goal of developing a universal vaccine has also been advanced with the design of immunogenic influenza HA-stem constructs that induce broadly neutralizing antibodies. However, these constructs are not yet sufficiently immunogenic to induce lasting universal immunity in humans. Advances in understanding how T cells mediate protection, and how viruses are packaged, have facilitated the rationale design and delivery of replication-incompetent virus vaccines that induce broad protection mediated by lung-resident memory T cells. While the lack of clear mechanistic correlates of protection, other than haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies, remains an impediment to further advancing novel influenza vaccines, the pressing need for such a vaccine is supporting development of highly innovative and effective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Fox
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kylie M Quinn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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50
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Dai M, Xu C, Chen W, Liao M. Progress on chicken T cell immunity to viruses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2779-2788. [PMID: 31101935 PMCID: PMC11105491 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian virus infection remains one of the most important threats to the poultry industry. Pathogens such as avian influenza virus (AIV), avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) are normally controlled by antibodies specific for surface proteins and cellular immune responses. However, standard vaccines aimed at inducing neutralizing antibodies must be administered annually and can be rendered ineffective because immune-selective pressure results in the continuous mutation of viral surface proteins of different strains circulating from year to year. Chicken T cells have been shown to play a crucial role in fighting virus infection, offering lasting and cross-strain protection, and offer the potential for developing universal vaccines. This review provides an overview of our current knowledge of chicken T cell immunity to viruses. More importantly, we point out the limitations and barriers of current research and a potential direction for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenggang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisan Chen
- T Cell Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia.
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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